W4 Kal1 Derivative Applications A

Ponky Ivo
Kalkulus 1
082298876566
[email protected] Semester ganjil 2021/2022
Universitas pembangunan nasional veteran jakarta
senin
2
The Derivative IN GRAPHING AND APPLICATIONS

1. ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS I: INCREASE, DECREASE, AND CONCAVITY
2. ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS II: RELATIVE EXTREMA
3. ABSOLUTE MAXIMA ANDMINIMA
4. APPLIED MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM PROBLEMS
5. NEWTON’S METHOD
6. MEAN-VALUE THEOREM
7. GRAPHING FUNCTIONS USING CALCULUS
8. ANTIDERIVATIVES
3
1. ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS I:
INCREASE, DECREASE, AND CONCAVITY
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
The function graphed in figure can be described as

 increasing to the left of x = 0,
 decreasing from x = 0 to x = 2,
 increasing from x = 2 to x = 4
 constant to the right of x = 4.
NOTE: Theorem 3.1.2 is applicable on any interval on which f is continuous

EXAMPLE
Find the intervals on which f(x) = x2 − 4x + 3 is increasing and the intervals on
which it is decreasing?
To confirm this, we analyze the sign of f’. The

derivative of f is:
f '(x) = 2x − 4 = 2(x − 2)
It follows that
f '(x) < 0 if x < 2
f '(x) > 0 if 2 < x
Since f is continuous everywhere,

f is decreasing for x ≤ 2 f is decreasing on (− , 2]
and increasing for x ≥ 2 f is increasing on [2 , + )
EXAMPLE
Find the intervals on which f(x) = x3 is increasing and the intervals on which it
is decreasing?
To confirm this, we analyze the sign of f’. The

derivative of f is:
f '(x) = 3x2
It follows that
f '(x) > 0 if x < 0
f '(x) > 0 if 0 < x
Since f is continuous everywhere,

f is increasing over the f is increasing on (− , 0]
entire x-axis f is increasing on [0 , + )
EXAMPLE
Use the graph of f (x) = 3x4 + 4x3 − 12x2 + 2 to make a conjecture about the intervals on
which f is increasing or decreasing. Use Theorem 3.1.2 to determine whether your
conjecture is correct.
The graph suggests that the function f is decreasing if x ≤

−2, increasing if −2 ≤ x ≤ 0, decreasing if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and
increasing if x ≥ 1.
f '(x) = 12x3 + 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x2 + x − 2) = 12x(x + 2)(x − 1)

CONVAVITY
Although the sign of the derivative of f reveals where the graph of f
is increasing or decreasing, it does not reveal the direction of
curvature
CONVAVITY
CONVAVITY
CONVAVITY
EXAMPLE
 concave up on the interval (− ,+ ).

 since f ’(x) = 2x − 4 and f ’’(x) = 2, so f ’’ (x) > 0 on the interval (− , + )
CONVAVITY
EXAMPLE
 concave down on the interval (− ,0).

 concave up on the interval (0,+ ).
 since f ’(x) = 3x2 and f ’ (x) = 6x, so f ’’ (x) < 0 if x < 0 and f ’’ (x) > 0
if x > 0
INFLECTIONS POINTS
INFLECTIONS POINTS
EXAMPLE
Given f(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 1. Use the first and second derivatives of f to determine the
intervals on which f is increasing, decreasing, concave up, and concave down.
Locate all inflection points and confirm that your conclusions are consistent with
the graph.
The second table shows that there is an

inflection point at x = 1, since f changes from
concave down to concave up at that point
INFLECTIONS POINTS
EXAMPLE
Find the inflection points, if any, of f(x) = x4.
f ’(x) = 4x3
f ’’(x) = 12x2
There is no change in concavity

Hence no inflection point at x = 0,
even though f ’’(0) = 0
EXERCISE 1
1. In each part, use the graph of y = f(x) in the accompanying figure to find the
requested information.
(a) Find the intervals on which f is increasing.
(b) Find the intervals on which f is decreasing.
(c) Find the open intervals on which f is concave up.
(d) Find the open intervals on which f is concave down.
(e) Find all values of x at which f has an inflection point.
EXERCISE 1
2. Find : (a) the intervals on which f is increasing, (b) the intervals on which f is
decreasing, (c) the open intervals on which f is concave up, (d) the open intervals
on which f is concave down, and (e) the x-coordinates of all inflection points.
a.
b.
c.
20
2. ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS II:

RELATIVE EXTREMA
RELATIVE MAXIMA AND MINIMA
 The relative extrema occur at points where the graphs of the functions have
horizontal tangent lines.
 Relative extremum can also occur at a point where a function is not
differentiable.
 We define a critical point (the graph of f has a horizontal tangent line or f is
not differentiable)
 We call x a stationary point of f if f ’(x) = 0.
EXAMPLE
Find all critical points of f(x) = x3 − 3x +1.
we conclude that the critical points occur at x = −1 and x = 1

EXAMPLE
Find all critical points of f(x) = 3x5/3 − 15x2/3.
The function f is continuous everywhere and its derivative is:
We see from this that f ’(x) = 0 if x = 2 and f ’(x) is undefined if x = 0. Thus x =0

and x = 2 are critical points and x = 2 is a stationary point.
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST
EXAMPLE
 The function f (x) = 3x5/3 − 15x2/3 has critical points at x = 0 and x = 2. f has a
relative maximum at x = 0 and a relative minimum at x = 2. Confirm this using
the first derivative test.
 The sign of f’ changes from + to − at x = 0, so there is a relative maximumat

that point.
 The sign changes from − to + at x = 2, so there is a relative minimum at that
point
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
A function f has a relative maximum at a stationary point if the graph of f is
concave down on an open interval containing that point, and it has a relative
minimum if it is concave up
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
EXAMPLE
Find the relative extrema of f(x) = 3x5 −5x3.
Solving f ’(x) = 0 yields the stationary points x = 0, x = −1, and x = 1

EXERCISE 2
1 . (a) Use both the first and second derivative tests to show that f(x) = 3x2 − 6x + 1
has a relative minimum at x = 1.
(b) Use both the first and second derivative tests to show that f(x) = x3 − 3x + 3
has a relative minimum at x = 1 and a relative maximum at x = −1.
2.Locate the critical points and identify which critical points are stationary points
a.
b.
3. Use any method to find the relative extrema of the function f

32
3. ABSOLUTE MAXIMA AND MINIMA

ABSOLUTE EXTREMA
THE EXTREME VALUETHEOREM
 If f is continuous on the finite closed interval [a, b], then the absoluteextrema
of f occur either at the endpoints of the interval or inside on the open interval
(a, b)
EXAMPLE
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function
f(x) = 2x3 − 15x2 + 36x on the interval [1, 5], and determine where these values
occur.
 The equation f’(x) = 0 can be written as
 Thus, there are stationary points at x = 2 and at x = 3. Evaluating f at the

endpoints, at x = 2, and at x = 3 yields
ABSOLUTE EXTREMA ON INFINITE INTERVALS
ABSOLUTE EXTREMA ON OPEN INTERVALS
ABSOLUTE EXTREMA ON OPEN INTERVALS
ABSOLUTE EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONSWITH
ONE RELATIVE EXTREMUM
EXERCISE 3
1.Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the given

closed interval, and state where those values occur
a.
b.
2.Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f , if any, on the given
interval, and state where those values occur
a.
b.
42
4. APPLIED MAXIMUM AND

MINIMUM PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS INVOLVING FINITE
CLOSED INTERVALS
EXAMPLE
A garden is to be laid out in a rectangular area and protected by a chicken wire fence.
What is the largest possible area of the garden if only 100 running feet of chicken
wire is available for the fence?
SOLUTION
CLOSED INTERVALS
CLOSED INTERVALS
EXAMPLE
A farmer has 2400 ft of fencing and wants to fence off a rectangular field that
borders a straight river. He needs no fence along the river. What are the dimensions
of the field that has the largest area?
SOLUTION
A=xy = 2400x-2x2
x=0 A=0
x=600 A=720000
x=1200 A=0
CLOSED INTERVALS
EXAMPLE
An open box is to be made from a 16-inch by 30-inch piece of cardboard by cutting
out squares of equal size from the four corners and bending up the sides. What size
should the squares be to obtain a box with the largest volume?
CLOSED INTERVALS
EXAMPLE
Find the radius and height of the right circular cylinder of largest volume that can be
inscribed in a right circular cone with radius 6 inches and height 10 inches
PROBLEMS INVOLVING INTERVALSTHAT
ARE NOT BOTH FINITE AND CLOSED
EXAMPLE
A closed cylindrical can is to hold 1 liter (1000 cm3) of liquid. How should we
choose the height and radius to minimize the amount of material needed to
manufacture the can?
PROBLEMS INVOLVING INTERVALSTHAT
ARE NOT BOTH FINITE AND CLOSED
EXAMPLE
Find a point on the curve y = x2 that is closest to the point (18, 0).
50
Thanks!
Any questions?
Special thanks to
Imam Jauhari Maknun

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Ponky Ivo

The Derivative IN GRAPHING AND APPLICATIONS

The function graphed in figure can be described as

NOTE: Theorem 3.1.2 is applicable on any interval on which f is continuous

To confirm this, we analyze the sign of f’. The

Since f is continuous everywhere,

To confirm this, we analyze the sign of f’. The

Since f is continuous everywhere,

The graph suggests that the function f is decreasing if x ≤

f '(x) = 12x3 + 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x2 + x − 2) = 12x(x + 2)(x − 1)

 concave up on the interval (− ,+ ).

 concave down on the interval (− ,0).

The second table shows that there is an

There is no change in concavity

2. ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS II:

we conclude that the critical points occur at x = −1 and x = 1

The function f is continuous everywhere and its derivative is:

We see from this that f ’(x) = 0 if x = 2 and f ’(x) is undefined if x = 0. Thus x =0

 The sign of f’ changes from + to − at x = 0, so there is a relative maximumat

Solving f ’(x) = 0 yields the stationary points x = 0, x = −1, and x = 1

3. Use any method to find the relative extrema of the function f

3. ABSOLUTE MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 Thus, there are stationary points at x = 2 and at x = 3. Evaluating f at the

1.Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the given

4. APPLIED MAXIMUM AND

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