Flight Envelope: GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân
Flight Envelope: GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân
Flight Envelope: GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân
FLIGHT ENVELOPE
L= 1
2 .S .V ².CL = W = m.g
In cruise flight, on the airliners, the speed is generally expressed in
Mach number. To be able to monitor the occurrence of transonic
phenomena via the Mach number.
P
V = a.M = RT .M = M
P.S.M².CL =m.g
2
= 1 .4 0, 7 P.S .M ².CL = m.g
As the altitude remains constant during acceleration, the pressure P
also remains constant.
To provide the same lift during acceleration, the aircraft must fly
with:
M ².CL = const
GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân 4
Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Không lưu
0.82
0.84
CD
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GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân 6
Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Không lưu
The curve CLmax.M² = f(M) represents the limit of the flight envelope
for aerodynamic (lift) reasons. It is called "buffet onset chart".
The limit is reached for CLmax (point D), which corresponds to the
maximum flight altitude for the selected mass and speed: this value is
the aerodynamic ceiling and is written Zmax.
The limit is reached for CLmax (point D), which corresponds to the
maximum mass possible for the selected altitude and Mach. As
observed previously, the curve can be graduated in mass.
M
1
D: maximum mass at a given Mach, altitude and load factor
CL.M² Z m n
M
Mstall
Structural Limit
n
V
o The aerodynamic limit is a “lift limit” and occurs where the aircraft
stalls
o Varies as a function of the square root of weight and load factor
o When stalling while above 1 g, it’s known as an “accelerated stall
2nW
V s ta ll =
S C L m ax
1. Flight envelope
8
❑ Maximum n available
Altitude: Sea Level prior to stall Positive Structural Limit
Weight: 5800 lbs
6 Clean Configuration
4
Load Factor, n
1. Flight
8 envelope
Altitude: Sea Level Positive Structural Limit
❑ Maximum n available
Weight: 5800 lbs prior to stall
6 Clean Configuration
4
Load Factor, n
3. Flight
8 Positiveor
envelope (or service envelope, g Limit
performance
Altitude: Sea Level Positive Structural Limit
envelope)
Weight: 5800 lbs
6 Clean Configuration
4
No shift as h increases
Load Factor, n
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-2
Negative Stall Limit
Negative Structural Limit
-4 Negative g Limit
Calibrated Airspeed, Vc, knots
Q: Where are the positive and negative structural limits for this aircraft?
3. Flight
8 envelope (or service envelope, or performance
Altitude: Sea Level Positive Structural Limit
envelope)
Weight: 5800 lbs
6 Clean Configuration
4
Load Factor, n
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-2
Negative Stall Limit
Negative Structural Limit
-4
3. Flight
8 envelope (or service envelope, or performance
Altitude: Sea Level Positive Structural Limit
envelope)
Weight: 5800 lbs
6 Clean Configuration
4
Load Factor, n
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-2
Negative Stall Limit
Negative Structural Limit
-4
2nmaxW
V =
*
SCL max
The Corner (or Maneuvering) speed is the velocity at which the stall limit
and the structural limit make a corner on the graph.
GVHD: Nguyễn Ngọc Hoàng Quân 29
Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Không lưu
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Never Exceed Speed – VNE
IAS which, if exceeded may result in structural damage to the aircraft.
(or Maximum speed under any circumstances).
Displayed on the airspeed indicator as a red line
Situations that may result in the aircraft exceeding this speed:
• High speed descent
• Spiral Dive
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Maximum speed for normal operations – VNO (or
Maximum structural cruising speed)
The normal maximum structural cruising speed which should only be
exceeded in exceptional circumstances and in smooth air.
Displayed on the airspeed indicator where the green arc changes to
the yellow arc
Situations that may result in the aircraft
exceeding this speed:
• High speed descent
• Spiral Dive
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Maximum flap extend speed - VFE
This is the highest airspeed at which the pilot should extend full flaps.
If flaps are operated at higher airspeeds, severe strain or structural
failure could result.
Displayed on the airspeed indicator at the higher end of the white arc.
Situations that may result in the aircraft exceeding this speed:
• Too Fast on approach
• Not retracting the flaps after take off (if
deployed)
• Not retracting the flaps in the event of a
go-around
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Maximum flap operation speed - VFO
This speed limit is only applicable when the flaps are in motion,
This airspeed limitation is not displayed on the airspeed indicator.
Airspeed is found in the pilot operating handbook
Situations that may result in the aircraft exceeding this speed:
• Not knowing the speed limitation
• Not checking the speed prior to deploying the
flaps
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Stall speed- VS
VS0 – Stall speed in the landing configuration
This is the lowest speed permissible in the landing configuration
This airspeed limitation is displayed on the airspeed indicator at the
lower end of the white arc.
Situation that may result in the aircraft slowing to less than Vs0:
• The flare
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Stall speed- VS
VS1 – Stall speed in the cruise configuration
This is the lowest speed permissible in level flight.
This airspeed limitation is displayed on the airspeed indicator at the
lower end of the green arc.
Situation that may result in the aircraft slowing to less than Vs0:
• Climb
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Maximum (or Design) manoeuvring speed - VA
The highest speed at which full control deflection will not overstress
the aircraft
This airspeed is not displayed on the airspeed indicator. Airspeed is
found in the pilot operating handbook
Situation that may result in the aircraft slowing to less thanVA:
• Spiral dive
• Uncorrected undesired aircraft states
It cannot be slower than: VA VS n and need not be greater than Vc.
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Maximum turbulence penetration speed - VB
The speed (usually only defined for larger passenger carrying aircraft)
above which an aircraft shouldn’t fly in severe turbulence. It is also
usually the maximum permitted value for Vra, which is the
recommended speed for flight in turbulence
This airspeed is not displayed on the airspeed indicator. Airspeed is
found in the pilot operating handbook
Situations that may result in the aircraft exceeding this speed:
• Not aware of weather conditions conducive to turbulence
• Not reducing speed in turbulence
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Design cruising speed or optimum cruise speed - VC
The speed giving the most velocity (i.e greatest distance/time) from a
liter of fuel, usually utilizing 75% power at MTOW. VC is sometimes
indicated to be the normal level flight speed range for the aircraft as
shown by the ASI green band.
Used to show compliance with gust intensity loading – chosen by the
designer and normally based on operational requirements and engine
power availability.
W
VC must not be less 33 than knots where W/S is wing loading (lb/ft2)
S
4. Airspeed Limitation
❑ Design dive speed - VD
The highest speed planned to be achieved in testing
❑ Demonstrated flight diving speed - VDF
The highest actual speed achieved in testing
4. Airspeed Limitation
4. Airspeed Limitation
5. Altitude Envelope
5. Altitude Envelope
5. Altitude Envelope