DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER STUDIES

(Applications Development and Emerging

Technologies)

PRE-SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

3
PHP ARRAYS AND FUNCTIONS

Student Name / Group Parallag, Nicole D.

Name:
Name Role
Members (if Group):

Section: 1-B

Professor: Prof. Julius Claour

I. PROGRAM OUTCOME/S (PO) ADDRESSED BY THE LABORATORY EXERCISE
 Design, implement and evaluate computer-based systems or applications to meet desired needs and
requirements.

II. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME/S (CLO) ADDRESSED BY THE LABORATORY EXERCISE

 Understand and apply best practices and standards in the development of website.

III. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME/S (ILO) OF THE LABORATORY EXERCISE

At the end of this exercise, students must be able to:
 To know the different approach of using arrays in PHP.
 To use PHP lazy function foreach to iterate through array elements.
 To implement one dimensional and multi-dimensional in the program.
 To know use variables that is globally declared and locally declared.

IV. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Applications Development and Emerging Technologies Page 2 of 19

PHP Arrays
An array stores multiple values in one single variable:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>

What is an Array?
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.

If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in
single variables could look like this:

$cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";

However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And
what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?

The solution is to create an array!

An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the
values by referring to an index number

Create an Array in PHP

In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:

array();

In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

 Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

 Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
  Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays

Get The Length of an Array -

The count() Function
The count() function is used to return the length (the number of elements) of an
array:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo count($cars);
?>

PHP Indexed Arrays

There are two ways to create indexed arrays:

The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like this:

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

or the index can be assigned manually:

$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";

The following example creates an indexed array named $cars, assigns three
elements to it, and then prints a text containing the array values:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
Loop Through an Indexed Array
To loop through and print all the values of an indexed array, you could use a
for loop, like this:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
$arrlength = count($cars);

for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {

echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br>";
}
?>

PHP Associative Arrays

Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.

There are two ways to create an associative array:

$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

or:

$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";

The named keys can then be used in a script:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
Loop Through an Associative Array
To loop through and print all the values of an associative array, you could
use a foreach loop, like this:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {

echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>

PHP Multidimensional Arrays

A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.

PHP supports multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five, or more
levels deep. However, arrays more than three levels deep are hard to manage
for most people.

The dimension of an array indicates the number of indices you need

to select an element.

 For a two-dimensional array you need two indices to select an element

 For a three-dimensional array you need three indices to select an element

PHP - Two-dimensional Arrays

A two-dimensional array is an array of arrays (a three-dimensional array is an
array of arrays of arrays).

First, take a look at the following table:

 Name Stock Sold

Volvo 22 18

BMW 15 13

Saab 5 2

Land Rover 17 15

We can store the data from the table above in a two-dimensional array, like
this:

$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);

Now the two-dimensional $cars array contains four arrays, and it has two
indices: row and column.

To get access to the elements of the $cars array we must point to the two
indices (row and column):

Example
<?php
echo $cars[0][0].": In stock: ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0]
[2].".<br>";
echo $cars[1][0].": In stock: ".$cars[1][1].", sold: ".$cars[1]
[2].".<br>";
echo $cars[2][0].": In stock: ".$cars[2][1].", sold: ".$cars[2]
[2].".<br>";
echo $cars[3][0].": In stock: ".$cars[3][1].", sold: ".$cars[3]
[2].".<br>";
?>

We can also put a for loop inside another for loop to get the elements of the
$cars array (we still have to point to the two indices):
Example
<?php
for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++) {
echo "<p><b>Row number $row</b></p>";
echo "<ul>";
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
echo "<li>".$cars[$row][$col]."</li>";
}
echo "</ul>";
}
?>

PHP Sorting Arrays

The elements in an array can be sorted in alphabetical or numerical order,
descending or ascending.

In this chapter, we will go through the following PHP array sort functions:

 sort() - sort arrays in ascending order

 rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
 asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to
the value
 ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
 arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to
the value
 krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
key

Sort Array in Ascending Order - sort()

The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in ascending
alphabetical order:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
sort($cars);
?>

The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in ascending
numerical order:

Example
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
sort($numbers);
?>

Sort Array in Descending Order - rsort()

The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in descending
alphabetical order:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
rsort($cars);
?>

The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in descending
numerical order:

Example
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
rsort($numbers);
?>

Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to

Value - asort()
The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order, according
to the value:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
asort($age);
?>

Sort Array (Ascending Order), According

to Key - ksort()
The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order, according
to the key:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
ksort($age);
?>

Sort Array (Descending Order), According

to Value - arsort()
The following example sorts an associative array in descending order, according
to the value:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
arsort($age);
?>
Sort Array (Descending Order), According
to Key - krsort()
The following example sorts an associative array in descending order, according
to the key:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
krsort($age);
?>

PHP Functions
The real power of PHP comes from its functions.

PHP has more than 1000 built-in functions, and in addition you can create
your own custom functions.

PHP has over 1000 built-in functions that can be called directly, from within a
script, to perform a specific task.

Please check out our PHP reference for a complete overview of the PHP built-in
functions.

PHP User Defined Functions

Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions.

 A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a

program.
 A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
 A function will be executed by a call to the function.
Create a User Defined Function in PHP
A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function:

Syntax
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}

Note: A function name must start with a letter or an underscore. Function

names are NOT case-sensitive.

Tip: Give the function a name that reflects what the function does!

In the example below, we create a function named "writeMsg()". The opening

curly brace ( { ) indicates the beginning of the function code, and the closing
curly brace ( } ) indicates the end of the function. The function outputs "Hello
world!". To call the function, just write its name followed by brackets ():

Example
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}

writeMsg(); // call the function

?>

PHP Function Arguments

Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just
like a variable.

Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You
can add as many arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.

The following example has a function with one argument ($fname). When the
familyName() function is called, we also pass along a name (e.g. Jani), and the
name is used inside the function, which outputs several different first names,
but an equal last name:

Example
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname Refsnes.<br>";
}

familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");
familyName("Borge");
?>
The following example has a function with two arguments ($fname and $year):

Example
<?php
function familyName($fname, $year) {
echo "$fname Refsnes. Born in $year <br>";
}

familyName("Hege", "1975");
familyName("Stale", "1978");
familyName("Kai Jim", "1983");
?>

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type
the variable is.

PHP automatically associates a data type to the variable, depending on its

value. Since the data types are not set in a strict sense, you can do things like
adding a string to an integer without causing an error.

In PHP 7, type declarations were added. This gives us an option to specify the
expected data type when declaring a function, and by adding
the strict declaration, it will throw a "Fatal Error" if the data type mismatches.
In the following example we try to send both a number and a string to the
function without using strict:

Example
<?php
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is NOT enabled "5 days" is changed to int(5), and it will
return 10
?>

To specify strict we need to set declare(strict_types=1);. This must be

on the very first line of the PHP file.

In the following example we try to send both a number and a string to the
function, but here we have added the strict declaration:

Example
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement

function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {

return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is enabled and "5 days" is not an integer, an error
will be thrown
?>

The strict declaration forces things to be used in the intended way.

PHP Default Argument Value

The following example shows how to use a default parameter. If we call the
function setHeight() without arguments it takes the default value as argument:

Example
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function setHeight(int $minheight = 50) {
 echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
}

setHeight(350);
setHeight(); // will use the default value of 50
setHeight(135);
setHeight(80);
?>

PHP Functions - Returning values

To let a function return a value, use the return statement:

Example
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function sum(int $x, int $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}

echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5, 10) . "<br>";

echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7, 13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2, 4);
?

PHP Return Type Declarations

PHP 7 also supports Type Declarations for the return statement. Like with
the type declaration for function arguments, by enabling the strict
requirement, it will throw a "Fatal Error" on a type mismatch.

To declare a type for the function return, add a colon ( : ) and the type right
before the opening curly ( { )bracket when declaring the function.

In the following example we specify the return type for the function:

Example
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : float {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>

You can specify a different return type, than the argument types, but make sure
the return is the correct type:

Example
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : int {
return (int)($a + $b);
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>

V. GRADING SYSTEM / RUBRIC (please see separate sheet)

VI. LABORATORY ACTIVITY

1. USING ARRAYS, create a program using PHP that will contain 10

different names, images, age, birthday and contact number then display it
in alphabetical order (use array sorting), with integration of HTML and
CSS.

Sample Output:
Output:
Source Code:
 2. Using ARRAYS, create a program using PHP that will contain 10 different
numbers and get the sum, difference, product and quotient of all values in
the array.

Sample Output:

Output:

Source Code:
 3. USING USER DEFINED FUNCTION
 Create a program that will get the sum, difference, product and
quotient of 3 given parameters.
Example your_function(param1,param2,param3)

Sample Output:

Output:
Source Code:
Snip and paste your source codes here. Snip it directly from the IDE so that colors of the codes are
preserved for readability. Include additional pages if necessary.

VII. QUESTION AND ANSWER

1. For your understanding what is an array?

 In my understanding an array is a data structure that is able to store one or more similar types of values in a
single value.
2. Differences between simple variable and a variable array?
 A simple variable can contain only a single value, under that variable name, while a
variable array can contain more than one value at a time under same variable name.
3. Give an instance where you can use or apply an array.
 An instance where you can use or apply an array say if you want to store 100 numbers
or records instead of defining 100 variables for that you can easily define an array with
100 lengths.
4. What are the different array sorting? describe each.
 sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
 rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
 asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value
 ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
 arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the value
 krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key

5. What is Function?
 In a larger program, a function is a piece of code. A particular task is performed by the
function. The benefits of using functions are: Minimizing duplication of code, decomposing
complex problems into simpler bits, improving consistency of the code, reuse of code and
information hiding. The keyword of the function is followed by the function name with round
brackets. Between the curly brackets lies the body of the feature. We say we're calling for a
feature. When we call a function, the statements are executed within the body of the
function.
6. Give the different usage of functions.
 There are different usages for functions. Like the built-in functions are the functions that are already in the
program and it could just be directly called from within the script and perform a particular task. There are also
user-defined functions, these are block of statements that you can use repeatedly in the program that you are
making. You just need to call the function and this would be executed that task that you assigned to it. You can
use functions also to perform arguments which makes you program much easier.

VIII. REFERENCES

1. https://www.w3schools.com/css/
2. https://www.w3schools.com/html
 3. https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_variables.asp
4. https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays.asp
5. https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_indexed.asp
6. https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_associative.asp
7. https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_multidimensional.asp
8. https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_sort.asp
9. https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_functions.asp

Note: The following rubrics/metrics will be used to grade students’ output.

Program (100 (Excellent) (Good) (Fair) (Poor)

pts.)
Program Program executes Program executes Program executes Program does not
execution (20pts) correctly with no with less than 3 with more than 3 execute (10-
syntax or runtime errors (15-17pts) errors (12-14pts) 11pts)
errors (18-20pts)
Correct output Program displays Output has minor Output has Output is incorrect
(20pts) correct output errors (15-17pts) multiple errors (10-11pts)
with no errors (12-14pts)
(18-20pts)
Design of output Program displays Program displays Program does not Output is poorly
(10pts) more than minimally display the designed (5pts)
expected (10pts) expected output required output
(8-9pts) (6-7pts)
Design of logic Program is Program has Program has Program is
(20pts) logically well slight logic errors significant logic incorrect (10-
designed (18- that do no errors (3-5pts) 11pts)
20pts) significantly
affect the results
(15-17pts)
Standards Program code is Few inappropriate Several Program is poorly
(20pts) stylistically well design choices inappropriate written (10-11pts)
designed (18- (i.e. poor variable design choices
20pts) names, improper (i.e. poor variable
indentation) (15- names, improper
17pts) indentation) (12-
14pts)
Delivery The program was The program was The program was The program was
(10pts) delivered on time. delivered a day delivered two delivered more
(10pts) after the deadline. days after the than two days
(8-9pts) deadline. (6-7pts) after the deadline.
(5pts)