Survival Handbook Endurance Essentials For The Great Outdoors

ENDURANCE ESSENTIALS FOR THE GREAT OUTDOORS
SURVIVAL
HANDBOOK
IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE
ROYAL MARINES
COMMANDOS
SURVIVAL
HANDBOOK
IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE
ROYAL MARINES
COMMANDOS
CONTENTS
LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, DELHI
Senior Editors Nicky Munro, Richard Gilbert 8 Introduction

Senior Art Editors Michael Duffy, Gillian Andrews
Editors Bob Bridle, Chris Hawkes,
Philip Morgan, Gill Pitts, Clare Weber
Designers Sarah-Anne Arnold, Katie Eke,
Brian Flynn, Phil Gamble, Sharon Spencer BEFORE YOU GO
Lead Illustrator Mike Garland
Assisting Illustrators Darren Awuah, Phil Gamble,
16 Introduction: Prepare yourself
Peter Liddiard, Tim Loughead, Mark Walker 18 Getting into shape
Production Editor Tony Phipps 20 Mental preparation
Production Controller Norma Weir
22 Planning your journey
Managing Editor Stephanie Farrow
Managing Art Editor Lee Griffiths 24 Emergency plan of action
Art Director Bryn Walls 26 Introduction: Know your environment
Publisher Jonathan Metcalf
28 Temperate environments
First published in Great Britain in 2009 by
Dorling Kindersley Limited 30 Tropical environments
Second edition published in Great Britain in 2012 by 32 Mountain environments
Dorling Kindersley Limited
80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL 34 Desert environments
A Penguin Company 36 Cold environments
24681097531
Copyright © 2009, 2012 Dorling Kindersley Limited
38 Marine environments
The Royal Navy and Royal Marines name and logo are trade 40 Introduction: Get the right gear
marks of the UK Secretary of State for Defence and used
under licence. 42 Choosing your kit
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted 44 Choosing a backpack
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior
46 Dressing for the outdoors
permission of the copyright owner. 50 Extreme survival – in the wilderness
A CIP catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library. 52 Sleeping systems
ISBN 978-1-4053-9356-0 56 Eating on the trail
Printed and bound in Hong Kong by Hung Hing 58 Camping stoves
Discover more at 60 Your survival kit
www.dk.com
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Some of the techniques desribed in this book should be
used only in dire emergencies, when the survival of
individuals depends upon them. The publisher cannot
be held responsible for any injuries, damage, loss, or
prosecutions resulting from the use or misuses of the
information in this book. Do not practise these
techniques on private land without the owner’s
permission, and obey all laws relating to the protection
of land, property, plants, and animals.
FEK?<KI8@C :8DG:I8=K
64 Introduction: Find your way 112 Introduction: Camp essentials
66 Maps and map-reading 114 Organizing your site
68 Get your bearings 116 Staying clean
72 Route finding 118 Making fire
74 Navigating without a compass 120 The elements of fire
76 Natural navigation 122 Char cloth and fire tin
78 How weather works 124 Types of fire
80 Weather phenomena 126 Making sparks and flames
82 Understanding local weather 128 Extreme survival – in the desert
84 Introduction: Make a move 130 Fire by friction
86 Travelling on foot 134 Introduction: Manual skills
88 Crossing rivers 136 Man-made cordage
90 Scrambling and climbing 138 Natural cordage
92 Extreme survival – in the mountains 142 Tying knots
94 Moving over snow 146 Using cutting tools
98 Using pack animals
100 Four-wheel driving
104 Kayaking and canoeing
106 Building a raft
108 Swimming
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154 Introduction: Taking shelter 184 Introduction: Find and treat water
156 Hollows and caves 186 The importance of water
158 Use-anywhere shelters 188 Finding water: Temperate climates
162 Forest shelters 192 Finding water: Hot climates
166 Tropical shelters 194 Finding water: Cold climates
172 Extreme survival – in the jungle 196 Finding water: At sea
174 Desert shelters 198 Carrying and storing water
176 Shoreline shelters 200 Treating water
178 Snow shelters 202 Introduction: Find and prepare food
204 Wild cooking
206 Edible plants
208 Catching fish
212 Preparing fish
214 Extreme survival – adrift at sea
216 Trapping animals
220 Preparing small mammals
222 Preparing large mammals
224 Preparing other animals
226 Catching birds
228 Preparing birds
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232 Introduction: In an emergency Wild food
234 Assessing your situation 280 Temperate plants
236 Attracting rescuers 282 Desert plants
242 Wild animals 284 Tropical plants
244 Extreme survival – in cold conditions 286 Plants in cold climates
246 Environmental hazards 288 Coastal plants
250 Surviving at sea 290 Mammals
292 Birds
294 Amphibians and reptiles
296 Fish
=@IJK8@; 298 Invertebrates
Natural Dangers
258 Introduction: First aid
300 Wild animals
260 First aid essentials
302 Insects and arachnids
262 Flesh wounds
304 Poisonous plants
266 Bites and stings
268 Poisonous plants and intestinal parasites
270 Bones, joints and muscles 306 Resources
272 Treating exposure 308 Glossary
274 Treating shock 312 Index
275 Breathing difficulties 319 About the author
276 Unconsciousness 319 Acknowledgements
278 Moving a casualty 320 About the Royal Marines
/ INTRODUCTION
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HAVING TAUGHT SURVIVAL SKILLS FOR MANY YEARS,@_Xm\

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Always apply the principle of the

least amount of energy expended
for the maximum amount of gain
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INTRODUCTION 9
Treat the wilderness with respect: carry

in only what you can carry out; leave only
footprints, take only pictures
Survival knowledge and skills must be learned – and practised – under
realistic conditions. Starting a fire with dry materials on a sunny day,
for example, will teach you very little. The real survival skill is in
understanding why a fire won’t start and working out a solution. The
more you practise, the more you learn (I am yet to teach a course where
I didn’t learn something new from one of my students). Finding solutions
and overcoming problems continually adds to your knowledge and, in
most cases, will help you deal with problems should they occur again.
There are differences between teaching survival courses to civilians and

teaching them to military personnel. Civilians have enrolled on (and paid
for) a course to increase their knowledge and skills, not because their
life may depend on it (although, should they find themselves in a life-
threatening situation, it may well do), but because they are interested in
survival techniques in their own right. In contrast, the majority of military
personnel who undergo survival training may very well need to put it into
practice, but they invariably complete the training simply because they are
required to do so. While no one in the military forces would underestimate
the importance of survival training, it is a fact that, if you want to fly a
Royal Navy Harrier, or become a Royal Marine Mountain Leader, survival
training is just one of the many courses you must undertake.
(' INTRODUCTION
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Understanding your environment will

allow you to select the best equipment,
adopt the best techniques, and learn
the correct skills
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The more you understand how

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() INTRODUCTION
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There is a thin line between

being in awe of an environment
and being at its mercy
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INTRODUCTION 13
an environment and being at its mercy. The more you understand both
the appeal and dangers of an environment, the better informed you will
be to select the right equipment and understand how best to utilize it
should the need arise.
Remember, no matter how good your survival equipment, or how

extensive your knowledge and skills, never underestimate the power
of nature. If things aren’t going as planned, never hesitate to stop and
re-assess your situation and priorities, and never be afraid to turn back
and try again later – the challenge will always be there tomorrow.
Finally, always remember that the most effective method of dealing
with a survival situation is to avoid getting into it in the first place.
Colin Towell
Twenty years from now you will be more

disappointed by the things you didn't
do than by the ones you did do
MARK TWAIN
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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
how keeping in shape can keep you out of trouble...
the importance of a positive mental attitude...
that where there’s a will to survive there’s a way to survive...
the difference between a coping strategy and an aggravating factor...
how “show-stoppers” could scupper your trip...
why an emergency plan of action could save your life...
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AGE 20–29 30–39 40–49 50+

RATING BASE RATE Cfn\iYXZb1
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MEN pflicfn\iYXZb
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Average 86–101 88–102 90–105 92–107
Poor > 101 > 102 > 105 > 107
WOMEN
Good < 93 < 95 < 97 < 99
Average 94–110 96–112 98–114 100–116
Poor > 110 > 112 > 114 > 116
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with exercises that raise the heartbeat to
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Time spent warming up and cooling down \m\ip[XpkXjbjjlZ_Xjc`]kè^#ZXiipè^#Xe[nXcbè^%8i\^lcXin\`^_k$
after exercise will help to improve your kiXèè^gifîXdd\n`cc`dgifm\pfligfjkli\#Yl`c[dljZc\[\ej`kp
endurance levels and will also accelerate Xifle[k_\afèkjXe[Yfe\j#`dgifm\pflij\ej\f]YXcXeZ\#_\cgpfli
the recovery process. Get into the habit jki\jjdXeX^\d\ekXY`c`k`\j#X`[jc\\g#Xe[i\[lZ\k_\Z_XeZ\jf]pfl
of starting and ending your session with jljkXèè^Xeèalip%@eX[[`k`fe#i\j\XiZ__Xjj_fnek_XkXi\^lcXi
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a five-minute jog.
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n_f[`\n`k_gjpZ_fcf^`ZXckiXldX[`\n`k_èk_\Ôijk
n_\eflkfek_\kiX`c%EfidXcgjpZ_fcf^`ZXci\XZk`fej
k_i\\[Xpj%Cfjè^k_\n`cckfjlim`m\Æfijl]]\iè^ kf[`jXjk\ik\e[kffZZlièXj\kgXkk\ief]]flijkX^\j1
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k_\g_pj`ZXcZfe[`k`fejÆj_flc[Y\pflidXèZfeZ\ie% g\i`f[#Xe[k_\gfjk$kiXldXg\i`f[j\\i`^_k %:fekiXip
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fm\iZfdè^Xj`klXk`fen`ccY\Zfdgifd`j\[% `kZXeY\ZfekX^`flj`]jfd\fe\[f\j%
8>>I8M8K@E>=8:KFIJ HUNGER THIRST
I\XZk`fejkf[`jXjk\iZXei\jlck]ifdX[ì\ZkYcfnkf Initially, hunger is not a problem, Thirst is a serious problem,

k_\gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcjpjk\d#jlZ_Xj\oki\d\j_fZb#Ylk but a long-term lack of food will especially for survivors at sea
k_\pZXeXcjfY\Yifl^_kfe#fiX^îXmXk\[Yp#fk_\i cause psychological changes or in the desert, and its effects
to occur. Symptoms include: are more acute than hunger.
]XZkfij%8jn`k_XccgjpZ_fcf^`ZXcgifYc\dj#befnè^ Apathy Agitation is commonplace;
n_Xkk_\j\X^îXmXkè^]XZkfijXi\#Xe[Xkk\dgkè^ Irritability other symptoms include:
kfXmf`[k_\dÆfiXkc\Xjki\Zfê`qè^n_Xkk_\p Depression Irrational behaviour
d`^_kc\X[kfÆn`ccdXo`d`q\pfliZ_XeZ\jf] Lack of concentration (see box, right)

Delusions
gi\m\ekè^fifm\iZfdè^k_\gifYc\d%K_\dfjk
Visual hallucinations
ZfddfeX^îXmXkè^]XZkfijXi\1_le^\i#k_ìjk#
]Xk`^l\#j\X$j`Zbe\jj#Xe[_pgfk_\id`X%
:FG@E>JKI8K<>@<J TRAINING MOTIVATION
K_\i\Xi\dXepk_è^jpflZXe[fkfgi\gXi\ People who are properly Often known as “the will to

pflij\c]gjpZ_fcf^`ZXccp]fiXjlim`mXcj`klXk`feÆ prepared, who know their survive”, motivation involves a
environment and how to use refusal to accept death, and to
jlZ_Xjc\Xieè^XYflkn_Xkpflj_flc[\og\Zk`] their equipment, and have an hang on to the belief that you
k_\nfijkn\i\kf_Xgg\eÆXe[kfZfg\Y\kk\i`] understanding of what to expect were not meant to die under these
pflÔe[pflij\c]èfe\%8jn`k_Xccjlim`mXcjb`ccj# in a survival situation, will be conditions. It involves overcoming
gi`fibefnc\[^\`jgfn\i#Xe[n`cc_\cgpflkf[\Xc far more effective if they find the emotional and physical
n`k_Xjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe]Xidfi\jlZZ\jj]lccp%K_\ themselves in one. Adequate discomforts of extreme conditions.
training and practice using your Linked to motivation is the ability
dXèXi\Xjkfk_èbXYflkXi\1kiXèè^#dfk`mXk`fe# equipment will help you to to establish goals, work out the
XkkXZ_d\ek#_fg\#XZZ\gkXeZ\#Xe[_\cgè^fk_\ij% function effectively at an steps to those goals, and to
;\m\cfgè^Zfgè^jkiXk\^`\j`jXe`dgfikXek automatic level. Prior knowledge follow those steps through.
k\Z_e`hl\]fijlim`mXc% is key to your survival.
D<EK8CGI<G8I8K@FE )(
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@kk\e[jkffZZlin_\eg\fgc\Xi\kiXgg\[# le_\cg]lcjl^^\jk`fej%Jl]]\i\ijZXe fk_\ijÆXe[jfd\ìiXk`feXccpYcXd\
fi`]k_\i\`jXk`d\c`d`kkfk_\ì\jZXg\% i\XZ_k_`jjkX^\X]k\iXjkXk\f][\gi\jj`fe% k_\dj\cm\j]fiYiè^è^XYflkk_\èZ`[\ek%
;<GI<JJ@FE 8E><I JL@:@;<

;\gi\jj\[g\fgc\n`ccj`kXdfe^ 8^î\jj`fe#Xe^\i#Xe[_fjk`c`kpXi\ ;`jXjk\im`Zk`dj_Xm\Y\\ebefne
Z_XfjXe[[\Yi`jmXZXekcp^Xqè^ Zfddfei\XZk`fejkfkiXldX%K_\pËi\ kfZfdd`kjl`Z`[\`dd\[`Xk\cpX]k\i
Xe[efki\gcpè^kfhl\jk`fej%K_\pËi\ f]k\eìiXk`feXcXe[k_`jdXp\m\eY\ Y\èî\jZl\[#èjfd\ZXj\jn_\e
leXnXi\f]k_\ìj`klXk`feXe[leXYc\ [ì\Zk\[Xkk_\i\jZl\ijfid\[`ZXc k_\pËi\Xci\X[pjX]\èk_\_fjg`kXc%
kf_\cgk_\dj\cm\j#jfi`jb]lik_\ièalip% jkX]]kipè^kf_\cgk_\d% M`Zk`djj_flc[Y\Zcfj\cpdfe`kfi\[%
Pre-impact period Impact Period Recoil period Post-trauma period

The “pre-impact” period is divided This is the life-threatening stage. This follows on directly from the If the recoil period is not fully
into two stages: Statistically, individuals behave in impact period; for example, victims successful, individuals may
Threat: danger exists but, one of three ways: may have escaped a sinking ship develop psychiatric disorders.
though obvious to those who 10–20 per cent of people are and are in the liferafts. It can last The full impact of the incident
recognize it, those who will not calm and retain full awareness. for up to three days, but generally becomes apparent and a range
accept it respond with denial Up to 75 per cent of people lasts for around three hours. In of emotions – guilt, depression,
and under-activity. are stunned, bewildered, and most cases, it is characterized anxiety, aimlessness, and a feeling
Warning: threat of danger is unable to react rationally. by a gradual return to normal of bereavement – may develop.
now apparent to all; response is 10–25 per cent exhibit extreme reasoning abilities, awareness, These are often referred to as Post-
now likely to be over-activity. behaviour, such as screaming. and emotional expression. Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD).
FATIGUE SEA-SICKNESS HYPOTHERMIA

IRRATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR
In many cases, physical exhaustion Sea-sickness often brings about Hypothermia (see p. 273) produces
is present from the outset. At an overwhelming desire to curl both physical and psychological
Irrational behaviour can
other times, it may result from up and die, which in survival effects – the psychological take many forms. Examples
sleep deprivation and the physical situations can easily become a consequences occur early include the earthquake
hardship endured over time. Most reality. It’s important not to give in the condition, and cause: victims who were found
survivors agree that fatigue in to this urge. Fight sea-sickness Loss of concentration collecting flowers instead
overwhelms them, but when they with the following methods: Loss of memory of helping the injured, and
want to sleep they can’t – they Keep a fixed point such as the Motor impairment
have an inability to relax. Fatigue famously, the band of the
horizon in sight. Faulty decision-making
causes a deterioration in mental Take small sips of water (not
Titanic, who played while
Irrational behaviour
and physical performance, salt water) if you have sufficient the ship sank rather than
followed by a psychological supplies – but ration them if trying to save themselves.
and physical debility. you’re in a life or death situation.
ATTACHMENT HOPE ACCEPTANCE HELPING OTHERS
One of the strongest motivating To hope means to entertain ideas An inability to accept one’s First, monitor your own condition
forces for survival is the desire that a distressing situation will situation or condition leads to and check that you’re really up
to be reunited with principal improve and get better. In any frustration, anger, and irrational to the task. Determine who is
figures of attachment in your survival situation it’s important behaviour, and it’s important to genuinely disturbed rather than
life. These may include: to cling on to hope, despite avoid these feelings in a survival showing “normal” reactions.
Husbands information or perceptions to the situation. The ability to accept the Psychological first aid is only
Wives contrary. Thinking positively will situation doesn’t equate to giving required for those who are failing
Partners help to ward off psychological in to it – far from it. Those who to recover. Simple words of
Children trauma. It’s often easier to be have this ability, and know when comfort and interest will make
Grandchildren optimistic in a group situation to be active and when to be the majority who are numbed
Close friends than it is if you’re on your own, passive often have a better more responsive. Those who are
as people can support each other. chance of long-term survival. disturbed should be monitored
closely. Avoid giving sedatives.
)) BEFORE YOU GOVGI<G8I<PFLIJ<C=
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fiX]lcc\og\[`k`fefm\in\\bj#Zifjjè^Zfekè\ekjè]fli$n_\\c$ WARNING!
The social customs of a country
[i`m\m\_`Zc\j#pfle\\[kfgcXe`km\ipZXi\]lccp%K_\gcXe]fi are not the same all over the world.
pfli[XpflknfeËkY\Xj[\kX`c\[Xj`knflc[Y\]fik_\cfe^\i Many cultural differences stem
from ancient cultural or religious
\og\[`k`fe#Ylk`kËj\hlXccp`dgfikXek%@kËjX^ff[`[\Xkf_Xm\X pasts, and are taken extremely
YXj`ZgcXeeè^flkcè\]fipflidfjki\^lcXiki`gj#kfn_`Z_pflZXe seriously. While ignoring or breaking
some customs may lead only to
X[[jlggc\d\ekXipè]fidXk`feXjpfliki`gjY\Zfd\dfi\èmfcm\[% embarrassment, breaking others
can result in a penalty, punishment,
D@E@D@Q@E>K?<È@=FECPÉ or even imprisonment. Cultural
K_\i\ËjefnXpk_XkpflZXegcXe]fi\m\ip\m\eklXc`kpÆk_\i\Xi\aljk differences may require females in
kffdXepmXi`XYc\jÆYlkn_XkpflZXe[f`jcffbXkk_\kpg\f]ki`gpfl your group to dress so that they
don’t show bare arms or legs, or
èk\e[kfkXb\#Xe[\ejli\k_Xk`]Xj`klXk`feXi`j\jpflËi\efkc\]kn`j_è^ they may dictate which hand you
pflË[[fe\jfd\k_è^[`]]\i\ekcp%K_\k`d\kfdè`d`q\k_\Z_XeZ\jf] use to greet someone politely.
XeÈ`]fecpÉj`klXk`fe`j[liè^k_\gcXeeè^jkX^\%CffbXkk_\gfk\ek`Xc Always research a country’s customs
gifYc\djXe[i`jbj#gcXekfXmf`[k_\d#Xe[\hl`gpflij\c]n`k_k_\ thoroughly when planning your trip.
befnc\[^\Xe[&fi\hl`gd\ekkf[\Xcn`k_k_\d`]k_\pXi`j\%
K?<J@OGËJ SHOW-STOPPERS
I\d\dY\ik_\jògËj1Gi`fiGcXeeè^Xe[
Gi\gXiXk`feGi\m\ekjGffiG\i]fidXeZ\% You’ll need enough to cover your needs plus extra for emergencies.
MONEY
I\j\XiZ__Xjj_fnek_Xkk_\cfe^\iXe[ It must be in the correct currency for the country you are visiting.
dfi\Zfdgc`ZXk\[k_\ki`g`j#k_\c\jjc`b\cp Ensure your bank card is set up for use in that particular country.
k_\i\`jkfY\XdXafiÈjlim`mXcÉj`klXk`fe% Make sure you have a secure way of storing your money.
K_`jkpg\f]ki`g`jc`b\cpkfY\n\cc
fi^Xe`q\[#Xe[gfk\ek`XcgifYc\djn`cc Your passport must be valid. If you need to renew it, do so well in advance.
PASSPORT

_Xm\Y\\eZfej`[\i\[%K_`jd\Xejk_Xk Some countries require your passport to be valid for a number of months after your visit.
k_\pZXe\`k_\iY\Xmf`[\[#fik_Xkk_\i\ Keep your passport number in several places, such as inside your survival tin.
n`ccY\d\Z_Xe`jdjègcXZ\kf[\Xcn`k_ Keep your passport safe, and in a waterproof container, such as a Ziploc bag.
k_\d%@edXepnXpj#j`dgcp_Xmè^X
^ff[le[\ijkXe[è^f]_fnkf[\Xcn`k_ Research the regulations regarding visas relevant to the countries you’re travelling to.
Xj`klXk`fe#Xe[Y\è^XYc\kfèk\igi\kk_\
VISA
Find out how to apply, how far in advance you should apply, whether or not you can
YXj`ZgièZ`gc\jf]jlim`mXc#ZXegi\m\ekX apply in the country, and what other documents you need.
dèfigifYc\d]ifd\jZXcXkè^èkfX As with your passport, always keep your visa safe, dry, and in good condition.
[`jXjk\i%@eXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe#`kdXpY\
VACCINATION
pflibefnc\[^\#ZfdYè\[n`k_pfliXY`c`kp Check the regulations for the country – many have strict vaccination policies.
kf`dgifm`j\#k_Xk[\k\idè\jn_\k_\ipfl Ensure you have the vaccinations, and any boosters, within the correct timeframe.
Y\Zfd\Xjlim`mfifiXjkXk`jk`Z% Some inoculations last only for six months, so for extended trips you might have to
have more while away. This can usually be arranged through local hospitals or clinics.
FI>8E@Q8K@FE8CGI@FI@K@<J
N_\egcXeeè^]fiXki`gXcnXpjjkXikn`k_ Make sure you have the correct tickets for your journey.
TICKETS
k_\dfjk`dgfikXekk_è^jÆbefneXjk_\ Read the tickets and make sure they have the correct names, dates, and locations.
Èj_fn$jkfgg\ijÉ%K_\j\Xi\^\e\iXccpk_\
Should you need to prove your movements, always keep your tickets in a safe place
k_è^jk_Xknflc[XZklXccpjkfgk_\ki`g]ifd
and never throw them away – often the return journey is included on the same ticket.
_Xgg\eè^èk_\ÔijkgcXZ\`]efkfi^Xe`q\[
èX[mXeZ\%@]pflk_\enfibYXZbnXi[j]ifd
INSURANCE
k_\j_fn$jkfgg\ijkf`k\djk_Xknflc[j`dgcp It’s advisable to get insurance against your trip being cancelled.
dXb\k_\ki`gdfi\Zfd]fikXYc\#dfjkfk_\i Ensure that your insurance will cover your medical expenses should the worst happen.
k_è^jn`cc]XccèkfgcXZ\%K_\Z_Xikfek_\ You don't have to be climbing Everest – even a twisted or broken ankle when
i`^_kc`jkjk_\k_è^jk_Xkpfl[\Ôe`k\cp hill-walking could prove to be very expensive if you don’t have adequate insurance.
ZXeefk[fn`k_flk%
GC8EE@E>PFLIAFLIE<E;IFLGJ
@]k_\k\Xd_XjYfk_dXc\Xe[]\dXc\d\dY\ij#`kËj`dgfikXek
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k\Xd[peXd`Zjn`ccgcXpXe`dgfikXekgXikèk_\jlZZ\jj#fi jc\\gè^Xe[nXj_è^XiiXe^\d\ekj#n_fZXii`\jn_Xk#n_f
fk_\in`j\#f]pfliki`g%Jki\jj]lcj`klXk`fejÆXe[gXik`ZlcXicp `ji\jgfej`Yc\]fin_Xk#Xe[jffe%8cck_`jj_flc[Y\gcXee\[è
jlim`mXcj`klXk`fejÆZXeYiè^flkk_\Y\jk#fik_\nfijk#è [\kX`cY\]fi\pflj\kf]]%@kj_flc[XcjfY\efk\[k_XkkXbè^`k
g\fgc\%N_\egcXeeè^Xcfe^ki`g#`kËjXcnXpjX^ff[`[\X ]fiîXek\[k_Xkk_\nfd\en`ccZffbk_\d\Xcjn_`c\k_\d\e
kfgcXej\m\iXcj_fik\iki`gjY\]fi\_Xe[#kflj\XjgiXZk`Z\ dXb\k_\j_\ck\ij`jefkk_\Y\jknXpkfjkXikXe\og\[`k`fe%
j\jj`fej%K_\j\n`ccefkfecp_\cgpfl[\Z`[\n_Xk\hl`gd\ek
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k_\pnfibkf^\k_\iXjXîflg%K_`jZXe_\cgpflkffi^Xe`q\ f]pfliîflg%?fn\m\i#n_Xkfc[\id\dY\ijdXpcXZbègXZ\#
pflik\Xddfi\\]]\Zk`m\cp% k_\pdXpdXb\lg]fiè\og\[`k`fe\og\i`\eZ\%
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efkn`[\cpjgfb\e#`kn`ccY\Y\e\ÔZ`Xc`]pflZXec\Xiejfd\lj\]lc
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K_\nife^k`d\kfY\kipè^kfÔe[k_\aXZbXe[jgXi\n_\\c
fepfli_ì\[m\_`Zc\`jXke`^_k#èk_\iXè#n`k_k_\dfjhl`kf\j
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k_èbXYflkk_\mXi`fljjb`cc[\dXe[ji\hlì\[#Xe[\ejli\k_Xk
pflËi\ZXgXYc\f]X[[i\jjè^k_fj\[\dXe[j%
OPERATING UNDER REALISTIC CONDITIONS

When training with new equipment, always practise using
it under realistic conditions. For example, if you’re going to
be using your GPS in cold conditions, can you operate it using
the gloves you have selected? If you’re pitching a tent, have
you got all the necessary components, and can you put it up
in the dark and rain?
)+ BEFORE YOU GOVGI<G8I<PFLIJ<C=
<D<E:PGC8EF=8:K@FE
LE=FIKLE8K<CP#<M<EK?<DFJKd\k`ZlcfljcpgcXee\[#
k_fifl^_cp\hl`gg\[#Xe[Y\jk$\o\Zlk\[ki`gZXeileèkf USING YOUR EPA
An EPA should contain up-to-date information
[`]ÔZlck`\j%Le]fi\ZXjk\[jkife^nè[jZflc[kiXgpfl about you as a person. This may change very
Xe[pflibXpXbfeXe`jcXe[fm\ie`^_k#fiXjgiXè\[ little over the years, so you may only need to
create a standard EPA and just update the
Xebc\Zflc[c\Xm\pflleXYc\kfZc`dY[fnek_\ifZbj details specific to each trip.
pflZc`dY\[lgjf\Xj`cp%<XZ_f]k_\j\jlim`mXcjZ\eXi`fj
Xi\[`]ÔZlckkfgi\[`Zk#YlkZflc[\Xj`cp_Xgg\e%
ILEE@E>@EKFGIF9C<DJ
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[fe\XccpflZXekf_\cgpflij\c]#Xe[_\cg kfÔe[Xe[_\cgpfl
hl`Zb\i`]k_\pbefn
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k_Xkk_\i\Xi\knfj`[\jkfXepjlim`mXcfi
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k_\gXikk_Xkk_\i\jZl\j\im`Z\jgcXp%
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kfb\\gg\fgc\è]fid\[f]pflièk\e[\[
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8^ff[nXpf]b\\gè^pfli]i`\e[j#]Xd`cp#Xe[k_\i\c\mXeki\jZl\j\im`Z\j
NFIJK$:8J<J:<E8I@F è]fid\[f]pflin_\i\XYflkj`jkfni`k\[fnek_\[\kX`cjf]pfliki`g#
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f]ZfeÕ`Zk#_XjgcXejègcXZ\]fik_\ ZXj\jZ\eXi`fÉgièZ`gc\giXZk`j\[Ypk_\d`c`kXipj\\c\]k #XeÈ\d\i^\eZp
nfijk$ZXj\jZ\eXi`f%<XZ_gXikf] gcXef]XZk`feÉ<G8 j_flc[Y\gi\gXi\[YpXepfe\m\ekliè^èkfk_\î\Xk
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Xe[k_\k\XdZfdgc\k\jX]fidk_Xk Xe[b\\gXZfgpfepflig\ijfe%N_\i\Xggc`ZXYc\#è]fidcfZXcj\im`Z\j#
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k\XdÔe[k_\dj\cm\jè[`]ÔZlckp#k_\i\jZl\ pflie\okf]bènflc[e\\[kfbefnXYflkpflXe[pflièk\ek`fej`]k_\p]\ck
îflgn`ccefk_Xm\kfkipkfj\Zfe[$^l\jj k_\p_X[kfiX`j\k_\XcXid%@eX[[`k`fe#`]pfl[`[^fd`jjè^ÆgXik`ZlcXicpè
n_Xkk_\k\Xdn`cc[fÆk_\pn`cc_Xm\X Xefk_\iZflekipÆk_\i\Xi\dXepk_è^jk_Xkk_\i\c\mXeki\jZl\j\im`Z\j
Zc\Xiè[`ZXk`fef]k_\k\XdËjèk\ekXe[ZXe nflc[e\\[kfX`[k_\ì\]]fikj#]fi\oXdgc\Xi\Z\ekg_fkfîXg_#pfligXjjgfik
gcXe\]]\Zk`m\cpXe[[\Z`j`m\cpXifle[k_`j [\kX`cj#n_Xk\hl`gd\ekpfl_Xm\n`k_pfl#n_XkcXe^lX^\jpflZXejg\Xb#
è]fidXk`fe%K_\k\Xdn`ccY\]fle[hl`Zb\i Xe[pflijb`ccj%K_\Zc\Xi\ik_\ìle[\ijkXe[è^f]pfl#pfliXY`c`k`\j#Xe[
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<D<E:PGC8EF=8:K@FE ),
EMERGENCY PLAN OF ACTION FORM
Full name as appears on passport: Date of birth: Height: ,Ë('É(./Zd

Af_eN`cc`XdJd`k_ (dd/mm/yy) Weight: ()jkfe\
)/&',&-' .-b`cfj
Hair colour: 9ifne
Passport number: Driving licence number:

)''/OOOOO-* A?P)/'..(jd`k
Expires: Expires:
((&'*&(* )/&()&))
Distinguishing marks (scars, tattoos): Languages spoken (fluent/basic):

JdXccjZXiÆZ\eki\f]]fi\_\X[ <e^c`j_ÆeXk`m\
CXi^\jZXiÆi`^_k_Xe[#d`[[c\Ôe^\i =i\eZ_ÆYXj`Z
:_è\j\jpdYfckXkkffÆi`^_kXid >\idXeÆYXj`Z
Medication: Swimmer: Jkife^jn`dd\i

D\[`ZXk`feÆXek`$dXcXi`XkXYc\kj Outdoor skills/experience:
8kk\e[\[YXj`Zd`c`kXipjlim`mXckiXèè^%
Allergies: 8kk\e[\[YXj`ZYlj_ZiX]kZflij\
8dfo`Z`ccè <og\i`\eZ\[èc`mè^flk[ffij
Next of kin 1: =Xk_\i Next of kin 2: 9ifk_\i

N`cc`XdJd`k_ 8e[i\nJd`k_
('(/=licfe^8m\el\ (')*GXib^c\e
9ilejn`Zb#DXè\# 8j_]fi[#B\ek#
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LB
Tel: ''( ,,,,,)*,- Tel : ''++ ' (,,,,,)*,.
Email: n`ccjd`k_7èk\ie\k%Zfd Email: Xe[i\njd`k_7èk\ie\k%Zfd
Trip details: ;Xp+1KiXm\cèCXe[ifm\i)kfZXdgj`k$Xe[i\ki`\m\

:Xdgj`k\(4>i`[JK+,--,+ CXe[ifm\i(
:Xdgj`k$4>i`[JK-,+0/.
M\_`Zc\j1CXe[ifm\i(4n_`k\#i\^D?,,,,, Foreseeable problems/intentions:
CXe[ifm\i)4Ycl\#i\^D?,-,,, ;Xp(1Efe\
>iflg49\eAfe\j#B`dJd`k_#Xe[dpj\c] ;Xp)1Efe\Ylkn`cclj\IXe^\iJkXk`fe(/#î`[,,,,,,
;Xp(1GXibCXe[ifm\i)Xk:Xdgj`k\)#Xe[[i`m\è K\c%------- XjXe\d\i^\eZpi\e[\qmfljgfèk
CXe[ifm\i(kf:Xdgj`k$ ;Xp*1Efe\Ylkn`cclj\IXe^\iJkXk`fe(0#î`[------
;Xp)1=fccfnn\cc$[\Ôe\[gXk_Xcfe^k_\;\in\ekCè\KiX`c# K\c%,,,,,,, XjXe\d\i^\eZpi\e[\qmfljgfèk
X`dè^kfZXdgfm\ie`^_kXk>i`[+,-(,,0 ;Xp+1Efe\
;Xp*1:fekèl\Xcfe^k_\;\in\ekCè\KiX`c#X`dè^kfY\Xk
:Xdgj`k$Ypd`[$X]k\ieffe%:Xdgfm\ie`^_kXk:Xdgj`k\)
Communications plan: My mobile: '.0.0,,,,,,

N`ccjg\Xbkf;X[fek_\dfieè^f];Xp(Xe[kipkfg_fe\ My email: anj7èk\ie\k%Zfd
[liè^k_\ki\bYlkXdlejli\f]dfY`c\i\Z\gk`fefeZ\fe Alt. No: 9\e',,,,,,,,,,
k_\kiX`cjf[feËknfiip`]pfl_\Xiefk_è^% Alt. No: B`d',,,,,,,,,,
N`ccg_fe\;X[X^Xèn_\en\i\XZ_ZXdgj`k\)fe[Xp*% Alt. No: :Xdgj`k$,,,,,,,,,,,
Alt. No: :Xdgj`k$,,,,,,,,,,,
Date: )*Efm\dY\i)''0
)- BEFORE YOU GO VBEFNPFLI<EM@IFED<EK
BEFNPFLI
<EM@IFED<EK
The continued survival f]k_\_ldXe 9\]fi\Xki`g#i\j\XiZ__fnk_\eXk`m\
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the difference between tundra and taiga...
why you should step up the size of your survival footprint...
the way to go when it comes to snowy peaks or swampy creeks...
how to avoid getting lost in the permafrost...
the best way to stay at the top of the food chain...
how to feel at home where the tropical butterflies roam...
how a high-visibility survival suit could really get you noticed...
BEFNPFLI<EM@IFED<EK ).
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technology: water at the turn of a tap;
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FIND OUT MORE…

P PROTECTION Shelters pp. 156–65, 178–81
Fire pp. 118–33, 204–05 Dangers pp. 242–49, 300–05
L LOCATION Navigation pp. 66–77

Movement pp. 86–89 Signalling pp. 236–41
L J_\ck\i\[Xi\Xj1j`k\pfli W WATER Finding pp. 188–91

P Ileeè^nXk\i1j`k\pflij_\ck\i j_\ck\ifek_\c\\$j`[\f]_`ccj# Purifying pp. 200–01
XjX]\[`jkXeZ\]ifdileeè^nXk\i% YlkdXb\jli\k_\_`cc[f\jeËk
=cff[è^`jXi`jb#Xe[Xe`dXcjXe[èj\Zkj èk\i]\i\n`k_pfliiX[`fj`êXc% F FOOD Plants pp. 206–07, 280–81
Xi\[iXnekfnXk\i%K_\ef`j\dXpXcjf :_ffj\Xjgfkk_Xk]XZ\jk_\jle Animals pp. 208–13, 216–29, 290–99
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*' BEFORE YOU GOVBEFNPFLI<EM@IFED<EK
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W F Kle[iX1jefnXe[`Z\ZXeY\ W WATER Finding pp. 194–95

d\ck\[èk_\nèk\iXe[îfle[nXk\i Purifying pp. 200–01
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nè[$kfiegfcXifZ\Xejkfk_\nXidkifg`ZXcj\Xj%Nè[jXe[Zlii\ekj types are the great white,
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FIND OUT MORE…
Xe[èZi\Xjè^pfliZ_XeZ\jf]i\jZl\ P PROTECTION Shelters pp. 156–61, 176–77
Fire pp. 118–33, 204–05 Dangers pp. 250–55, 300–01
JLIM@M@E>8KJ<8 L LOCATION Movement pp. 106–07
EXkliXci\jfliZ\jèk_\fg\efZ\XeXi\mìklXccpe`c#jf`dgifm`jè^ Signalling pp. 236–41
j_\ck\ificfZXk`feX`[j`jc`d`k\[kfn_Xkpfl_Xm\n`k_pfl%J\Xj`Zbe\jj#
W WATER Finding pp. 196–97
\jg\Z`XccpèXjdXccc`]\iX]k#ZXej\i`fljcpX]]\ZkpfliXY`c`kpkfi\dXè
Yfk__p[iXk\[Xe[dfk`mXk\[%Lec\jjpflZXei\XZ_cXe[#pflifecp Treating pp. 200–01
[ièbè^nXk\in`ccZfd\]ifdiXèfid\Z_Xe`ZXc[\jXcèXk`fe[\m`Z\jÆ F FOOD Plants pp. 206–07, 288–89
Zfejldè^liè\fijXcknXk\in`ccfecpèZi\Xj\pfliiXk\f][\_p[iXk`fe% Animals pp. 208–13, 224–29, 292–99
I\XZ_è^cXe[fij_`ggè^cXe\jî\XkcpèZi\Xj\jpfliZ_XeZ\jf]i\jZl\%
+' BEFORE YOU GOV><KK?<I@>?K><8I
><KK?<
I@>?K><8I
Whether you’re equipping yourself j_flc[\eXYc\pflkfX[[i\jjk_\YXj`Z
]fiXc\e^k_p\og\[`k`fefialjkX[Xp gièZ`gc\jf]jlim`mXci\c\mXekkfk_\
ki`g#`kËj`dgfikXekkfZ_ffj\k_\Zfii\Zk \emìfed\ekpflXi\è#Xe[Zfej`jkj
\hl`gd\ekXe[Zcfk_è^%K_\nife^k`d\ f]k_\Zcfk_è^pflnflc[n\XiXe[pfli
kfi\Xc`q\k_Xkpfli^\Xi`jeËklgkfk_\ YXj`Zjlim`mXc\hl`gd\ekÆpflijlim`mXc
afY`jn_\epflic`]\[\g\e[jfe`k[fè^ kèXe[Y\ckfi[\ij\\gg%+*#-( %
n_Xk`knXj[\j`ê\[kf[f% FeZ\pfl_Xm\fi^Xe`q\[k_`jYXj`Z
N_\ej\c\Zkè^^\Xi#`kËjXcnXpjX \hl`gd\ek#pflZXek_\e[\Z`[\n_Xk
^ff[`[\XkfnfibYXZbnXi[j]ifdX g`\Z\jf]\jj\ek`Xc^\Xinflc[dXb\
nfijk$ZXj\$jZ\eXi`fjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe% pfli\og\[`k`fe\eafpXYc\iXk_\ik_Xe
K_èbXYflkn_Xkpflnflc[e\\[kf aljkjlim`mXYc\%K_`jn`ccgifYXYcp
jlim`m\`]k_\nfijk_Xgg\e\[%K_`j`j Zfej`jkf]XY`m`fik\ek#Xjc\\gè^
pfliÈ]ìjk$cè\É\hl`gd\ek#n_`Z_pfl YX^#Zffbè^\hl`gd\ekXe[]ff[#
j_flc[ZXiipn`k_pflXkXcck`d\j%@k Xe[jfd\k_è^kfZXiip`kXccè%
the meaning of the term “bomb-burst gear”...
that it’s always good to share when you’re in a group...
which backpacks are the best backpacks to pack...
why you should hike around the house to break in your boots...
a good reason to take a three-season tent...
how to sleep like a mummy...
what gorp is and when you should eat it...
><KK?<I@>?K><8I +(
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Zcfk_\jèj`[\k_\YX^]fi\okiXnXidk_ %
`k\dj#jlZ_XjXeè]cXkXYc\dXkki\jj PflZXek_\ei\[lZ\k_\j`q\f]pfligXZb
Xe[g`ccfn#XeDG*gcXp\i#fiXYffb% Y\ZXlj\pflik\ekXe[jc\\gè^YX^Xi\jdXcc\i%
;flYc\$Z_\Zbk_Xkpfli^\XinfibjXe[
k_Xkpflbefn_fnkflj\`kgifg\icp% Trekking with less equipment Ylkjk`cc
K_\dfi\pflle[\ijkXe[_fnXe[n_p jkXpè^jX]\Xccfnjpflî\Xk\i]i\\[fdkf\eafp
k_\n`c[\ie\jjÆZXiipè^c\jjn\`^_kglkjc\jj
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Y\[XdX^\[ficfjk% Y\Zfd\X[[`Zk`m\Xe[`jjX]\`]pfllj\Zfddfe
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LjèêXkliXcdXk\i`XcjXjXdXkki\jj%
The wrong time to realize that your

equipment isn’t up to the task in hand is
when your life depends on it doing what
it was designed to do
+) BEFORE YOU GOV><KK?<I@>?K><8I
:?FFJ@E>PFLIB@K
=FIN8I;GC8EE@E>@J<JJ<EK@8Cn_\epflËi\[\Z`[è^
n_Xk\hl`gd\ekkfkXb\fepfliki`g%PflËcce\\[kfXjj\jjpfli KEY PACKING TIPS
Pack your gear in reverse order:
fneg\ijfeXci\hlì\d\ekj#k_\c`b\cp[\dXe[jf]n\Xk_\iXe[ the things you want to get to first
k\iiXè#Xe[k_\Xdflekf]^\XipflËccXZklXccpY\XYc\kf should be the last things you pack.
Stash items you may need during
kiXejgfik%N`k_Xc`kkc\]fi\k_fl^_k#pflËccY\Xjn\cc\hl`gg\[ the day in side or lid pockets, for
XjpflZXeY\]fiXepj`klXk`fe% easy access.
Coil and tape long straps so that
they’re not a snagging hazard.
G8:B@E>=FIPFLIKI@G Use a dry bag inside your backpack.
Pfln`ccÔijke\\[kfn\`^_lgpfligXik`ZlcXib`ki\hlì\d\ekjX^Xèjk Ensure that all pockets are fully
k_\c`d`kXk`fejf]pfliZ_fj\edf[\f]kiXejgfikj\\Y\cfn %@kËjk_\e closed and zipped.
m`kXckffi^Xe`q\Xe[gi`fi`k`q\pfli^\Xij\\fggfj`k\ kf\ejli\k_Xk Air out anything packed wet
Xep`k\djpfldXpe\\[èXjlim`mXcjZ\eXi`fXi\XcnXpjZcfj\Xk_Xe[# as soon as you stop for the day.
j_flc[k_\nfijk_Xgg\e%
?FNDL:?KFG8:B WEIGHT AND SPACE RESTRICTIONS

K_\\emìfed\ekf]k_\i\^`fepflËi\
kiXm\ccè^kfn`cc[`ZkXk\k_\kpg\f] Backpacks (see pp. 44–45) are available in a wide range of volumes – from
\hl`gd\ekpfln`cce\\[kfkXb\n`k_
ON FOOT
30 litres (a day pack) to 80 litres (suitable for a trip of a week or more).

pfl#Ylkpfligifgfj\[df[\f]kiXejgfik Bear in mind that you’ll have to carry whatever kit you take with you, and
`jk_\dXèZfejkiXèkfek_\hlXek`kp that the weight of the pack will determine what you’re realistically able to
f]b`kpflZXekXb\j\\Z_Xik#i`^_k %K_\ achieve each day in terms of distance and activity. Pack only the bare
minimum: there’s no room for luxuries when travelling on foot.
dfi\^\Xipfl_Xm\kfZXiippflij\c]#k_\
]\n\icloli`\jpflZXekXb\1k_\X[[\[ Pannier bags for bicycles are designed to fit on front, rear, or side pannier racks,
TOURING BIKE
n\`^_kn`ccdXb\kiXm\ccè^leZfd]fikXYc\#
MOUNTAIN/
and are available in a range of shapes, sizes, and capacities (from 5 to 50 litres).
lj\lgkffdlZ_mXclXYc\\e\i^p#jcfn Larger bags will provide you with enough space to pack essentials, such as tent,
pfligifî\jj#Xe[Xcjfc`d`kk_\[`jkXeZ\ sleeping bag, cooking equipment, and spare clothes, but you’ll be restricted by
pflZXekiXm\c\XZ_[Xp%@kËjXcjfnfik_ the weight, and also by the need to carry cycle-maintenance kit, such as spare
tyres, inner tubes, cables, and tools.
Zfej`[\iè^n_\k_\ipflZXei\[lZ\
k_\n\`^_kXe[mfcld\f]k_\b`k`k\dj
MOTORBIKE
pflËi\kXbè^j\\Yfo#Y\cfn % Side panniers have a capacity of up to 80 litres and tank bags up to 25 litres,
and kit weight is not a major issue. However, you’ll need to take extra protective
equipment, maintenance tools (including spare tyres), and, in some cases, spare
fuel, all of which will impact on available space.
LIGHTENING THE LOAD
When you’re going to be travelling on foot,
Ideal for rough terrain, such as mountains or desert, pack animals can carry
it’s important to get rid of all the excess
ANIMAL
considerable weight. A horse can transport up to 20 per cent of its body weight;
PACK
weight and volume you can, even if it’s only a camel can carry a weight of up to 450kg (990lb) – although 150kg (330lb)
by a small amount. The larger and heavier is more common. You’ll need to factor in the animal’s food and water.
your backpack, the harder you will find the
journey. If you have already ruthlessly pared
The size of the vehicle will determine the amount and the weight of gear you can
your gear down to the bare essentials, try to
VEHICLE
take with you, but you shouldn’t have to compromise; extra equipment can be
reduce the weight or volume of the kit itself. packed in peli boxes – waterproof storage containers with a hard, plastic
First concentrate on the big three items: tent, exterior – that can be strapped to the outside of the vehicle. The main issue will
sleeping bag, and backpack. Consider using be the weight-versus-fuel ratio: the heavier the vehicle, the more fuel it will use.
a hooped bivi or tarpaulin rather than a tent;
KAYAK/BOAT
look for a lighter sleeping bag – some can Some kayaks and canoes are designed to bear loads of up to 300kg (660lb),
CANOE/
weigh as little as 0.9kg (2lb); and consider including the craft’s occupant(s), so you should be able to take all of your
essential gear, plus a few luxuries. Given your proximity to the water, keeping
buying a backpack with a lighter frame. your gear dry is the main priority. Weight and space restrictions don’t apply
for larger vessels.
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the feet and lower
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k_\i\`jZfjk1]ffkn\XimXi`\j]ifdk_\i\cXk`m\cpZ_\Xgkfk_\ around the house and go on short hikes
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e`^_kËjjc\\gZXef]]j\kdlZ_f]k_\nfiipXe[jki\jjf] TIPS ON BUYING A SLEEPING BAG
There are many types of bag available. Here
X[`]ÔZlckj`klXk`fe%DXbè^jli\pflij_\ck\i`jjl`kXYc\ are a few things you should consider to
]fik_\\emìfed\ekpflËi\è#Xe[Z_ffjè^k_\i`^_k ensure you buy the right sleeping bag for you.
jc\\gè^YX^#ZXeY\m`kXc]XZkfijèjlim`mXc% Determine the lowest temperature you’re
likely to encounter on your trip and choose
a bag that will perform at this temperature.
JC<<G@E>98>J Synthetic bags are cheaper and easier
8ck_fl^_k_\i\Xi\dXep[`]]\i\ekj_Xg\jXe[jkpc\jf]jc\\gè^ to clean than down bags, and continue to
YX^#k_\fe\pflZ_ffj\j_flc[_Xm\\efl^_gX[[è^kfb\\gpfl provide insulation even when wet.
Down bags are more expensive than
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Being physically fit and active keeps you
le[\ikXbè^Xe\og\[`k`fek_Xkn`cck\jkpflig_pj`ZXcXe[ strong and less prone to injury, but being
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K_`j#Xe[fk_\ielki`\ekj#Zfd\j]ifdk_\]ff[pfl\Xkj\\Y\cfn %
TYPES OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES BENEFITS
Rice, pasta, bread, and cereals Major source of energy, as it converts most
Fresh and dried fruit readily to glucose, which is your body’s
CARBOHYDRATE preferred source of fuel.
Root vegetables
Chocolate and sweets
Meat and poultry Essential for growth and repair of muscle tissue.
Fish, such as tuna and salmon Increases your stamina and energy levels,
PROTEIN Eggs and dairy products and helps you fight fatigue.
Beans, pulses, and seeds Makes you feel satisfied after eating.
Nuts and seeds Good source of energy.

Dairy products, such as butter and cheese Makes you feel satisfied after eating.
FAT Meats, such as bacon and sausage
Cooking oil
Fresh and dried fruit, especially the skins Provides bulk to help your digestion.
Vegetables, beans, pulses, and seeds Helps to make you feel full.
FIBRE Wholegrain cereals
Wholemeal bread, wholemeal pasta, and brown rice
Fresh and dried fruit Essential for growth and the repair of your
VITAMINS Green vegetables body’s tissues.
AND MINERALS Meat and fish Help you to maintain healthy teeth and eyes.
Nuts and seeds Aid bloodflow and the production of energy.
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<m\e`]pflËi\fecp^fè^feXj_fik_`b\#pflj_flc[kXb\]ff[n`k_ In a survival situation, don’t eat for the first
pfl#jlZ_Xj]il`kXe[Z_fZfcXk\#kfi\gcXZ\k_\\e\i^ppflËi\ljè^% 24 hours unless to replace expended energy.
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TYPES OF FOOD EXAMPLES BENEFITS
Trail mix – also known as “gorp” Provide a vital source of carbohydrates, vitamins,
BREAKFAST CEREALS Muesli or granola and minerals to set you up at the start of the day.
AND DRIED FRUIT Porridge oats Contain dietary fibre to aid digestion.
Dried fruit
Biscuits and crackers High in carbohydrates to help you maintain

Energy bars and cereal/granola bars energy levels.
TRAIL SNACKS Fruits, such as apples, pears, and oranges Help to keep your hunger pangs at bay between
Nuts and seeds main meals.
Custard powder and dehydrated ice cream Provide a quick boost of energy, when required.
Chocolate Offer a comfort factor, although they are of
HIGH-CALORIE SNACKS limited nutritional value.
Boiled sweets
Pudding mixes
Boil-in-the-bag meals – you can buy a wide variety Provide a balanced range of food groups, vitamins,
of fully prepared meals, sealed in a foil bag. Cook and minerals to help your body to recover and
for five to seven minutes. repair itself after the day’s exertions.
PRE-PREPARED Freeze-dried and dehydrated meals – simply add boiling Quick and easy to prepare, and require few utensils.
MAIN MEALS water, stir, and wait about five minutes. Extremely Many require minimal fuel to cook them, or water
lightweight and take up little space. to rehydrate them.
Tinned meals – a great variety of them are available, Can be bulked out with beans, pulses, and grains.
but they are bulky and heavy. Smaller tins may have a pull-top to open them.
Tinned fish, such as sardines or tuna A great source of proteins and fats.
MEAT, FISH, AND CHEESE Cured meats, such as ham, salami, and beef jerky Easy to store and long-lasting, although tins
Hard cheese, such as cheddar and parmesan are heavier than other sources of food.
Lentils and dried peas Can be used to bulk up main meals and help
BEANS, PULSES, Dried beans and pearl barley you to feel full.
AND GRAINS Rice and pasta An important source of carbohydrates.
Couscous Also provide fibre and protein.
Flour Flour and salt can be used to make dough.

Salt Sugar and salt help to make wild food palatable.
MIXERS Suet Suet is an invaluable source of fat that can be
Sugar used to supplement meals.
Powdered soup Add flavour and variety to your meals.

Tomato puree Especially useful if you’re cooking with wild food.
FLAVOURINGS Powdered sauces
Gravy cubes
Tea Provide warmth and comfort, although they

Coffee are of limited nutritional value.
BEVERAGES Chocolate powder Chocolate powder is high in carbohydrates.
Dried milk Dried milk is an excellent source of calcium.

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pflifneZXdgÔi\#k_\Zfem\e`\eZ\Xe[i\c`XY`c`kpf]gligfj\$ TRANSPORTING FUEL
There are many factors to consider
dX[\ZXdgè^jkfm\jdXb\k_\dXe\jj\ek`Xcg`\Z\f]Zffbè^ when transporting fuel to make
\hl`gd\ek#\jg\Z`XccpèXi\Xjn_\i\fg\eÔi\jXi\YXee\[% your expedition safer:
When hiking, pack your fuel
container upright in the middle
K?<9<E<=@KJF=:8DG@E>JKFM<J of your backpack, and surround
Df[\ieZXdgè^jkfm\jXi\m\ipc`^_kXe[ZfccXgj\[fnekfXeèZi\[`Ycp with clothing to protect it from
jdXcc#ZfdgXZkj`q\%>Xj$]l\cc\[jkfm\jXi\Yp]Xik_\dfjkZfddfe# knocks. Make sure you can access
Ylkc`hl`[$]l\cc\[jkfm\jXi\Xcjfnfik_Zfej`[\iè^%9fk__Xm\k_\ì it easily when you reach camp.
fneX[mXekX^\jXe[[`jX[mXekX^\jj\\Y\cfn #YlkpfliZ_f`Z\n`ccY\ Use similar principles when travelling
by other methods.
[`ZkXk\[YpjgXZ\Xe[n\`^_kZfejkiXèkj#k_\[`jkXeZ\pflËi\kiXm\ccè^# Ensure that your fuel bottles
Xe[\emìfed\ekXc]XZkfij%8_\oXdè\jkfm\`jX^ff[`k\dkf_Xm\è look very different from your
Xjlim`mXcj`klXk`fej\\fggfj`k\ % water bottles to prevent confusion.
If you‘re going on a long expedition,
:?FFJ@E>8>8J$FIC@HL@;$=L<CC<;JKFM< check the availability of the fuel,
>Xj$]l\cc\[jkfm\jXi\jX]\i#Zc\Xe\i#c`^_k\i#Xe[\Xj`\ikflj\k_Xec`hl`[$]l\cc\[ and consider how you will dispose
jkfm\j#YlkXi\c\jj\Zfefd`ZXc#Xe[efkjl`kXYc\]ficfn$k\dg\iXkli\#_`^_$Xck`kl[\ of cylinders safely.
lj\%C`hl`[jkfm\jf]]\iî\Xk\ijkXY`c`kp#]l\cm\ijXk`c`kpXe[\Zfefdp#Ylkpfle\\[
kfgldgXe[gi`d\gi\_\Xk k_\dY\]fi\lj\#Xe[k_\pXi\c\jjZc\Xe%
GAS-FUELLED STOVES
TYPE OF STOVE
BUTANE OR ISOBUTENE PROPANE BLENDED FUEL

Both fuels sold in disposable, pressurized Fuel sold in disposable, pressurized Fuel sold in disposable, pressurized
INFORMATION
canisters. canisters. canisters.

Used in most portable stoves and Is a mix of butane, propane, and/or
barbecue grills. isobutene.
Lightweight, sealed fuel container. Lightweight, sealed fuel container. Lightweight, sealed fuel container.
Butane very efficient and burns at Fuel burns at a very hot, steady heat, Fuel safer than pure propane, and performs
PROS
a high temperature. and produces an almost sootless flame. better than either pure butane or isobutene
Isobutene more efficient than butane, Performs very well in cold conditions. in cold conditions.
and performs better in cold conditions. Isobutene blends give a more efficient flame.
Higher cost and lower heat output than Higher cost and lower heat output than Higher cost and lower heat output than
liquid fuels. liquid fuels. liquid fuels.
CONS
Fuel efficiency reduced at higher altitudes. Fuel efficiency reduced at higher altitudes. Fuel efficiency reduced at higher altitudes.
Butane less efficient than isobutene Highly combustible, so less safe than
in temperatures below 10°C (50°F). other fuels.
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ZXe^`m\f]]gf`jfeflj]ld\j#jlZ_XjZXiYfedfefo`[\#Xe[Xcc
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pflij\c]%Cfjè^pflik\ekXe[pfli\hl`gd\ek`jYX[\efl^_#n`k_flk
pfli\Z\`mè^k_ì[$[\î\\YliejXkk_\jXd\k`d\%
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\Xj`cpjkXikXÔi\%@]k_\jkfm\ÕXd\^f\jflk#XjgXibfieXb\[ÕXd\
Zflc[Xcjf`ê`k\k_\mXgflijXe[ZXlj\Xe\ogcfj`fe%
LIQUID-FUELLED STOVES
TYPE OF STOVE
WHITE (COLEMAN) FUEL MULTI-FUEL METHYLATED SPIRIT
Fuel sold in disposable canisters. Stove can use a variety of fuels, from Fuel sold in disposable plastic containers.
INFORMATION
unleaded petrol, paraffin (kerosene), Stove basically consists of a vessel

aviation fuel, and white fuel, to diesel – to burn the fuel in, and a windshield
most of which are readily available. that also acts as a cooking platform.
Fuel can withstand low temperatures, Stove uses a range of fuels. Fuel is non-pressurized, so can be stowed
high altitudes, and most weather conditions. Fuel is non-pressurized, so can be stowed safely in almost any airtight container.
PROS
Produces a clean flame. safely in almost any airtight container. Economical and produces a clean flame.
Stove tends to perform reliably, efficiently, Stove is lightweight, stable, and safe.
and quickly, producing a hot flame. Usually supplied with pots and pans.
Stove must be pumped to generate Potential for spillage of flammable fuel. Potential for spillage of flammable fuel.
required pressure for use. Stove must be pumped to generate Stove slower to heat up than other liquid
CONS
Fuel needs to be primed. required pressure for use. stoves, because it’s not pumped.
Fuel needs to be primed. Flame vulnerable to wind and other
Some fuels produce soot and noxious fumes. environmental conditions.
-' BEFORE YOU GOV><KK?<I@>?K><8I
PFLIJLIM@M8CB@K
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pflig\ijfeXkXcck`d\j#Xe[`kjZfek\ekjj_flc[X[[i\jjk_\b\p
gièZ`gc\jf]jlim`mXc1gifk\Zk`fe#cfZXk`fe#nXk\i#Xe[]ff[%
GI<G8I@E>PFLIJLIM@M8CB@K
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dX[\b`kj#pflj_flc[XcnXpjX[Xgkk_\Zfek\ekj#Yfk_kfpflie\\[jXe[kfk_\
\emìfed\ekpflËccY\è%@[\Xccp#`k\djèk_\jlim`mXcb`kj_flc[Y\_`^_$hlXc`kp
Xe[dlck`$gligfj\Æ]fi\oXdgc\#k_\kè`kj\c]Zflc[Y\lj\[XjXZlg#XjdXcc
Zffbè^gfk#fi\m\eXj`êXcdìifi%Pflib`kj_flc[ZfekXèk_\]fccfnè^1 C8P<IJF=8JLIM@M8CK@E
LAYER 1 (BOTTOM LAYER) LAYER 2 LAYER 3
Blister medical pads and plasters: Antiseptic wipes: for treating wounds Water purification tablets: choose from
useful for minor cuts and blisters. Include and cleaning bites. Can also be ignited puritabs or iodine (but don’t use iodine if
a range of plasters (both waterproof and by a spark and used to get a fire going. you’re allergic to it, or to shellfish). Water
fabric) in a selection of sizes. Waterproof will need to be filtered before being purified.
plasters can also be used to mend holes
in tents and tarpaulins.
LAYER 6 LAYER 7 LAYER 8
Survival saw, or pocket chainsaw: Flashlights: two small Photon lights – one Waterproof matches and tinder balls:
can be wrapped around the inside of white and one red – taped in “off” position. for starting fires. Store the matches in
the tin or cut in half, if space is limited. Mini multi-tool: see panel, opposite. a small, resealable plastic bag.
Single-edged razor: multi-purpose – Chainsaw handles: use with pocket chainsaw. Pencil: sharpened at both ends.
from skinning an animal to cutting High-viz card, signal mirror: location aids. Potassium permanganate: dissolve in water
cord. Store in its packaging. to sterilize water at low concentration, and to
Compass: an emergency back-up.
Needle and cotton: use strong, clean wounds at a high concentration. Can also
Flint, fire steel, tampons: for starting fires.
waxed cotton, pre-threaded through be used with sugar to make fire. Store in a
the needle.
Snare wire: for animal traps and lashing. waterproof container.
PFLIJLIM@M8CB@K -(
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LAYER 4 LAYER 5
8;;@K@FE8CLJ<=LC
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fièXY\ckgflZ_#befneXj
XÈY\ckfi[\iÉ%K_`jn`cc]fid
gXikf]pfliÔijk$cè\\hl`gd\ek
j\\g%+* %
Petroleum jelly: apply to chapped lips, Waterproof notepaper: for drawing
rashes, and sores. Can also be smeared maps or leaving messages. JgXZ\YcXeb\kfiXcldè`ld]f`c1
onto tampons to make them burn longer. Photograph of loved ones: a psychological ZXeY\lj\[XjXj`êXccè^[\m`Z\2
Store in a small, resealable plastic bag. incentive in a survival scenario. ]fij_\ck\i2kfZXiip#jkfi\#Xe[_\Xk
Credit card: an effective means of extracting nXk\i2fikfZffbè%DXepXi\[lXc$
insect stings (see pp. 266–67). j`[\[1fe\j`cm\i#k_\fk_\iî\\e]fi
Money: wrapped in cellophane. ZXdflÕX^\#fifiXe^\kfjkXe[flk%
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LAYER 9 TIN LID SEALED WITH TAPE
D\[`Zè\jjlZ_XjgXèb`cc\ij
Xe[Xek`Y`fk`Zj 1j_flc[efki\gcXZ\
pflidXèÔijk$X`[b`k#Ylk\ejli\j
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Non-lubricated condoms: can be used to Sailmaker’s needles: multi-purpose – can
carry water, or as a waterproof cover for be used as an arrow point, or for mending JdXcc8D&=DiX[`f1YXkk\ip$
smaller items, such as your mobile phone. tents and tarpaulins. Wide eyes are best. fijfcXi$gfn\i\[%
Mini fishing kit: if you are near water, Safety pins: for securing clothing, Jli^`ZXcklYè^1\eXYc\jpfl
fish can be easier to catch, prepare, and or mending your sleeping bag or tent. kfi\XZ_nXk\ièfk_\in`j\
cook than mammals. Fishing line can be Mini glowsticks (cyalumes): useful for èXZZ\jj`Yc\ifZbZi\m`Z\j%
also used for other survival tasks. Should emergency lighting, and as a location aid.
contain a selection of hooks, flies, swivels, =ì\kèfidXkZ_c\jjÔi\j\k1
Single-edged razor: multi-purpose
and split-shots. j\c]$ZfekXè\[d\k_f[jf]jkXikè^X
(see Layer 6) – store in its packaging.
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-+ ON THE TRAILV=@E;PFLIN8P
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how to use your map to tell the lie of the land...
that the path ahead is as long as a piece of string...
the difference between eastings and northings and an ERV and a GPS...
how a detour could be the most direct route...
how to navigate using your hair...
why an anvil of cumulonimbus is no fair-weather cloud...
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Never underestimate the combined power of a map,

a compass, a GPS unit, and the skills and knowledge
to use them well – your life may depend on it
66 ON THE TRAIL _ FIND YOUR WAY
MAPS AND MAP-READING

A MAP IS A TWO-DIMENSIONAL representation of a three- THE LEGEND
dimensional area – from a map you can determine distance and Topographic maps incorporate a
legend, or key, which deciphers the
height on the ground. If you are able to read a map, and can
information shown on the map. It’s
interpret the information it contains, you can visualize what important to familiarize yourself with
an area looks like and use these features as landmarks to make the symbols used, as this will help you
visualize what’s being represented on
navigation easier. Your map is very important, so keep it safe. the map more effectively. Some
examples are listed below:
UNDERSTANDING MAPS
HEIGHTS AND NATURAL
Although there are many types of map available – with varying levels FEATURES
of detail and scale – topographic maps are best for hiking. They show Water Mud
important features, such as rivers, roads, railways, paths, buildings,
and wooded areas, and also depict the lie of the land through the Sand; sand and shingle
use of contour lines (see opposite) to represent height.
Vertical face/cliff
These symbols represent Contour lines join points
the vegetation type of equal height
Loose Boulders Outcrop Scree
rock
VEGETATION
Coniferous trees
Non-coniferous trees
Coppice
Orchard
Scrub
Bracken, heath, or rough grassland
Symbols represent Marsh, reeds, or saltings

features of interest
and are decoded in
the legend TOURIST AND LEISURE
INFORMATION
Fishing area Campsite
Walks/Trails
Different colours THE SCALE

show different
Hiking maps are always drawn to a
types of ground:
mud, sand etc scale provided in the legend. This is
a ratio of how much you would have
to enlarge the map to reach actual size.
1:25,000 – whereby 4cm on the map
Grid numbers
are useful equates to 1km on the ground (21⁄2in
for grid references to 1 mile) – is the most useful level of
Hiking paths are detail for hikers. A smaller-scale of
Grid lines clearly marked
divide the
1:50,000, for example, will provide
on the map
map into a more basic overview of the terrain.
1km squares
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TAKING AN ACCURATE READING K_`j[\g\e[jfepflicfZXk`fe#Xe[
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needle to rotate easily. A compass is simply @]k_\mXi`Xk`fe`j'#k_\i\Ëjef
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is susceptible to interference. To avoid this, ZfdgXjj#jfdXb\efX[aljkd\ekj%
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GET YOUR BEARINGS 71
Ensure red Walk in the
orienting arrow direction indicated
points to the by this arrow
Vertical top of the map
grid line
FINISH FINISH
The bearing on Orientate the
the index line compass so the
reads 320° in north magnetic
this example arrow sits
Orienting lines underneath the
are now aligned orienting arrow
with the grid lines
START START
Turn the compass housing around until the orienting In order to walk on this bearing you must now
arrow and the orienting lines within the housing line orientate your compass.
up with the vertical grid lines on the map. Read the bearing Hold the compass level and at a height that allows
between the two points from the index line on the compass. you to comfortably look squarely down on it (close
For this grid bearing to deliver you successfully to your to your chest is a good position).
destination, you’ll need to convert it to a magnetic bearing Turn your body until the north end of the compass
by using the magnetic variation information on the map needle sits inside the orienting arrow. The direction of
legend (see p. 69). Add or subtract your figure, and adjust travel arrow is now pointing exactly in the direction
your compass accordingly. that you need to walk.
FINDING YOUR POSITION NOT AT A KNOWN FEATURE

If you are not at a known feature, but can see other
If you are unsure of your position but can see
recognizable features on the ground that you can identify
features on the ground that you also recognize
and locate on your map, you can take bearings on these
marked on your map, you can take bearings on features and transfer them to your map. In order to do this
these features with your compass and transfer you need two features that are at least 1km (6⁄10 mile) away
them onto your map (see far left, and left) to and at least 40° apart. After you have transferred both
accurately determine where you are. This process bearings onto your map, the point at which the two lines
is called “triangulation” (also known as “resection” cross will reveal your exact location. For greater accuracy,
in military terminology). You’ll need to transfer plot a third feature onto your map. The lines will cross and
your compass bearings into grid bearings. form a triangle – your position will be inside this triangle.
AT A KNOWN FEATURE
If you are at or on a known feature on a map – such Extend Where the
as a river, road, or track – and you can see another bearings back two lines cross
from both indicates
recognizable feature, you can take a bearing on that features your location
feature and mark it on your map. Where that line crosses
your known feature is your position. In the example below,
you know you are somewhere along the banks of a river
and can see a church that you can identify on your map.
Using your compass, Extend these lines

Take a
You know bearing from take bearings to the further over the map
you are the church features on the ground. until they cross each other.
somewhere
along this Transfer these bearings The point at which the lines
river to back bearings (see box, cross shows your location.
Where the bearing
above left), and draw them If you want to be more
crosses the river reveals on the map from your accurate, repeat the process
your exact position chosen features. with a third feature.
.) ON THE TRAILV=@E;PFLIN8P
IFLK<=@E;@E>
N?<K?<IPFL8I<GC8EE@E>kfnXcbXjg\Z`ÔZiflk\#fi
Xi\èXjlim`mXcj`klXk`feXe[e\\[kfdfm\kfXjX]\iXi\Xfi ROUTE PLANNING
Break your route down into small
kffe\k_Xkf]]\ijY\kk\iZ_XeZ\jf]i\jZl\#Y\è^XYc\kfjkl[p sections. This will focus your navigation
pflidXgXe[ZXcZlcXk\n_XkpflZXeXZ_`\m\èXZ\ikXèk`d\ and make the overall distance seem
less daunting. If you’re in a group,
ZXed\Xek_\[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\ei\XZ_è^pfli[\jkèXk`fefi designate an emergency rendezvous
jg\e[è^Xe`^_kèk_\n`c[\ie\jj% (ERV) point within each section – if
someone gets separated you should
all head there. If you can, include
:8C:LC8K@E>;@JK8E:< water sources and a safety point,
such as a campsite, on your route.
K_\i\Xi\j\m\iXcd\k_f[jf]ZXcZlcXkè^k_\[`jkXeZ\pfl
Xi\nXcbè^#Xe[Xj\Xjfe\[_`b\in`ccXcnXpj
lj\Xkc\Xjkknff]k_\dXkXepfe\k`d\%
G8:<:FLEK@E>
GXZ\Zflekè^èmfcm\jbefnè^_fndXepgXZ\j
pflkXb\kfZfm\iXj\k[`jkXeZ\Xe[k_\eZflekè^
k_\dXjpflkiXm\c%@k`ji\XjfeXYcpXZZliXk\%
;`jkXeZ\jXi\ljlXccpZXcZlcXk\[èd\ki\j
N_\epfli\cXjk`Z
Xe[b`cfd\ki\j#Xe[dfjkg\fgc\kXb\ YXe[i\XZ_\jk_\
Xggifo`dXk\cp-'gXZ\j()'jk\gj YfkkfdefkZ_pfl
\m\ip(''d%KipXepf]k_\j\d\k_f[j1 _Xm\Zfm\i\[(bd
:lk('efkZ_\jèpflinXcbè^
jkX]]%Dfm\Xe\cXjk`ZYXe[[fne
XefkZ_\m\ip(''d% LJ@E>:LK$F==
Lj\gXZ\Zflekè^Y\X[j =<8KLI<J
Xg`\Z\f]n\YYè^n`k_knf Lj\pflidXgkfZ_ffj\jfd\
j\kjf]Y\X[j[`m`[\[YpXZ\ekiXc b\p]\Xkli\jfepfliiflk\#Xe[
befk %Fe\j`[\ZfekXèjeè\ nfibflkk_\[`jkXeZ\Y\kn\\e
Y\X[jkfZflekf]]\m\ip(''d# k_\j\%8jpflgXjjk_\d#k`Zb
Xe[k_\fk_\i_Xj]fliY\X[j k_\df]]d\ekXccpèpfli_\X[
kfZflekf]]b`cfd\ki\j% fig_pj`ZXccpdXibpfligifî\jj
GcXZ\('jdXccg\YYc\jèpfli fek_\dXg%PflËcck_\eY\XYc\
gfZb\k%<m\ipk`d\pflZfm\i(''d# kfb\\gkiXZbf]k_\[`jkXeZ\
kiXej]\iXg\YYc\kfk_\fk_\igfZb\k% pfl_Xm\kiXm\cc\[n_\epfl
i\XZ_\XZ_fe\%
NAISMITH’S RULE <OG<I@<E:<

Naismith’s rule takes into account distance and 8jpfl^Xè\og\i`\eZ\pfl
topography, and is used for estimating the
n`ccY\XYc\kfYl`c[lgXe
duration of hikes.
`[\Xf]_fncfe^`kkXb\jpfl
Allow one hour for every 5km (3 miles)
kfZfm\iXgXik`ZlcXik\iiXè%
you will travel
Add 30 minutes for every 300m (985ft)
EX`jd`k_ËjIlc\j\\c\]k
`jXe\oZ\cc\ekjkXikè^gfèk#
you will climb
Subtract 10 minutes for every 300m
Ylkk_\i\`jefjlYjk`klk\]fi
g`Zbè^Ôo\[[`jkXeZ\jfe
(985ft) you will descend. However, for very
steep slopes you should add 10 minutes pflidXgXe[k`dè^pflij\c]
for every 300m (985ft) you will descend fm\ik_Xk[`jkXeZ\%Pfln`cc
\m\eklXccpY\XYc\kfYl`c[
lgX]iXd\f]i\]\i\eZ\%
IFLK<=@E;@E> .*
E8M@>8K@FEK<:?E@HL<J
N_\eeXm`^Xkè^XZifjjcXe[#pflËi\c\jjc`b\cpkf^\kcfjk`]pflkXb\[ì\Zk
PRINCIPLES OF NAVIGATION
Y\Xiè^j]ifdfe\]\Xkli\kfXefk_\i%Le]fikleXk\cpk_`jdXpefkXcnXpj
You will never get lost if you know:
Y\gfjj`Yc\2fYjkXZc\jjlZ_XjcXb\jXe[jnXdgjdXpY\[ì\Zkcpèpfli Where you started from
gXk_Xe[`kdXpY\\Xj`\ikfnXcbXifle[jfd\]\Xkli\jiXk_\ik_XenXcb What bearing or course you
fm\ifik_ifl^_k_\d% have been travelling on
How far you have travelled
8`dkffe\j`[\
f]k_\]\Xkli\ :lim\pfli
iflk\kf
]fccfnk_\
Zfekfli
8@D@E>F== :FEKFLI@E>
@kËj\XjpkfÔe[pflij\c]jc`^_kcpf]]$Zflij\X]k\iXn_`c\%@]pfl :c`dYè^lgXe[[fne_`ccjZXe
n\i\X`dè^]fiXjdXcc]ffkYi`[^\fm\iXjki\XdXe[[`[eËkXii`m\ \og\e[Xcfkf]\e\i^pXe[dXpefkY\k_\dfjk\]]\Zk`m\
\oXZkcpXkk_\Yi`[^\#pflnflc[e\\[kf^l\jjn_\k_\ikfklie d\k_f[f]eXm`^Xkè^XgXik`ZlcXik\iiXè%@ejk\X[#lj\X
c\]kfii`^_kkfi\XZ_`k%9p[\c`Y\iXk\cpX`dè^f]]kffe\j`[\ k\Z_e`hl\ZXcc\[ÈZfekflieXm`^Xk`feÉ%K_`jèmfcm\jnXcbè^Xk
XcjfZXcc\[È[\c`Y\iXk\f]]$j\kÉ pflZXe^lXiXek\\k_`j[ì\Zk`fe% k_\jXd\_\`^_kXifle[X]\Xkli\#n_`Z_n`ccZfej\im\\e\i^p%
K_\i`m\i
:flekpfli `j\Xj`cp
gXZ\j_\i\ m`j`Yc\fe
pflidXg
:c\Xik_\ Lj\k_\jXd\
fYjkXZc\ eldY\if]
gXZ\jkfi\afè
pfliiflk\
;<KFLI@E>9FO@E>8EF9A<:K ?8E;I8@C@E>
@]XefYjkXZc\dXb\jXjkiX`^_k$cè\Y\Xiè^ =fccfnè^cfe^cè\Xi]\Xkli\jk_Xkileèk_\^\e\iXc[ì\Zk`fef]
`dgfjj`Yc\#lj\pfliZfdgXjjkfZXcZlcXk\]fli0'kliej# pflikiXm\cÆjlZ_Xji`m\ij#ifX[j#figXk_jÆZXeY\Xe\]]\Zk`m\
n_`Z_pfln`cck_\ee\\[kfnXcbfekfgXjjk_\fYjkXZc\% nXpf]eXm`^Xkè^%9\ZXlj\pfllj\k_\]\Xkli\jiXk_\ik_Xepfli
:flekpfligXZ\jfek_\ÔijkXe[k_ì[[\kflijkfi\klie ZfdgXjj#eXm`^Xk`feY\Zfd\jj`dgc\i#Xjk_\]\Xkli\jXi\ljlXccp
kfpflifi`^èXc#èk\e[\[iflk\XjXZZliXk\cpXjgfjj`Yc\% \Xjpkf]fccfn%8jc`^_k[\kflikfnXi[jfe\ZXeY\nfik_n_`c\%
?\X[]fik_\
gifdè\ek
e\XiYpnff[ :lim\pfli
iflk\XZifjj
k_\jk\\gjcfg\
GXZ\fe K_\fm\iXcc
k_\Zfii\Zk [`jkXeZ\`j
Y\Xiè^kf î\Xk\iYlk
k_\\oXZk pfli\]]fik
[\jkèXk`fe `ji\[lZ\[
JK8E;F==&8KK8:BGF@EK Q@>$Q8>IFLK<J
Lj\]lcn_\eeXm`^Xkè^kfXjg\Z`ÔZgfèkk_XkdXpY\[`]ÔZlck PfldXp_Xm\efXck\ieXk`m\YlkkfZc`dYXjk\\gjcfg\Xe[k_`j
kfcfZXk\#k_`jk\Z_e`hl\èmfcm\jX`dè^è`k`Xccp]fiXe\XiYp ZXeY\\o_Xljkè^%?fn\m\i#`]pflZ_ffj\Xq`^$qXîflk\lgk_\
gifdè\ek]\Xkli\%:XcZlcXk\X[`jkXeZ\Xe[Y\Xiè^]ifd`kXe[ jcfg\pflZXei\[lZ\k_\\]]fiki\hlì\[kfXZ_`\m\k_\Zc`dY%
lj\gXZè^kfXZZliXk\cpcfZXk\k_\jg\Z`ÔZgfèk%@]pfl]X`ckf K_`jn`cc[iXdXk`ZXccpi\[lZ\k_\jkiXèfepflic\^j#Xebc\j#cle^j#
Ôe[`k#j`dgcpi\kliekfk_\gifdè\ek]\Xkli\Xe[jkXikX^Xè% Xe[_\Xik%@k`jXcjf\]]\Zk`m\n_\enXcbè^[fnejk\\gjcfg\j%
.+ ON THE TRAILV=@E;PFLIN8P
E8M@>8K@E>N@K?FLK
8:FDG8JJ TOOLS AND MATERIALS
You will need an improvised needle or
@=PFL;FEËK?8M<8:FDG8JJpflZXelj\X]\nj`dgc\ razor blade, plus one of the following:
`k\dj]ifdpflijlim`mXckèkf[\k\idè\[ì\Zk`feXe[\eXYc\ Knife
Hair
pflkfeXm`^Xk\i\XjfeXYcpXZZliXk\cp%8[mXeZ\jèk\Z_efcf^p Silk
_Xm\XcjfdX[\jXk\cc`k\$eXm`^Xk`feX`[jdfi\i\X[`cpXmX`cXYc\% Magnet
Battery and wire; paper and tape
@DGIFM@J@E>8:FDG8JJ PflZXelj\k_\YcX[\ Jkifb\k_\

@kËji\cXk`m\cpj`dgc\kfdXb\Xe`dgifm`j\[ f]pflijlim`mXcbe`]\ e\\[c\k_ifl^_
kfkXgk_\e\\[c\ pfli_Xì
ZfdgXjjljè^Xg`\Z\f]dXê\k`q\[
]\iifljd\kXc%?fnXZZliXk\pfli
ZfdgXjj`j[\g\e[jfek_\dXk\i`Xcj
pfl_Xm\XmX`cXYc\kfpflXe[pfli
fneè^\el`kp%
JFLI:@E>8E;
D8>E<K@Q@E>K?<E<<;C< KXgk_\e\\[c\èkf_Xi[
nff[kf_\`^_k\ek_\
@]pfl_Xm\XZfdgXjjYlk`kËj[XdX^\[#pfldXpjk`ccY\XYc\ \]]\Zk#YlkdXb\jli\`k
kflj\k_\e\\[c\]ifd`k#n_`Z_n`ccXci\X[pY\dXê\k`q\[% [f\jeËkY\Zfd\\dY\[[\[
@]k_`j`jleljXYc\#pflËcce\\[kfÔe[Xg`\Z\f]]\iifljd\kXc
kfdXê\k`q\%Jl`kXYc\`k\djpflZflc[lj\èZcl[\1 K?<K8GG@E>D<K?F; LJ@E>PFLI?8@I
8e\\[c\]ifdpflijlim`mXckèfij\nè^b`k 8c`êk_\e\\[c\XjZcfj\kf ?fc[k_\j_Xig\e[f]k_\
8gXg\iZc`g#fg\e\[lgXe[jkiX`^_k\e\[flk k_\efik_$jflk_cè\Xjpfl e\\[c\g\ig\e[`ZlcXikfpfli
ZXe[\k\idè\#_fc[k_\e\\[c\ _\X[Xe[ÆkXbè^ZXi\efk
8iXqfiYcX[\]ifdpflijlim`mXckè
XkXeXe^c\f]+,[\î\\j#Xe[ kf_likpflij\c]Æjkifb\k_\
8jdXcceX`cfijkiX`^_k\e\[jkXgc\kXb\e]ifdX]\eZ\
^\ekcpkXgk_\\e[f]`kn`k_ e\\[c\èfe\[ì\Zk`fek_ifl^_
FeZ\pfl_Xm\pfli`dgifm`j\[e\\[c\#pfln`cce\\[kf Xefk_\ig`\Z\f]d\kXc%C`^_kcp pfli_Xì#ljè^ZXi\]lcXe[
dXê\k`q\`k%K_\jdXcc\iXe[k_èe\ik_\e\\[c\`j#k_\ kXggè^`kèkfX_Xi[g`\Z\f] [\c`Y\iXk\jkifb\j%I\g\Xk
\Xj`\ik_`jn`ccY\%Lj\fe\f]k_\d\k_f[jj_fne_\i\% nff[n`ccèZi\Xj\k_\\]]\Zk% lek`ck_\e\\[c\`jdXê\k`q\[%
K_\Yfkkc\
8CCFN@E>K?<E<<;C< gifk\Zkjk_\
=CF8K@E>D<K?F;
ZfdgXjj @eXj_\ck\i\[gcXZ\#ÕfXkk_\e\\[c\fek_\
KF=CF8K=I<<CP ]ifdk_\ jli]XZ\f]jfd\nXk\iÆXgl[[c\fiXjdXcc
FeZ\pfl_Xm\dX[\pfli`dgifm`j\[e\\[c\ \c\d\ekj efe$dXê\k`ZZfekXè\iÔcc\[n`k_nXk\i#
ljè^fe\f]k_\d\k_f[jXYfm\#pfle\\[kf ]fi\oXdgc\%9XcXeZ\k_\e\\[c\feXjdXcc#
Ôe[XnXpkfXccfn`kkfklie]i\\cpjfk_Xk`k`j [ipc\X]fig`\Z\f]gXg\i#g`\Z\f]YXib#YcX[\
XYc\kfè[`ZXk\[ì\Zk`fe%KXb\ZXi\kfgifk\Zk f]îXjj#fièj`[\Xj_fik\e\[jkiXn %
pflie\\[c\]ifd\c\d\ekjjlZ_Xjk_\nè[#
Lj\Xgl[[c\è
n_`Z_n`ccX]]\Zk`kjdfm\d\ek% Xj_\ck\i\[Xi\X
JLJG<EJ@FED<K?F; K_\e\\[c\n`cc
ifkXk\#j\kkc\#
K_\X[mXekX^\f]k_\jljg\ej`fed\k_f[`j Lj\k_\_fc\ Xe[Xc`ê`kj\c]
k_Xkk_\\hl`gd\ek`jgfikXYc\Xe[ZXeY\ èk_\YcX[\
i\lj\[%@knfibjY\jkn`k_XdXê\k`q\[ kfXkkXZ_
k_\Zfkkfe
iXqfiYcX[\#n_`Z_n`ccYXcXeZ\n\cc%8kkXZ_
K_\c\X]\eXYc\j
k_\dXê\k`q\[YcX[\kfXZfkkfek_i\X[Xe[ k_\e\\[c\kf
jljg\e[`kèj`[\XgcXjk`ZYfkkc\%@]k_\Yfkkc\Ëj ÕfXkfek_\
e\Zb`jefkn`[\\efl^_kfÔkk_\YcX[\k_ifl^_# jli]XZ\f]
k_\nXk\i
i\dfm\k_\YXj\f]k_\Yfkkc\èjk\X[%
E8M@>8K@E>N@K?FLK8:FDG8JJ .,
LJ@E><C<:KI@:@KP
PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIZING K_\dfjk\]]\Zk`m\nXpkfdXê\k`q\Xe\\[c\`jkfgXjjXjdXcc
\c\Zki`ZXcZlii\ekXifle[`k%Lj\XYXkk\ipXe[èjlcXk\[nì\2
In general, the longer you work on the needle the stronger
Xck\ieXk`m\cp#lj\YiXjjjeXi\nì\]ifdpflijlim`mXcb`kXe[
the magnetization will be and the longer it will last. To tell
èjlcXk\`kljè^jfd\k_èêfe$Zfe[lZk`m\#jlZ_XjgXg\i%
when it is magnetized sufficiently, hold the needle up against
another metal object – if it is attracted to the metal and
has enough strength to hold itself against it then it will be NiXgk_\e\\[c\
strong enough. Once the needle is magnetized you will need èXjdXccg`\Z\
to allow it to float freely (see below), and then determine f]gXg\i#n_`Z_n`cc
which end points north by using natural aids, such as the èjlcXk\`k]ifd
sun (see pp. 76–77). Mark the north end of the needle with k_\\c\Zki`ZXc
:fm\ik_\
a pen or a small scratch. Zlii\ek% ]lccc\e^k_f]
k_\e\\[c\
n`k_gXg\i
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,'Æ(''k`d\j e\\[c\k_XkXkkiXZkjkfk_\
jflk_gfc\f]k_\dXê\k
n`ccgfèkefik_
<ejli\ef
NiXgk_\ nì\kflZ_\j
nì\k`^_kcp k_\e\\[c\
Xifle[k_\]lcc
c\e^k_f]k_\
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K_\dfi\k`d\jpfl
jkifb\#k_\dfi\
\]]\Zk`m\k_\
dXê\k`qXk`fe
8kkXZ_k_\nì\
LJ@E>J@CB LJ@E>8D8>E<K
kfk_\YXkk\ip ;feËkkflZ_
K_`jnfibjfeXj`d`cXi Jkifb\k_\dXê\kXcfe^
lek`ck_\YXkk\ip k_\nì\feZ\
gièZ`gc\kfk_\_Xìd\k_f[ k_\c\e^k_f]k_\e\\[c\ `kËjZfee\Zk\[
Ylk`jdfi\\]]\Zk`m\%@]pfl i\g\Xk\[cpèfe\[ì\Zk`fe% jkXikjkf^\knXidÆ kfk_\YXkk\ip
_Xm\Xepk_è^dX[\]ifdj`cb# @kËjX^ff[`[\XkfZXiipX k_`jè[`ZXk\jk_Xkk_\
jlZ_XjXjc\\gè^YX^cè\i dXê\kn`k_pflXkXcck`d\j# gifZ\jj`jZfdgc\k\% (%,mfck
dè`dld
fik_\idXcZcfk_è^#jkifb\ Xck_fl^_pflj_flc[e\m\i 8kkXZ_k_\
k_\e\\[c\i\g\Xk\[cpèfe\ b\\g`ke\XipfliZfdgXjj nì\ljè^
[ì\Zk`feX^Xèjkk_\j`cb% Xj`kn`ccX]]\Zk`kjXZZliXZp% jfd\kXg\
I\Z\`m\icfZbj
LJ@E>>GJK<:?EFCF>P fekfXkc\Xjk]fli
jXk\cc`k\jkffYkXè
8>cfYXcGfj`k`feè^Jpjk\d>GJ `jX_Xe[$ ;liXYc\# Xk_i\\$[`d\ej`feXc
nXk\igiff]# ÔocXk`kl[\#cfe^`kl[\#
_\c[le`kk_Xklj\j)+fiY`kè^jXk\cc`k\jkf YlfpXekZXj\ Xe[_\`^_k [`jgcXp\[
ki`Xe^lcXk\pfligfj`k`fefek_\<Xik_Ëjjli]XZ\ XjXî`[i\]\i\eZ\
kfn`k_èd\ki\j%8>GJn`ccXccfnpflkfnfib EF
IK? K_\jZi\\ec`^_kj
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JK
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? ^cffdpZfe[`k`fej#
]ifdgfèkj#Ylklec\jj`kèZfigfiXk\jdXggè^ jfgiXZk`j\ :8
DG
YlkXmf`[ljè^
`kn`ccefkj_fnpflk_\Y\jknXpkf^\kk_\i\ Y\]fi\pfl = @J
? G8
I B k_`j]XZ`c`kp`]pfl
kiXm\c
fikXb\èkfXZZflek_XqXi[jfepfliiflk\%Lj\ ZXeXj`kn`cc[iXè
k_\YXkk\i`\j
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JN
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K8B@E><==<:K@M<>GJI<8;@E>J XlkfdXk`ZXccpX]k\iknf
8>GJe\\[jkf_Xm\XZc\Xim`\nf]k_\jbp%8epk_è^k_Xk dèlk\jjfk_\YXkk\ipnfeËk
fYjkilZkj`kjj`êXc#jlZ_XjkXccYl`c[è^jfi_\Xmpki\\ Y\[iXè\[`]k_\>GJ`j
jn`kZ_\[feXZZ`[\ekXccp
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.- ON THE TRAILV=@E;PFLIN8P
E8KLI8CE8M@>8K@FE
@=PFL?8M<CFJKfi[XdX^\[pfliZfdgXjjXe[[feËk_Xm\
SHADOW STICK BASICS
k_\dXk\i`Xcje\Z\jjXipkfdXb\Xe`dgifm`j\[m\ij`fe#lj\
Use a shadow stick to determine
eXkliXcè[`ZXkfijkf[\k\idè\[ì\Zk`fe%K_\\Xjk$n\jkifkXk`fe direction and time anywhere
f]k_\<Xik_d\Xejk_XkpflZXefi`\ekXk\pflij\c]XZZfi[è^ between the Arctic (66.5°N)
and Antarctic Circles (66.5°S).
kfk_\gfj`k`fef]k_\jle#dffe#Xe[jkXij%8ccpfle\\[Xi\ In the northern hemisphere the
jfd\m\ipYXj`ZdXk\i`XcjXe[k_\j\j`dgc\k\Z_e`hl\j% shadow of the stick will be on the
north side of the east-west line
In the southern hemisphere the
LJ@E>K?<JLE reverse is true: the shadow of
N_\em`j`Yc\#k_\jle`jk_\Zc\Xi\jkeXkliXcj`êgfjkkfk_\]fliZXi[èXc the stick will be on the south
gfèkjefik_#jflk_#\Xjk#Xe[n\jk %@ki`j\jXggifo`dXk\cpèk_\\XjkXe[ side of the east-west line.
j\kjXggifo`dXk\cpèk_\n\jkXe[#Xkd`[[Xp#`j[l\jflk_èk_\efik_\ie When the shadow is at its
_\d`jg_\i\Xe[[l\efik_èk_\jflk_\ie_\d`jg_\i\%Lj\k_\jleËj shortest, it is midday.
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temperature falls at an average rate of
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Never shelter under a solitary tree
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@]k_\jbp`ji\[Xk[Xnek_\i\`j BEAUFORT WIND WIND SPEED WIND EFFECT ON
df`jkli\èk_\XìXe[YX[n\Xk_\i NUMBER DESCRIPTION KPH (MPH) LAND AND AT SEA
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0 (0) Sea like a mirror.
n\Xk_\i`jfek_\nXp#fiXc`^_kj_fn\i%
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GC8EKJ8E;=CFN<IJ
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1 (1–2) Sea ripples like scales.
f]k\ejkife^\iY\]fi\iXè%
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Gè\Zfe\jXi\fe\f]k_\Y\jkeXkliXc
Gentle breeze 12–19 Leaves and twigs move.
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4 (13–18) Small waves with
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[ipXì
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with some spray.
N8K:?@E>8E@D8CJ Whole trees sway.

Near gale 51–61
8e`dXcjd`îXkè^]ifd_`^_kf
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begins to streak.
`jfek_\nXp%
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Gale 62–74
Nffci\XZkjkfdf`jkli\èk_\Xì
Ypjn\ccè^Xe[jkiX`^_k\eè^%@k 8 (39–46) Moderately high waves
of more than 5m (18ft).
j_i`m\cjè[ipn\Xk_\iZfe[`k`fej%
?ldXejZXeXcjfj\ej\Xkdfjg_\i`Z Severe gale 75–87 Damage to roofs.
Z_Xe^\Æjfd\g\fgc\jl]]\i_\X[XZ_\j
Y\]fi\Xk_le[\ijkfid% 9 (47–54) High waves with toppling
crests.
Storm 88–101 Trees uprooted or broken off.

CHANGING WEATHER
Watch out for alterations in the
10 (55–63) Very high waves and sea
surface appears white.
wind direction or strength as

Severe storm 102–119 Houses damaged.
this may lead to a change in the
weather. A dry, steady wind that
changes direction or decreases
11 (64–74) Exceptionally high waves
of more than 11m (38ft).
in strength often indicates that Hurricane More than 120 Buildings destroyed.
rain is on its way.
12 (More than 75) Huge waves of more than
14m (46ft).
/+ ON THE TRAIL VD8B<8DFM<
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how to make a paddle (so you’re never up a creek without one)...
the difference between your finger shelf and your hand jam...
how to pull your own pulk and scramble over scree...
when to blaze a trail or ski without skis...
how to tell your front-wheel skid from your skidoo...
when to let the camel train take the strain...
how chewing gum can stop that sinking feeling...
MAKE A MOVE 85
A walking staff is one of the

simplest yet most important survival
aids you will ever need. It’s the first
piece of equipment to improvise should
you find yourself in a survival situation.
THE “SURVIVOR’S THIRD LEG” – as

a walking staff is also known – increases your
ability to support yourself by allowing you to have
two points of contact with the ground at any one
equipment and most appropriate time. This will reduce the chance of you slipping –
clothing, and enable you to familiarize a crucial factor given that your ability to walk is
yourself with the survival techniques your main means of rescue; reduce your mobility
relevant to a particular environment. and you seriously reduce your ability to survive.
Whether you’re planning to travel
on foot, by bike, on horseback, in a A versatile tool, your survivor’s third leg can
4WD vehicle, or by boat, you must be employed in many different survival situations.
Among its many uses, it can be employed to:
consider not only your own capabilities
and those of other members of your Support you as you walk
team, but also the capabilities of Protect your face when you’re walking through
your equipment. Remember, pushing thickets or gorse
anything beyond its limits – whether Check for adequate support when you’re
that be a person, an animal, or a crossing marshy ground
Test the ground ahead for obstructions
vehicle – will invariably lead to it failing. Check the depth of water when crossing
streams and rivers
Protect you against wild animals
Form a ridgepole for your shelter
Help you with your pace counting
Spear fish or catch game
Dig up roots or plants
Your ability to walk may be your primary

means of rescue; reduce your mobility and you
dramatically reduce your chances of survival
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0+ ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<
DFM@E>FM<IJEFN WARNING!
Walking over deep snow without snow shoes
GI<G8I8K@FE@J<JJ<EK@8Cn_\e_`bè^fm\i]ifq\e is called “post-holing” and should be avoided
unless absolutely necessary. Sinking into the
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sweating and a dangerous reduction in your
jefnj_f\jfijb`j#Xe[Yi\Xk_XYc\Xe[cXp\i\[Zcfk_è^kf body temperature when you stop.
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0- ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<
D8B@E>8JC<;><
@]pflÔe[pflij\c]èXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fen`k__\Xmp\hl`gd\ekkf TOOLS AND MATERIALS
Survival saw or pocket chainsaw
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Knife
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kfkiXejgfikXeèali\[g\ijfefijdXccZ_`c[%PflZXedXb\pfli Forked branch (for bulk of sledge)
jc\[^\XjcXi^\fiXjjdXccXjpfle\\[#gifm`[è^pfl]fccfn Two branches (for bracing pieces)
k_\j\YXj`ZgièZ`gc\j% Sticks (for cross-pieces)
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Glccè^pfli\hl`gd\ekY\_è[pflljè^Xglcb`jXe Yf[pljè^
Take care when travelling down
X_Xie\jj
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c`^_kn\`^_kgcXjk`Z#Xe[Zfd\èdXep[`]]\i\ekj`q\j% control if you have no brakeman.
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0/ ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<
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cfX[jn_\e_`bè^fm\in`c[\ie\jjk\iiXè%@[\Xccpjl`k\[ PACKING TIPS
Know the capabilities of your animal,
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[`jkXeZ\jèXi\Xjn_\i\m\_`Zc\jnflc[jkil^^c\%N_\e over the necessary distance.
Before loading the animal, groom it well
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and check for sores or ticks.
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panniers and lighter items at the top.
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LJ@E>G8:B8E@D8CJ 00
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KFJLIM@M< JkiXgk_\ WARNING!
jki\kZ_\i Do not attempt to use pack animals without
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gXZbXe`dXcj%LegXZbk_\gXee`\ij animals require a lot of care, and you will
Xe[i\dfm\Xep_\Xmp`k\djefk need to organize your days meticulously.
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ANIMAL REGION AVERAGE LOAD ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Horse Worldwide 80–110kg Easy to train, with a good temperament Require grooming
(175–240lb) Strong Can stray from camp
20 per cent of Can tolerate heat if not securely tethered
body weight Can manage steep terrain
Mule Eurasia, 55–80kg Will stick by a mare closely – this can be Young mules can be
Americas (120–180lb) used to keep them moving and to keep easily startled, so good
20 per cent of them within the camp at night training is essential
body weight Very hardy and can manage steep terrain Stubborn
Husky Arctic 40kg (85lb) Hardy – can cope well with snow and Need a lot of fresh meat,
7 dogs can pull cold conditions which must be carried
270kg (600lb) Can travel fast Prone to fight among
themselves
Camel Central Asia, 90–140kg Versatile on different terrains Strong-willed and difficult
North Africa, (198–308lb) Can drink up to a quarter of its body to control
Australia 30 per cent of weight and then go without water for Violent – can spit and bite
body weight several days
Llama Andes 35–55kg (77–123lb) Minimal environmental impact Makes horses and mules
25–30 per cent of Travels well at high altitudes nervous
body weight on difficult and steep terrain Can be difficult to control
if poorly trained
Elephant South Asia 750–1,250kg Can carry very heavy loads Slow-moving
(Indian) (1,650–2,750lb) Can manage steep terrain Requires large amounts
25 per cent of of food and water
body weight Takes time to train
Ox Eurasia, 135–205kg Hardworking Slow-moving

Americas (300–450lb) Very strong Stubborn
30 per cent of Surefooted and can manage steep terrain
body weight
('' ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<
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Check your map and inform others
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of your route and intended timeframe.
)N;m\_`Zc\%N`k_Xe\og\i`\eZ\[[i`m\i#dfjk+N; Ensure the vehicle is fit for the journey,
m\_`Zc\jZXekXZbc\[\\gdl[#nXk\i#jefn#`Z\#Xe[jXe[% with all necessary spares. Check the fuel,
oil, water, brakes, and hydraulic fluids,
and check that there are no leaks.
:?FFJ@E>PFLIM<?@:C< Inspect the tyre treads, wheel nuts,
N_\eZ_ffjè^pflim\_`Zc\`kËj`dgfikXekkfZfej`[\in_XkpflËccY\ lights, and steering arms.
ljè^`k]fi%CXi^\m\_`Zc\j_Xm\dfi\èk\ieXcjgXZ\k_XejdXcc\ife\j# Always carry spare water, wheel(s),
YlkdXpÔe[`k_Xi[\ikfe\^fk`Xk\m\ipifl^_îfle[n`k_flk^\kkè^ and fuel, as well as survival equipment,
sand ladders, a 12v heavy-duty tyre
jklZb%J`d`cXicp#m\ipgfn\i]lcm\_`Zc\jZXeZifjjXcdfjkXepk\iiXèYlk inflator, winching strap, and first aid kit.
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Don’t hook your thumbs around the steering
knf$n_\\c$[i`m\#]fi[i`mè^feifX[j#Xe[]fli$n_\\c$[i`m\#]fi wheel when driving over rough terrain. Hitting
cfn$kiXZk`feZfe[`k`fej#jlZ_Xjfejf]kîfle[%K_\[`]]\i\eZ\ a rut can jerk the wheel and break them.
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n_\\cjZXeY\gfn\i\[Ypk_\\e^è\XkXepfe\k`d\g\kifc be improved by lowering your tyre pressure
\e^è\jXi\^\e\iXccpdfi\gfn\i]lc#Ylk[`\j\c\e^è\jcXjkcfe^\i slightly. As a guide, place a brick 1cm (1⁄2in)
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n`ccÔe[k_XkpflXi\XYc\kf[i`m\fm\ik\iiXèÆXe[kfgcXZ\jÆ ground, deflate the tyre until it touches the
k_Xknflc[fk_\in`j\Y\èXZZ\jj`Yc\%8cnXpji\d\dY\ik_Xk brick, measure this pressure, and apply to all
k_\gièZ`gc\Y\_è[+N;`jkfi\[lZ\k_\Z_XeZ\jf]pfl^\kkè^ four tyres. Make sure you can reinflate them.
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('+ ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<
B8P8B@E>8E;:8EF<@E> ;flYc\$YcX[\[
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WARNING!
Always wear a lifejacket.
Empty water bottles in
your pockets can be used
as makeshift flotation
devices in an emergency.
In a survival situation,
=ifdk_\lgj`[\$ N`k_pfli_\X[ :fekèl\k_\_`g never leave your kayak or
[fnegfj`k`fe#kn`jk e\Xik_\jli]XZ\# Õ`Zblek`ck_\bXpXb canoe unless it is life-
pfliYf[pkfk_\j`[\f] jn\\gpfliYf[pXe[ i\kliejkfXelgi`^_k threatening not to do so.
k_\bXpXb% gX[[c\XnXp]ifdk_\ gfj`k`feèk_\nXk\i% A kayak is highly visible,
>i`ggè^pfligX[[c\# j`[\f]k_\bXpXb% JkiX`^_k\epfliYXZb especially from the air,
Ôidcpglj_pfliXidjflk 8kk_\jXd\k`d\#Õ`Zb jfpflXi\j`kkè^lgi`^_k and is far more likely to be
f]k_\nXk\i#k_\ei\jkk_\d pfli_`gXnXpkfjkXik X^Xè#Xe[Zfekèl\kf spotted first by rescuers.
fek_\j`[\f]k_\bXpXb% k_\ifkXk`fef]k_\bXpXb% gX[[c\pfliZflij\%
98J@:G8;;C@E> :8K:? 9I8:< JKIFB< KI8EJ@K@FE

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:8EF<@E> j\Zli\cpkf
8jn`k_bXpXbj#ZXef\jZXe k_\ZXef\ TANDEM CANOEING
_fc[fe\fiknfg\fgc\ In a tandem canoe, one person should sit at
the front and one at the back. Each person
n`k_\hl`gd\ek#Xe[Xi\
paddles on either side – swap sides regularly
gfn\i\[Ypk_\Yf[p to avoid muscle fatigue and strain. The person
]ifdXj\Xk\[gfj`k`fe% at the back generally controls the steering,
K_\pXi\^\e\iXccpn`[\i using his or her paddle like a rudder.
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('- ON THE TRAIL VD8B<8DFM<
9L@C;@E>8I8=K
@=M<EKLI@E>@EKFk_\n`c[\ie\jj#`k`jlj\]lckfbefn WARNING!
_fnkfYl`c[Xe`dgifm`j\[iX]kfiÕfkXk`feX`[%PfldXp Apart from the brushwood raft
(below), most improvised rafts
Ôe[k_XkXdXafinXk\ifYjkXZc\c`\jY\kn\\epflXe[ will float half-submerged, so you’ll
i\jZl\#fipfldXpY\èXeXi\Xèn_`Z_[\ej\le[\iîfnk_ be constantly sitting or kneeling in
water. This could lead to hypothermia
dXb\jZifjj$ZflekipkiXm\c[`]ÔZlckYlki`m\ikiXm\ci\cXk`m\cp in certain conditions, so build an
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TOOLS AND MATERIALS @]pfl_Xm\XgfeZ_f#j_\ck\ij_\\k#fikXigXlcè#pflZXeZfejkilZk
Knife or small saw
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Poncho, shelter sheet, or tarpaulin
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Long sticks, brushwood,
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and thatch
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('/ ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<
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WARNING!
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you have the necessary equipment for building
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how to make a shower before you take a shower...
why keeping clean is good for both body and soul...
how to work up a lather with wood ash...
when a thatched screen could protect your modesty...
what turns a boiled sweet into a firestarter...
the difference between cattails and fire dogs...
:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ ((*
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start a fire should not be underestimated;
neither should the effects of not being able
to start one
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WHERE NOT TO CAMP
Don’t set up your shelter on sloping, poorly drained ground. FE<?FLILEK@C;8IB
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of flooding and the presence of insects and animals.
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Avoid camping near noisy water sources, such as waterfalls,
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If you intend to have a fire in front of your
pfl[fXccpflZXekfjlim`m\fialjk^`m\lg%=ì\^`m\jpfl shelter, bear in mind some basic rules:
Xj\ej\f]ÈY\è^É#Xe[#c`b\Xj_\ck\i#`kZXedXb\X_ldYc\ Don’t build the fire too close to the shelter
Zc\Xiè^le[\iXki\\]\\cdfi\c`b\XÈ_fd\É% as it may get out of control or a spark may
blow into the shelter and ignite it.
Make sure you have fully extinguished your
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Dfi\k_XeXepfk_\ijlim`mXckXjb#jkXikè^XÔi\e\\[j Carry some form of firelighter with you at all times.
^ff[gi`figi\gXiXk`fe%@]pfl[feËk_Xm\k_\Zfii\Zk Practise your skills before you need them – in
dXk\i`XcjXe[èjl]ÔZ`\ekhlXek`k`\j#pfln`ccgifYXYcp different conditions and using different materials.
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:?FFJ@E>PFLI>IFLE; multiply it by ten. If you’re in a dire situation, you may
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120 CAMP CRAFT _ CAMP ESSENTIALS
THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE

THE THREE MATERIAL ELEMENTS you need to build a fire
are tinder, kindling, and fuel. They must be dry and collected EMERGENCY TINDER
Carry tinder, such as a tampon or cotton
in sufficient quantities. A well-made feather stick effectively wool balls, in a 35mm film canister or
provides tinder, kindling, and fuel on one piece of wood – and a Ziploc bag in your emergency kit. For
each fire, use some cotton wool or a
it needs only a spark to set it alight. small piece of tampon. Cotton wall balls
smeared with petroleum jelly make a
flame last ten times longer.
MAKING A FEATHER STICK
Between four and six well-made feather
sticks provide enough combustible material
to get a fire going. Keep a few already
made and packed away to use in an
emergency. The best feather sticks are
made from standing dead wood, but just
about any type of dry wood will do. If
you use small, dead branches that have
snapped off a tree, remove the bark first.
Choose the side of a stick with an even

grain and no knots. Work on a hard, flat
surface to stop the stick slipping.
Lay the blade flat on the stick and run it all the Use sticks
way down without cutting into the wood – do this Hold your knife so that you can use 25cm (10in)
the part of the blade closest to the long and up to
ten times. This gives you a feel for the wood and handle – this gives you more control 3 fingers in
how your knife moves over it. and puts less strain on your wrist diameter
TINDER Loosen the

The first element you use to make a fire is dry, combustible fibres so
they catch
material called tinder. You may have tinder in your alight easily
equipment (see pp. 122–23), or you may need to find
natural or other man-made sources. The key to success
is to experiment with what’s around you before you
actually need it. Make sure it’s dry – leave it in the sun
if it’s damp. When you use some tinder, replace it at the
earliest opportunity.
TYPES OF TINDER
Buffed tinder looks
Natural sources: Feather sticks (see above), shavings from the like a mouse’s nest
outside of a bamboo stem, bark shavings, fine wood dust, pine
pitch, plant and animal down, powdered dung, and fire dog (a
charred stick). Also, birch bark (silver birch bark can be lit even
when it’s wet), clematis, honeysuckle, cattail, dry grass, dead TINDER BUNDLE
and dry moss, and some fungi. The best tinder for friction A good way to prepare your tinder to take a spark or a coal is
methods of firelighting (see pp. 130–33) is tree bark, dry to make it into a tinder bundle. Vigorously tease, rub, and pull
grass, fungi, lichen, plant roots, fibres, and down. the fibres with your fingers until it becomes a ball the size of a
Man-made sources: Cotton wool balls, tampons, char cloth, grapefruit. Push the finest, most combustible material into the
fire tin (see p. 123), lint, tissue paper, camera film, strips of interior of the ball. Try mixing up your tinder to make it more
rubber, and candle wick. effective – for example, dry grass, birch bark, and cattail.
THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE 121
STANDING DEADWOOD
A tree that’s died but hasn’t fallen over
has no green foliage and the bark falls
off without being replaced. This is the
ultimate wood for firelighting, as it can
provide kindling and fuel and, when split,
makes excellent feather sticks. The bottom
few inches may be wet where the tree
wicks up moisture from the ground.
Angle the
blade slightly
towards the
wood
The stick
gets thinner
as you make
the shavings
The shaving
should curl
Curled
as the blade Collect any
shavings
moves down Keep the stick shavings
collect at
firmly on the that fall
the bottom
ground to steady from the
of the stick
your action stick
Now tilt the angle of the blade Turn the stick slightly and run Once you have mastered the
slightly towards the wood. the knife down the edge created technique, continue to
Keeping a part at the top of the in step 2 to create a second shaving. feather the rest of the stick.
wood to use as a handle, run the blade Turn the stick again and repeat, When you’ve finished you will
down the wood to cut a shaving. working around the stick. have a thin stick with curled
Stop just before the bottom so that Try to get a rhythm going, and put shavings still attached, and ready
the shaving stays attached to the stick. your body behind the cutting action. for use as kindling.
KINDLING FUEL
Kindling is the second material element of firelighting and, Initially, your fire needs constant tending, but once it can
when dry, is added to burning tinder. Kindling can be as sustain itself for five minutes it’s established and you can
thin as a match or as thick as a finger. You should be able add increasingly larger fuel to create a good heart – a bed
to snap it with your hands. If it doesn’t break with a crack of hot coals that sustains the fire with minimum effort on
then it’s probably not completely dry. If it’s damp, remove your part. The fuel should be about as thick as your wrist or
the outer bark (this retains most of the moisture) and forearm. At first, use dry fuel split into sticks that catch
break the kindling down into small sticks 15cm (6in) long. alight easily. Add green (live) wood and larger logs (whole
or split) once the fire is established. In wet conditions, build
Strip off the bark
TYPES OF KINDLING with your knife your fire under cover to keep off the rain.
Soft-wood twigs are very
combustible, while wood TYPES OF FUEL
with flammable resin, such Hard woods from mainly deciduous trees (such as oak, maple,
as pine, burns hot and long. ash, beech, and birch) burn hot and long, produce good coals,
You can use some types and are more efficient. But they are hard to get going.
of tinder as kindling – for Soft woods from conifers (such as pine, fir, and spruce) are
example, bark, palm leaves, easier to light as they can contain resin, but burn faster and
pine needles, grass, ground produce less heat than hard woods. They also make more smoke.
lichens, and ferns – but you Peat is found on well-drained moorland and can be cut with a
will need larger quantities knife. However, it needs a good air supply.
for kindling than you Charcoal is lightweight, smokeless, and burns hot.
needed for tinder. Dried animal droppings provide a good smokeless fuel.
()) CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ
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TOOLS AND MATERIALS
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Knife or scissors
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TOOLS AND MATERIALS
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pfli_Xe[jfeXZfc[[Xp%FeZ\c`k#XÔi\kèYliej]fi_flijn`k_X Cardboard (ribbed or plain)
ZfeZ\ekiXk\[#ZfekifccXYc\ÕXd\k_Xkgif[lZ\jefjdfb\%N_\e Candle and a match or lighter
`kjkXikjkf]X`c#pflZXe\`k_\i 8e^c\k_\ZXe[c\ Knife or scissors
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KPG<JF==@I<
FE:<PFL?8M<:FCC<:K<;pflikè[\i#bè[cè^#Xe[]l\c#
Xe[dX[\jli\`kËj[ipXe[i\X[pkf_Xe[#pflZXej\kXYflk FIRE ESSENTIALS
There’s plenty of advice surrounding
dXbè^pfliÔi\%K_\i\Xi\dXep[`]]\i\ekkpg\jf]Ôi\kf the pros and cons of making fires,
Z_ffj\]ifd#[\g\e[è^fen_Xkpfle\\[k_\Ôi\]fij\\ but three general tips will help:
Never make things any harder
Y\cfn %9\]fi\pfljkXikkfYl`c[pfliÔi\#dXb\jli\pfl_Xm\
than they need to be. Choose a
gi\gXi\[k_\îfle[jfk_Xk\m\ipk_è^`jjX]\j\\gg%((/Æ(0 % fire that requires the least effort
for the maximum gain.
:?FFJ@E>8=@I< It is more efficient to build a small
fire and sit close to it, than to build
@]pfl_Xm\XZ_f`Z\f]]l\c#Xjn\ccXjk`d\kfèm\jkèYl`c[è^Xjg\Z`ÔZ a large fire and sit far away from it.
kpg\f]Ôi\#cffbXkk_\Z_f`Z\jY\cfnXe[[\k\idè\n_`Z_fe\`jc`b\cp If all your wood appears wet,
kfjl`kpfli`dd\[`Xk\e\\[j% remove the bark and split the wood
Pfligi`dXipZfej`[\iXk`fej_flc[Y\k_\]leZk`fef]k_\Ôi\1nXidk_ – the centre will usually be dry.
`jgifYXYcppflidfjkli^\eki\hlì\d\ek#Ylkfk_\ilj\jèZcl[\Zffbè^# Once the fire is established, place
j`êXccè^j\\gg%)*/Æ*0 #[ipè^n\kZcfk_è^#Xe[[`jgfjè^f]nXjk\% damp tinder, kindling, and larger
PfldXpnXekXgXik`ZlcXikpg\f]Ôi\Y\ZXlj\`kcXjkjXcce`^_k% pieces of wood close to the fire
:fej`[\ik_\XmX`cXY`c`kpf]k_\Zfdgfe\ekjpfle\\[kfYl`c[k_\Ôi\Æ to dry out. Keep watch on them
so that they don’t dry out to the
]fi\oXdgc\#k_\i`^_k]l\cXe[k_\Y\jkîfle[%8ilc\f]k_ldY`jkf point where they catch fire!
\jk`dXk\_fndlZ_pflk_èbpflËcce\\[#k_\e[flYc\`k%
TYPE OF FIRE
TEEPEE STONE-LINED AUTOMATIC LONG LOG

Surround the tinder ball with Arrange large non-porous Line a hole 1m (3ft) deep with Put tinder, kindling, and fuel
kindling in the shape of a stones in a circle, place a non-porous stones. Put tinder logs in a depression 2m (6ft)
HOW
teepee. Arrange small, medium, tinder ball in the middle, with and kindling inside and rest long. Lay two long fuel logs
and large fuel logs in a square kindling around it. Add fuel large logs against the sides so on top of the burning fire.
at the foot of the teepee. logs when the fire is established. they drop down as they burn.
Areas with abundant fuel, Windy locations Rock-free earth or sand, Forested areas, because the
WHERE
because the fire requires Popular areas with existing because it’s easy to dig fire requires long logs for fuel
lots of firewood fire rings and where low-
impact camping is vital
Quick to light Stones shelter fire from wind Self-feeding once lit, which Long-lasting (the fire can
means you don’t need to stay alight all night)
WHY
Wet wood can be burned Using an existing fire ring

because it’s dried by the reduces the fire’s impact keep adding fuel Emits a great deal of heat
heat of the inner fire on the environment
Warmth Warmth Cooking Warmth (in cold weather,

Cooking Cooking Signalling (if green vegetation build a fire either side of you).
USES

Signalling (if green vegetation Signalling (if green vegetation is burned) Cooking (once embers have
is burned) is burned) formed)
KPG<JF==@I< (),
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_Xjk_\ì]Xmfli`k\%K_\]fccfnè^\oXdgc\`jXki`\[$Xe[$kiljk\[d\k_f[
k_XkËjm\ijXk`c\Xe[nfibjn\ccèXmXi`\kpf]Zfe[`k`fej%
8[[dfi\]l\cXZifjj
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8jk_\bè[cè^
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gcXk]fid èXÈk\\g\\É Z\eki\f]k_\gpiXd`[
GcXZ\pflikè[\i >\ekcpcXpbè[cè^ 8jk_\bè[cè^ K_\Ôi\`j\jkXYc`j_\[

YXccj\\g%()' Ypk_\kè[\iYXcc% ZXkZ_\jÔi\Xe[ n_\epflZXec\Xm\
feXgcXk]fidZfdgfj\[ 9l`c[Xbè[cè^Èk\\g\\É% k_\ÕXd\jîfn#X[[ `kXcfe\]fiÔm\dèlk\j
f]î\\enff[% K_`jc\kjk_\Ôi\Yi\Xk_\ cXi^\ig`\Z\jf]bè[cè^% n`k_flk`k^fè^flk%
C`^_kk_\kè[\in`k_ n_\i\k_\_\Xk`jjkife^\jk% :fekèl\kfX[[bè[cè^# K_\ecXpXcXi^\cf^fe
pfliZ_fj\ed\k_f[j\\ =\Xk_\ijk`ZbjXcjfdXb\ îX[lXccpYl`c[è^lgkf k_\nè[$]XZè^j`[\Xe[
gg%()-Æ). Xe[c\k`kZXkZ_% `[\Xcbè[cè^j\\g%()' % jgc`kcf^jj\\g%(+/ % fe\fek_\fk_\ij`[\%
TYPE OF FIRE
SNAKE HOLE STAR-SHAPED HUNTER DAKOTA HOLE
Create a hole in the side Build a fire from tinder, Make a fire out of tinder, Dig a large hole for the fire and
of a bank and a chimney kindling, and fuel. kindling, and any type of fuel. a slightly smaller hole for the
up through the earth. Light Arrange four logs so they Place two long logs either chimney, with a tunnel linking HOW
a fire inside using any fuel. meet in the middle. side of the fire in a V-shape. the two. Use small logs as fuel
Push logs in as they burn. and cook at ground level.
Windy locations Forested areas, because of Cold or windy locations Anywhere you can dig a hole,
WHERE
Rock-free earth or sand bank the logs the fire needs because the fire requires very
little fuel once established
Chimney creates a draught, Long-lasting Hardwood logs shelter the Concentrated heat
giving a high-temperature fire Good embers for cooking fire from the wind Flames are below ground so
WHY

Sheltered from the elements Produces a great deal of heat fire is hidden
Warmth Cooking – balance a pot on Warmth Cooking

Cooking the logs Cooking Keeping warm
USES

Waste disposal Heating water Drying wet clothing
()- CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ
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=fZljè^k_\jleËj_\Xkn`k_XdXê`]pè^^cXjjfi[ièbZXe%
jk\dY\]fi\ljè^`kkfc`^_kk_\kè[\i%
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:i\Xkè^XZ_\d`ZXci\XZk`feljè^gfkXjj`ldg\idXe^XeXk\%
TYPE OF DEVICE
MATCHES/LIGHTERS MAGNIFYING GLASS DRINK CAN BATTERY

Waterproof box of matches. Magnifying glass Empty drink can Flashlight and its battery
Cigarette lighter taped to a Dry tinder Dry tinder Wire or wire wool
KIT
piece of cord around your neck. Dry tinder

Dry tinder
To light a match “commando With the magnifying glass, Polish the bottom of the can Lay the wire across the
style”, strike it away from you focus bright sunlight onto (see Signal mirror, p. 245). battery terminals to create
WHAT TO DO
on the box and then cup it in some dry tinder and create a Catch bright sunlight on the some sparks.
your hands (see above). hot spot. Hold the magnifying shiny surface and reflect it Remove the bulb from the
glass steady until the tinder onto tinder to create a hot flashlight and place wire wool
catches alight. spot. Hold the can steady over the terminal. Switch on
until the tinder catches alight. the flashlight to create sparks.
Waterproof matches are When you choose a compass, You’ll need to practise this The thinner the wire the better
usually just standard matches make sure it has a magnifying technique so that you can this will work, especially with
COMMENTS
that have been coated with glass incorporated into it (for rely on it in a survival situation. lower voltage batteries (1.5v).
wax and varnish. reading the details on maps). Use this method for a short
Always have a lighter around You can also use the lens in period only, otherwise you
your neck on a piece of cord. reading spectacles. will drain the battery.
D8B@E>JG8IBJ8E;=C8D<J ().
:I<8K@E>8:?<D@:8C=C8D<
WARNING!
GfkXjj`ldg\idXe^XeXk\`jXe\oki\d\cplj\]lc`k\dkf_Xm\è
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizer
pflijlim`mXcb`k#Y\ZXlj\pflZXelj\k_\Z_\d`ZXcefkfecpkf that can, when mixed with certain chemicals,
jk\i`c`q\nXk\iXe[nfle[j#YlkXcjfkfZi\Xk\XjgXibkfc`^_k create an explosive mixture. It can also stain
XÔi\%Pfln`cce\\[jfd\jl^XikfdXb\`knfib#jflj\jfd\ your clothes and skin.
]ifdpflijlim`mXciXk`fejfiZilj_XYf`c\[jn\\k%
?Xi[nff[
fibe`]\
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TYPE OF DEVICE
FIRESTEEL FLINT AND STEEL ONE-HANDED STRIKER POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Ferrocerium firesteel Magnesium-alloy rod A magnesium-alloy rod and Potassium permanganate
Metal striker Steel striker (usually a short steel device that can be Sugar KIT
Dry tinder piece of hacksaw blade) operated using only one hand Knife
Dry tinder Dry tinder Dry tinder
Hold striker next to the tinder. Follow instructions for the Place the flint rod in the tinder. Mix potassium permanganate
Place the firesteel under the firesteel (left). Press the thumb button onto and sugar in equal amounts on
WHAT TO DO
striker, directly onto the tinder. the rod and push the handle a hard surface.
Draw the firesteel back across down the length of the rod. Press down on the mixture
the striker to direct the sparks Pushing harder creates greater
with your knife and drag the
onto the tinder. The firesteel blade along to create a spark
friction, which leads to a more (see above).
moves, not the striker.
intense spark.
Lasts for about 12,000 strikes. There are many variations and Works in all weathers. You can also mix a small amount
kits; one has a magnesium of potassium permanganate
COMMENTS
Temperature reaches 3,000°C. Has a safety feature that

Works in all weathers and at block for the holder and the prevents accidental use. with glycol or antifreeze.
any altitude. striker shaves slivers of Designed for fighter pilots, Quickly wrap in paper and put
magnesium into the tinder who may injure an arm or on the ground. Warning: stand
to help with ignition. hand after ejecting. well clear as the combustion
can be sudden and dangerous.
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TOOLS AND MATERIALS
[i`cc#Xe[i\hlì\jbefnc\[^\#jb`cc#giXZk`Z\#k_\Zfii\Zknff[#k`d\# Cordage such as paracord,
Xe[\]]fik%?fn\m\i#feZ\c\Xie\[`kËjgfjj`Ycpk_\dfjki\nXi[è^ fishing line, shoelaces, or
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THE FOUR SKILLS
K_\Yfn[i`ccj\k`jfe\f]k_\dfjk\]ÔZ`\ekd\k_f[jf]dXbè^
There are many ways to make fire by
friction, including a hand drill, bamboo Ôi\Yp]i`Zk`fe%KipkfÔe[k_\i`^_kkpg\f]nff[]fi\XZ_gXik#
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materials available and your practical skills. KfdXb\k_\Yfn#ZlkXjk`Zb K_\efkZ_`jXk`\$f]]
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Y\j`[\pfl%Lek`cpflY\Zfd\gifÔZ`\ekXkljè^X[i`cc#pfln`cclj\cfkjf] TOOLS AND MATERIALS
\e\i^p#jfY\nXi\f]fm\i_\Xkè^Xe[[\_p[iXk`fe%Klieè^XZfXcèkfX Bow drill set (see pp. 130–31)
Ôi\`jXjb`ccè`kj\c]#jflj\\m\ipfggfikle`kpkfgiXZk`j\dXbè^kè[\i Thin, dry piece of bark to use as
Yle[c\jXe[c`^_kè^k_\dn`k_XjdXccZfXc]ifdpfliZXdgÔi\% an ember pan
Buffed tinder, kindling, and fuel
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GETTING INTO POSITION XYfm\k_\Yfn
Place the ember pan on a flat, dry surface and
align it with the V on the hearth board. Rest
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once around the drill, starting on the inside. k_\n\`^_kf]
Insert the drill into the hole on the hearth pfliYf[p
board, slot the block on top (with a green leaf
in the notch for lubrication), and lock your
wrist into your shin as support. Kneel on
the other leg and bear down on the block.
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(*+ CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ
D8EL8C
JB@CCJ
Learning skills that you can use k_\XYjfclk\YXj`Z\hl`gd\ek#k_\p
èk_\n`c[\ie\jj`jXcnXpjXÈnfibè n`ccY\XYc\kfle[\ijkXe[k_\`dgfikXek
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c\Xieè^_fnkfg\i]fidXkXjbljè^ n`ccXcjfd\Xek_Xkfecpk_\dè`dld
the merits of a hank in your pocket...
how to strip a nettle stem and not get stung...
when to twist and when to roll...
how to tell a working end from a standing end...
the uses of a sheet bend or a Siberian hitch...
the difference between a parang and a kukri...
how to fell a tree with a thumping stick...
D8EL8CJB@CCJ (*,
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The ability to improvise what you need

when you don’t have it can mean the
difference between continued survival
and despair
(*- CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ
D8E$D8;<:FI;8><
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USING CORDAGE
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It is vital that you use your limited supply
Yl`c[è^Xj_\ck\i#i\gXìè^\hl`gd\ekXe[Zcfk_è^# of cordage as efficiently as possible.
dXbè^kiXgjXe[e\kj#Xe[gif[lZè^Ôi\Yp]i`Zk`fe Use only the minimum cordage that is
absolutely necessary to accomplish each task.
ljè^XYfn[i`cc%8cnXpjgXZbgc\ekp% Use simple, strong knots that, if possible,
can be released without cutting. This leaves
the cordage intact for the next task.
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SEALING PARACORD
Paracord can be awkward to use because its ends, if left
KXb\k_\_Xeb\[Zfi[X^\f]]pflik_ldY unprotected, eventually unravel. Try to seal the ends after you
Xe[c`kkc\Ôe^\i% have cut them by holding a flame next to them until they melt.
J\Zli\k_\_XebYpkpè^k_\kX`cXifle[`kn`k_ Be careful, as the melted nylon can drip and burn.
Xi\c\Xj\_`kZ_befkj\\g%(+* %
(*/ CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ
E8KLI8C:FI;8><
@=PFL;FEËK?8M<XepdXe$dX[\Zfi[X^\#pfldXp
Y\XYc\kfdXb\XeXkliXcjlYjk`klk\%Lj\k_\iffkjXe[ WARNING!
Take extreme care when you collect and
jk\djf]gcXekjkfgif[lZ\`dgifm`j\[ifg\]fi\i\Zkè^ work with plant fibres, especially removing
j_\ck\ij#Xe[lj\jè\n]ifdk_\k\e[fejf]cXi^\iXe`dXcj plants such as green ferns from the ground.
Bending a stem at its base and pulling it up
]fijkife^n_`ggè^Xe[j\nè^% can expose fibres that are razor-sharp. Cut
the plant with a knife or wear gloves. The
juice of some plants can irritate the skin,
GI<G8I@E>E<KKC<=@9I<J so wash your hands when you’ve finished.
Fc[jkè^èê\kkc\jfinff[e\kkc\jn`k_cfe^jk\dj_Xm\k_\dfjk
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IfccXjdffk_#ifle[\[jk`ZbYXZbnXi[jXe[]finXi[j c\e^k_f]k_\jk\df]k_\e\kkc\n`k_pfli
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BARK ROOTS
Tree trunks have layers between the bark and heartwood called Many tree roots make good cordage and lashings, but
the “cambium” layers, which are best for cordage. evergreen trees, such as pine, fir, spruce, and cedar, work best.
FACTS
The bark of trees such as willow and lime make good cordage. Look for new roots near the surface of the soil; these are
FINDING
Use other types of bark, such as clematis or honeysuckle, as flexible. Cut slightly thicker roots than you need, as you have to
they break from the tree or vine. remove the bark. Remove only a few roots from each tree and
repair any damage you do to the topsoil.
PREPARING
Strip the bark from a dead tree, then beat it to loosen the inner Cut a slit along the root. Peel the bark and let the bare root dry
cambium fibres. and shrink before splitting in half or into quarters.
Pull off the cambium fibres in long strips. Use them as they are Keep the bark for tinder or kindling. You could also put it on a
(clematis and honeysuckle), or braid them into stronger lengths. fire to produce smoke that keeps away flies.
E8KLI8C:FI;8>< (*0
MAKING CORDAGE FROM PLANTS

To begin with, you must have access to enough
quantities of the plant. Don’t start making cordage
K\Xj\k_\ÔYiflj
cXp\iXnXpn`k_
with the only plant in the area. There should also be
pflik_ldY some basic characteristics present in order for plant
material to work well as cordage.
The fibres need to be long enough. If you have to
J\Zk`fef]
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splice them together to make workable lengths, you
will weaken the line.
If you’re braiding pieces together to make a stronger
line, use rougher fibres, as they will bite together
better. Shiny or smooth fibres tend to unravel easily.
The fibres need to be strong. Pull on them to see
9\e[k_\jk\dèk_\d`[[c\f]`kjc\e^k_%N_\epflY\e[ how much strain they take before breaking. They also
`k#k_\èe\ig`k_n`ccYi\XbXnXp]ifdk_\flk\ijbè# need to be pliable enough so they don’t break when
dXbè^`k\Xjp]fipflkfj\gXiXk\k_\d% you bend and tie them.
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WITHIES LEAVES SINEW
The strong, flexible stems of willow, birch, The leaves of many plants, such as the Animal sinew makes strong and versatile
ash, and hazel are called “withies” and are lily family, agave, and sisal hemp, contain cordage – some sinews can support the
used for thatching and in gardening. useful fibres. weight of a man.
FACTS
Withies make useful and robust lashing Sinew has been used to bind arrow heads
and are best used in spring or summer. to shafts and to sew together everyday
clothing, such as leather and mukluks.
Choose a young sapling or branch that’s To find out if the leaves of a plant contain Sinews are the tendons connecting bone
long and flexible. The fewer the stems useful fibres, simply tear a leaf apart to to muscle. The largest are on both sides
FINDING
or branches the better, as they will need see if it breaks into stringy layers. of the spinal column, running parallel to it.
to be removed. Shorter lengths can be taken from the
calves of the hind legs.
Remove stems or branches. Grasp the wand Soak the leaves in water to make the inner Take a tendon from an animal’s body, remove
PREPARING
at the base and twist until the fibres break, layers swell and burst. Bacteria work on its outer sheath, then clean it and let it dry.
working your way to the tip. Bend the the cell tissue, separating it from the fibres. Separate the dried fibres and use them as
wand into an S-shape and crank the middle Rinse the fibres in fresh water to stop individual threads, or splice or braid them
of the wand to loosen the fibres. Then cut further bacterial decay and then dry them. together to form stronger cords. You can
the wand from the tree and use the withies. soften dried sinew with water or saliva.
(+' CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ
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c\kk_\d[ipY\]fi\ljè^k_\dÆ_Xe^k_\dlgèk_\jlefie\Xi TOOLS AND MATERIALS
XÔi\%@eXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe#pflZXelj\k_\dY\]fi\[ipè^%Kn`jkè^ A sufficient quantity of prepared natural
fiifccè^k_\ÔYi\jXi\k_\knfdXèd\k_f[jf]dXbèêXkliXc fibres (see pp. 138–39) to enable you
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SIMPLE ALTERNATIVE TWIST K_`jd\k_f[f]ifccè^Zfi[X^\#n_`Z_`jXcjfbefneXj
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two tails in your right thumb and forefinger about 5cm (2in) down.
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complete roll. Repeat this until you have about 7.5cm (3in) of
rolled fibres, then clamp them in your right thumb and forefinger.
Release your left thumb and forefinger and the rolled fibres
will naturally twist together to form a strand of cordage.
Repeat the process until you have enough for your needs.
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If you drop a bushcraft
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pflXi\kiXm\ccè^kfXe[Z_ffj\pfliZlkkè^kffcjXZZfi[è^kfk_\ì will lose your fingers!
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dXepmXi`\k`\jXmX`cXYc\%DXZ_\k\jXi\dfi\ZfddfeÆpfl KNIFE KNOW-HOW
ZXejk`ccj\\dXZ_\k\jY\è^lj\[è8]i`ZXkf[Xpk_Xkn\i\ A bushcraft knife is used primarily for carving, cutting, and
dX[\+'p\XijX^f]ifdfc[CXe[ifm\ijljg\ej`fejgiè^j splitting small logs. If you need to chop large logs, use either
K_\blbi``jXj`d`cXibe`]\lj\[Ypk_\>_libXjf]E\gXc%
a machete or a saw.
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A knife doesn’t need to be longer than 20–22.5cm (8–9in).
cfe^Xe[`jlj\[gi`dXi`cp]fiZlkkè^Xe[jcXj_è^Ylk#c`b\
k_\Xo\#ZXeY\lj\[]fièki`ZXk\nfib% Don’t use a knife with a serrated edge when working with
8cnXpjn\XiXni`jkcXepXi[n_\eljè^XdXZ_\k\# wood, as the serrations make it hard to use the part of the blade
gXiXe^#fiblbi`ÆXe[gXpXkk\ek`fekfn_XkpflXi\[fè^% closest to the handle (essential for making feather sticks, etc).
Keep your knife safe when not in use. Clean and dry the
blade and return it to its sheath.
Wear your sheath on your belt or around your neck on a
BLBI@ lanyard. Belt sheaths may be high (the handle is above the
belt) or low (the handle is below the belt, which allows you
to sit down without the handle poking you in the side).
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SAFE WORKING AREA
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Chop wood in a safe area that other
pfl_Xm\#nfibfeXjfc`[jli]XZ\#Xe[Xmf`[nff[k_Xk_Xj people won’t wander into and where
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objects to impede your swing and
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STRONG BLADES
Use a full tang knife (the
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in one piece to the end of
the handle). The rivets that
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when to lie low in a hollow or camp in a cave...
how to modify your poncho to put up a shelter...
the difference between a bothy and a bivi...
how to bed down with duck down or wake up in a wickiup...
the importance of using your noggins to secure your shelter...
how to configure your fig leaves to keep out the rain...
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fe\gcXZ\]fiX]\n[Xpj`kdXpY\nfik_\og\e[è^k_\\e\i^p% TOOLS AND MATERIALS
Fe\$g\ijfe8$]iXd\jXi\i\cXk`m\cpj`dgc\kfZfejkilZkXe[Xi\ Poles of various lengths
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NEED TO KNOW gifk\Zk`fe]ifdk_\nè[
Build your shelter so that the wind blows across the front of it at Xe[k_\iXè
a slight angle, rather than into it. This maintains its effectiveness
and prevents smoke entering from the fire. If the shelter backs
on to the wind, there’s a risk the wind will blow
around it and curl into the entrance.
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(-- TAKING SHELTER
KIFG@:8CJ?<CK<IJ
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Yl`c[è^j_\ck\ijY\ZXlj\f]k_\n\Xck_f]XmX`cXYc\dXk\i`Xcj%FeZ\ TOOLS AND MATERIALS
Poncho fitted with press-studs
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Cordage
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DXb\`kXjZfd]fikXYc\XjpflZXe#Y\ZXlj\hlXc`kpjc\\g`j`dgfikXek% bamboo stalks
Spacer bars
Knife, saw, machete, or parang
DF;@=@<;GFE:?F9<; Needle
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PONCHO BED BENEFITS
A modified poncho offers a bed that’s 9L@C;@E>@EK?<ALE>C<
easy and quick to assemble, keeps J_\ck\ijèk_\iXè]fi\jke\\[kfY\
you off the forest floor, and provides hl`Zbkf\i\Zk#aljkY`^\efl^_]fipfli
a comfortable place for quality sleep. e\\[j#Xe[jX]\]ifdXe`dXcj%
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(-/ TAKING SHELTER
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TOOLS AND MATERIALS
cè\_`kZ_\j
Ile\XZ_^lpcè\kfXg\^ Long poles and ridgepole
fiki\\Xe[j\Zli\`kn`k_X Cordage and pegs
kXlkcè\_`kZ_ Knife, saw, machete,
j\\g%(+, % or parang
Modified poncho bed
Tarpaulin, groundsheet,
poncho, or shelter sheet
KIFG@:8CJ?<CK<IJ (-0
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TOOLS AND MATERIALS
@]pflZXeÔe[\efl^_YXdYffpflZXedXb\Xkpg\f]c\Xe$kf Thick wooden poles and bamboo poles
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The importance of water#\m\eèX \emìfed\ekjkfi\hlì\(+c`ki\j
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DXiè\jfg\iXkè^è[\j\ikfiale^c\ XcnXpjjki`m\kf]`ck\iXe[gli`]pXep
that birds can show you the way to water...
when to suck on a small pebble...
how to make a gypsy well and a solar still...
why a Finnish marshmallow could save your life...
how to absorb water without drinking it...
how to improvise a basic bladder...
the importance of surgical tubing...
=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K<I (/,
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If you have absolutely no means
f]ki\Xkè^fiYf`cè^nXk\i#pflj_flc[kipkf1
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We tend to take water for granted

until we don’t have any – at which point
it becomes the most important thing
in the world
(/- WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K<I
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;FPFLE<<;6 gifm`[\j
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gXik`ZlcXij`klXk`fe`j[`ZkXk\[YpXeldY\i
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\emìfed\ekpflXi\è#Xe[pfli\o\ik`fe Jbè1nXk\igcXpj
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(*Ð+gèkj f]nXk\i\XZ_[Xpaljkk_ifl^_ ]ifdY\Zfdè^[ip \mXgfiXk`fef]
Yi\Xk_è^Xe[lièXk`fe#XÔ^li\k_Xk jn\XknXk\i ]ifd
k_\jbè_\cgj
èZi\Xj\j[iXdXk`ZXccpfeZ\cfjjf]nXk\i i\^lcXk\Yf[p
k_ifl^_jn\Xk`jkXb\eèkfXZZflek%8 k\dg\iXkli\
dè`dldf]*c`ki\j,(Ð+gèkj g\i[Xp`j
i\hlì\[kfi\dXè_\Xck_pèXjlim`mXc
j`klXk`fe#n`k_k_`jXdflekèZi\Xjè^]fi
_`^_\ik\dg\iXkli\jXe[_\Xm`\infibcfX[j%
K?<@DGFIK8E:<F=N8K<I (/.
N?8K@J;<?P;I8K@FE6 KFFDL:?N8K<I6
;\_p[iXk`fefZZlijn_\epfl]X`ckfi\gcXZ\k_\nXk\ipfliYf[pcfj\j% ?pgfeXkiX\d`X`jXZfe[`k`feZXlj\[
@kËjm`kXckfi\Zfê`q\k_\jpdgkfdj\Xicp%=XZkfijk_XkZXec\X[kf n_\e\oZ\jjnXk\iXZZldlcXk\jè
[\_p[iXk`feèZcl[\_`^_Xe[cfnk\dg\iXkli\j#_ld`[`kp#nfib$iXk\# k_\Yf[pXkX_`^_\iiXk\k_Xe`kZXe
Zcfk_è^#Yf[pj`q\#Ôke\jjc\m\cj#Xe[èalip% Y\\oZi\k\[%@ki\jlckjèX[`dè`j_\[
jf[`ldZfeZ\ekiXk`feèk_\Yf[pËj
THE EFFECTS OF WATER LOSS gcXjdXXe[k_\jn\ccè^f]k_\
Yf[pËjZ\ccj%@kZXec\X[kfXjnfcc\e
1–5% LOST 6–10% LOST 11–12% LOST YiXèXe[fk_\ie\lifcf^`ZXc
gifYc\djXe[#è\oki\d\ZXj\j#
Thirst Dizziness Stiffness of joints ZfdXXe[[\Xk_%K_\nXpkfgi\m\ek
Discomfort Dry mouth Deafness _pgfeXkiX\d`X`jkfZfekifck_\
Urine becomes darker Blueness of extremities Defective vision Xdflekf]nXk\ik_Xkpfl[ièb#Xe[
Loss of appetite Slurred speech Shrivelled skin
kfi\^lcXk\pfliYf[pËjjXckèkXb\%@]
Impatience Swollen tongue Lack of feeling in skin
pfl[feËk_Xm\jXckfijf[`ldkXYc\kj
Drowsiness Blurred vision Inability to swallow
èpflijlim`mXckè#pflZXeÔck\i
Lethargy Tingling in limbs Delirium
jXcknXk\ik_ifl^_]XYi`Zkfj`]kflk
Nausea Inability to walk Unconsciousness
Difficulty in breathing Death k_\jXckZfek\ek%
Headache
I8K@FE@E>PFLIN8K<I
N8K<I$9FIE<;@J<8J<J @]pflinXk\ijlggc`\jXi\c`d`k\[#
NXk\i$Yfie\[`j\Xj\jXi\ZXlj\[Ypè^\jkè^nXk\iZfekXdèXk\[Yp pflËcc_Xm\kflj\n_XkiXk`fejpfl
k_\]X\Z\jfiliè\f]_ldXejfiXe`dXcjk_XkZfekXèjgifkfqfX#mìlj\j# _Xm\\]ÔZ`\ekcplek`cpflËi\i\jZl\[%
YXZk\i`X#fièk\jkèXcgXiXj`k\j%>cfYXccp#k_\pZXlj\('d`cc`fe[\Xk_jXp\Xi% @]pflinXk\iiXk`fejn`ccefkcXjk
k_Xkcfe^#pflËcc_Xm\kfgifZli\nXk\i
DISEASE SYMPTOMS pflij\c]%K_\i\`jdlZ_[\YXk\XYflk
k_\X[mXekX^\jXe[[`jX[mXekX^\jf]
Cryptosporidium Loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain, usually followed
PROTOZOA
by profuse, foul-smelling, watery diarrhoea, and vomiting. [ièbèêfnXk\i]fik_\Ôijk)+_flij

f]Xjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe#YlkXkk_`j\Xicp
Giardiasis Loss of appetite, lethargy, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, blood in the jkX^\`kËjY\jkkfdXb\jli\pflËi\
urine, and abdominal cramps. X[\hlXk\cp_p[iXk\[%PfligXik`ZlcXi
ZìZldjkXeZ\jn`cc[`ZkXk\n_XkËjY\jk
VIRUS
Infectious hepatitis Nausea, loss of appetite, mild fever, aching muscles, dark-coloured kf[f#YlkXcnXpjZfej`[\ik_\]fccfnè^1
(Hepatitis A) urine, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
K_\èZ`[\ekk_Xkglkpflèk_\
Amoebic dysentery Feeling of fatigue and listlessness. Faeces may be solid, but will jlim`mXcj`klXk`fedXp_Xm\Y\\e
smell foul and contain blood and mucus. Yfk_[iXdXk`ZXe[jki\jj]lc2k_`j
n`ccdXb\pflk_ìjkp%
Bacillary dysentery Fever, abdominal pain, muscle cramps, high temperature, and blood, @ek_\Ôijk)+_flijf]Xjlim`mXc
(Shigellosis) pus, and mucus in stools.
j`klXk`fe#pflËccY\X[[i\jjè^k_\
Cholera Vomiting, poor circulation, cold and clammy skin, muscle cramps, gièZ`gc\jf]jlim`mXc1gifk\Zk`fe
BACTERIUM
rapid dehydration, and increased heart-rate. j_\ck\i Xe[cfZXk`fej\\g%). %K_`j

`j_Xi[#k_ìjkpnfib%
E. coliform Diarrhoea and vomiting. Can cause death in vulnerable groups such G_pj`ZXc]XZkfijÆjlZ_Xj
as the very young or the elderly.
j\Xj`Zbe\jj#èalip#fik_\\emìfed\ek
Jaundiced appearance, lethargy, high temperature, aching muscles,
pflËi\è#jlZ_XjX[\j\ikÆdXp
Leptospirosis
and vomiting. Can be fatal if not diagnosed early. [`ZkXk\k_XknXk\i$iXk`feè^`jefkX
m`XYc\fgk`fe%
Salmonella Nausea, diarrhoea, headaches, stomach cramps, fever, possible @]pflfecp_Xm\Xc`d`k\[nXk\i
blood in the faeces, and vomiting. jlggcp#Ylk[ièbefk_è^]fik_\
Ôijk)+_flij#pfldXp\e[lg
Bilharzia Irritation to the urinary tract and blood in urine, rash or itchy skin,
PARASITES
abdominal pain, cough, diarrhoea, fever, and fatigue. Y\è^jf[\_p[iXk\[k_Xkn_Xk

c`kkc\nXk\ipfl_Xm\èpfli
Hookworms Anaemia and lethargy. Larvae travel to lungs and are coughed up gfjj\jj`fen`cc_Xm\efgfj`k`m\
and swallowed into the stomach, where they grow into worms. \]]\Zkfepfli[\_p[iXk\[jkXk\%
(// WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8KN8K<I1
K<DG<I8K<:C@D8K<J
K?<89@C@KPKFCF:8K<[ièbè^nXk\iZXeZ_Xcc\e^\
\m\ek_\dfjk\og\i`\eZ\[jlim`mfiXe[k_\Z_Xcc\e^\jZXe WARNING!
mXip[iXdXk`ZXccpXZZfi[è^kfk_\\emìfed\ekXe[k_\cfZXc In a survival situation, even if you
think your chances of rescue are high
Zfe[`k`fej%@k`j#k_\i\]fi\#\oki\d\cp`dgfikXekk_XkpflËi\XnXi\ and that help is imminent, you should
f]Xcck_\gfk\ek`XcjfliZ\jf]nXk\i]fik_\\emìfed\ekpflËi\è% start to look for water sources as
soon as you have addressed the
immediate problems of protection
:FCC<:K@E>N8K<I and shelter (see pp. 154–81).
PflZXeÔe[nXk\ièXiXe^\f]jfliZ\j#n_`Z_mXipèk\idj Remember that you can survive
f]hlXc`kpXe[XZZ\jj`Y`c`kp%Pfligi`fi`kp`jkfcfZXk\k_\Y\jkXe[ for up to three weeks without food;
dfjkXZZ\jj`Yc\jfliZ\f]nXk\ièpfli`dd\[`Xk\\emìfed\ek% without water, you won’t be able
to survive for more than a few days.
:8K:?@E>I8@EN8K<I
:fcc\ZkèîXèXj`k]Xccj`jk_\jX]\jk TOOLS AND MATERIALS
nXpkfgifZli\[ièbè^nXk\i%@kn`cc Tarpaulin
e\\[efki\Xkd\ekgi`fikf[ièbè^#Xj Four sticks
cfe^Xjk_\ZXkZ_d\ek[\m`Z\`kj\c]_Xj String
efkY\\eZfekXdèXk\[%8epeldY\i Heavy stone
f]efe$gfifljdXk\i`XcjÆjlZ_Xj Container
kXigXlcèj#gfeZ_fj#Õpj_\\kj#jlim`mXc
YcXeb\kj#fi\m\ecXi^\c\Xm\jÆZXeY\
lj\[XjXiXè$ZXkZ_d\ek[\m`Z\%9\Xi
èdè[k_Xkk_\cXi^\ik_\jli]XZ\Xi\X Lj\jk`ZbjXj :fcc\ZkiXènXk\i
`dgifm`j\[jkXb\j èXkXigXlcè
f]k_\dXk\i`Xc#k_\dfi\iXènXk\i Xj`k]Xccj
pflËccY\XYc\kfZXkZ_%
J\c\ZkXgcXZ\XjZcfj\kfpfli
ZXdgXjgfjj`Yc\n_\i\pfli
ZXkZ_d\ek[\m`Z\n`ccY\\ogfj\[
kfk_\dfjkgfjj`Yc\iXè%
=ìdcpj\Zli\k_\kXigXlcè
kf]flijkXb\jjk`Zbjf]\hlXc
c\e^k_Zflc[Y\lj\[ ljè^jkiè^%
DXb\jli\k_Xkfe\\e[`j_`^_\i
k_Xek_\fk_\ikfgifm`[\XeXkliXc
ile$f]]]fik_\nXk\i%
GcXZ\X_\Xmpjkfe\è
k_\d`[[c\f]k_\kXigXlcè#
ifl^_cpknf$k_ì[jf]k_\nXp
kfnXi[jk_\cfn\i\e[#kfZi\Xk\
GcXZ\Xjkfe\èk_\d`[[c\f]
XZ_Xee\cèkfn_`Z_k_\iXèn`cc k_\kXigXlcèknf$k_ì[jf]
ile[fne]ifdk_\kXigXlcèËjj`[\j% k_\nXpkfnXi[jk_\cfn\i
\e[kfZi\Xk\XeXkliXc
GcXZ\XZfekXè\i#jlZ_XjX ile$f]]gfèk]fik_\nXk\i
d\jjkè#Y\e\Xk_k_\\e[f]
:XkZ_k_\iXènXk\ièX
k_\Z_Xee\ckfZfcc\Zkk_\nXk\iXj ZfekXè\iXj`kÕfnj
`kjkXikjkfÕfnf]]k_\kXigXlcè% ]ifdk_\kXigXlcè
=@E;@E>N8K<I1K<DG<I8K<:C@D8K<J (/0
CF:8K@E>FK?<IE8KLI8CN8K<IJFLI:<J
@]iXènXk\i`jefkXmX`cXYc\#k_\i\dXpY\fk_\ieXkliXcjfliZ\jf]nXk\i#
]ifd\Xj`cpm`j`Yc\jki\XdjXe[i`m\ij#kfYfi\jXe[_fc\j#n_`Z_ZXeY\_`[[\e% CF:8K@E>?@;;<E
N_Xk\m\ipflijfliZ\#pflj_flc[XcnXpjki\Xkk_\nXk\iY\]fi\[ièbè^% N8K<IJFLI:<J
K_\gi\j\eZ\f]nXk\i`jljlXccp
SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS è[`ZXk\[Ypj`êjf]c`]\#jlZ_Xj
î\\em\^\kXk`fe#Xe`dXckiXZbj#
These occur when the water is forced to the surface as a result of subterranean
fi_ldXe_XY`kXk`fe%<m\e`]k_\
pressures or from gravitational flow from higher sources. Found in low-lying
SPRINGS areas, springs normally provide a permanent water source. Contrasting green k\iiXèpflËi\èXgg\Xijc`]\c\jj#
vegetation is an indicator of their presence. k_\i\dXpY\gc\ekpf]è[`ZXkfij
f]Xgfjj`Yc\nXk\ijfliZ\%
Rivers and streams are an invaluable source of water, but there are still a few LJ<K?<K<II8@E
things you need to bear in mind when collecting water from them. The closer
FYj\im\k_\cXe[jZXg\]figXkZ_\j
to the mountain top the river or stream is, the clearer the fast-running water
will be. The further downstream the water travels, the more likely it is to pick f]î\\e%9\XnXi\k_Xkm\^\kXk`fe
STREAMS dXpefke\\[fYm`fljjli]XZ\nXk\i
up minerals, debris, and pollutants that might be harmful to you. If possible,
AND either check upstream for dead animals that may have contaminated the water, ]fijlim`mXcXe[dXp^\k`kjnXk\i
RIVERS or follow the water downstream. Always try to collect the fast-flowing water ]ifd[\\giffkjk_XkkXgèkf
near to the surface. In arid areas, rivers and streams tend only to flow during df`jkli\Y\cfnk_\jli]XZ\%
floods and will contain more pollutants and debris. NXk\i`jjlYa\ZkkfîXm`kpXe[`j
dfi\c`b\cpkfY\]fle[[fne_`ccfiè
cfn$cpè^Xi\Xj#jlZ_XjmXcc\pj#[ip
Usually found in high ground, rock holes are natural collectors of rainwater. If
ROCK HOLES the water appears to be trapped deep down, you can use your surgical tubing i`m\iY\[j#eXiifnZXepfej#^lcc`\j#Xe[
to retrieve it. Make sure you filter and purify the water before you drink it. Xkk_\YXj\f]Zc`]]jfiifZb]fidXk`fej%
>i\\em\^\kXk`fe]fidje\okkfXi`m\i
Xe[[\Zi\Xj\jXjk_\îfle[i`j\j
WELLS In some areas, you may find wells or old bore holes. Wells, which may be XnXp]ifdk_\nXk\ijfliZ\%
featured on local maps, can be deep and covered, making water procurement NXk\in`ccf]k\ej\\gècXe[fe
AND more difficult. In remote areas, wells are covered and marked in certain ways
BORES ZfXjkcè\j#c\Xmè^Y\_è[n\kcXe[j
by the locals – find out what the markers are for your area.
k_XkZfekXènXk\in`k_kfc\iXYc\
c\m\cjf]jXckfik_XkZXeY\[`jk`cc\[
Rivers, streams, and water run-offs all flow into lakes or ponds. If you’re èXjfcXijk`ccj\\g%(/0 kfgifZli\
LAKES collecting water from these sources, always try to collect it as it runs into ]i\j_nXk\i%
AND the body of water, as lakes and ponds are more static than flowing water and
PONDS can, therefore, become increasingly stagnant. Try to find the cleanest-looking N8K:?K?<8E@D8CJ
area and avoid areas where debris has collected or where algae has formed. K_\9\[flèc`jk\ekfk_\kn`kk\iè^
Note that the presence of fish indicates that the water is still oxygenated.
f]Yì[jXk[XneXe[[ljbXe[]fccfn
k_\ìÕ`^_kgXk_kf[`jZfm\in_\i\
Usually located at the base of cliffs, high ground, or rocky outcrops, seepage k_\p[ièb%
SEEPAGE
is caused by slow-running channels that drain off these features. =cfZbjf]Yì[jZìZcè^fm\ife\jgfk
Xi\ljlXccpÕpè^fm\iXnXk\ijfliZ\%
Soaks are found close to rivers and creeks in low-lying areas, and are normally K_`j[f\jefkXggcpkfd\Xk$\Xkè^
lower than the existing water table. The presence of soaks is often indicated Yì[j#jlZ_Xjmlckli\j#\X^c\j#fi
SOAKS
by vegetation and they may be subject to pollution as a result of their use by _Xnbj#n_f^\kk_\ìÕl`[i\hlì\d\ekj
animals. Make sure you filter and purify the water before you drink it. ]ifdk_\d\Xkk_\p\Xk%
8ccÔeZ_\jXe[îXè$\Xk\ije\\[X
i\^lcXijlggcpf]nXk\i%FYj\im\k_\ì
8MF@;@E>GFK<EK@8C;8E><IJ
Õ`^_kgXkk\iejkfcfZXk\XnXk\ijfliZ\%
DfjknXk\ijfliZ\jXi\c`b\cpkfY\lj\[YpXe`dXcj]fi[ièbè^#YXk_è^#lièXkè^# 9\\je\\[nXk\i#jfY\\_`m\jXi\
Xe[[\]\ZXkè^#jfXcnXpjÔck\iXe[gli`]pXepnXk\iZfcc\Zk\[Y\]fi\lj\j\\
e\m\i]Xi]ifdXnXk\ijfliZ\%
gg%)''Æ'( 2k_\fecp\oZ\gk`fekfk_`jilc\`j`]pfl_Xm\Zfcc\Zk\[iXènXk\i% 8e`dXckiXZbj#\jg\Z`Xccpk_fj\
N_\eZfcc\Zkè^nXk\i#pflj_flc[XcjfY\XnXi\f]k_\]fccfnè^[Xe^\ij%
f]_\i[Xe`dXcj#n`ccf]k\ec\X[kf
@k`jgfjj`Yc\k_XkpflËcc\eZflek\i[Xe^\ifljXe`dXcj\`k_\iljè^k_\nXk\i
XnXk\ijfliZ\%Cffb]fiZfem\i^è^
jfliZ\#fifek_\nXpkffi]ifdk_\nXk\ijfliZ\%
j\kjf]kiXZbj%
8cdfjkXccdXafinXk\ijfliZ\jn`cc_Xm\XiXebè^jpjk\dkf[\k\idè\n_`Z_
=c`\jjkXpZcfj\kfnXk\iXe[k_\
Xe`dXcjZXelj\`k%@]Xccf]k_\jdXcc^Xq\cc\jjl[[\ecp[`jXgg\Xi#Xjbpflij\c]n_p%
gi\j\eZ\f]dfjhl`kf\jXcdfjk
@]pflËi\Zfcc\Zkè^nXk\i]ifdi`m\ij#Y\XnXi\f]k_\gfk\ek`Xc[Xe^\ijf]
Z\ikXècpd\Xejk_XknXk\i`je\XiYp%
i`m\in`c[c`]\#jlZ_XjZifZf[`c\jXe[jeXb\j% Cffbflk]fi_\i[Xe`dXcj#jlZ_Xj
@]ljè^[ipi`m\iY\[j[liè^k_\iXèpj\Xjfe#Y\XnXi\k_XkÕXj_Õff[jZXe
Yl]]Xcf#_`ggfj#\c\g_Xekj#`dgXcX#Xe[
dfm\hl`Zb\ik_XepflZXeile%
n`c[\Y\\jk#Xjk_\p[\g\e[fenXk\i%
(0' WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8KN8K<I
<m\e`]pflÔe[pflij\c]èXe\emìfed\ekn`k_flkXepfYm`flj
DELAYING DEHYDRATION
nXk\ijfliZ\j#`k[f\jeËke\Z\jjXi`cpd\Xek_XknXk\in`ccefk
When water is scarce, the following points
Y\XmX`cXYc\kfpfl%K_\i\Xi\XeldY\if]nXk\i$gifZli\d\ek will help you delay the onset of dehydration:
k\Z_e`hl\jk_XkdXpd\Xek_\[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\epfldXbè^ Conserve what water you have and use
`kk_ifl^_Xjlim`mXcj`klXk`fefiefk% it as efficiently as possible.
Work only in the coolest part
JFLI:@E>N8K<I=IFD;<N of the day and avoid sweating.
;\n`jnXk\ièk_\]fidf][ifgc\kjk_Xk]fidfe\ogfj\[jli]XZ\jè If the sun is shining, seek shade and
k_\\Xicpdfieè^ficXk\\m\eè^Xe[ZXegifm`[\XeèmXclXYc\jlggcp keep covered.
f]]i\j_nXk\i%@kfZZlijn_\ek_\k\dg\iXkli\f]Xjli]XZ\`jcfn Suck a small, smooth button
\efl^_kfXccfnk_\df`jkli\èk_\nXid\iXìXYfm\`kkfZfe[\ej\% or pebble to help stimulate saliva and
;\nZXe\Xj`cpY\Zfcc\Zk\[]ifdXepefe$gfifljjli]XZ\ÆjlZ_Xj remove the sensation of thirst.
XZXiiff]fiXkXigXlcèÆn`k_Xg`\Z\f]Zcfk_k_XkZXek_\eY\ Avoid eating protein-rich food
nile^flkèkfXZfekXè\i%PflZXeXcjf_Xim\jkfikiXg[\n% as it requires more water to digest than
?8IM<JK@E>;<N those in other food groups.
PflZXe_Xim\jk[\nYpnXcbè^k_ifl^_XÔ\c[f]cfe^îXjjY\]fi\jlei`j\
ficXk\èk_\\m\eè^n`k_Xg`\Z\f]XYjfiY\ekdXk\i`XcÆjlZ_XjiX^jfiX
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8jfcXijk`ccnfibjljè^k_\jXd\gièZ`gc\XjXm\^\kXk`feYX^ TOOLS AND MATERIALS
j\\fggfj`k\ %@kZfcc\ZkjgfkXYc\nXk\i]ifdk_\mXgflik_Xk`jgif[lZ\[ Spade or shovel
Ypm\^\kXk`fe#nXk\ik_Xk`jleÔkkf[ièb#fidf`jkli\]ifdk_\îfle[% Two containers
Vegetation and/or undrinkable water
@[\XccpÔe[#fi[`^#X_fc\èk_\îfle[Xkc\Xjk'%-d)]k n`[\Xe[
Piece of fabric or clothing
'%-d)]k [\\g%GcXZ\Xe\dgkpZfekXè\ièk_\Z\eki\f]k_\_fc\%
Plastic sheet, tarpaulin, or space blanket
=`cck_\_fc\n`k_m\^\kXk`fe#Xi\Z\gkXZc\ZfekXèè^le[ièbXYc\nXk\i#
Stones
jlZ_XjjXcknXk\ifiliè\#fi]XYi`ZjfXb\[èle[ièbXYc\nXk\i%
Surgical tubing
:fm\ik_\_fc\n`k_XgcXjk`Zj_\\k#Xe[j\Zli\ Jli^`ZXc
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8^ff[d\k_f[f]ljè^k_\îfle[kfZi\Xk\Zc\Xe\inXk\i]ifd SURGICAL TUBING
jkXêXeknXk\ijfliZ\j#X^pgjpn\ccZXeXcjfY\lj\[kfZfcc\ZknXk\i Always pack a length of surgical
]ifdjXkliXk\[îfle[%K_\nXk\iZfcc\Zk\[k_ifl^_k_`jd\k_f[n`cc tubing in your survival kit. It
jk`cce\\[kfY\ki\Xk\[Y\]fi\`k`jjX]\kf[ièbj\\g%)'( % ;ipjf`c JXkliXk\[ doesn’t take up much space and
jf`c
JkXêXek
is an extremely versatile piece
nXk\ijfliZ\ of equipment:
It can be used as an
improvised straw to reach
water trapped in rocks,
NXk\iY\Zfd\j
Zc\Xi\iè hollows, and trees.
j\Zfe[Ôccè^ It allows you to access water
procured from a solar still
without taking the still apart.
;`^X_fc\X]\n]\\kXnXp]ifdX 9X`cflkk_\dl[[pnXk\iXe[Xccfn It can be built into
jkXêXeknXk\ijfliZ\%@kj_flc[ k_\_fc\kfi\ÔccÆpfldXp_Xm\kf transpiration and vegetation
Y\n`[\\efl^_]fipflkfY\XYc\kf[`g i\g\Xkk_`jgifZ\jjj\m\iXck`d\j%FeZ\k_\ bags so that you can remove
èkf`kn`k_XZfekXè\iXe[Xkc\Xjk*'Zd nXk\i`jZc\Xi#`kZXeY\Zfcc\Zk\[#ki\Xk\[# water without having to open
()è Y\cfnk_\ÔijkcXp\if]jXkliXk\[ Xe[lj\[%:fm\ik_\n\ccn_\eefkèlj\ the bag.
jf`c%K_\_fc\n`cchl`ZbcpÔccn`k_nXk\i% kfgi\m\ek[\Yi`jfijdXccXe`dXcj]Xccè^è%
(0) WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8KN8K<I1
?FK:C@D8K<J WARNING!
Water sources are plentiful in jungle
and rainforest environments and, under
PFLIE<<;=FIN8K<IèZi\Xj\jè_fkZc`dXk\jXjpfli normal circumstances, you should have
no problem getting hold of enough
Yf[pjkXikjkflj\dfi\f]`kjnXk\ijlggcpkfi\^lcXk\`kj water to satisfy your needs. However,
k\dg\iXkli\k_ifl^_g\ijgìXk`fe%@]pfl]X`ckf[ièbdfi\ rivers and streams may not be available
k_Xepflg\ijgì\#pfln`ccjkXikkf[\_p[iXk\Xe[\m\e during certain seasons, or if you have
climbed too high, so knowledge of other
XggifXZ_è^k_\ÔijkjkX^\jf][\_p[iXk`feZXeX]]\Zkpfli water procurement methods could be
Z_XeZ\jf]jlim`mXc%?fkZc`dXk\jZXeY\[`m`[\[èkfknf crucial to your survival.
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THINK LATERALLY
8epfe\m\ekliè^èkfk_`j\emìfed\ekj_flc[_Xm\jl]ÔZ`\eknXk\i]fi
The chances are that if you’re having
k_\ìe\\[j#gcljXe\d\i^\eZpjlggcpaljkèZXj\#fk_\in`j\k_\p_Xm\ to procure water in the desert you’ll
efi`^_kkf\ek\ik_\[\j\ik%>i\\em\^\kXk`feljlXccpj`ê`Ô\jnXk\ifi already be in a desperate situation.
df`jkli\èjfd\]fid#Xe[dXepk\Z_e`hl\jf]gifZliè^nXk\iè Bear in mind that, in addition to the
k\dg\iXk\Zc`dXk\jj\\gg%(//Æ0( dXpnfibèjfd\[\j\ikZfe[`k`fej% methods mentioned above, if you have
knowledge of the techniques outlined
JFLI:<JF=<D<E:P=CL@; in the temperate environment section
(see pp. 190–91) – such as solar
@]k_\i\`jefjli]XZ\nXk\ikfY\]fle[#Xe[pfl_Xm\effk_\id\Xejf] stills, dew traps, and vegetation and
gifZliè^nXk\i#XnXk\i$p`\c[è^gcXekdXpY\pflifecpfgk`fe%@ejfd\ transpiration bags – it could be enough
gcXekj#k_\Zc\XijXg#]il`k#fikiXgg\[iXènXk\i#dXphl\eZ_pfli`dd\[`Xk\ to keep you alive in the desert.
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nXk\ièZfc[Zc`dXk\jXjpflnflc[èk\dg\iXk\fe\jj\\ mouth, as it can cause freezing injuries
to your mouth and lips. What’s more,
gg%(/-Æ0( #Xck_fl^_k_\XY`c`kpkfgifZli\nXk\iY\Zfd\j your body will expend heat as it melts
XdXafigifYc\dè]i\\qè^k\dg\iXkli\j%K_\Zfc[$n\Xk_\i the ice, and this could cause you to cross
that very fine survival line between being
jlim`mfi]XZ\jX[`c\ddX1_\fij_\`jjliifle[\[YpnXk\i# cold and being hypothermic.
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X[[è^k_\jefnc`kkc\Ypc`kkc\%;feËkgXZbk_\jefnkff (-40°F), water in a bottle will remain largely unfrozen if placed
k`^_kcp2`]XeXìgfZb\k]fidj#k_\_\Xk]ifdk_\Ôi\n`cc under at least 0.3m (1ft) of snow. Make sure you store the bottles
Y\XYjfiY\[Ypk_\d\kXcZfekXè\iiXk_\ik_XeYpk_\ upside down. That way, if some of the water does freeze, it will
jefnXe[Zflc[i\jlckèk_\Ôi\Ylieè^X_fc\k_ifl^_ freeze at the bottom of the bottle and not at the top.
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8jcfe^Xjpfl_Xm\pfliÔijk$fij\Zfe[$cè\jlim`mXc\hl`gd\ek When Inuit hunters
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(0/ WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K8E;
JKFI@E>N8K<I WARNING!
Mark your containers clearly.
Late at night in camp it’s
PFLN@CCE<<;KFdXb\dXep[\Z`j`fejèXep easy to confuse bottles that
jlim`mXcj`klXk`fe#jfd\f]n_`Z_Zflc[d\Xek_\ contain treated water with
ones that contain untreated
[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\ec`]\Xe[[\Xk_%Fe\f]k_\j\ water or camping fuel.
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m`XXfe\$nXp j\î\^Xk\`k\djèpfli XcjfY\lj\[kfb\\g
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@eXe\d\i^\eZp#k_\i\ËjXjkife^Z_XeZ\k_XkpflnfeËk_Xm\k_\clolip
f]_Xmè^nXk\iYfkkc\jfijkfiX^\jpjk\djXkpfli[`jgfjXc%?fn\m\i#
n`k_clZbÆXe[Xc`kkc\è^\el`kpÆpflj_flc[Y\XYc\kfÔe[jfd\k_è^ EMERGENCY WATER
k_XkXccfnjpflkfjkfi\Xe[ZXiip\efl^_nXk\ikfjXk`j]ppflie\\[j% Sachets of emergency water can be bought
and stored for emergency use. They usually
;@J:8I;<;D8K<I@8CJ ?\Xmp$[lkp
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come in a packet that contains five 50ml
9\ZXlj\k_\pXi\[\j`ê\[kf 8cnXpjY\fek_\cffbflk]fi Y\lj\[kfZXiip (17⁄10fl oz) sachets of water, each being little
b\\gnXk\iflk#k_\pZXeXcjf Xepk_è^k_XkZXe_fc[nXk\i# nXk\i more than a mouthful. These should always
Y\lj\[kfb\\gnXk\iè%Dfjk ]ifd\dgkpgcXjk`ZYX^jXe[Yfkkc\j# only be used as a last resort. Always try to
jlim`mXcjl`kjXi\gXZb\[n`k_X kfcXi^\è[ljki`Xc$kpg\ZfekXè\ij% procure water by other means before turning
cXp\if]Z_Xcbkfgi\m\ekk_\ :c\XeXe[jk\i`c`q\]fle[ to your emergency water supply.
dXk\i`Xc]ifdjk`Zbè^kf^\k_\i# `k\djY\]fi\lj\%
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_fc[nXk\i%AXZb\kjc\\m\jXe[ ZXe_fc[nXk\i%>fli[jdX[\]ifd gifm`[\XeXkliXcZlg`]
kiflj\ic\^jZXeY\befkk\[kf cXi^\]il`kj#jlZ_XjjhlXj_\j# pflZlk)%,Zd(è Y\cfn
]fidXYXj`ZYcX[[\i2>fi\$K\o gldgbèj#Xe[d\cfej#ZXe_fc[ fe\afèkXe[k_\e)%,Zd
jfZbjn`cc_fc[nXk\i2Xe[ XZfej`[\iXYc\Xdflekf]nXk\i% (è Y\cfnk_\e\okafèk%
jfd\nXk\igiff]YXZbgXZbj KXb\ZXi\kfjdffk_k_\
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ZXeY\lj\[]finXk\ijkfiX^\% k_`Zbe\jjf]-'dd(Ð+ è \[^\jX]k\iZlkkè^%
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ÆY\ZXlj\f]èalipfi[`jkXeZ\ÆkfkiXm\cYXZbXe[]fik_
]finXk\i\m\ipk`d\pfle\\[`k%@]pfl_Xm\jfd\
YXj`ZdXk\i`Xcj#dXbè^Xdè`$i\j\imfì
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Jdffk_k_\\[^\jf]k_\g`k J\Zli\k_\jlim`mXc C\Xm\k_\gfe[leZfm\i\[n_\e`kiXèj#Ylk

YcXeb\kègcXZ\ Zfm\i`kXkfk_\ik`d\jkfi\[lZ\\mXgfiXk`fe
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ileèkfk_\gfe[n_\e`kiXèj%
WATER HYGIENE
Water stored in a mini-reservoir for
any period of time will need to be
filtered and purified before it’s safe
to drink (see pp. 200–01).
)'' WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8KN8K<I
N@K?K?<<O:<GK@FEf]iXènXk\i#Xccfk_\inXk\i
MILLBANK BAG
gifZli\[èXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fej_flc[Y\ki\Xk\[Y\]fi\`k
Used extensively by military forces
`jjX]\kf[ièbkfi\dfm\fi[\jkifp_Xid]lcgXk_f^\ejXe[ around the world, the Millbank bag
d`Ziffi^Xe`jdjk_XkZflc[c\X[kf^Xjkifèk\jkèXc`cce\jj% is an effective water filter that packs
down small and can be used many
times to produce large quantities of
=@CK<I@E>N8K<I filtered water. Set up the bag as soon
@]pfl[feËk_Xm\X[\m`Z\k_XkÔck\ijXe[[`jè]\Zkjk_\nXk\i#pfln`cc as you arrive in camp, because the
process is quite slow: the Millbank bag
_Xm\kfXZZfdgc`j_k_\jXd\kXjbèknfjkX^\j%9\]fi\gli`]pè^k_\
will filter 1 litre (13⁄4 pints) of water in
nXk\i#pfln`cc_Xm\kfÔck\i`kkfi\dfm\Xep[\Yi`j%PflZflc[lj\k_\ five minutes. Note that water filtered
gfglcXiD`ccYXebYX^j\\fggfj`k\ #Ylk`kdXpY\e\Z\jjXip]fipfl in this way will still need to be purified.
kfZfejkilZkpflifne`dgifm`j\[Ôck\i%
9L@C;@E>8KI@GF;=@CK89FKKC<=@CK<I
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8ccpfle\\[Xi\k_i\\jk`Zbjkf]fidXki`gf[#Xe[jfd\ Efk\k_XkXjfZblj\[èk_\jXd\dXee\i`jjk`cc\]]\Zk`m\%
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Ljè^XepdXk\i`Xcjpfl_Xm\#]fidcXp\ij#jkXikè^ ZfXij\kfÔe\XjpflnfibpflinXp[fnek_\ZfekXè\i%
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<d\i^è^Ôck\i\[nXk\ie\\[j
kfY\gli`Ô\[Y\]fi\[ièbè^
TREATING WATER 201
GRAVITY/PRESSURE FILTERS
DISINFECTING WATER These devices are incorporated within The filter
If you drink untreated water, you run the risk of drinking bottles. The water is either system is
becoming infected with a water-borne disease allowed to flow naturally through the housed inside
system via gravity, or is squeezed a water bottle
(see p. 187), so it’s vital that you treat any water first.
through by the operator. All bottles Water passes
If you have the ability to start a fire, the most effective of this type usually employ: a filter to through a
way of making water safe to drink is by boiling it. remove sediment and organic filter which
However, if you are unable to make a fire, there are contaminants; a micron filter to remove removes
debris and
several devices available that are capable of filtering protozoa; and a chemical that kills water-borne
and purifying water to make it safe for drinking. water-borne bacteria and viruses. diseases
MINI PORTABLE SURVIVAL STRAWS The filter end

Pump handle of the straw
WATER PURIFIERS draws water Compact emergency water purifiers, can be placed
These are specially designed units through the pump survival straws contain a filter system into any
that filter the water and then purify and employ either carbon or iodine resin accessible
it, by pumping the contaminated systems to eliminate water-borne non-saline
Drinkable water water source
water through either micro-filters, diseases and harmful chemicals. You
will flow from the
chemicals, or a combination of both. need to get the water to a point where
output tube
Sizes vary from small emergency you can reach it with your straw. If you
pumps capable of purifying up to want to draw a supply of water to carry
50 litres (13 gallons) of water, with you, you’ll have to draw the water
Water is
to larger units that can filter Filter input tube is into your mouth and decant it into a
sucked through
huge quantities of water. lowered into water container – a laborious process. the straw
that requires
treatment
OTHER METHODS “BIG BUBBLES, NO TROUBLES”

If you can’t boil water, or if you don’t have a water- Micro-organisms and virtually all intestinal pathogens are
purification device, you’ll have to rely on non-mechanical killed at temperatures well below boiling point. The process
techniques. The concentration and contact time of bringing water to the boil is sufficient to disinfect it –
required for some of these methods is dictated by the continuing to boil it just wastes fuel, time, and water.
quality and temperature of the water being treated.
METHOD DESCRIPTION
Iodine (Liquid and Tablets) Iodine – which destroys bacteria, viruses, and cysts – can be used to disinfect water effectively and conveniently. Its
action is dependent on its concentration, the water temperature, and duration of contact – a concentration of 8 mgs
per litre at 20°C (68°F) will destroy all pathogens if left for ten minutes.
Chlorine tablets Chlorine-based tablets will destroy most bacteria, but are less effective for viruses and cysts. They are more
effective when used in combination with phosphoric acid and will destroy both Giardiasis and Cryptosporidium.
Potassium Permanganate Potassium permanganate can be bought from most chemists. Mix a few granules with your water until it
turns light pink. Leave for at least 30 minutes before drinking.
Bleach Adding unscented household bleach is the cheapest way of adding chlorine to water (it contains 5 per cent sodium
hypochlorite). Be careful to add just one drop of bleach per litre of water – two if the water is cloudy – and leave for
at least 30 minutes before drinking. This method is not always effective against Giardiasis and Cryptosporidium.
Ultraviolet (UV) Light When many harmful micro-organisms are exposed to UV light, the process of light absorption disrupts the cell’s
DNA, rendering the organism harmless. The quality of the water will affect the amount of exposure to UV light
required: the cloudier the water the harder it will be for UV to penetrate.
UV Passive Fill plastic bottles with water, replace the lids, and place them in direct sunlight, preferably on a dark surface.
The sun’s rays will kill the bacteria that cause common water-borne diseases.
UV Active (Steripen) A small UV purifier that is placed in pre-filtered water and activated for a short time. Some models can purify up to
1 litre (13⁄4 pints) of water in as little as 48 seconds.
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how to cook with hot rocks...
how to make a fishing reel from a drink can...
why a snare must have a perfect end...
how to lasso a lizard and snare a squirrel...
that there’s more than one way to skin a rabbit...
which grubs taste like scrambled eggs...
how to catch a bird in a bush...
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(if the reaction is external).
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reaction comes after eating the plant)
by drinking salt water or by pushing
a finger into the back of your throat.
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GcXZ\k_\g`\Z\f]
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MAKING A FISHING REEL
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You can make a reel with an empty drink can.
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the can towards where you want the hook to
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Gill nets and traps are illegal fishing
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WARNING!
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When handling fish be careful not to
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e\jk%K_\p_Xm\Xjkè^è^Y`k\Xe[jfd\jg\Z`\jn`ccXcjfjhlìk]fid`ZXZ`[Xk Ant larvae are best fried – they taste
k_\ìXkkXZb\i%?fn\m\i#k_\pdXb\Xelki`k`fljd\Xc`]^Xk_\i\[n`k_ZXi\%@e like shrimp. Adult ants also make a
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WARNING!
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Rabbits, hares, and rodents may
c\Xm\k_\ZXiZXjjkfZffcY\]fi\gi\gXiè^`k]fiZffbè^%@eX_fk be infected with a bacteria called
Zc`dXk\#gcXZ\k_\Yf[pèk_\j_X[\%?fn\m\i#[feËkc\k`k^\kkff tularemia, which can be fatal to
humans. Do not touch these animals
Zfc[#Xjjbè`jdfi\\Xj`cpi\dfm\[n_\eXYf[p`jnXid% with your bare hands if you have a
scratch on your skin. If you have no
gloves, cover your hands in soap
I899@K$J@Q<;D8DD8CJ lather before handling the animal,
K_\d\k_f[j_fne_\i\Xggc`\jkfXcc]lii\[dXddXcjXggifo`dXk\cp and wash your hands when you
k_\jXd\j`q\XjXiXYY`k%9\]fi\^lkkè^k_\Xe`dXc#i\dfm\Xepliè\ have finished. The germ is destroyed
Yp_fc[è^k_\Yf[pYpk_\]fi\c\^jXe[gifî\jj`m\cpjhl\\qè^[fne by heat, so cook the meat well.
Myxamatosis, a viral disease that
]ifdk_\Z_\jkkfnXi[jk_\Yfn\cj#dXbè^jli\k_Xkpfl[ì\Zkk_\ affects rabbits’ mucous glands, is
jgiXpXnXp]ifdpflifneYf[p%PflËcce\\[kfi\dfm\XepjZ\ek not harmful to humans.
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Rabbits make an easy meal, but their flesh Ôe^\i]ifd\XZ__Xe[èkf
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vitamins and minerals to digest the meat. Gi`j\fg\ek_\Y\ccp
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Eating more rabbit makes the condition NXj_pfli_Xe[jY\]fi\
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starvation. You must supplement your
diet with some vegetation and fatty food.
GI<G8I@E>JD8CCD8DD8CJ ))(
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WARNING!
\Xk\en`c[Yì[j#YlkXccYì[jXi\\[`Yc\`]gi\gXi\[Zfii\Zkcp%
Handle scavengers and carrion
Jbèeè^XYì[`jk_\hl`Zb\jknXpkf^\kXkk_\d\Xk#Ylk eaters, such as crows, buzzards,
k_`ji\dfm\jk_\elki`k`feXcmXcl\f]k_\jbè#jfXcnXpj and vultures, as little as possible,
because they are more likely to
gclZbXYì[`]pfl_Xm\k_\k`d\kf[fjf% be infested with lice and ticks,
and are prone to infection.
The meat of such birds must
><KK@E>JK8IK<; be boiled for at least 30 minutes
@]k_\Yì[_XjeËkXci\X[pY\\eb`cc\[Ypk_\d\k_f[f]ZXgkli\pflËcc to kill any infectious organisms.
e\\[kf[`jgXkZ_`kÆ]fi\oXdgc\#Ypjki\kZ_è^`kje\ZbXe[Zlkkè^ This will also tenderize the meat.
Always wash your hands after
`kjk_ifXk]fik_\Y\jknXpkfb`cc^Xd\Yì[j#j\\Y\cfn %N_`Z_\m\i
handling any bird.
d\k_f[pfllj\kfb`cck_\Yì[#pfldljkYc\\[`kY\]fi\gclZbè^#
YlkdXb\jli\pfl[fgclZb`kn_`c\k_\Yf[p`jjk`ccnXid%
GCL:B@E>89@I;
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B@CC@E>>8D<9@I;J nXk\i]fiXZflgc\f]dèlk\jljlXccp_\cgjkfcffj\ek_\]\Xk_\ij2k_\
Kfhl`ZbcpXe[_ldXe\cp[`jgXkZ_ \oZ\gk`fejXi\nXk\i]fncXe[j\XYì[jÆk_\ì]\Xk_\ijn`cck`^_k\e
X^Xd\Yì[#jlZ_XjXg_\XjXek# èjk\X[%9\ZXi\]lcefkkffm\ijZXc[k_\Yì[fik_\jbèn`ccjkXikkfZffb%
]fc[`kjnè^jèkfk_\Yf[pXe[
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f]pflY\è^èali\[Yp`kjZcXnjfi ]\n]\Xk_\ij
Y\Xb %Jk`cc_fc[è^k_\Yì[Ôidcp# XkXk`d\
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i\dfmè^k_\
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gcXZ\pfli]\\kfek_\jk`Zb\`k_\i
j`[\f]k_\_\X[#Xe[glcck_\Yì[
lgj_XigcpYpk_\c\^jÆk_\Yì[Ëj
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POACHER’S METHOD
The poacher’s way to quickly get
the meat from a dead pheasant that
hasn’t been decapitated is to place
it face down on the ground with CXpk_\Yì[fe`kjYXZb#kXb\X
its head towards you, put a foot ]\nYi\Xjk]\Xk_\ijY\kn\\epfli
on each wing, take hold of the legs, Ôe^\iXe[k_ldY#Xe[Y\^èkfgclZb%
and pull up sharply. This motion Kl^j_Xigcp#glccè^k_\]\Xk_\ijXnXp
will tear the legs and breast meat ]ifdk_\[ì\Zk`feèn_`Z_k_\pc`\%
away from the rest of the bird. Give
it a sharp flick to detach the guts.
;feËkkipkfgclZbkffdXep]\Xk_\ijXkfeZ\fi
In a survival situation, this is a good
pflËcck\Xik_\jbè%NfibpflinXpjk\X[`cpXifle[
way to get meat off the bird if you
don’t have a knife or razor. k_\]ifekXe[YXZblek`cpflËm\gclZb\[k_\n_fc\Yf[p%
B\\gk_\]\Xk_\ijlec\jjk_\Yì[`jXjZXm\e^\i#j\\
Yfo#XYfm\ kflj\]fikè[\i#èjlcXk`fe#fiÔj_è^cli\j%
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b\\gk_\dXe[\Xkk_\d%Pflj_flc[Xcjf\Xkk_\_\Xik \e[%K_\jlim`mXcd\k_f[`jkfdXb\XZlk]ifdk_\
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n`k_flkXbe`]\#pflZXejk`ccYlkZ_\iXYì[Ypglccè^
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Yifneè Xe[[Xibi\[ nXplgk_\Yi\Xjkkfk_\e\Zb%K_\f]]XcZXeY\
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f]Xj_Xigbe`]\èkfk_\afèk#Xe[gi\jj[fne_Xi[% Xe[_\Xik`]_\Xck_pj\\XYfm\c\]k %
@]pflËi\[\Xcè^n`k_XcXi^\Yì[#jlZ_XjXklib\p#_`k NXj_k_\Yì[Zc\Xen`k_Zfc[nXk\iXe[nXj_pfli
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@E8E
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)*) IN AN EMERGENCY
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You’re only a survivorn_\epfl_Xm\ dfm\d\ek`dgfjj`Yc\%@ek_`jj`klXk`fe#
Y\\ei\jZl\[%K_`jd\Xejk_Xkpfldljk k_\felj`jfepflkfXkkiXZkXkk\ek`fe%
Y\XYc\kf\`k_\i^\kpflij\c]flkf]k_\ PfldljkY\XYc\kfdXb\ZfekXZkn`k_
gi\[`ZXd\ekpflXi\èj\c]$i\jZl\ i\jZl\ij#ljè^cfZXk`feX`[jpfl_Xm\
fiY\i\jZl\[]ifdk_Xkj`klXk`feYp n`k_pflfik_fj\pflZXe`dgifm`j\%
fk_\ij%Jfd\k`d\jpfln`ccY\XYc\ E\m\i[\cXpXep]fidf]i\jZl\Y\ZXlj\
kfZ_ffj\n_\k_\ikfle[\ikXb\j\c]$ f]k_\\dYXiiXjjd\ek]XZkfiÆk_\fecp
i\jZl\2Xkfk_\ik`d\jk_\[\Z`j`fen`cc `dgfikXek]XZkfi`jk_\flkZfd\#Xe[@
Y\flkf]pfli_Xe[j%K_\i\dXpY\ nflc[XcnXpjiXk_\iY\\dYXiiXjj\[
j\m\iXci\Xjfejn_ppflZXeefkXZ_`\m\ Xe[Xc`m\k_Xe\m\eklXccp]fle[[\X[
j\c]$i\jZl\1pflZflc[Y\lkk\icpcfjk2 Gi\gXiXk`fe`jb\pÆè]fidè^g\fgc\
cfZXcZfe[`k`fejjlZ_Xj]cff[è^fiYX[ f]pflièk\ek`fejXe[k`d\]iXd\jn`ccXk
n\Xk_\iZflc[kiXgpfl2fièalipkf c\Xjk_Xm\jfd\fe\nfe[\iè^n_ppfl
pflij\c]fiXîflgd\dY\iZflc[dXb\ Xi\efkYXZbp\k%<hlXccp#kXbè^k_\Y\jk
In this chapterPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
how to recognize the enemies of survival...
why LEOs are so important...
when to set fire to a log cabin...
that tinsel isn’t just for Christmas...
what to do if a hippo yawns...
that you should go with the flow in an avalanche...
how to inflate your trousers...
IN AN EMERGENCY )**
8cfZXk`feX`[ZXedXb\
k_\[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\ec`]\Xe[[\Xk_%
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k_\dlck`$kXjbè^Jbpjki\d\[\m`Z\%
SKYSTREME`jXj`cm\i#èÕXkXYc\]f`cb`k\#
n_`Z_n\`^_jaljk+*^((Ð)fq Xe[gXZbj[fne
kfXjdXccXe[Zfem\e`\ekj`q\%@kZXeg\i]fid
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Location aidK_\b`k\`jfiXccpèÕXk\[Xe[
cfZXk`feX`[j]fipfli\emìfed\ek `kjn\[^\j_Xg\d\Xej`kZXec`]kf]]]ifdk_\
Xe[befnè^_fnY\jkkflj\k_\dn`cc îfle[leX`[\[è-bg_+dg_ nè[j%
èZi\Xj\k_\Z_XeZ\jf]pflY\è^]fle[% K_\,'d(-,]k f]cè\XkkXZ_\[kfk_\b`k\
@edXepjlim`mXcj`klXk`fej#XdXafi k_`jdlZ_Zfi[X^\`jèmXclXYc\è`kj\c] Xccfnj
[\Z`j`fen`ccY\n_\k_\ipfli\dXè `kkfi`j\XYfm\ki\\c\m\cjXe[i\Õ\Zkjlec`^_k%
@kZXeY\j\\eYpk_\eXb\[\p\XkX[`jkXeZ\
n_\i\pflXi\fidfm\kfXcfZXk`fe f]*bd)d`c\j %
k_Xkf]]\ijXY\kk\iZ_XeZ\f]jlim`mXc# 8ke`^_k#pflZXe_Xe^XjdXccÕXj_c`^_kfi
i\jZl\#fiYfk_%K_\i\Xi\dXep]XZkfij :pXcld\le[\ie\Xk_k_\b`k\kfX`[m`j`Y`c`kp%
k_Xkn`cc[`ZkXk\pfliY\jkfgk`feYlk# K_\d\kXcc`Zjli]XZ\i\Õ\ZkjiX[XiXe[ZXe
è^\e\iXc#`kËjXcnXpjX[m`jXYc\kfjkXp Y\[\k\Zk\[YpXìZiX]kXkX[`jkXeZ\f](.bd
n_\i\pflXi\%@kËjXcckff\XjpkfdXb\ ('d`c\j %8IfpXcDXiè\feXgfcXiZifjjè^
Õ\n_`jJbpjki\d\Y\_è[_`jjc\[jfk_Xk_`j
XiXj_[\Z`j`feXe[Xkk\dgkkfnXcbflk jlggfikXìZiX]kZflc[Ôe[Xe[kiXZb_`d%
f]Xj`klXk`fefecpkfglkpflij\c]è Emergency first aid splint K_\b`k\ZXe
\m\eî\Xk\i[Xe^\i% Y\èÕXk\[Xifle[XYifb\efijgiXè\[c`dY%
Thermal vestK_\b`k\ZXeY\èÕXk\[Xe[
glkèj`[\Zcfk_è^kfXZkXjXYf[pnXid\i%
Water storage@ejk\X[f]Y\è^èÕXk\[
n`k_Xì#k_\b`k\ZXeY\lj\[kfZXiipXe[
jkfi\nXk\i%
You are not a survivor until

you have rescued yourself
or been rescued by others
)*+ IN AN EMERGENCY
8JJ<JJ@E>PFLIJ@KL8K@FE
FE:<PFLËI<FLKf]`dd\[`Xk\[Xe^\i#Xjj\jjpfli
j`klXk`feXe[gcXeXZZfi[è^cp%8kk_`jè`k`XcjkX^\#`kËj THE RULE OF THREES
A common understanding among those
ZilZ`Xckfk_èbZc\XicpÆk_\[\Z`j`fejpfldXb\efnZflc[ concerned with survival is that various key
d\Xek_\[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\ec`]\Xe[[\Xk_%@edfjkZXj\j# time limits have a numerical value linked to
i\dXèè^n_\i\pflXi\`jk_\gi\]\ii\[fgk`fe#Ylkef the number three. Remembering the “rule
of threes” can help you focus your decision-
knfj`klXk`fejXi\\m\ik_\jXd\1k_\ZìZldjkXeZ\j# making, particularly if you are injured, at risk
\emìfed\ek#Zfe[`k`fej#Xe[pflÆk_\è[`m`[lXcÆXcc of further injury, or in immediate danger
from the elements. In most cases:
_Xm\XdXafi`dgXZkfen_XkZXeXe[ZXeefkY\XZ_`\m\[% Three seconds is the psychological
reaction time for making a decision.
K?<JKI8K<>P=FIJK8P@E>8C@M< Three minutes is the length of time
your brain can do without oxygen before
@eXe\d\i^\eZpj`klXk`fe#k_èbf]k_\]fligi`fi`k`\jf]jlim`mXc1 it suffers irreparable damage.
gifk\Zk`fe#cfZXk`fe#nXk\i#Xe[]ff[%Pflij`klXk`fen`cc[\k\idè\ Three hours is the critical time you can
n_`Z_`jk_\dfjk`dgfikXek%@edfjkZXj\j#Xjcfe^XjpflËi\èef survive unprotected in extreme climates.
]lik_\i[Xe^\i]ifdèalipfik_\\c\d\ekj#pflj_flc[]fZljpfli Three days is the approximate length
\]]fikjfe\jkXYc`j_è^XjX]\cfZXk`feXe[^\kkè^pflij\c]i\jZl\[% of time you can live without water.
K_\jkiXk\^p]fijkXpè^Xc`m\#befneYpk_\XZifepdJLIM@M8C Three weeks is the approximate length
j\\Y\cfn #^`m\jpflX]iXd\nfibkflj\Xe[_\cgjpfli\d\dY\i of time you can live without food.
n_Xkpfle\\[kf[fkfi\dXèXc`m\Xe[^\ki\jZl\[%
SIZE UP YOUR SITUATION USE ALL YOUR SENSES REMEMBER WHERE YOU ARE VANQUISH FEAR
First, assess the particulars Most people react to a true In any survival situation, it Fear and panic can be
of your surroundings, physical survival situation through either always helps to know where formidable enemies, so it’s
condition, and equipment. training (they automatically do you are so that you can make imperative that you have
If you’re in a group, you can what they’ve been trained to the best decisions about what the knowledge and training
share tasks and responsibilities, do in a particular situation) or to do and where to go next. to counteract them and
but remember that everyone will by instinct (they automatically prevent them from making
be affected by the consequences do what their mind and body your situation worse.
of your decisions. tell them to do).
Your surroundings: every Whatever has happened, Knowing your precise location If uncontrolled, fear and
environment has its own approach your predicament can clarify whether rescuers panic can destroy your ability
idiosyncrasies – hot and dry, in a calm and rational manner. are likely to find you or if you’ll to make intelligent and rational
hot and wet, cold, exposed, The situation requires careful have to rescue yourself. You’ll decisions. They can cause you
or enclosed. Determine what thought and planning. get a good idea of the obstacles to react to your feelings and
you need to do in order to If you act in haste, you may you may face, whether you imagination rather than to
adapt to that environment. overlook important factors, should remain where you are, your actual situation and your
Your equipment: assess your lose vital equipment, or simply and where best to position abilities. Moreover, they can
equipment and consider how make matters worse. The your aids to location. incapacitate you and drain
it can best be used in your saying “Undue haste makes If you have made an Emergency your energy, thus triggering
particular situation. waste” is especially true in Plan of Action (see pp. 24–25), other negative emotions.
Your physical condition: remove a survival situation. someone will know your If you’re in a group, your
yourself and others from danger. Listen to your subconscious approximate location, and responses can have a direct
Check for injuries and administer survival senses and gut feelings, when you’re due back. effect on others – positive
first aid as necessary. Remember and learn to act on them when Channel your efforts into making responses are productive and
that the trauma and stress of a they send you warning signals. sure that when rescuers are can motivate, while negative
survival situation may cause you looking for you, your aids to responses can undermine
to overlook, or subconsciously location are in place. confidence and morale.
ignore, injuries that you yourself
may have received.
8JJ<JJ@E>PFLIJ@KL8K@FE )*,
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IMPROVISE VALUE LIVING AND LIFE ACT LIKE THE LOCALS LEARN BASIC SKILLS
The true skill of a survivor is to Some people without training Whatever environment you’re Learning basic skills increases
understand what’s required and and equipment have survived trying to survive in, you can be your chances of survival. Without
improvise solutions to particular the most horrendous situations. sure that the local or indigenous training your prospects of
problems. Do you have the skills In many cases, this was simply people and the local wildlife survival are down to luck, which
and knowledge to keep yourself because they had the will to live have developed ways of adapting is never the best place to start.
alive and in a condition to be and refused to give up! to it in order to survive. There is a saying: “Luck favours
proactive in your own rescue? those who are best prepared.”
You may start out with all the The stories of prisoners of war Look at how the local people Prior preparation is the key to
right equipment, but it may get often reveal what kept them dress and act: in hot countries survival: discover what you need
lost or broken, or simply wear alive: religious beliefs, thoughts they leave manual work until the to know about the environment
out. Your ability to improvise of family and friends, or a coolest parts of the day and you’re going to; familiarize
may mean the difference determination not to let the work in a slow and deliberate yourself with all your equipment;
between your continued enemy win. While these alone manner to reduce sweating and and practise your basic skills
struggle to survive in relative may not always be enough, therefore conserve water. until they become second nature.
comfort, or absolute misery. they’re certainly a key factor If you’re in a desert, for example, This thorough preparation will
Think laterally, like the climber in any survival situation. watch where animals go to find help you to combat the fear
who was stranded on the side It helps to bear in mind that shade: they’re mostly nocturnal of the unknown and give you
of a mountain with no aids to hardship means different and spend the day underground. the self-confidence to meet
location. He used the flash on things to different people Learn their tricks to find water, the challenges of any survival
his camera to signal his location and in different cultures. like the darkling beetle in the situation you may be in.
to a rescue helicopter. Improvise Survival is about dealing with Namib Desert that drinks water
and overcome! hardships and having the will from the fog that condenses on
to live. If the will to live is not its carapace.
there, then just having the If you’re in a jungle, pay attention
knowledge and equipment when the animals go quiet or
may not be enough. quickly leave an area – danger
is usually around the corner.
)*- IN AN EMERGENCY
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ATTRACTING ATTENTION
When you’re in a survival situation, you need
to employ your location aids in the best way
possible. There are three main principles for
attracting attention:
Attract: pick a place that maximizes your
chances of attracting attention using your
location aids, such as open or high ground.
Place your aids carefully so they can be
detected from as wide an area as possible. <d\i^\eZpGfj`k`fe@e[`ZXkèÎX[`f
The more obvious the signal the better. 9\XZfej<G@I9j Xi\lj\[Xkj\X
Hold: you need to hold the attention of
rescuers by maintaining the signal until they
indicate they’ve seen you. Try to send some <d\i^\eZpCfZXkfiKiXejd`kk\ij
critical information (the type of assistance <CKj Xi\dfjkcp]filj\èXìZiX]k
you require or the number of survivors and
their condition, for example) via a May
Day, or Help message (see pp. 237–41).
Direct: regardless of which location aids
you use, once rescuers have been alerted,
do all you can to direct them to your present
location. If you have voice communication,
direct them to your position. If you leave
notes before moving on from places, make
sure they contain dates and precise details
of your intentions.
ATTRACTING RESCUERS 237
MOBILE TELEPHONES AND RADIOS
SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? Always take a mobile or satellite phone
You need to decide whether to stay where you are or to with you when travelling – they are essential
move to a location where you have a better chance of rescue in an emergency. On a sea trip, take a marine
or self-rescue. If you move on, remember the following: VHF radio to contact would-be rescuers.
Keep your aids to location at hand. It’s no good having
your signal mirror at the bottom of your backpack when you MOBILE AND SATELLITE PHONES
may have only seconds to attract a passing vehicle or plane. Wherever you are in the world, you can hire
Deploy your aids to location at the end of each day, even or buy a mobile phone linked to local networks.
Choose one with a GPS unit for fixing and
though it takes effort and you’ll be moving in the morning.
tracking your position and a camera so you
To show where you’ve been and where you’re heading, leave
can send pictures of your location and any
markers, such as a note left in a visible position and visual clues injuries you’ve sustained. Alternatively, hire
on the ground or vegetation, to indicate your direction of travel. or buy a satellite phone that’s connected to
the Iridium Satellite Phone System, in which
66 low-earth orbiting (LEO) satellites provide
complete coverage of Earth (including oceans,
Local User Mission control
Terminals (LUTs) analyses data airways, and polar regions).
receive signals from the LUTs
from the satellites and mobilizes a
and alert rescue operation
MARINE VHF RADIOS
mission control All large ships and most motorized small
craft are equipped with marine VHF radios.
These hand-held units transmit and receive on
frequencies between 156 to 174MHz – usually
on Channel 16, the international calling and
distress channel. Channel 9 can also be used
in some places. Transmission power ranges
between 1 and 25 watts, giving a maximum
range of up to about 110km (60 miles)
between aerials mounted on tall ships and
hills, and 9km (5 miles) between aerials
mounted on small boats at sea level. Your
VHF radio should be waterproof, able to float,
and kept on charge. Follow the instructions
whenever transmitting and receiving on VHF.
Search-and-rescue
services are deployed
to search for you
A regional rescue
coordination centre
alerts the search-
and-rescue teams
A PLB is activated
manually and sends
a signal to one of
the search-and-
Personal Locator rescue satellites
Beacons (PLBs) are
for personal use and
kept on the body
WARNING!
PLBs are for emergency
use only and should always
be used responsibly.
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8`dk_\ZXekfnXi[jX
Don’t dazzle your would-be rescuers
by continuing to flash directly at i\jZl\iXe[j\e[Xj`êXc#
them. Using your signal mirror \`k_\iYpdfmè^pfligXcd
intermittently is more effective lgXe[[fnekfèk\iilgkk_\
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N@C;8E@D8CJ
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X]i\j_[\gfj`kf]Y\Xi]X\Z\j`jXjfY\iè^\og\i`\eZ\% FERAL ANIMALS
Wherever you go in the world there are
@khl`Zbcp[Xnejfepflk_XkpflËi\gfk\ek`XccpXgXikf] animals that have escaped into the wild from
k_\eXkliXc]ff[Z_Xè%N_Xk[fpfl_Xm\kf[fkfgifk\Zk zoos, wildlife parks, and domestic situations.
pflij\c]#Xe[n`cc`kY\\]]\Zk`m\fialjkgifmfb\k_\Xe`dXc6 These feral animals include pigs, cats, dogs,
mink, and muntjacs. In many cases, they
=fikleXk\cp#k_\jlim`mXcèjkèZkjf]n`c[Xe`dXcjXi\jlZ_ have become particularly aggressive and
k_Xk#n`k_fecpX]\n\oZ\gk`fej#dfjkXe`dXcj#i\^Xi[c\jj seem to have lost any fear of confrontation
with humans. Try to find out which feral
f]k_\ìj`q\#n`ccXmf`[Zfe]ifekè^pfl%?fn\m\i#k_\pn`cc animals are common in the region you’re
[\]\e[k_\dj\cm\jYpXkkXZbè^pfl`]gifmfb\[#Zfie\i\[# travelling in and avoid them if at all possible.
fijligi`j\[#gXik`ZlcXicpn_\ek_\p_Xm\pfle^%
BEARS BIG CATS HIPPOS ELEPHANTS CROCODILIANS

Brown bears stand taller Tigers are the largest The hippopotamus is the African elephants have Crocodilians include
then black bears and cat, with lions a close third-largest animal in larger ears than Indian alligators, gharials,
weigh more. Polar bears second. All big cats have Africa after the elephant elephants and are more and crocodiles.
are the largest land sharp teeth and claws. and white rhino. aggressive. They can stay submerged
ANIMAL FACTS
predator. All bears are Other dangerous cats Hippos can weigh Elephants stand up to for more than an hour at
powerful, with claws include cougars (also more than 3 tonnes. 4m (13ft) tall and weigh a time, can swim up to
on their strong paws. called pumas, mountain They have long, up to 6 tonnes. 32kph (20mph), and run
Brown bears can run lions, and panthers), razor-sharp incisors They can reach speeds of as fast as 17kph (11mph)
faster than humans. leopards, and jaguars. and tusk-like canines. 40–48kph (25–30mph). over short distances.
Bears are found in the Big cats are found on Crocodilians live in many
Northern Hemisphere all continents, except subtropical and tropical
and parts of South for Australasia. parts of the world.
America.
Look for signs of bears Avoid coming into contact Avoid provoking a hippo. Keep away from places Stay away from waters
and check with locals with big cats. They are Many encounters are that elephants frequent, and river banks where
about bear activity. most unlikely to attack the result of hitting a such as watering holes. crocodilians live. Be
Stow and cook food unless you provoke them partially submerged If you do come across vigilant at all times.
PRECAUTIONS
away from the campsite. or threaten their cubs. hippo with a canoe or them, don’t get too close, If you need to go near the
Keep unused food and An exception is the cougar, boat. Almost all hippo especially if there’s a water, watch the area for
rubbish out of reach. which is responsible for attacks are fatal. baby elephant nearby. at least 30 minutes first.
Avoid thickets and an increasing number of Stay vigilant on or beside Look for a safe place to Don’t go to the same spot
streams where bears unprovoked attacks in rivers that hippos are retreat to, such as a twice, as crocodiles may
rest and feed. urban areas of North known to frequent. vehicle, rocky outcrop, or lie in wait the next time.
Carry a stick, knife, or America. Don’t get between a a tree, before you need it. Keep a defensive weapon,
spray (see opposite). hippo and water. such as a knife, close by.
Make a noise to let a If a big cat approaches, If you encounter a hippo, If an elephant squares If you meet a crocodilian
bear know you’re there. stare at its eyes, shout, go back on your tracks up to you with flared ears, on land, run away.
If you see a bear, stay and make a noise to and find another route. trumpeting, and kicking If a crocodilian does
calm. Make yourself look confuse it. Use a spray if If a hippo yawns at you, the dirt in front of it, grab you, it may let go –
WHAT TO DO IF…
as big as possible by you need to (see opposite). he’s not feeling sleepy – then back away. if it does, run.
raising your arms. Don’t turn your back or this is a threat. He’s If an elephant charges, If it drags you into the
Walk slowly backwards. run away. showing you his teeth, run to your safe place water, fight back. Stab
Don’t run. If the bear If a big cat sees you, do tusks, and jaws that can (see above). under its throat with a
follows, stop and hold not crouch or bend down. snap a canoe in half! Make As a last resort, play knife, hit or poke its eyes,
your ground. An upright human makes every effort to escape. dead and hope the strike its nostrils hard, or
If the bear attacks, less attractive prey than elephant loses interest. bang the large valve at
play dead, or fight back. a four-legged animal. the back of its throat.
N@C;8E@D8CJ )+*
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SHARKS SNAKES AMPHIBIANS k_\Xi\XpflËccY\kiXm\ccè^èXe[
Ôe[flkn_`Z_Xe`dXcjgi\j\ek
There are more than 450 Less than 15 per cent Many frogs, toads, and k_\î\Xk\jk[Xe^\ij%;`jZfm\i
species of shark, but only of the 3000+ types of salamanders secrete XjdlZ_XjpflZXeXYflkk_\ì
a few of them pose any poisonous snake are poison through their _XY`kjXe[_fnY\jkkfXmf`[
danger to humans. These regarded as being skin. The most poisonous
Zfdè^èkfZfekXZkn`k_k_\d%
include great white, bull, dangerous to humans. frog known is the golden ANIMAL FACTS
and tiger sharks. Depending on the snake, poison-dart frog from
Most attacks occur in venom either affects the South America. JGFKK?<J@>EJ
coastal waters in the blood, the nervous Amphibians live where the Le[\ijkXe[k_\_XY`kjf]k_\j\
tropics and subtropics, system, or the heart. climate is sufficiently warm [Xe^\ifljZi\Xkli\j1n_\e[f
especially where the water Snakes live in every part and wet for them to breed. k_\p]fiX^\#jc\\g#Xe[[ièb6
is murky or stirred up by of the world except for N_XkXi\k_\ì_XY`kj6
the surf of breaking waves. very cold environments. C\Xiekfi\Zfê`q\k_\eXkliXc
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waters or waters where boots, and cover your neck. frog or toad with no ill-
ÕXkk\e\[m\^\kXk`fen_\i\
sharks are known to feed As you walk, tap the ground effect. The poison only
or frequent. Ask the locals takes effect if it enters k_\Xe`dXcilYj`kjjZ\ekfe
in front of you with a stick
PRECAUTIONS
about recent sightings of your system via an open k_\îfle[2k\cckXc\j`êj#jlZ_

to alert snakes to avoid you.
shark activity. wound or your mouth Xjn_\i\Y\Xij_Xm\ZcXn\[k_\
Step onto logs rather than
Carry something, such as a over them. or eyes. If this happens, YXib]ifdki\\j%
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upside down on sticks.
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holes or cracks where ale^c\jl[[\ecp^fè^hl`\k%
snakes might be hiding. 8jbcfZXcg\fgc\`]k_\i\
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WHAT TO DO IF…
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attack a moving target. open cuts or abrasions. Z\ikXèjkXeZ\fijlYd`jj`m\
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)+- IN AN EMERGENCY
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jl[[\efi\oki\d\n\Xk_\iZfe[`k`fej#Xe[legi\[`ZkXYc\ COMMONSENSE ADVICE
No fail-safe guidelines will protect you from every
\emìfed\ekXc_XqXi[jk_XkZXlj\_XmfZ]fi\m\ipfe\# environmental danger and hazard, but there is
efkaljkkiXm\cc\ij%9\]fi\pflj\kf]]#dXb\jli\k_Xk some commonsense advice that you will do well
to heed before you venture into the wilderness:
pflËi\XnXi\f]XepjlZ_gfk\ek`Xc_XqXi[jèk_\Xi\Xj Check the prevailing weather conditions of
pflËi\m`j`kè^#Xe[Y\i\X[p]fik_\d#aljkèZXj\% your destination at the time of your journey. Log
onto the internet or tune into local radio stations.
9<@E>GI<G8I<; Find out if you’re heading into a particularly
risky season of weather – for example, monsoons
DXep\emìfed\ekXc_XqXi[jÆ]ifdXmXcXeZ_\jXe[mfcZXef\jkf in India or hurricanes in the Caribbean.
]fi\jkÔi\j#kfieX[f\j#Xe[_lii`ZXe\jÆZXejl[[\ecpgifg\cpflèkf Take an emergency survival kit (see pp. 58–59).
Xe\d\i^\eZpj`klXk`fe%N_`c\pflZXee\m\iY\jli\f]\jZXgè^k_\ Learn the relevant survival techniques either
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250 IN AN EMERGENCY
SURVIVING AT SEA
THE SEA IS ARGUABLY THE HARSHEST environment
of all and you could be thrown into a sea-survival situation BE PREPARED
If you’re venturing onto the open seas, you
for any number of reasons: bad weather, fire, mechanical should plan for the worst and be prepared
failure, or collision. However, there’s plenty of good advice with knowledge, skills, and equipment.
to follow and equipment designed to protect you.
SURVIVAL SUIT AND LIFEJACKET

KNOW YOUR VESSEL A survival suit is designed to keep you warm and dry in extreme
conditions and rough seas, and a lifejacket will keep you afloat
Regardless of the size of your vessel,
with your head out of the water, even if you’re unconscious.
find out everything you can about what
to do in the event of a major problem
that requires you to abandon ship and PROTECTION Sea-activated light
Neoprene hood
take to the water. The points below Survival suits and lifejackets Reflector strips on
are generic and may not apply to are equipped with various hood aid visibility
all situations or types of vessel. protection features to High-visibility
help you survive in the sea. lifejacket
LARGE PASSENGER VESSELS Top-up valve
Hood and clear visor to reinflate
If you’re a passenger on a large vessel, such
as a ferry, liner, or cruise ship, make sure lifejacket
you learn the safety procedures.
Attend the “Abandon Ship” drills.
Find out which emergency alarms indicate
fire, collision, and abandon ship.
Reflector
Find out where the lifejackets are stowed, strips are
and how to put them on and operate them. prominently
Learn the escape routes. positioned
Locate the Emergency Lifeboat Stations on lifejacket
Plastic
and find out what your responsibilities are. whistle Watertight
If you have children or people with special Lifejacket Rescue loop/ zipper
needs with you, make sure you have a system harness winching point
for getting them on deck and providing them
with suitable survival equipment. Water-
GRAB BAG tight cuffs
SMALL VESSELS Prepare a bag that contains

These craft include yachts, small boats, the minimum for your
canoes, and kayaks, so crew members need survival needs, such as:
to agree on an emergency plan of action Emergency water
Survival suit
and delegate responsibilities relevant to First aid kit (see p. 260) is made from
the situation and the skills of each person. Personal locator beacon a highly
Know where the emergency equipment visible material
(see p. 237)
is stowed and how it’s operated.
Hand-held GPS (see p. 75)
If your vessel has an EPIRB (see p. 236),
make sure everyone knows where it is VHF radio
and how it’s operated. Those activated Mobile or iridium phone
automatically are released hydrostatically Flares and signal rockets Strap to prevent
from a bracket at a water depth of 1–3m Reverse-osmosis pump trapped air
(3–10ft). The buoyant EPIRB then floats raising the
(desalination device) leg while in
to the surface and begins transmitting. (see p. 197) the water
Make sure your EPIRB has been registered
Survival tin (see pp. 60–61)
so that, once the signal is detected, the
rescue services know who it belongs to. Solar still (see opposite)
Keep a grab bag to hand (see box, right).
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),) IN AN EMERGENCY
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XYXe[fe`klek`cpfli\Xccpe\\[kf%<m\eXYX[cp[XdX^\[ BEFORE ABANDONING SHIP
Where time and circumstances permit,
m\jj\cZXegifm`[\pfln`k_gifk\Zk`fe]ifdk_\\c\d\ekj# don’t abandon your ship until absolutely
\hl`gd\ekjlZ_XjiX[`fjXe[ÕXi\j#Xe[gifm`j`fejjlZ_ necessary. Send a May Day signal with
XjnXk\iXe[]ff[%@eX[[`k`fe#`k`jXY`^kXi^\k]fii\jZl\ij your name, position, group size, physical
condition, and circumstances. Then
kfjgfk%DXb\\m\ip\]]fikkfb\\gk_\m\jj\cXÕfXk% carry out the following measures:
Activate the 406 EPIRB (see p. 236).
Ensure everyone on the vessel wears
K?<;8E><IJK?8K8N8@K layers of clothing, and has a survival
N_\epfl[f[\Z`[\kfXYXe[fej_`g#pfln`ccY\]XZ\[n`k_k_\]fccfnè^ suit and lifejacket (see p. 250).
[Xe^\ij%@]pfl_Xm\gi\gXi\[pflij\c]gifg\icpY\]fi\_\X[è^flkkf Check the liferafts are ready for launch.
j\X#pfln`ccÆèdXepZXj\j#Xkc\XjkÆY\XYc\kf[\Xcn`k_k_\d% Get the grab bag (see p. 250).
?pgfk_\id`XYifl^_kfeYpèX[\hlXk\Zcfk_è^Xe[\ogfjli\kf Prepare to take the jerry-cans of water
n\k#nè[p#Xe[iXèpZfe[`k`fej% on board the liferafts.
;ifneè^Y\ZXlj\pfl_Xm\efc`]\aXZb\k% Fill spare containers with water.
;\_p[iXk`feZXlj\[YpXcXZbf]nXk\ifiXeèalip% Gather up as much food as you can.
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PREVENTING HYPOTHERMIA
Getting wet greatly reduces your survival
chances. At 5˚C (41˚F), a normally dressed
person has only a 50 per cent chance of
surviving for one hour. You are six times
more likely to survive in protective clothing.
Climb into the liferaft carefully so that you
don’t get wet.
Wear several layers of clothing to trap air.
Even wet layers retain some heat around the
Dfm\jcfncpXe[[\c`Y\iXk\cpèkfk_\c`]\iX]k#b\\gè^flkf]k_\
body. Don’t forget your head, hands, and feet.
Wear a survival suit (see p. 250) to increase nXk\i#Xe[kipè^kfjkXpXj[ipXjgfjj`Yc\%@]pfl_Xm\kf\ek\i
your survival time. k_\nXk\i#Zc`dY[fneficfn\ipflij\c]èkf`k#iXk_\ik_Xealdgè^%
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FeZ\Zc\Xif]k_\m\jj\c#j\klgk_\ WARNING! dXb\i\gXìj#Xefk_\ikfb\\gk_\iXk`fej#
[if^l\j\\g%),( % Never drink seawater, because Xe[Xefk_\ikfX[dè`jk\iÔijkX`[%
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b\\gè_\Xk#Xe[b\\gflknè[#iXè# in hot conditions without any n`k_pfligXik`ZlcXij`klXk`fe%
j\XnXk\i#fijgiXp% water, dehydration can set in GifZli\nXk\iXjjffeXjgfjj`Yc\Æ
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within one hour.
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),+ IN AN EMERGENCY
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COLD SHOCK
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Cold shock response is the body’s reaction to
n`k_è*d(']k f]XjX]\i\]l^\Xe[-'g\iZ\ekf]k_\dn\i\ immersion in very cold water – for example,
È^ff[Éjn`dd\ij%?\i\Xi\jfd\lj\]lck`gjkfgi\m\ek[ifneè^% if abandoning a ship in winter in the North
Atlantic Ocean. It is a common cause of death
ALDG@E>@EKFK?<N8K<I in such circumstances. Symptoms include
gasping for breath and hyperventilation,
8YXe[feè^j_`gZXeY\X[Xe^\ifljgifZ\[li\%@]pfl_Xm\kf\ek\i
which can lead to the inhalation of water,
k_\nXk\i#Zc`dY[fneljèîfg\jfie\kj%@]pfl_Xm\effgk`feYlk
disorientation, panic, and the possible onset
kfaldgèkfk_\j\X#k_\j\jkiX`^_k]finXi[jk\gjj_flc[`dgifm\pfli of hypothermia. A sudden increase in blood
Z_XeZ\jf]jlim`mXc%Aldgè^èkfk_\nXk\i`jXcXjki\jfik#Xjpfln`ccY\ pressure and heart rate can cause cardiac
gife\kfZfc[j_fZbj\\Yfo#i`^_k Xe[Xk`dd\[`Xk\i`jbf]_pgfk_\id`X problems in some people. Prolonged immersion
Xe[[ifneè^%@]pfl_Xm\kf[f`k#Ôijk\ejli\pflic`]\aXZb\k`jÔkk\[ in water will make it hard to perform physical
Zfii\ZkcpXe[Z_\Zbk_\jli]XZ\f]k_\nXk\ikfÔe[XjX]\\ekipgfèk% movements, making swimming, climbing aboard
NXkZ_flk]fig\fgc\#[\Yi`j#Xe[Ylieè^]l\c%@]pflZXeËkXmf`[k_\]l\c# a liferaft, or firing a flare extremely difficult.
jn`dle[\i`kXe[#Y\]fi\Zfdè^lg]fiXì#gfb\pfli_Xe[k_ifl^_k_\ Body type or mental conditioning can help
jli]XZ\kf\ejli\pflËi\Zc\Xif]`k%8jpflZfd\lg#b\\gpfli]XZ\[fne some people survive swimming in icy water.
kfgifk\Zkpfliefj\#\p\j#Xe[dflk_% Dressing in layers and/or wearing a survival
suit improves your chances of survival.
Avoid entering the water if you possibly can.
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that maggots have their uses...
how to improvise goggles to prevent snow blindness...
when to stop, drop, and roll...
how to treat snake bites and jellyfish stings...
when to eat charcoal or drink bark tea...
how to prevent frostnip becoming frostbite...
when to perform a firefighter’s lift...
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è]\Zk`feXj^\idjZXe\ek\ik_\Yf[p%K_\j\ZXeZfd\]ifd MAGGOT THERAPY
If a wound is seriously infected
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@ek_\n`c[\ie\jj#b\\gè^k_\èali\[Xi\XZc\XeZXeY\Xi\Xc expose it to flies for one day then
cover. Maggots will develop and
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wound with sterile water before
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BLISTER PREVENTION
Following these simple rules when out >\ekcpZc\XeXe[[ipk_\Yc`jk\i#
hiking should prevent blisters developing k_\egifk\Zkk_\nfle[]ifd
in the first place: è]\Zk`feYpXggcpè^X[i\jjè^%
Ensure boots or shoes fit properly and are Lj\X^\cYc`jk\igcXjk\ifigX[[\[
well “broken in” before you set out. dfc\jbè#`]gfjj`Yc\%
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next to your skin. Avoid wearing two pairs as gcXZ\n`k_qèZ$fo`[\kXg\%
they may bunch up, increasing friction.
Keep toenails cut short and straight. ?FNKFKI<8K9IL@J@E>

Remove boots and air your feet during
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rest periods.
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becomes a problem: stop immediately and
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apply moleskin, a gel pad, or zinc-oxide tape.
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)-- FIRST AID
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PORCUPINE QUILLS
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If you are pierced by a porcupine’s
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their way into the flesh and may
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Cut off the ends of the quills,
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kfY\kiXejgfik\[feXjki\kZ_\ièk_\ki\Xkd\ekgfj`k`fekfgi\m\ek apply an antiseptic cream.
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SNAKE IDENTIFICATION
K`\Xefk_\iYXe[X^\ Identify the snake if you can, since this will help medical teams
Xifle[k_\X]]\Zk\[c`dY find the correct antivenin. If you’re not certain of the identity,
k_Xk\ok\e[j]ifdk_\Y`k\Xj make a note of its colour or distinguishing features. If it’s safe,
]Xilgk_\c`dYXjgfjj`Yc\% put the snake in a secure container, bear in mind though that
:_\Zbk_\ZìZlcXk`fe venom is active even if a snake is dead. Don’t wash the venom
j\\g%)-+ % off the bite; it can be used to identify the antivenin.
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A sting in the mouth or throat can cause
jkè^jZXeY\m\ipgXè]lcXe[ZXlj\j\m\i\`cce\jj#Xe[ki\Xkd\ek swelling that blocks the airway. To minimize
j_flc[Y\Xj]fijeXb\Y`k\j\\fggfj`k\ %Dlck`gc\èj\Zkjkè^j this, give the casualty cold water to sip.
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ZXdg#kfgli`]pXcc[ièbè^nXk\i]ifdeXkliXcjfliZ\j WARNING!
If you think you’ve handled a poisonous
j\\gg%(0/Æ)'( #Xe[kffYj\im\k_\ilc\jf]]ff[jX]\kp plant, don’t touch especially sensitive
`]pfln`j_kfi\dXè_\Xck_pèk_\n`c[\ie\jj%Pfl parts of your body such as the eyes,
mouth, or genitals until you have
j_flc[Xcjfc\Xie_fnkfi\Zfê`q\Xe[Xmf`[k_\ washed your hands thoroughly.
gf`jfefljgcXekjèk_\i\^`fepflËi\kiXm\ccè^è% If you develop blisters on your skin,
don’t scratch them – however much
they itch. If you break the skin, you’ll
:FEK8:KGF@JFE@E> run the risk of getting an infection.
Gf`jfefljgcXekj[feËkXcnXpj_Xm\kfY\è^\jk\[kfZXlj\[XdX^\% As well as painful blistering, some
@]k_\pZfd\èkfZfekXZkn`k_k_\jbè#k_\i\jlckZXeY\gXè#jn\ccè^# people may have an extreme reaction
i\[e\jj#XiXj_#Xe[`kZ_è^%>\kd\[`ZXc_\cg]XjkXe[#èk_\d\Xek`d\# to the toxin. They should be monitored
and treated for shock (see p. 274).
ièj\k_\jbèn`k_Zfc[nXk\i]fi)'dèlk\j%@]k_\nXk\ijgcXj_\jXe Get medical help as soon as possible.
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@[\Xccp#gcXZ\k_\X]]\Zk\[Xi\XènXid ALTITUDE SICKNESS
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loss of appetite, shortness of breath, and a
?PGFK?<ID@8 headache that’s not relieved by medication.
The casualty may also have difficulty
K_`jc`]\$k_i\Xk\eè^Zfe[`k`fe[\m\cfgj`]k_\Yf[pËjZfi\k\dg\iXkli\
sleeping and will feel unwell. The only
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@kËjm`kXck_XkXZXjlXckp`jnXid\[lgîX[lXccp%@]_\fij_\`jnXid\[ and remain at a lower altitude for a few
lgkffhl`Zbcp#Ycff[`j[`m\ik\[XnXp]ifdm`kXcfi^Xej#jlZ_Xjk_\ days. Severe cases will need to be carried.
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ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
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Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe
ZXlj\`jj\m\i\Yc\\[è^#Ylk`kZXeXcjfY\XZfej\hl\eZ\f] allergic reaction affecting the whole body.
Yliej%@e`k`Xccp#k_\i\n`ccY\XiXg`[glcj\Xe[gXc\ZcXddp People who know they are susceptible to
this carry a special adrenaline (epinephrine)
jbè%8jk_\Zfe[`k`fegifî\jj\j#Yi\Xk_è^Y\Zfd\jiXg`[ autoinjector for use in an emergency. If the
Xe[j_Xccfn#glcj\n\Xb\ej#Xe[jbèY\Zfd\jgXc\î\p$ casualty has one, but is too weak to use
it, take off the safety cap and, holding it
Ycl\%@]leki\Xk\[#leZfejZ`flje\jji\jlckj% in your fist, press it against the casualty’s
thigh (through clothing if necessary).
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Y\ZXlj\k_\pZXegi\m\ekjl]ÔZ`\ekfop^\ei\XZ_è^k_\ WARNING!
If at any stage the casualty loses
Yf[pk`jjl\j%K_\ZXlj\dXpY\k\dgfiXip#]fi\oXdgc\ consciousness, open the airway (see p. 276)
Z_fbè^#jl]]fZXk`fe#fijdfb\è_XcXk`fe#fi`kZXeY\X and check breathing; the throat muscles may
relax enough to allow breathing. If he or she
cfe^$k\idZfe[`k`fejlZ_XjXjk_dXk_Xki\hlì\j is not breathing, begin resuscitation as this
d\[`ZXk`fe%PfldXpe\\[kf^\k\d\i^\eZp_\cg% may dislodge the blockage (see p. 277).
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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION EDIBLE PART

BISTORT/KNOTWEED Damp, grassy habitats, such Perennial plant, 40–100cm (16–40in) tall. Young shoots
Polygonum spp. as meadows, in North America Green, triangular leaves. Small pink or white and leaves
and Eurasia. flowers form dense, cylindrical flowerheads Roots
at end of long, unbranched stem.
BRAMBLE/BLACKBERRY In most temperate habitats Scrambling deciduous shrub with thorny stems Fruit
Rubus fruticosus worldwide, but particularly forming thickets. Green, toothed leaves. White Young shoots
scrubland, hedges, and woodland. or deep pink five-petalled flowers. Fruit ripens Leaves
to blue-black in late summer.
BUCKWHEAT Open grassland worldwide. Red-stemmed plant up to 60cm (2ft) tall. Seeds
Fagopyrum esculentum Green, triangular leaves. Small pink,
five-petalled flowers grow in clusters.
Triangular seeds.
DANDELION Widely distributed in temperate Rosette of green, jagged-edged leaves grows Leaves
Taraxacum spp. areas of Eurasia; introduced to close to the ground from a central taproot. Roots
the Americas, Australia, and Large, bright yellow flower head matures into
New Zealand. a spherical “clock” of several seeds.
DOG ROSE In hedgerows, woodland margins, Scrambling deciduous shrub with spiny stems. Hips
Rosa canina and scrubland in Europe, northwest Dark green, toothed leaves. Scentless, white, Buds and
Africa, and western Asia; pink or deep pink five-petalled flowers. Fruit, flowers
introduced to other regions. or “hip”, is orange-red and oval. Young leaves
STINGING/ By hedgerows and woodland Perennial herbaceous plant, 50–150cm Young shoots
COMMON NETTLE margins in North America, (20–60in) tall. Green, oval, strongly toothed and leaves
Urtica dioica Eurasia, and North Africa. leaves covered in stiff stinging hairs. Small
green flowers sometimes have a red tinge.
SUGAR MAPLE Woods and forests in northeastern Deciduous tree, usually 25–35m (82–115ft) Sap
Acer saccharum North America. tall. Grey-brown bark smooth on young trees, Inner bark
furrowed and flaky on old trees. Green,
five-lobed leaves turn bright red in autumn.
WALNUT Temperate areas in Eurasia and Large deciduous tree up to 25m (82ft) tall with Nuts
Juglans spp. North America. Common in the distinctive gnarled bark. Green leaves have many
Himalayas. narrow leaflets. Nut has a thick, green husk,
which rots away once it falls to the ground.
WATER CHESTNUT AND In slow-moving water in warm Green, triangular, saw-toothed leaves float on Seeds
WATER CALTROP temperate areas of Eurasia and surface. White four-petalled flowers. Fruit is
Trapa natans and T. bicornis Africa; introduced to North borne underwater and has four sharp spines
America and Australia. and one hard grey seed.
WILD GRAPE In most habitats in North America Sprawling, high-climbing vine with large, Fruit
Vitis spp. and Eurasia. lobed leaves. Fruit grows as hanging bunches Young leaves
of berries, which are amber or dark purple
when ripe.
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PREPARATION SIMILAR PLANTS BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION
Young leaves and shoots can Alpine bistort (P. viviparum) is Roots are twice twisted and
be eaten raw or boiled. common on rocky soils in northern are said to resemble two snakes.
Soak roots, then boil or roast. alpine regions and the Arctic. They contain starch and can be
used to make flour.
Fruit and peeled young shoots Wild raspberry (R. idaeus) fruit Catching yourself on thorns. Blackberries and raspberries
are edible raw. ripens to a bright red. Tea made are high in vitamin C and sugars.
Infuse the leaves to make tea. from the leaves can be used to Blackberry leaf tea can be used
treat diarrhoea. to treat colds and coughs.
Hull and grind the seeds to make Buckwheat leaves are edible but
buckwheat flour. can cause photosensitivity of the
Roast seeds and cook with water skin if eaten in large quantities.
to make porridge.
Young leaves can be eaten raw; Roots can be roasted and ground
boil old leaves to remove the bitter to make a substitute for coffee.
taste (change the water once). The leaves are high in vitamins
Boil the roots. A and C, iron, and calcium.
Buds and flowers are edible raw. The hips of all wild roses (Rosa Rose hips remain on the shrub all
Chew the pulp of raw hips, or dry spp.) are edible, but do not eat the year. They are rich in vitamin C.
and eat later. seeds if they are prickly as they will Boil crushed hips in water then
Boil leaves in water to make tea. irritate the throat and stomach. strain to make a nutritious syrup.
Boil the plants for 10 minutes Dead nettles (Lamium spp.) are Gather and handle the plants Fresh nettles are rich in protein
to destroy the formic acid and also edible if cooked. They have carefully, wearing gloves if you and vitamin K. The fibres in
histamine in the stinging hairs. heart-shaped leaves and white or have them, to avoid being stung mature stems can be woven
purple flowers. No stinging hairs. by the hairs. into cordage (see pp. 138–41).
Boil sap into a high-energy syrup. Red maple (A. rubrum) also To collect the sap, cut a V-shape
Eat inner bark raw or boil into a produces sweet sap. into the trunk, make a hole below
gelatinous mass, then roast and White birch (Betula spp.) has the cut, and insert a leaf to guide
grind into a flour. edible inner bark. the drips into a container below.
Crack the shell and eat the ripe Rich in fat, protein, and vitamins.
nut raw. Crushed green husks of black
walnut (J. nigra) are toxic to fish.
Use to poison and catch them.
Seeds can be eaten raw or Water chestnuts are a

roasted. source of carbohydrate.
Ripe fruit is best eaten raw. Moonseed vines (Menispermum Ripe grapes are rich in vitamin C
Boil young leaves. spp.) have grapelike fruits, which and sugar. Water can be obtained
are poisonous. Unlike edible grapes, from the vine stem (see p. 192).
they only have one seed.
)/)
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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION
ACACIA/WATTLE Africa, southern Asia, Australia, Thorny, medium-sized trees with grey-white bark. Green leaves
Acacia spp. and the Americas. divided into many small, oval leaflets. Small, ball-shaped yellow,
white or pink flowers.
AGAVE Southern USA and Mexico, Central Rosette of fleshy leaves with sharp tip and spiny margin.
Agave spp. America, the Caribbean, and Central, tall flower stalk.
northeastern South America.
AMARANTH The Americas, Africa, and Asia. Tall herb with alternating leaves and erect fleshy stems.
Amaranthus spp. Tiny brown/black seeds (one plant produces 40,000–
60,000 seeds).
BAOBAB Africa and northern Australia. Large trees with swollen trunks, up to 9m (30ft) in diameter.
Adansonia spp. Green leaves have 5–7 digit-like leaflets. Oblong fruit up to
20cm (8in) long.
CAROB TREE Mediterranean, northern Africa, Evergreen tree up to 15m (50ft) tall. Shiny green leaves up
Ceratonia siliqua Middle East, and India. to 20cm (8in) long. Small red flowers. Flat leathery seed pods;
dark-green/black when ripe. Hard brown seeds.
CARRION FLOWER Southwest Africa. Numerous thorny, succulent stems up to 2m (6ft) tall.
Hoodia spp. Star-shaped or shallowly bell-shaped flowers give off
the smell of rotting meat.
DATE PALM West and North Africa, Middle Tall slender palms with a large crown of green leaves,
Phoenix dactylifera East, and India; introduced to divided into many narrow leaflets. Fruit reddish-brown
Mexico and USA. when ripe.
PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS The Americas; introduced to the Thick, jointed, flat, pad-like, green stems covered in
Opuntia spp. Caribbean, the Mediterranean, spines. Red or yellow flowers. Fruit red when ripe.
Africa, and Australia.
WILD GOURDS Kalahari Desert (Namibia), Ground-trailing green vine. Bright yellow flowers.
Cucurbitaceae the Sahara, islands in the Orange-sized green or yellow fruit.
Mediterranean, the Middle
East, and southeastern India.
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EDIBLE PART PREPARATION BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION
Seeds (from dark brown pods) Roast seeds. Catching yourself on thorns. Roots may be tapped
Young leaves and shoots Boil leaves and shoots. for water.
Stalk, before in flower Roast the stalk. Juice from many species can Roasted stalk tastes sweet,
Buds and flowers Boil buds and flowers. cause acute contact dermatitis, like molasses.
with reddening and blistering
lasting 1–2 weeks. Leaves have
needle-like ends.
Young shoots and leaves Eat shoots and leaves raw or Amaranth leaves are high in oxalic Amaranth leaves are a common
Seeds boiled or stir-fried. acid, which can irritate the gut and leaf vegetable in the tropics and
Remove chaff from seeds, then cause kidney stones, so eat in warm temperate regions.
cook like popcorn or grind into moderation.
flour to make bread.
Shoots and young leaves Eat the fruit pulp raw. Tap the trunk for water. Kalahari
Fruit Boil shoots and leaves. bushmen suck water through
Seeds Roast seeds. holes in the trunk using the
hollow stems of grasses.
Pods Eat the sweet, nutritious pulp

Seeds of the pods raw.
Grind the seeds into flour and
make into porridge.
Stems Tap the stems for their water. The stems contain an appetite
suppressant. Kalahari bushmen
chew the stems of several Hoodia
species before and during their
long, arduous hunts.
Fruit Eat the fruit (dates) raw or Date palms always grow near
Growing tip of the palm (heart) sun-dried. water. The leaves can be used
Young leaves Boil the leaves and heart. to thatch a shelter.
Sap Boil the sap down to a syrup.
Fruit Peel fruit and eat raw. Spines. Avoid any similar-looking The non-milky sap from the
Seeds Roast and grind seeds to a flour. plant that has milky sap as it may pads is a good source of water.
Pads Boil or grill young pads, first be poisonous.
removing thorns by peeling or
scorching over a fire.
Fruit (Tsamma melon only) Pound fruit to a pulp and eat raw. The fruit of the wild desert gourd The Tsamma melon (C. lanatus)
Flowers Eat the flowers raw. or colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis) is also known as the wild
Seeds Roast or boil seeds. is very bitter and is a strong watermelon. The fruit pulp
Young leaves and shoots Chew leaves and shoots for water. laxative. is a good source of water.
)/+
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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION EDIBLE PART
BAMBOO Tropical and subtropical forests. Tree-like grasses with woody, segmented, Young shoots
Bambuseae hollow stems ranging from black to green to Seeds
gold in colour. Green blade-like leaves. Species
range in height from 0.5–3.5m (1 2⁄3 –11 1 ⁄2ft).
BANANA AND PLANTAIN Tree-like herbaceous plants up to 10m (33ft)

Fruit
Native to Australia and Southeast
Musa spp. tall. Large, green, strap-like, split leaves.
Buds and flowers
Asia; introduced to other
Flowers and fruit grow in dense hanging
Shoots and young
tropical regions.
clusters. stems
Roots
BRAZIL NUT Along river banks in rainforests Large dry-season deciduous tree up to 45m Seeds or “nuts”
Bertholletia excelsa in South America. (150ft) tall. Green, oblong, crinkly leaves. Yellow
flowers. Fruit is the size of a coconut with a
hard, woody shell and contains 8–24 seeds.
CEYLON/VINE SPINACH Widespread in tropical forests. Trailing, vine-like plant reaching 30m (100ft) in Young leaves and
Basella alba length. Beetroot-red stems. Fleshy, oval or stems
heart-shaped, green or red-purple leaves.
FIG Variety of habitats in tropical Evergreen tree with long aerial roots growing Ripe fruit
Ficus spp. and subtropical regions. from the trunk and branches. Leathery green
leaves. Pear-shaped fruit grow directly from
the trunk or branches.
PAPAYA/PAWPAW Native to tropical rainforests Small tree up to 6m (20ft) high, with a soft Fruit
Carica papaya in the Americas; introduced to hollow trunk. Large green leaves have seven Young flowers,
other tropical and some lobes. Large melon-like fruit turn yellow or leaves, and stems
temperate regions. orange when ripe.
PEANUT Native to tropical rainforests Small, bushy plant up to 50cm (1 2 ⁄3ft) tall. Seeds or “nuts”
Arachis hypogaea in the Americas; introduced to Paired, oval green leaves grow four to a stem.
other tropical and some Yellow flowers. Underground legume (pod)
temperate regions. contains 1–4 nuts.
SAGO PALM Damp lowlands of tropical Spiny-trunked palm up to 10m (33ft) tall. Pith
Metroxylon sagu rainforests in Southeast Asia; Crown of pinnate (feather-like) green leaves. Young shoots
introduced elsewhere. Young nuts
WATER LILY Lakes, ponds, and rivers in tropical Flat, green, heart-shaped leaves float on Tubers
Nymphaea and subtropical regions worldwide. surface of water. Large, white, yellow, pink, Stems
Also found in temperate regions. or blue fragrant flowers. Seeds
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PREPARATION SIMILAR PLANTS BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION

Split the tough outer sheath of the Shoots of the giant bamboo Bamboo stems often hold water
shoots, and boil or steam. or volohosy (Cathariostachys (see p. 190). The stems can be
Boil the seeds or grind, mix with madagascariensis) contain used for cooking (see p. 204) and
water, make into cakes, and bake. prussic acid (cyanide). building a shelter (see p. 169).
Fruit and flowers are edible raw Banana and plantain fruit is rich
or cooked. in potassium and vitamins A, B6,
Cook shoots, stems, and roots. and C. Hard, unripe plantain fruit
is only edible when cooked.
Break fruit capsule open, crack the The sapucaia tree (Lecythis spp.) Ripe fruit capsules fall to the
nut’s shell, and eat raw. produces edible seeds in a similar ground. Rodents and monkeys
fruit capsule. They are called are attracted to the nuts, which
paradise nuts. are rich in fats and selenium.
Steam, boil, stew, or stir-fry the Don’t eat too much, as the plant can Young leaves and stems are rich
leaves and stems. have a mild laxative effect. in vitamins.
Eat the fruit raw or cooked. Don’t eat any hard, woody fruit, Edible figs are soft when ripe
or those covered in hairs. and green, red, or black in colour.
Flesh of ripe fruit is edible raw. Don’t get the milky juice of green, Ripe fruit is rich in vitamin C.
Unripe fruit is edible cooked. unripe fruit in your eyes as it will Unripe fruit will ripen quickly
Flowers, leaves, and stems must cause temporary blindness. if placed in the sun.
be boiled, and the water must
be changed at least once.
Remove the shell and eat the Don’t handle or eat if you are Peanuts are a good source of
nuts raw. allergic to peanuts. protein, B vitamins, and minerals.
Crush the pith, knead it in water, Many palms have edible parts. Don’t eat a palm’s fruit unless you A mature palm, cut just before
strain into a pot, and let the fine The sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) have positively identified it as an it flowers, will yield 150–300kg
sago settle. Squeeze and let it dry. has an edible sap which can be edible variety as the fruit of some (330–660lb) of sago starch –
Mix to a paste with boiling water. boiled down to a thick syrup. species contain harmful crystals. almost pure carbohydrate.
Peel and slice the tubers, which All parts of the lotus (Nelumbo The tubers are rich in starch.
can be eaten raw. spp.) are edible raw or cooked. The seeds have a bitter taste
Stems are best cooked. but they are edible.
Dry and grind the seeds into flour.
)/-
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ICELAND MOSS Mountainous areas in Arctic, Mat-forming lichen, up to 10cm (4in) high.
Cetraria islandica sub-Arctic, and cold temperate regions Grey-green to pale chestnut branches, rolled
in North America and Europe; lava into tubes terminating in flattened lobes with
slopes and plains of Iceland. fringed edges.
LICHENS
REINDEER MOSS Tundra, bogs, and open woodlands Mat-forming lichen, 5–10cm (2–4in) high.
Cladonia rangiferina in Arctic, sub-Arctic, and northern Grey, rounded branches resemble antlers.
temperate regions.
ROCK TRIPE On rocks in Arctic, sub-Arctic, Rounded lichens with curling edges, usually grey
Umbilicaria spp. and northern temperate regions. or brown.
ARCTIC WILLOW Tundra in North America, Europe, Mat-forming shrub, 30–60cm (1–2ft) high. Rounded,
Salix arctica and Asia; mountainous areas in shiny green leaves. Flowers grow as yellow catkins.
some northern temperate regions.
BEARBERRY Mountainous areas in Arctic Dwarf evergreen shrub. Thick, leathery, club-shaped
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and sub-Arctic regions. green leaves. Pink or white flowers. Bright red berries
grow in clusters.
BOG LABRADOR TEA Bogs and alpine areas in Arctic, Evergreen shrub, 30–90cm (1–3ft) high. Narrow, leathery,
Rhododendron groenlandicum sub-Arctic, and temperate regions green leaves are hairy underneath and fragrant. Small,
in North America and Europe. fragrant, white flowers grow in clusters and are sticky.
PLANTS
CLOUDBERRY Bogs, marshes, and wet meadows Perennial shrub, 10–25cm (4–10in) high. Soft, green
Rubus chamaemorus in alpine and sub-Arctic regions of leaves have 5–7 lobes. White flowers have five petals.
North America, Europe, and Asia. Rasberry-sized, amber berries grow at the top of the plant.
CROWBERRY Tundra, moorlands, bogs, and Dwarf, evergreen, mat-forming shrub. Short, pale green,
Empetrum nigrum spruce forests in Arctic, sub-Arctic, needle-like leaves. Small, purple-red flowers. Black berries.
and northern temperate regions.
Also found in the Andes.
KERGUELEN CABBAGE Rocky areas of sub-Antarctic islands Cabbage-like plant.

Pringlea antiscorbutica in the Indian and Southern Oceans.
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All Soak for several hours All lichens contain an acid Lichens are low in protein but high in carbohydrates
then boil well. that will cause stomach (lichen-starch).
irritation unless soaked
and boiled before eating.
All Soak for several hours All lichens contain an acid High in vitamins A and B. Important source of
then boil well. that will cause stomach food for reindeer (caribou). Partially digested
irritation unless soaked lichens from the reindeer’s stomach are considered
and boiled before eating. a delicacy by herders.
All Soak for several hours then There have been some
boil well. reports of rock tripe
poisoning so apply the
Universal Edibility Test first.
Young shoots Peel off outer bark and eat Arctic willow leaves have 7–10 times more
Leaves inner shoots raw. vitamin C than an orange.
Young roots Eat the leaves raw.
Peel roots and eat raw.
Berries Cook before eating. Bears feeding on the Forms mats in Arctic regions.
berries.
Leaves Infuse to make tea. Pick individual leaves rather than whole branches
and harvest from several shrubs. Northern Labrador
tea (R. tomentosum) leaves also make a fragrant tea.
The plant grows in peaty soils and on tundra.
Berries Edible raw. Bears feeding on the Berries initially pink, ripening to amber
berries. in autumn. High in vitamin C.
Berries Eat raw or cooked. Bears feeding on the Previous year’s berries will last on plant until
berries. spring if not picked. Fresh berries can be
dried for storage. Low in vitamins.
Leaves Boil well. Leaves have a bitter taste so must be well-boiled.

High in potassium and vitamin C. Antarctic explorers
and whalers used to eat Kerguelen cabbage to ward
off scurvy, hence its scientific name.
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GUTWEED Saltmarshes and rock pools in Pale or bright green, tubular, unbranched stems,
Enteromorpha spp. cold-temperate waters worldwide. 20–40cm (8–16in) long.
SEAWEEDS
KELP Rocky coasts of the Atlantic and Very long, strap-like, olive-green to brown fronds.
Alaria spp., Laminaria spp., and Pacific oceans. Giant kelp (M. pyrifera) is the largest seaweed
Macrocystis spp. on Earth, reaching lengths of 45m (150ft).
LAVER Rocky coasts worldwide. Very thin, irregularly shaped membranous frond,
Poryphyra spp. up to 50cm (20in) long. Colour varies from
olive-green to purple-brown or blackish.
COCONUT PALM
Sandy, rocky, and coral coasts in Woody perennial tree, up to 22m (72ft) tall, with
Cocos nucifera tropics and subtropics worldwide. a crown of pinnate (feather-like) leaves. Grey trunk
is ringed with growth scars.
GLASSWORT/ Salt marshes and coastal mudflats Bright green, jointed, fleshy stems, 10–30cm (4–12in)
MARSH SAMPHIRE of western and eastern North high. Scale-like leaves and tiny flowers are sunk into
Salicornia spp. America, western Europe, and the stems.
the Mediterranean.
ORACHE/SALTBUSH Sandy and shingle beaches worldwide. Sprawling plant with spikes of small, greenish flowers.
Atriplex spp. Pale- or silvery-green leaves are either triangular or
spear-shaped, sometimes lobed.
SEASHORE PLANTS
SCREW PINE Tropical coasts from Madagascar to Tree up to 9m (30ft) tall, supported by stilt-like aerial
Pandanus spp. southern Asia and islands in the roots. Strap-like, saw-toothed leaves are grouped in
southwestern Pacific. spirals. Large, globular knobbly fruit ripens from
green to orange or red.
SCURVY-GRASS Salt marshes and rocky coasts of Creeping plant, 10–40cm (4–16in) high, with thick,
Cochlearia spp. northern North America and northern fleshy, dark green, heart-shaped leaves. Small, white,
Europe and Asia. four-petalled flowers.
SEA BEET Salt marshes, shingle beaches, and Sprawling plant up to 1m (40in) high, with glossy green,
Beta vulgaris maritima cliffs in Europe. stems and leaves often tinged red. Tiny green flowers
grow in clusters on the stems.
SEAROCKET Sandy shores in North America, Up to 40cm (16in) high with deeply lobed, fleshy, green
Cakile spp. Europe, Asia, and Australia. leaves. Pale lavender, four-petalled flowers.
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All Eat raw or dry in the sun Gutweed is a good indicator of where fresh water
and grind to a powder, for runs across a seashore as it is particularly abundant
ease of storage. in such sites.
Fronds Best boiled, though young Large doses of iodine can Sugarwrack (L. saccharina) tastes sweet, as its
fronds can be eaten raw. be harmful. name implies, and can be eaten fried or boiled.
Kelp is high in iodine, small amounts of which
are needed for good health.
All Boil, then mash. The Welsh make a cake out of laver and oatmeal,
called laverbread. The Japanese produce thousands
of tons of paper-thin sheets of dried, processed
laver, called nori.
Drink the milk fresh. Mature coconut milk needs Green, unripe coconuts are a good source of
Seeds (coconuts) Eat the flesh raw or extra water to be digested. water (see p. 190). Coconut milk is rich in sugar
sun-dried. It’s also a laxative, so don’t and vitamins and contains protein. The oily flesh
drink too much. is also nutritious.
Stems Steam or boil. Also known as “poor man’s asparagus”. Rock

samphire (Crithmum maritimum), which is found
on cliffs and rocky shores, is unrelated but has
edible succulent leaves.
Leaves Young leaves can be eaten Atriplex species are restricted to saline soils. As
raw, older leaves should well as coasts, they are also found inland on the
be boiled. shores of alkaline lakes and in deserts. Grey saltbush
(A. cinerea) is a type of bushfood in Australia.
Fruit Inner flesh of ripe fruit can The leaves have small, Unripe, green fruit is inedible.
be eaten raw. Partly ripe thorn-like spines at the
fruit can be eaten if baked edges, which can scrape
for two hours. and irritate the skin.
Leaves Eat the leaves raw or pulp Scurvy-grass leaves are rich in vitamin C – sailors
and drink. used to eat (or drink) them to prevent scurvy.
They are very bitter, so are best leached in water,
but you should eat them in a survival situation.
Leaves Eat raw or boiled. Sea beet is the wild ancestor of beetroot, sugar
beet, and Swiss chard.
Leaves Leaves and young pods can Searocket leaves have a peppery taste. One
Young pods be eaten raw. species of Cakile grows in the deserts of the
Arabian Peninsula.
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Temperate and tropical regions The only mammals with true wings and the ability to
AERIAL
BATS
Chiroptera worldwide. fly. Wingspans vary from 15cm (6in) to over 1.5m (5ft)
in the large fruit bats, or flying foxes (Megachiroptera).
TREE SQUIRRELS North and South America, Europe, Small or medium-sized rodents, with large, bushy tails.
Sciurus and temperate parts of Asia.
TREES / GROUND
PORCUPINES North and South America, Africa, Large, rounded rodents, with a coat of sharp quills.
Hystricomorpha and tropical Asia.
ANTELOPE AND North and South America, Africa, Hoofed mammals, with long legs and barrel-shaped bodies.
DEER and Eurasia. Male antelope have permanent horns; male deer have antlers,
Bovidae and Cervidae which they shed and regrow each year.
GUINEA PIGS Northwestern, central, and Small rodent, with dark, coarse fur, short legs, and no tail.
Cavia spp. southeastern South America.
GROUND / BURROWS
HEDGEHOGS Europe, Africa, and Asia; Small, short-legged insectivorous mammal, with spines on
Erinaceinae introduced to New Zealand. back and sides of body.
KANGAROOS Australia. The largest of the marsupials (pouched mammals), with long,
Macropus spp. strong tails, large back legs, and short forelegs.
RABBITS AND Most habitats worldwide, from Small or medium-sized herbivorous mammals, with large ears
HARES arctic tundra to semi-desert. and small, round, furry tails. Fur is usually brown or dark grey;
Leporidae the Arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) has a winter coat: white with
black ear tips.
BEAVER North America and northwestern Large semi-aquatic rodents, with coarse, brown fur, webbed
GROUND / AQUATIC
Castor spp. Eurasia. feet, and a flat, scaly tail.
CANE RATS Sub-Saharan Africa. Large rodents, with coarse, brown fur and a long, naked
Thryonomys spp. tail. The greater cane rat ( T. swinderianus) is semi-aquatic.
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HOW TO FIND BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION

Active at night. Roost in colonies in caves and Sharp teeth. Some bats carry rabies or other Large, plump, fruit-eating bats, such as the
trees during the day. Temperate species diseases (see pp. 300–01), so cook the meat Indian flying-fox (Pteropus giganteus), are
hibernate in the winter. thoroughly. Bats are protected in Europe and some considered a delicacy in many tropical areas.
parts of North America.
Mostly active by day, feeding in branches and Sharp teeth and claws. Flying squirrels (Pteromyini ) are nocturnal,
on the ground on shoots, nuts, and birds’ eggs. tree-living members of the squirrel
Nest in trees in a range of woodland habitats. (Sciuridae) family. They glide from tree
to tree rather than fly.
Some New World porcupines climb trees to feed, Barbed quills (see p. 266 for how to remove). Slow-moving, so can easily be run down and
but all Old World porcupines spend all their time speared. Unlike most small game, the meat
on the ground across a range of habitats. is fatty rather than lean.
Antelope are mainly found in savanna, or Horns or antlers. Most active at dawn and dusk. Usually live
marshland habitats, and deer mainly in woodland, in groups.
forests, or tundra.
Feed mostly at dawn and dusk, in shrubby Sharp teeth. Have communal feeding runways. Traps can
grassland in mountainous regions. be baited with leafy vegetables.
Habitats range from woodland, hedgerows, Sharp spines. Usually infested with parasites, Traditionally prepared for eating by covering
and grassland to desert. Feed at night on so handle carefully and cook well. with clay and baking in embers of a fire
small animals, such as worms and insects. (see p. 205).
Live in open savanna woodland, feeding Sharp claws and a powerful kick. Kangaroos are protected in some Australian
mainly at night on vegetation. Gather at states, but can be hunted (if you have a
waterholes in times of drought. permit) in others.
Rabbits live in burrows, often in large numbers, Rabbits and hares may be infected with germs, In most areas, these are the first animals
coming above ground to feed on vegetation, so handle them carefully and cook well. Their to try to trap. The European rabbit
using well-worn runs. Hares live above ground. meat is very lean, and must be eaten with (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is an invasive
green vegetables (see p. 220). pest species in Australia.
Look for the distinctive mud-and-stick lodges in Strong, chisel-like teeth. The Eurasian beaver Use regular runs along streams. The tail
the middle of a pond or lake. Beavers leave the (Castor fiber) is protected in many of the can be eaten as well as the flesh.
lodge at night to feed on water plants and trees countries in which it is found.
along the riverbank.
Feed at night on reeds and grasses in marshland Sharp teeth. Cane rats are a valuable source of bush
and on riverbanks, or on grasses in moist meat in West and Central Africa. “True”
savanna, and on rocky hillsides. rats (Rattus spp.) are edible but often
carry diseases, so handle with care.
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NAMES WHERE IDENTIFICATION
GAMEBIRDS Worldwide, except Antarctica. Typically have plump bodies, small heads, and
Galliformes short, rounded wings. Range in size from quail ,
which can weigh as little as 50g (2oz), to the
wild turkey (Meleagris galloparvo), which can
be as heavy as 10kg (22lb).
OSTRICH From West to East Africa south of the Sahara, The world’s tallest and heaviest bird, reaching
Struthio camelus and southern Africa. 100kg (220lb), the ostrich is flightless. Long neck
and long, strong legs, with two-toed feet. Males
have black and white plumage, females brown.
OWLS Every continent, except Antarctica. Upright posture and a flattened face with large,
Strigiformes forward-facing eyes. Strong, hooked bill and
sharp talons (claws).
PIGEONS AND DOVES Worldwide, except the polar regions. Plump, full-breasted bodies, with a small head
Columbiformes and bill. Thick, soft plumage, which can be brown
or grey, or brightly coloured in some tropical species.
STORKS AND HERONS Worldwide, except the polar regions. Large bodies, with long legs and necks, and powerful
Ciconiiformes bills. Range in height from 25cm (10in) for the
smallest bitterns to 1.5m (5ft) for the largest storks.
VULTURES All continents, except Antarctica and Australasia. Large carrion-eating birds, with large wings,
Accipitridae and Cathartidae powerful feet with sharp talons, and a strongly
hooked bill. Head and neck is often bald or
sparsely feathered.
WADERS AND GULLS Worldwide. Vary greatly in size and shape, but most have
Charadriiformes subdued brown, grey, black, or white plumage.
Waders (or shorebirds) usually have lightweight
bodies and long legs. Gulls have compact bodies.
WATERFOWL Worldwide, except Antarctica. Typically have plump bodies, powerful wings, and
Anseriformes short legs with webbed feet. Most species have a
broad, flattened bill. Ducks usually have short necks,
while geese and swans have long necks.
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HOW TO FIND BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION
Wide range of terrestrial habitats, from high Short but sharp beak and claws. In some species Nearly all gamebirds feed and nest on
mountains, to tropical forests, to Arctic tundra. (including pheasants), the males have sharp spurs the ground. At night, many gamebirds
on their ankles. roost in trees.
Open semi-arid plains (from desert to savanna) Can run fast and deliver a powerful kick. Very The eggs are the largest of any bird,
and open woodland. protective of eggs in the nest and the young birds. weighing 1.4kg (3lb). The nests are
communal and contain up to 40 eggs.
In most habitats, from tundra to dense forest. Sharp bill and talons. Most species hunt at night and roost in
trees during the day. Usually nest in holes
in trees, under rocky overhangs, or,
sometimes, in burrows.
Variety of forest habitats, from open woodland Often feed in flocks on the ground or in
to dense, tropical rainforest, and grassland and trees, and usually roost communally in
semi-arid areas. trees. Can be taken by hand from the
roost if you approach slowly and quietly.
Freshwater habitats, ranging from wetlands, Sharp bill. Usually feed alone at the water’s edge,
rivers, lakes, marshes, swamps, mangroves, but often nest communally in trees.
and lagoons to tidal mudflats.
Open areas, including mountains, plains, Sharp bill and talons. Handle as little as possible, Carrion eaters and scavengers, such as
deserts, and savannas. as prone to parasites and infection. Boil meat for crows (Corvus spp.) and gulls (see below),
at least 30 minutes. can be lured into traps baited with meat.
Tundra and a variety of wetland and coastal Sharp bill. Gulls and terns will aggressively Most birds in this group nest on the
habitats, including tidal mudflats, beaches, defend their nest sites. ground or on rock ledges, laying about
and cliffs. four well-camouflaged eggs. Often nest
in large colonies.
Arctic tundra, wetlands, rivers, and lakes. Geese and swans can be very aggressive, Many species migrate between their
Ducks and swans usually feed on the water, particularly in the breeding season. Mute swans breeding grounds in the Arctic and their
while geese graze on the land. (Cygnus olor) can weigh up to 12kg (26lb). wintering grounds further south. They
moult their feathers in the late summer,
rendering them flightless for a couple of
weeks and thus easier to catch.
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AFRICAN CLAWED FROG Sub-Saharan Africa; introduced Flattened, brown body, 6–13cm (2 1⁄3 –5in) long, with a
Xenopus spp. to North America, South America, line of white “stitch marks” along the sides. Clawed toes
and Europe. on the muscular legs.
FROGS
AMERICAN BULLFROG North America; introduced to Body is green with brown markings above and white below,
Rana catesbeiana Europe and Asia. 9–20cm (31⁄2 –8in) long. Large legs and large eardrums.
SOUTH AMERICAN Central and northern South Smooth yellow or pale brown body with some dark markings,
BULLFROG America. 8–22cm (3–9in) long.
Leptodactylus pentadactylus
AFRICAN HELMETED Sub-Saharan Africa. Flattened, brown shell, 20–32cm (8–121⁄2in) long.
TURTLE
Pelomedusa subrufa
TURTLES
ASIAN LEAF TURTLE Southeast Asia. Oval, light to dark brown shell, 15–24cm (6–9 1⁄2in) long, with
Cyclemus dentata serrated edge near tail. Reddish brown head and legs.
Southern Canada, USA, and Flattened, smooth shell, 15–25cm (6–10in) long; brown above
PAINTED TURTLE
northern Mexico. and yellow below, sometimes patterned. Yellow or red stripes
Chrysemys picta
on the neck.
CARPET PYTHON Indonesia, New Guinea, and

Several subspecies, all of which have a bold pattern of irregular
Morelia spilota Australia. markings, which can be reddish brown, brown, black or grey.
Average length is 2m (6 1⁄2ft), but can reach 4m (13ft).
COMMON BOA Central America, South America, Several subspecies but all have characteristic dark saddle
Boa constrictor and some Caribbean islands. markings along the back and a dark stripe behind each eye.
SNAKES
Narrow head and pointed snout.

COMMON EGG-EATING Sub-saharan Africa Reddish-brown or grey body with dark, angular markings.
SNAKE A slender snake, 70–100cm (28–39in) long. Rounded snout.
Dasypeltis scabra
COMMON RATSNAKE Southern Canada, and central Subspecies coloration varies from bright yellow-orange to pale
Elaphe obsoleta and eastern USA grey with darker blotches. Length range is 1.2–1.8m (4–6ft).
Long head with rounded snout.
COMMON/VIVIPAROUS Europe, extending to the Arctic Body is usually brown olive, sometimes black, with males having
LIZARD Circle, and central to eastern Asia, bright yellow or orange bellies and females creamy white ones.
Zootoca vivipara including Japan. Length range is 10–18cm (4–7in).
GREEN IGUANA Central America and northern Green or greyish body, 1–2m (31⁄4–61⁄2ft) long, including the long
Iguana iguana South America. striped tail. Long, stout legs for climbing trees. Adults have a
LIZARDS
fleshy dewlap beneath the throat, which is large in males.

Males turn brightly coloured in the sun, with an orange-red head
RAINBOW LIZARD West, Central, and East Africa.
and a blue or turquoise body; females and juvenile males remain
Agama agama
grey. Length range is 30–40cm (12–16in).
WESTERN FENCE Southwestern USA and Brown body with raised, pointed scales. Blue patches on the belly
LIZARD northwestern Mexico. are most pronounced in males. Length range is 15–23cm (6–9in).
Sceloporus occidentalis
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HOW TO FIND SIMILAR SPECIES EXTRA INFORMATION
Wetlands and waterholes in savannas and Also known as the African clawed toad.
tropical and subtropical forests.
Wetlands. All frogs in the Rana genus are edible. The genus American bullfrog legs can be the size of
includes New World true frogs and the European chicken drumsticks. All temperate species
common frog (R. temporaria). of frog hibernate in the winter.
Tropical forests and rainforests.

Active at night. If picked up, the South
American bullfrog emits a loud scream
to startle the predator into dropping it.
Watering holes and rain pools in open country. In the rainy season, this turtle wanders
from pool to pool to forage. In the dry
season, it buries itself in mud.
Shallow streams in mountains or lowlands. Very active on land and in water.
Lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams Active by day. You will often find several
and rivers. painted turtles piled up together on a log
in the water, basking in the sun.
Wide range of habitats.

The carpet python is non-venomous,
but it can inflict a nasty bite. It is one
of Australia’s most widespread snakes.
Wide range of habitats, from tropical forest There are several species in the boa family, Kills its prey by coiling around it and
to dry savanna. which includes the world’s largest snake, suffocating it. Don’t tackle large common
the green anaconda (Eunectes murinus). boas – they can be up to 4m (13ft) long.
Desert and open habitats. This nocturnal African snake feeds on eggs
during the bird-breeding season then fasts
for the rest of the year. It has no teeth.
Rocky hillsides with open woodland. Ratsnakes (Elaphe spp.), which include the Like the common boa (see above), all
brightly coloured corn snake (E. guttata), ratsnakes kill their prey by constriction.
are found in both the New and Old Worlds.
Wide range of terrestrial habitats. There’s no point trying to catch a common
lizard by its tail as, like many lizards, it can
shed the tail and regrow it.
Tropical forest and rainforest. Defends itelf by lashing out with its tail
and claws.
Open habitats. Rainbow lizard can shed and regrow

its tail.
On rocks and other prominent places in The eastern fence lizard (S. undulatus) is Fence lizard can shed and regrow
temperate and coniferous woodlands. widely distributed across southeastern its tail.
USA and northeastern Mexico.
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BARRAMUNDI Western and eastern Indian Up to 2m (61⁄2ft) long, with a rounded tail fin.Dark greenish-grey
Lates calcarifer Ocean, and northwestern and upper body fading to silver below.
western Pacific Ocean.
COMMON/BRONZE Europe to Central Asia. Up to 82cm (2 3 ⁄4ft) long, with a deep, narrow, bronze-coloured
BREAM body and a deeply forked tail.
Abramis brama
COMMON/KING CARP Europe and Asia; introduced in Up to 1.5m (5ft)long, with a dark gold upper body paling
Cyprinus carpio North America and Australasia. to silver below.
EUROPEAN TURBOT Northeast Atlantic Ocean Almost circular flatfish, up to 1m (31⁄3ft) in diameter. Sandy
Psetta maxima up to the Arctic Circle and brown with brown or black speckles on top.
the Mediterranean.
NILE PERCH Northern, central, and eastern Up to 1.9m (61⁄4ft) long, with a rounded tail fin. Dark grey-blue
Lates niloticus Africa. upper body fading to silver below.
RUDD Europe and Asia. Up to 45cm (173 ⁄4in) long, with a deeply forked tail. Dark greenish
Scardinius erythrophthalmus upper body paling to silver below. Red pelvic, pectoral, and
anal fins.
ATLANTIC SALMON North Atlantic and Arctic Up to 1.5m (5ft) long, with a powerful, streamlined, silver
Salmo salar oceans, and Baltic Sea and blue-green body.
adjacent rivers; introduced
to Argentina and Australasia.
TARPON Eastern and western Atlantic Up to 2.5m (8ft) long, with a deeply forked tail. Bright silver body,
Megalops atlanticus Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, with large, hard scales.
and the Caribbean.
TENCH Europe and Asia; introduced Olive green upper body, golden below, with a square tail fin.
Tinca tinca in North America. Small barbel at corners of mouth. Average length is 70cm (271⁄2in).
BROWN TROUT Temperate waters worldwide. Streamlined body with an average length of 1m (3 1⁄3ft).
AND SEA TROUT The brown trout has a brownish body flecked with distinctive
Salmo trutta black and red spots. The sea-going form, the sea trout, is
silver-blue with black spots.
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HOW TO FIND SIMILAR FISH EXTRA INFORMATION

Tropical, slow-moving creeks and estuaries, Beware of the sharp dorsal fin.
hiding in mangrove roots and rocky outcrops.
Bottom of still and slow-moving waters, typically Silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and white-eye
in lakes, rivers, and ponds. Swim in large shoals. bream (Abramis sapa).
Still and slow-moving waters, often among Wild carp, mirrored carp, and leather carp are
vegetation near banks of lakes or ponds. all varieties of the common carp.
Sandy, rocky, or mixed sea beds in shallow Other flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) found in shallow
coastal and brackish water. water, such as sole, plaice, and flounder.
Lakes and large rivers. Other perch (Perciformes). Beware of the sharp dorsal fin and teeth
(the Nile perch is a voracious predator).
This species can weigh up to 200kg (440lb).
Still and slow-moving waters, often near banks Roach (Rutilus rutilus)
of ponds and marshlands.
Cold, fast-flowing rivers and coastal waters. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) The salmon run (when the fish migrate
from the sea to their birth rivers) is in
the autumn, with spawning between
November and January.
Estuaries, lagoons, tidal flats, and mangrove Indo-Pacific tarpon (M. cyprinoides), This species is hard to hook because of its
swamps. Feed in shoals. which is smaller and rarer. bony mouth. It weighs up to 160kg (350lb).
Still and slow-moving waters, in ponds, lakes,

and rivers. The best time of day to catch tench
is at dawn, at the edges of dense vegetation.
Streams, rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. Rainbow trout and steelhead trout Sea-going forms migrate from the
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the sea to rivers to spawn in the autumn.
cutthroat trout (O. clarki). Beware of small bones when eating.
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COMMON/BLUE MUSSEL Intertidal zones of estuaries and coasts of North Dark-shelled bivalve, reaching 10–15cm (4–6in)
Mytilus edulis and southeastern Atlantic and northeastern and in length.
southwestern Pacific.
MOLLUSCS
GIANT AFRICAN Sub-tropical and tropical parts of Africa; Large terrestrial snails, reaching up to 30cm
LAND SNAILS introduced to the Asia-Pacific region. (12in) in length when body is extended, and
Achatina spp. 10cm (4in) in diameter. Whorled, conical,
brownish shell with darker bands.
MOLLUSCS
GRASSHOPPERS Worldwide, on vegetation and the ground. Winged insects with powerful hindlegs, 1–8cm
Acrididae (2⁄5–31⁄4in) long, usually with camouflage
colouring and patterning.
HONEYPOT/HONEY ANTS Semi-arid and arid regions of southwest USA, Segmented bodies with six legs and a pair of
Myrmecocystus spp. Mexico, Africa, and Australia. antennae, and a constricted waist. Range in
colour and size, from 2–12mm (1⁄10 –1⁄2in). Special
ARTHROPODS
members of the colony, called repletes, have

abdomens that can swell to the size of a grape.
WITCHETTY GRUB Underground, in the roots of the witchetty The larva of this species of cossid moth reaches
Endoxyla leucomochla bush (Acacia kempeana), central Australia. about 7cm (2 3 ⁄4in) in length. It is white with a
brown head.
CRAYFISH/CRAWFISH/ Worldwide, in freshwater streams. Segmented bodies, which can be sandy

YABBIES/KOURAS yellow, green, dark brown, or blue-grey in
CRUSTACEANS
Astaclidea colour. Ten legs, the front two of which are

large claws. Average length is 8cm (3in),
but some species grow much larger.
WOODLICE Worldwide, in damp terrestrial microhabitats, Flattened, segmented bodies up to 2cm (3 ⁄4in) in
Oniscidea and Armadillidiidae such as in rotting wood and leaf litter. length. Grey or light brown or black in colour. Pill
millipedes will roll up into a ball when threatened.
WORMS
COMMON EARTHWORM Temperate regions of Europe; introduced to Reddish worm, reaching 35cm (14in) in length
Lumbricus terrestris most parts of the world. when extended.
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SIMILAR INVERTEBRATES BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION
Most species of marine and freshwater Don’t collect marine shellfish that aren’t covered Healthy bivalves should close their shells
bivalves and univalves are edible if alive at high tide. The black mussel (Musculus niger), when tapped and the shells should open
and healthy when gathered. found in Arctic waters, can be poisonous when cooked. Healthy univalves, such as
year-round. Mussels in tropical zones are limpets, should be difficult to prise off
poisonous during the summer. the rocks on which they live.
Many terrestrial and freshwater snails are Avoid any terrestrial snails with brightly coloured Snails should be starved for 24 hours
edible. The winkle or common periwinkle shells and all sea snails unless you can positively or fed a diet of edible green leaves to
(Littorina littorea) is an edible sea snail. identify them as an edible species, as they may purge their guts before cooking. Boil
be poisonous. for at least 10 minutes.
Most species of cricket (Gryllidae) and katydid Avoid any brightly coloured grasshoppers as Remove the antennae, wings, and leg
( Tettigoniidae) are edible. they may be toxic. spurs, and roast to kill any parasites.
Most species of ant are edible if gathered Most species of ant are aggressive in defence The swollen abdomens of the repletes
carefully. The larvae of wood ants (Formica spp.) of their nest and have a stinging bite. Some will contain a nutritious fluid.
in northern temperate regions make a nutritious then squirt formic acid at the site of the bite. The repletes live deep underground in
meal in summer months. The abdomen of the the ants’ nest so you would have to dig
green or weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) them out.
found in Southeast Asia and Australia tastes
like citrus sherbert. Termites ( Isoptera) are
also edible. See p. 219 for catching methods.
The term “witchetty grub” is also applied to the Do not eat any insect larvae that are already Should be eaten raw or roasted quickly
edible larvae of other cossid moths, ghost moths dead when you find them, or that look sick, in hot embers.
(Hepialidae), and longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). smell bad, or that irritate the skin if handled.
Palm grubs are the edible larvae of the palm weevil
(Rhynchophorus spp.). They live in the trunks of
sago palms (see pp. 284–85) in Southeast Asia.
Marine decapods such as crabs, lobsters, May contain harmful parasites so cook well. Keep alive until ready to eat. See p. 225
and prawns are also edible. for preparation and cooking methods.
Boil or fry gently. Will turn slightly pink,

like prawns, when cooked.
All earthworms are edible. The common eathworm is unusual in that

it feeds at the surface, making it easier to
find and gather than other worms.
*''
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X[m`jXYc\kf]Xd`c`Xi`q\pflij\c]n`k_k_\gfk\ek`Xccp_Xid]lcn`c[c`]\èk_\i\^`fepflXi\
m`j`kè^#k_\eXkli\f]k_\k_i\Xk#Xe[_fnkfXmf`[`k`]gfjj`Yc\%@ek_\ZXj\f]jljg\Zk\[
VAMPIRE BATS In rainforests, deserts, and Small bats, with a body length of 7–9cm (2 3⁄4–31⁄2in) and a wingspan
Desmodontinae grasslands, from Mexico to of 35–40cm (14–16in). Dark brownish grey fur, paler on the belly.
northern and central South Razor-like upper incisors.
America.
MAMMALS
RATS Worldwide, except for the Medium-sized rodents, with a minimum body length of 12cm (5in),
Rattus spp. polar regions. and long, naked tails. Coarse brown, grey-brown, or black fur, paler
on belly. Pink feet.
SPITTING COBRAS Warm temperate, subtropical, and Pale brown to black snakes up to 2m (6 1⁄2ft) long. When threatened,
SNAKES
AND RINKHALS tropical regions of Asia and Africa. will rear up and spread their hoods, revealing striped patterns
Naja spp. and Hemachatus on their necks.
haemachatus
ELECTRIC EEL Amazon and Orinoco river Not a true eel, but an eel-like fish up to 2.5m (81⁄4ft) long and can be as thick
Electrophorus electricus systems, South America, as a human thigh. Continuous fin along lower body.
often in shallow water.
FISH
STONEFISH In tropical coastal waters of Up to 40cm (16in) long, this lumpy fish can match its colour to the rock
Synanceia verrucosa northern Indian Ocean and or sediment on which it lies while waiting for passing prey. Venomous
southwestern Pacific Ocean. spines in the dorsal fin.
BOX JELLYFISH/ At the surface of tropical waters Box-shaped, transparent jellyfish, up to 25cm (10in) in diameter.
SEA WASPS of southwestern Pacific Ocean Up to 15 long tentacles, which bear stinging cells, at each corner.
Cubomedusae and eastern Indian Ocean.
OTHER ANIMALS
CENTIPEDES In soil, leaf litter, cracks, and Elongated, flattened bodies divided into at least 16 segments, most
Chilopoda crevices in temperate, subtropical, of which have one pair of legs. Tropical species are typically brightly
and tropical regions worldwide. coloured – yellow, red, orange, or green – with dark stripes. The world’s
largest centipede, Scolpendra gigantea, reaches 30cm (12in) in length.
CONE SHELLS/ In inter-tidal zones and on Brightly coloured and patterned, cone-shaped shells, up to 23cm (9in)
CONE SNAILS coral reefs in warm temperate, long. These predatory snails have venomous, harpoon-like mouthparts.
Conidae subtropical, and tropical seas
and oceans worldwide.
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DANGER TREATMENT HOW TO AVOID

Many mammal species are infected with If bitten by a vampire bat, or other potentially Vampire bats roost in hollow trees and caves,
rabies, but because vampire bats feed by rabid mammal, clean the wound thoroughly and emerging at night to feed. Don’t shelter in
biting their victims, then lapping blood from seek immediate medical help. Symptoms usually bat caves (bat dung can cause a respiratory
the wound, the virus can be transmitted via appear 2–8 weeks after infection, by which time disease). Keep covered at night, and sleep
their saliva. Symptoms include fever, headache, the disease is almost always fatal. under a mosquito net. Get vaccinated
fear (especially of water), and seizures. before travelling to a high-risk area.
Can be infested with parasites and can also If you’ve been in contact with potentially If handling a rat, beware of its teeth and
carry infectious diseases. Leptospirosis is a contaminated water and develop flu-like symptoms claws, and wash thoroughly afterwards.
water-borne bacterial disease spread by (fever, headache, muscle pain) you must get your Cook the meat thoroughly. In rat-infested
infected rats’ urine; the acute form in humans blood tested as soon as possible. Antibiotics areas avoid getting water into any cuts; if
is called Weil’s disease. are effective in the early stages of the disease. you do, wash with soap and boiled water.
Will eject a fine spray of venom from their fangs Call the emergency services. Rinse the eyes with If you come across a spitting cobra, try to
towards the eyes of an aggressor. Causes intense cool water for 10 minutes. Apply an antibiotic remain completely still and allow the snake
pain, tearing, and discharge from the eyes, spasm eye ointment. to move away, if possible (see p. 243).
and swelling of the eyelids. Ulceration of the
cornea can lead to infection resulting in blindness.
Can generate shocks of up to 600 volts, used to Call the emergency services. If the casualty Keep your boots on if crossing a tributary
stun or kill prey when hunting, or in self-defence. becomes unconscious, open the airway and and take care when washing. These waters
Such a shock can be discharged up to 8 hours check breathing (see p. 276). Be ready to begin are also home to piranhas (Serrasalminae),
after its death, and is potentially lethal to humans. CPR (see p. 277). which have razor-sharp teeth.
The world’s most venomous fish. If trodden Call the emergency services – antivenin is Wear something on your feet when walking
on, the spines inject poison into the puncture available. Immerse the injured part in water as hot in shallow water. Weaverfish ( Trachinidae)
wound. This is extremely painful and can be as the casualty can stand for at least 30 minutes and scorpionfish (Scorpaenidae) also have
fatal. The injured body part will swell and (see p. 267). Don’t immobilize the injured limb. venomous stings; the treatment is the same.
muscular paralysis may set in. Be ready to begin CPR if the casualty loses
consciousness (see pp. 276–77).
Sting is extremely painful – it will damage the Call the emergency services – antivenin is available. Never touch a jellyfish, even if it’s dead.
skin and can cause permanent scarring. In severe Flood the stung area with vinegar or sea water All jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and the
cases, box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri ) stings can for at least 30 seconds to neutralize the stinging Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis)
lead to cardiac arrest and death within minutes. cells (see p. 267). Be ready to begin CPR if the release venomous cells when touched.
casualty loses consciousness (see pp. 276–77). Some are more toxic than others.
Have a pair of large, venomous claws on their Call the emergency services. Apply a cold compress As a general rule, avoid all multiple-legged
heads, which in some species can be dangerous for at least 10 minutes to reduce pain and swelling. arthropods. If you discover one on your
to humans. The sting is painful and leads to Monitor the casualty for anaphylactic shock (see body, gently brush it off in the direction
swelling. May result in anaphylactic shock. p. 274) and be ready to begin CPR (see p. 277). in which it is walking.
Will fire its harpoon in self-defence if touched. Call the emergency services and treat as for snake Don’t pick up any cone shells in rock pools
Sting of most species is painful; that of the larger bite (see p. 266). Monitor the casualty for shock or when snorkelling or diving. (There is no
tropical species can be fatal. Symptoms include (see p. 274) and be ready to begin CPR (see p. 277). antivenin: treatment entails providing life
swelling and numbness, and may be followed by support until the venom is metabolized by
severe breathing difficulties. the casualty’s body.)
*')
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Xe[Z_\ZbYi\Xk_è^j\\g%).- %9\i\X[pkfY\^è:GIÆZ_\jkZfdgi\jj`fejXe[i\jZl\
BEES, WASPS, AND In a variety of terrestrial habitats Narrow-waisted bodies, often striped black and yellow. Bees are hairy,
HORNETS worldwide. while wasps and hornets have hairless bodies. Up to 3.5cm (1 1⁄3in) long.
Hymenoptera Bees have barbed stingers, wasps and hornet stingers are smooth.
INSECTS
MOSQUITOES In a variety of terrestrial habitats Narrow bodies and long, slender legs. Up to 2cm ( 3⁄4in) long. Females
Culicidae near water worldwide, especially have syringe-like mouthparts for piercing skin.
in warmer regions.
BROWN RECLUSE/ Southern midwestern states of Small brown spider, about 1.25cm (1⁄2in) long) with a distinctive dark,
FIDDLEBACK USA, south to the Gulf of Mexico. violin-shaped mark on the back of its cephalothorax (head).
SPIDER
Loxosceles reclusa
FUNNEL-WEB Moist, cool, sheltered habitats in Large spiders, up to 4.5cm (1 1⁄2in) long, with glossy dark brown or
SPIDERS eastern and southern Australia. black bodies and short legs.
Atrax robustus and
Hadronyche spp.
TARANTULAS Deserts and forests in subtropical Very large spiders with bodies up to 12cm (5in) long and a legspan
Theraphosidae and tropical regions worldwide. of up to 28cm (11in). Bodies and legs are covered in bristly hairs. Pale
brown to black in colour, with pink, red, brown, or black markings.
ARACHNIDS
WIDOW SPIDERS Warm temperate, subtropical, Small spiders, with dark, glossy bodies and distinctive red, yellow,
Latrodectus spp. and tropical regions worldwide. or white markings on the abdomen, which are shaped like an
hourglass in some species.
SCORPIONS Deserts, grasslands, woodland, Segmented bodies, with large, claw-like pedipalps and sting-bearing
Scorpiones and forests in warm temperate, tails. Yellow, brown, or black bodies, 8–20cm (3–8in) long, depending
subtropical, and tropical on the species.
regions worldwide.
TICKS Grassland and woodland habitats Rounded bodies with no distinct divisions. Yellow to red– or black–
Ixodidae worldwide. brown in colour. Up to 1cm (2 ⁄5in) long, but larger after feeding.
They have spiked mouthparts, which they use to attach themselves
to the skin of warm-blooded animals to feed on their blood.
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DANGER TREATMENT HOW TO AVOID

When a bee stings you, the stinger is ripped out of Scrape the sting off sideways at the base of the Watch out for flowers where bees may
its body with the venom sac. Wasps and hornets sting if it is visible, using a fingernail or a credit be feeding. Be careful when gathering
can sting repeatedly. The stings are painful, card. Raise the affected part and place a cold fruit, or cleaning fish or game, as wasps
followed by redness and swelling. A single sting compress against it for at least 10 minutes (see or hornets will be attracted to the smell.
may result in anaphylactic shock (see p. 274) p. 267). Monitor for signs of allergic reaction. Don’t disturb their nests.
Female mosquitoes feed on blood and their Apply an anti-histamine cream to the bites if they Cover your arms and legs after sunset,
bites can irritate the skin. They are carriers itch, and do not scratch them, as there is a risk use mosquito repellent, and sleep under a
of infectious diseases such as malaria, yellow of infection. If casualty develops a headache and mosquito net. Take anti-malarial medication
fever, and dengue fever. fever, get medical help. Get casualty to rest, drink as directed. Get a yellow fever vaccination
plenty of water, and take anti-malarials, if directed. before travelling, where advised.
Bite can cause fever, chills, vomiting, and, pain Sit casualty down, treat as for snake bite (see This spider likes to hide in dark places, so
in the joints. In most cases the bite is minor, but p. 266), and call the emergency services. Apply be careful where you put your hands and
in some cases the tissue around the wound will a cold compress to the site of the sting. Monitor bare feet, and always check your bedding.
die, leaving a deep scar. Rarely fatal. for signs of allergic reaction, such as wheezing,
and anaphylactic shock (see p. 274).
Bite is very painful and causes profuse sweating, Sit casualty down, treat as for snake bite Take care when moving rocks and logs.
nausea, vomiting, tingling around the mouth and (see p. 266), and call the emergency services –
tongue, salivation, and weakness. Rarely fatal. antivenin is available. Monitor for signs of allergic
reaction and anaphylactic shock (see p. 274).
Bite can be painful but is only mildly venomous. Give pain relief and apply a cold compress to Tarantulas are nocturnal and hunt prey
If provoked, tarantulas will flick irritating hairs the site of the bite. Monitor for signs of allergic in trees and on the ground. Move away
from their abdomen which will cause itching reaction, such as wheezing, and anaphylactic shock if you disturb one; don’t touch it.
and swelling of the skin and nasal passages, (see p. 274). Wash any hairs away with cool water.
and watering of the eyes.
Bite is painful and results in localized redness Apply a cold compress (ice if available) and Widow spiders, which include Australia’s
and swelling. More severe reactions include give pain relief. If symptoms worsen, call the redback spider (L. hasselti ), build their webs
profuse sweating, abdominal and chest pains, emergency services – antivenin is available. in dry, sheltered spots, such as in shrubs or
nausea, and vomiting. Rarely fatal. Monitor for signs of allergic reaction, such as among rocks or logs, so take care when
wheezing and anaphylactic shock (see p. 274). moving among them.
Scorpion stings can be very painful and may cause If swelling occurs, sit casualty down, treat as for Scorpions are mostly nocturnal and take
severe illness. A few species have neurotoxins in snake bite (see p. 266). Apply an ice pack or cold shelter during the day. Check your boots and
their venom, resulting in temporary paralysis for compress to the site of the sting. Call the emergency clothing before putting them on and check
1–2 days. Rarely fatal and only then in young services, monitor for anaphylactic shock (see p. 274) your bedding at night. Take care when
children, the elderly, or the ill or infirm. and allergic reaction. Try to identify the scorpion. gathering firewood or turning over rocks.
Ticks are carriers of infectious diseases such as Carefully remove an attached tick with tweezers Wear light-shaded, tightly woven clothing
Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. or a specialist tool (see p. 267). Clean and monitor and apply tick repellent. Check your skin
Sufferers of Lyme disease may develop a red, the wound for symptoms. Get medical help if and clothing for ticks at regular intervals.
ringed “bull’s-eye” skin lesion at the bite site. casualty develops a severe headache, stiff
neck, or a fever.
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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION POISONOUS PART

COWHAGE/COWAGE/ Scrub and light woodland in the Vine-like plant with green, oval Flowers
COWITCH the tropics and USA. leaflets growing in threes. Spikes Pods
Mucana pruriens of hairy, dull purplish flowers.
CONTACT POISONING
Hairy brown seedpods.
POISON IVY Wooded areas in North America; See p. 268 for illustration. All
Toxicodendron radicans widely introduced elsewhere.
WHITE/GREY Mangrove swamps from Slender tree with pale bark and long Sap
MANGROVE tropical Africa to Indonesia aerial roots. Green, oblong, leathery
Avicennia marina and Australasia. leaves. Yellow flowers and fleshy,
pale orange seed capsules.
BANEBERRY Temperate woodland in the Low shrub with, toothed green All, but the berries are
Actaea spp. northern hemisphere. leaves. Small white flowers. White, the most poisonous.
black, or red berries grow in clusters.
CASTOR OIL PLANT/ Throughout the tropics in scrub Tall shrub with glossy dark green or All, but the seeds contain
CASTOR BEAN and wasteland; introduced to dark purple, star-like leaves. Spikes particularly high levels of
Ricinus communis temperate regions. of yellow flowers. Spiky red pods. the poison ricin.
DEATH CAMAS/ Grassy, wooded, and rocky Long grass-like leaves arise from a All
DEATH LILY areas in temperate regions bulb. Flowers have six white petals
Zigadenus spp. of North America. with a green heart at base.
INGESTION POISONING
PANGI Tropical forests in Southeast Tall tree with green, heart-shaped All, but especially the
Pangium edule Asia. leaves. Green flower spikes. Large seeds, which contain
brownish pear-shaped fruits grow prussic acid (cyanide).
in clusters.
PHYSIC NUT Woodland throughout the tropics Large shrub with large, green, All, but particularly
Jatropha curcas and southern USA. ivy-like leaves. Small greenish-yellow the seeds.
flowers. Apple-sized yellow fruit has
large seeds.
POISON HEMLOCK Wet or moist ground in temperate Tall herb with branching purple-spotted All, but the root has the
Conium maculatum parts of Eurasia; introduced to stem; toothed leaves; small clusters of highest level of toxins.
North America and Australia. white flowers grown in flat umbrellas.
STRYCHNINE TREE Tropical and subtropical forests Evergreen tree with paired oval All, but the seeds contain
Strychnos nux-vomica in India, Southeast Asia, and leaves. Small clusters of greenish lethal levels of strychnine.
Australia. flowers grow at end of branches.
Large orange-red berries.
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EFFECT TREATMENT ADDITIONAL INFO

Skin irritation. Contact with the eyes can Call the emergency services. Rinse the skin
cause blindness. with cold water for 20 minutes, the eye(s) for
10 minutes. Don’t let the water collect under
the casualty or you.
Reddening, itching, swelling, and blistering of Wash the affected area with soap and cold Western poison oak ( T. diversilobum),
skin within 4–24 hours of contact with the plant. water. Apply anti-poison ivy cream. Monitor Atlantic poison oak (T. pubescens),
Some people may suffer an allergic reaction and treat for shock (see p. 274) if necessary. and poison sumac ( T. vernix ) also
called anaphylactic shock (see p. 274). For natural remedies, see p. 268. cause contact poisoning (see p. 268).
The sap blisters the skin and will cause temporary Call the emergency services. Rinse the skin Blinding or milky mangrove (Exoecaria
blindness if it gets in the eyes. with cold water for 20 minutes, the eye(s) agallocha) also has poisonous sap.
for 10 minutes. Monitor casualty and treat
for shock (see p. 274).
Can be fatal – ingestion of berries can lead to Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting
cardiac arrest and death. Other symptoms include if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison
dizziness, vomiting, and severe internal irritation. by getting him or her to drink large quantities
of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal.
Can be fatal – ingestion of raw seeds causes Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting The seedpods explode when ripe, scattering
severe diarrhoea. if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison the large, oval, glossy, brown-mottled seeds,
by getting him or her to drink large quantities which can be mistaken for beans.
of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal.
Deadly poisonous. Symptoms include profuse Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting This plant looks similar to wild onions,
salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, confusion, slow, if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison which are edible, but the death camas
irregular heart-beat, low temperature, difficulty by getting him or her to drink large quantities does not have the onion smell.
breathing, and unconsciousness, leading to death. of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal.
Deadly poisonous. Causes unconsciousness and Call the emergency services (antidotes are If the casualty is unconscious and stops
severe breathing difficulties, which, if untreated, available). Induce vomiting if casualty is still breathing, give rescue breaths, using a
may lead to death. conscious. Dilute the poison (see Death Camas, face shield. Alternatively, use an oxygen
above). Keep casualty warm and at rest. bag and a mask, if possible.
Severe diarrhoea and vomiting. Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting The seeds look like betel nuts and taste
if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison sweet. Several species in the Jatropha
by getting him or her to drink large quantities genus are poisonous, for example, the
of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal. aptly named bellyache bush (J. gossypifolia).
Deadly poisonous. A small amount can result Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting Water hemlock or spotted cowbane
in death by respiratory failure from muscular if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison (see (Cicuta spp.), which looks similar, is also
paralysis. Early symptoms include nausea, Physic Nut, above). If the casualty is unconscious deadly poisonous. Don’t mistake these
vomiting, and rapid heart-beat. and stops breathing, begin CPR, using a face shield. plants for wild carrots or wild parsnips.
Deadly poisonous. Muscle spasms occur 10–20 Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting Warning: strychnine can also enter the
minutes after exposure, leading to seizures if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison system through contact with the eyes.
followed by death from severe breathing by getting him or her to drink large quantities
difficulties or exhaustion within 2–3 hours. of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal.
306
RESOURCES RESOURCES
RESOURCES
TRAVEL ADVICE Department of Health Promotes the interests and freedoms of climbers,
hill walkers, and mountaineers, including
Foreign and Commonwealth Office Richmond House, 79 Whitehall,
ski-mountaineers.
(FCO) London SW1A 2NS
www.fco.gov.uk/en/ Tel: 0207 210 4850
Mountaineering Council of Scotland
travelling-and-living-overseas Email: [email protected]
The Mountaineering Council of Scotland,
This government website offers advice and tips for www.dh.gov.uk
The Old Granary, West Mill Street,
British people on how best to stay safe when they Provides up-to-date information and advice about Perth, PH1 5QP
are travelling or living abroad, and what help and staying well and receiving health care while
advice the FCO can provide if something goes Tel: 01738-493942
travelling or living abroad, especially within the
wrong. The FCO runs a “Know Before You Go” European Economic Area (EEA). Fax: 01738-442095
campaign with around 250 travel industry Email: info@mountaineering-scotland.
partners to help British people stay safe and
London School of Hygiene and Tropical org.uk
healthy abroad.
Medicine www.mcofs.org.uk
Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT Provides services, advice and information on a
WEATHER SERVICES
Tel: 020 7636 8636 range of issues, such as rights to responsible
The Meteorological Office (and access and activities relating to the safety of
National Meteorological Library) www.lshtm.ac.uk/
mountaineers in Scotland.
Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB Offers research, postgraduate teaching and
advanced training in national and international
Tel: 0870 900 0100 Ramblers Association
public health and tropical medicine.
Fax: 0870 900 5050 2nd Floor Camelford House,
Email: enquiries@metoffice.gov.uk 87–90 Albert Embankment,
RESCUE SERVICES London SE1 7TW
www.metoffice.gov.uk Royal National Lifeboat Institute (RNLI)
Tel: 0207 339 8500
Provides environmental and weather-related West Quay Road, Poole, Dorset BH15 1HZ
services for all kinds of communities – from the Fax: 0207 339 8501
Tel: 0845 122 6999
general public, government and schools, through Email: [email protected]
broadcasters and online media, to civil aviation www.rnli.org.uk
www.ramblers.org.uk
and other industry sectors within the UK and Provides a 24-hour lifesaving service around the
around the world. Promotes walking and improves conditions for
UK and Republic of Ireland.
walkers in England, Scotland, and Wales.
MAPS Maritime and Coastguard Agency

ENVIRONMENTS
Ordnance Survey Spring Place, 105 Commercial Road,
Southampton, Hampshire SO15 1EG Department for Environment, Food and
Romsey Road, Southampton, Hampshire
Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
SO16 4GU www.mcga.gov.uk
Customer Contact Unit, Eastbury House,
Tel: 08456 05 05 05 A government agency committed to preventing 30–34 Albert Embankment,
Fax: 023 8079 2615 loss of life, continuously improving maritime
London SE1 7TL
safety, and protecting the marine environment.
Email: customerservices@ordnancesurvey. Tel: 08459 33 55 77
co.uk
Mountain Rescue Email: [email protected]
www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/
Email: [email protected] www.defra.gov.uk/
The UK's national mapping agency provides the
most accurate and up-to-date geographic data
www.mountain.rescue.org.uk The government department responsible for
securing a healthy, resilient, productive, and
for government, business, industry, and individuals. Assists people who are lost or injured in the
diverse natural environment.
mountains, fells, or moorland. This 24/7 service
operates in all weathers.
HEALTH Environment Agency
Health and Safety Executive National Customer Contact Centre
MOUNTAINEERING AND
Tel: 0845 345 0055 PO Box 544, Rotherham,
WALKING South Yorkshire S60 1BY
www.hse.gov.uk
British Mountaineering Council (BMC)
A government website providing information Tel: 08708 506 506
The Old Church, 177–179 Burton Road,
and advice about training, regulations, and codes Email: enquiries@environment-agency.
of practice, aimed at helping to protect people's West Didsbury, Manchester M20 2BB
gov.uk
health and safety. Tel: 0161 445 6111
www.environment-agency.gov.uk
Email: offi[email protected]
www.thebmc.co.uk
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>CFJJ8IP GLOSSARY
APPENDIX
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A-frame8kpg\f]j_\ck\i[\j`êèn_`Z_ ZXii`\[XnXp]ifdk_\Yf[pYlk`j Commando saw8jdXccjXnZfej`jkè^f]X
k_\iff]`jjljg\e[\[YpXjè^c\jlggfik nXk\igiff]]ifdk_\flkj`[\jfb\\gj j\iiXk\[nì\YcX[\n`k_Xiè^Xk\XZ_\e[%
ileeè^]ifdk_\]ifekkfk_\YXZb#i\jkè^ c`hl`[jiXèfijefn flk% Compacted snow trench8j_\ck\i[l^èkf
feXe8$j_Xg\[]iXd\nfibXk\`k_\i\e[% Bungee8kpg\f]\cXjk`ZXk\[Zfi[#f]k\e ZfdgXZk\[jefn2k_\\oZXmXk\[jefnZXe
Air mass8cXi^\Yf[pf]XìèXn\Xk_\i n`k__ffbjXk\`k_\i\e[% Y\ZlkèkfYcfZbjXe[lj\[kf]fidXiff]%
jpjk\dk_Xk_Xj`kjfnek\dg\iXkli\ Bushcraft knife8m\ijXk`c\jlim`mXcbe`]\ Compass baseplate 8gcXk\kfn_`Z_jfd\
Xe[_ld`[`kp% lj\[gi`dXi`cp]fiZXimè^#Zlkkè^#Xe[ ZfdgXjj\jXi\Ôo\[#ZfekXèè^X[[`k`feXc
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cfnXìgi\jjli\Xk_`^_Xck`kl[\j% Button compass8jdXcc#j`dgc\ZfdgXjj# Compass scaleJZXc\[dXibè^jfeX
Anabatic winds;Xpk`d\#lgjcfg\nè[j% `[\XcXjXYXZb$lgZfdgXjj% ZfdgXjjYXj\gcXk\k_Xkd\Xjli\[`jkXeZ\j
Anaphylactic shock8[Xe^\ifljXcc\i^`Z Button tie8d\k_f[f]XkkXZ_è^Zfi[X^\ feXdXgXe[_\cgènfibè^flkî`[
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Attack pointJ\\JkXe[$f]]% lj\]lcèk_Xk`kXmf`[ji`ggè^X_fc\èk_\ Compass8eèjkild\eklj\[]fi
Avalanche transceiver8g\ijfeXcY\XZfe ]XYi`Z#dXèkXèè^XepnXk\igiff]hlXc`k`\j fi`\ekXk`feXe[eXm`^Xk`fe#ljè^X]i\\cp
k_XkZXeY\XZk`mXk\[kfXc\iki\jZl\ijYp f]k_\]XYi`Z#Xe[XccfnjYfk_]XYi`ZXe[ ifkXkèê\\[c\k_Xkè[`ZXk\jk_\[ì\Zk`fe
jfd\fe\ZXl^_kèXeXmXcXeZ_\% Zfi[X^\kfY\i\lj\[jlYj\hl\ekcp]fi f]dXê\k`Zefik_%
fk_\igligfj\j% Coniferous tree8e\\[c\$c\Xm\[#Zfe\$
Base layerK_\YfkkfdcXp\if]Zcfk_è^ Y\Xiè^#dfjkcp\m\iî\\eki\\#jlZ_Xj
k_Xkj`kj[ì\ZkcpX^Xèjkk_\jbèXe[`j CairnKiX`cdXib\iZfej`jkè^f]Xg`c\ gè\#jgilZ\#fiÔi%
[\j`ê\[kfÈn`ZbÉjn\XkXnXp]ifd f]ifZbjf]mXipè^j`q\j#[\j`ê\[kfY\ Continental air mass8ìk_Xk_XjkiXZb\[
k_\Yf[p% m`j`Yc\è]f^% fm\icXe[Xe[ZXii`\jZfdgXiXk`m\cpc\jj
Base rateK_\_\XikiXk\#Xjd\Xjli\[ Canoe 8efg\e$[\ZbgX[[c\YfXk#]fife\ df`jkli\k_XedXi`k`d\XìdXjj%
n_\ek_\Yf[p`jXki\jk% fidfi\g\fgc\#Xe[\hl`gd\ek% Contour lines Cè\jfeXdXgk_Xkj_fn
Beaufort scale8nXpf][\jZi`Yè^nè[ Carabina8d\kXcZc`glj\[]fiafèè^ gfèkjf]\hlXc_\`^_kXYfm\j\Xc\m\c#
jg\\[fecXe[Xe[Xkj\X#ljè^XjZXc\ ifg\jfiXkkXZ_d\ek% k_lj[\kX`cè^k_\Z_Xe^è^_\`^_kf]
]ifd'ZXcd kf()_lii`ZXe\ % Carbon monoxide8Zfcflic\jj#f[flic\jj# eXkliXc]\Xkli\j%
Belaying8ifg\k\Z_e`hl\lj\[Yp kXjk\c\jj#Ylk_`^_cpkfo`Z^Xj% Contour navigationNXcbè^XkXZfejkXek
Zc`dYè^gXike\ijkfjX]\^lXi[\XZ_fk_\i% Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) _\`^_kXifle[X_`^_eXkliXcfYjkXZc\%
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]filj\XjXYXj`Zj_\ck\i2jdXcc\iXe[ Cerebral oedema 8ZZldlcXk`fef]\oZ\jj g`\Z\f]jlim`mXc\hl`gd\ek%
c`^_k\ik_XeXk\ek% nXk\ièk_\YiXèk_XkZXlj\ji\[lZ\[ COSPAS–SARSAT system8jXk\cc`k\
Blazes8^\e\iXck\id]fidXib\ijfe YiXè]leZk`feXe[gfk\ek`Xccp]XkXcjn\ccè^% jpjk\d#dX[\lgf]cfn$Xck`kl[\\Xik_$
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Boot skiing8k\Z_e`hl\]fi[\jZ\e[è^ Zc`dYè^lgk_\èj`[\f]cXi^\ifZbZc\]kj% f][\_p[iXk`fe%
jefn$Zfm\i\[jcfg\jn`k_flkjb`j% Cirrus8n`jgpZcfl[k_Xk]fidj_`^_èk_\ Crampons Jg`b\[d\kXcgcXk\jk_XkXkkXZ_
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gifk\Zk\[]ifdfYjkXZc\jèk_\nXk\i% Eskimo roll8k\Z_e`hl\]fii`^_kè^X Grab bag8gi\$gi\gXi\[YX^f]\jj\ek`Xc
Degree8le`kf]cXk`kl[\ficfe^`kl[\# ZXgj`q\[bXpXb% jlim`mXc\hl`gd\ekjl`kXYc\]fihl`Zbcp
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APPENDIX
Hyperthermia8eXYefidXccp_`^_Yf[p Longitude K_\Xe^lcXi[`jkXeZ\\Xjkfi Outer layerFlk\iZcfk_è^2`[\Xccp`k

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^`m\jf]]fiXe^\jdfb\è[Xpc`^_kXe[X [\j`ê\[]fijlim`mXcèfg\enXk\i% jpjk\djXe[k_\ìgi\[`Zk\[[ì\Zk`fef]kiXm\c%
Yi`^_kc`^_kXke`^_k% Survival tin8e\jj\ek`Xc#ZfdgXZk Wicking material 8dXk\i`Xck_Xkdfm\j
Signal mirror8j`dgc\j`êXccè^[\m`Z\ ZfekXè\iZXii`\[fek_\g\ijfek_Xk df`jkli\XnXp]ifdpfliYf[pkf\mXgfiXk\%
k_XknfibjYpi\Õ\Zkè^jlec`^_k% X[[i\jj\jYXj`Zjlim`mXce\\[j1gifk\Zk`fe# Wickiup8jdXcc_lkdX[\]ifdjkiX`^_k
Silva compass 8kpg\f]YXj`ZZfdgXjj cfZXk`fe#nXk\i#Xe[]ff[% gfc\jcXj_\[kf^\k_\iXkk_\kfg#n`k_Xe
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kiXgg\[le[\iifZbjYpjXe[pîfle[% Zfe`]\iflj]fi\jk% Witch's broom8Zc\]kjk`Zbjkl]]\[n`k_
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kiXm\ccè^fm\ijefnXe[`Z\% f]jkli[pnXk\igiff]j_\\k% Withies K_\jkife^#Õ\o`Yc\jk\djf]
Slingshot8_lekè^n\Xgfek_XkÔi\j Temperate climate8Zc`dXk\n`k_flk gcXekj#jlZ_Xjn`ccfn#YìZ_#Xj_#Xe[_Xq\c%
jdXccjkfe\jXe[`jdX[\]ifdXP$j_Xg\[ \oki\d\jf]k\dg\iXkli\fiiXè]Xcc%
jk`Zbn`k_Xe\cXjk`Zjki`gjki\kZ_\[ Tetanus8gfk\ek`Xccpc\k_Xcè]\Zk`fe Zig-zag routeD\k_f[f]Zc`dYè^Xjk\\g
Y\kn\\ek_\gife^j% ZXlj\[YpYXZk\i`Xk_Xkc`m\èjf`c% jcfg\ljè^Xq`^$qX^gXk_kfi\[lZ\k_\
Snare8nì\effj\lj\[]fikiXggè^ Throwing star8e`dgifm`j\[]fli$gfèk\[ \]]fiki\hlì\[kfXZ_`\m\k_\Zc`dY%8cjf
Xe`dXcj% _lekè^n\Xgfelj\[]fik_ifnè^Xkgi\p% \]]\Zk`m\n_\enXcbè^[fnejk\\gjcfg\j%
*() INDEX
APPENDIX
@E;<O
@E;<O
8 automatic fires 124 first aid 263–64 camping stoves 58–59

A-frames avalanches 32, 246–47 mammals, for food 222 camps
forest 164–65 blended fuel stoves 58 organization and administration
front opening 165 blisters 262, 268 112–13, 114–15
jungle 168 9 boats see ships and boats see also specific areas (e.g. latrines)
poncho shelters 159, 167, 175 bacillary dysentery 187 body fat 56 canoeing and kayaking 42, 104–05
abrasions (grazes) 263 backpacks 41, 42, 44–45, 108 boiling capacity, packs and bags 41, 42, 44
abandoning ship 250, 252–55 bacterial infections 185, 187, 212, 220, food 204, 212 capsizing 104, 105
ABC (airway/breathing/circulation), first 262, 267, 301, 303 water 118, 185, 200 carbohydrates 56
aid 260, 276–77 bags see specific types (e.g. backpacks) bolas 226 carbon dioxide 157
aerobic exercise 19 baits and lures 208–09, 223, 229 bone, joint, and muscle injuries 233, carbon monoxide poisoning 181
agaves 193, 282–83 baking food 204, 205 270–71 cardinal points 68, 76, 77
air quality, caves 157 bamboo 284–85 boot skiing 94 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 277
aiming off 73 fire saw 133 boots 46, 49, 114 cats, big 32, 242
air masses 79 lean-tos 169 bothy bags 161 caves 157, 181
air mats 53 rafts 107 bottle filters 200 chainsaws 60, 150
allergies and anaphylactic shock 266, steamer 204 bottle traps, fishing 211 char cloths 122–23
267, 274 water sources and collection 192, 199 bough fence traps 227 char test, softwoods and hardwoods 131
altitude sickness 33, 273 bark bow drills 130–33 charts
altocumulus 80, 81 cordage 138 boxing an object (detouring) 73 maps and map reading 43, 64–5,
altostratus 80, 81 tea 269 branches 66–71
amoebic dysentery 187 tinder and kindling 120, 121, 238 as snowshoes 95 weather 78
amphibians and reptiles bats 157, 290–91, 300–01 vehicle recovery 102 chemical flames 127
catching and eating 203, 218, 224, beaches 39, 177 bread, damper 204 chemical lightsticks 61, 240
294–95 beacons, phones and radios 39, 43, 61, breathable waterproof fabric 48 chimneying 91
dangers from 243, 266, 300–01 232–33, 236–37, 246, 250, 252 breathing difficulties chlorine tablets 201
see also snakes bearings, compass 64–65, 68–71 first aid 275 choking 275
anabatic winds 82 bears 28, 36, 157, 242 in shelters 157, 181 cholera 187
analogue watches, navigating using 77 Beaufort scale 83 breezes and winds 38, 79, 82–83 cirrostratus 80, 81
anaphylactic shock 266, 267, 274 beds and bedding 41, 52–53, 156, 166–67 brown bears 28, 242 cirrus 80, 81
anchor points, winching 103 bees 224, 267, 302–03 bruising 262, 263 clay baking, food 205
anchors, sea 39, 251 belaying 91 brushwood rafts 106–7 climate 78
animals berms 177 buddy-buddy sleeping system 163 see also specific environments (e.g.
dangers 115, 157, 189, 242–43, 300–03 big cats 32, 242 buoyancy aids (floats) see lifejackets temperate environment)
edible 290–99 bilharzia 187 burns and scalds 265 climbing and scrambling 90–1
locating water 189 birds bushcraft knives 146–9 clothing 46–49, 94
navigation aids 77 catching and eating 203–05, 218, butane stoves 58 cleanliness 116
travelling with 42, 96–97, 98–99 226–29, 292–93 button compasses 68 cultural differences 22
weather forecasting 83 locating water 189 button ties 161 on fire 265
see also specific animals (e.g. bears); bites and stings 116, 266–67, 268, hats 43, 46, 47, 48
specific types (e.g. mammals) 300–03 clothing, improvising with
ants 219, 298–99 bivi bags 53 : buoyancy aids 255
arbor knot 142 bivi pup tent 160–61 cacti 193, 282–3 cordage 137
arm injuries 270 hooped bivi 41, 54 cage traps, figure-4 226 dipping nets 210
ash blankets, space 53, 61, 155, 175 cairns 87 slings 261
for soap 117 blazes (trail markers) 87 calorie needs 56, 202 stretchers 279
for stomach pain 269 bleeding camels 42, 99 water collection and treatment 185,
asthma 275 birds, for food 228 camping soap 117 190, 192, 195, 199, 200
;<J<IKGC8EKJ
@E;<O *(*
clouds 78, 79, 80–81 cumulus 80, 81 survival at sea 16–17, 39, 196–97, emergency water sachets 199
@E;<O
coastal caves 157 cuts and grazes 263 214–15, 250–5 emotional responses
coasts see marine environments cutting tools 60, 146–51 survival kits 60–61 disaster situations 20–1, 113, 234–35,
cold environments 36–37 cyalumes 61, 240 SURVIVAL strategies 234–5 259
clothing 47, 94 water sources and rationing 39, 187, team dynamics 23
cold shock 254 188–97, 199, 251 environmental hazards 246–49
dos and don’ts 51, 245 ; see also first aid environments
edible plants 286–7 Dakota hole fires 125 diseases see infections understanding and preparing for 23, 26
hypothermia and frostbite 21, 29, 33, damper bread 204 distance measuring 67, 72 see also specific environments (e.g.
37, 252, 273 day packs 42, 44 distilling water 185 cold environments)
tents 55 deadfalls 1 15 distress signals 39, 232–3, 236–41, 250, EPAs (emergency plans of action)
water sources 194–95 deadwood, standing 115, 121, 131 252 24–25, 250
see also ice; snow defensive swimming 108 dogs 17, 96–97, 99 EPIRBs (emergency position indicating
cold fronts, weather 78, 79 dehydration and rehydration 187, 190, dome signal fires 238–39 radio beacons) 236, 250, 252
cold shock 254 193, 196, 253, 269, 272 dos and don’ts equipment see gear and equipment
cold-weather clothing 47, 94 deliberate off-set 73 disaster situations and emergencies ERVs (emergency rendezvous points) 72
commando saws 151 desalting kits 197 27, 51, 93, 129, 173, 215, 232–33, 245 eskimo rolls 104
commando-style match striking 126 desert environments 34–35 fires 118, 119, 124 Evenk knot 144
communications equipment 43, 61, clothing 47 double overhand knot 143 exercise and fitness 18–19
232–33, 236–37 dos and don’ts 129 double sheet bend 144 exposure, first aid 272–73
compacted snow trench 178 edible plants 282–83 down sleeping bags 52–3 external-frame packs 44
compasses and bearings 43, 64–65, four-wheel driving 35, 101 downhill walking 86, 87 extreme weather 246, 248–49
68–71, 74–75 night walking 86 drawing birds (food preparation) 229 eyes
components of fire 118, 238 shelters 174–75 driftwood shelters 176–7 care 116
condoms 61 water sources 34, 35, 193 drip rags 192 problems and injuries 212, 265
conjunctivitis 212 detouring (boxing an object) 73 driving techniques, 4WDs 35, 100–03
constellations, navigating by 77 dew harvesting and traps 190, 196 drogues 39, 251
continental air masses 79 dew point 80 drowning 254, 255, 273 =
contour lines 66, 67 diarrhoea and vomiting 187, 203, 269 drum rafts 107 fallen trees, shelters 163
contouring 73 digging duck traps 227 fatigue 21, 235
contusions (bruising) 262, 263 ponds 199 dunes, sand 35, 177, 189 fats 56
cooking roots and tubers 206 dysentery 187 fear 234, 235
fires, rocks, and pits 119, 204–05 underground water 193 feather lures 209
fish preparation 212–13 vehicle recovery 102 feather sticks 120–21
invertebrates 219, 224–25 dipping nets 210 < features, use in navigation 70–71, 72, 73
mammals preparation 220–23 disaster situations and emergencies E. coliform infection 187 feelings see emotional responses
stoves 58–9 causes 16–17, 26, 84 earthquakes 247 felling trees 148–51
coping strategies 20–21, 113, 234–35, dos and don’ts 27, 51, 93, 129, 173, earthworms 224, 298–9 feral animals 242
259 215, 232–3, 245 eastings 67 fibre (nutrient) 56
cordage 136–41 emergency plans of action (EPAs) edible plants 203, 206–07, 280–89 fighter trench 179
cordless scrape shelters 174 24–25, 250 eggs 226 figs 171, 284–85
cougars 32, 242 emergency rendezvous points (ERVs) electric current, magnetizing compass filleting fish 212–13
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) 72 needles 75 filtering water 184, 200, 201
277 environmental hazards 246–49 electrical storms 81, 249 Finnish marshmallow 195
cardiovascular fitness 18, 19 four-wheel driving (4WDs) 35, 103 elements of fire see fuel; kindling; tinder fire saws, bamboo 133
crabs 225 gear priorities 43 elephants 99, 189, 242 fire tins 123
cramp 270 mental preparation and responses ember pans 132 fire wads 123
crickets and grasshoppers 224, 298–99 20–21, 234–35, 259 emergencies see disaster situations and firefighter’s lift 278
crocodilians 189, 242 PLWF (protection, location, water, and emergencies fires
crossing rivers 88–89, 101, 108–09 food) 11, 27, 258 emergency signalling codes 240, 241, benefits 27, 113
crustaceans 225 rescue services 24 252 burns, first aid 265
cryptosporidium 187 rescue signalling 39, 43, 232–33, emergency transmitters 39, 232–33, in caves 157
cumulonimbus 80 236–41, 250, 252 236–37, 246, 250, 252 clothing on fire 265
*(+ INDEX
APPENDIX
components 118, 238 fitting backpacks 45 four-wheel driving (4WD) 35, 42, groups and group dynamics 23, 100,
@E;<O
cooking over 119, 204–05, 213 fixed dial compasses 68 100–3 253, 254
dos and don’ts 59, 118, 119, 124 flares, signal 239, 241 friction, as fire starter 130–33 grubs 224, 298–99
elements see fuel; kindling; tinder flash burn 265 frogs 224, 243, 294–95 gum and teeth care 19, 116
fire reflectors 119, 164 flash floods 115, 249 fronts, weather 78, 79 gunshot wounds 263
firewood 114, 148–49 flashlights 43, 60 frostbite 33, 273 gutting mammals 220, 223
forest fires 248 fleeces 46, 47 fuel gypsy wells 191
ice and snow melting 194–95 flesh wounds 262–5, 266 fires 114, 118, 121, 124, 125, 148–49,
lighting 125 flint and steel 60, 113, 118, 127 238–39
preparing and making 118–23 floating method, improvised compasses stoves 58–59 ?
signal 30, 115, 238–39 74 fungi and mushrooms 206, 263 hair
snapping wood with 151 floats (buoyancy aids) see lifejackets hair care 116
spark production and ignition devices floats and sinkers (fishing equipment) magnetizing compass needles 74
113, 118, 126–27, 130–33 209 > half hitches 145
types 124–25, 238–39 floods 115, 249 gaiters 48, 94 hammocks 54, 166
wildfires 34 flysheets 55 gas-fuelled stoves 58 hand holds, scrambling and climbing 90
fireset tin, matchless 118 foam mats 53 gear and equipment hand injuries 271
firesteel 113, 127 fog 81 backpacks 41, 42, 44–45, 108 handrailing 73
first aid 258–59 Föhn effect 82 clothing 46–49, 94 hanks, cordage 136, 137
ABC (airway/breathing/circulation) folding saws 151 communications and distress signalling harpoons 211
260, 276–77 food 39, 43, 232–33, 236–37, 240–41, hats 43, 46, 47, 48
anaphylactic shock 274 amphibians and reptiles 203, 218, 224, 246, 250, 252 hearth boards, bow drills 131, 132
asthma 275 294–95 first aid kit 60, 260–61 heat escape lessening position (HELP)
bites and stings 266–67, 268, 300–03 birds 203, 204, 205, 218, 226–9, food 57 254
bones, joints, and muscles injuries 292–3 keeping it dry 108–09 heat exhaustion 272
233, 270–71 cooking fires and stoves 58–9, 119, packing 41, 42, 45, 98, 136, 137–41 heat loss reduction 37, 254
breathing difficulties 275 204–05 priorities 40–41, 43 heatstroke 272
burns and scalds 265 fish 203, 204, 205, 208–13, 296–97 survival kits 60–61 helicopter rescues 114, 236–37, 241
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) food poisoning 187, 269 training with 23, 134–35 heliographs 241
277 hunger 20, 202, 235 ultralight camping 41 helminths 269
casualty transport 99, 278–79 insects 203, 219, 224, 298–9 water containers and treatment 60, HELP (heat escape lessening position)
choking 275 mammals 203, 204, 205, 216–23, 197, 198, 201 254
dehydration and rehydration 269, 272 290–91 weight 41, 42 Hennessy hammocks 166
diarrhoea and vomiting 269 nutrients and calorie needs 56, 202 see also specific items (e.g. surgical hepatitis 187
drowning 255, 273 plants 203, 206–07, 280–89 tubing) hexamine fuel 59, 118, 238
exposure 272–73 protecting 114 giardiasis 187, 269 hides 222, 223
fish-hook removal 208 purchased 57 gill nets 210–11 hiking see walking and hiking skills
hyponatraemia 187 shellfish 225, 298–99 glaciers 33, 94 hiking boots 49
kit 60, 260–61 survival without food 27, 56, 57, 202, global positioning systems (GPS) 65, 75, hippos 189, 242
natural remedies 263, 268, 269 234, 235, 259 237 hitches and knots 135, 142–45, 210
parasites 269 foot holds, scrambling and climbing 90 gloves 46, 47 hollows, scrapes and trenches shelters
priorities 260 footwear 46, 48, 49, 114 glowsticks 61, 240 156–57, 174–75, 176–77, 178–79
psychological help 21 snow shoes 94–5 gourds 199, 282–83 hooks, fishing 208
recovery position 276 foreign objects GPS (global positioning systems) 65, 75, hookworms 187
shock 274 in eyes 265 237 hooped bivi 41, 54
unconsciousness 276–77 in wounds 263 grab bags 250 hooped shelters 161
wounds and bleeding 262–5, 266 forests grasshoppers and crickets 224, 298–99 hopping insects 224
see also poisoning forest fires 248 grasslands 28, 34, 35 horse chestnut leaves soap 117
fish mountain 32 grazes (abrasions) 263 horses 42, 99
catching and eating 61, 203, 204, taiga 36, 37 grid lines, references and bearings hot platforms 194
205, 208–13, 296–7 temperate 28, 29, 162–5 66–71 hot rocks cooking 205
dangers from 38, 243, 300–01 tropical see rainforests and jungles grips, knives 147 huddle crossing, rivers 89
as water source 196 found meat 204 ground-to-air markers 114, 241 hunger 20, 202, 235
;<J<IKGC8EKJ
@E;<O *(,
hunter fires 125 mosquitoes 31, 115, 302–03 LED strobe lights 240 man-made cordage 61, 136–37
@E;<O
hunting and trapping mammals 216–18 navigation aids 77 ledges, snow 181 mantelling 91
hurricanes 38, 248–49 International Distress Signal whistle 240 leeches 267 maps and map reading 43, 64–65, 66–71
huskies 96–97, 99 Inuit snow-melting techniques 195 leg injuries 271 weather charts 78
huts invertebrates 203, 219, 224, 298–99, legends, topographic maps 66, 69 see also navigation
jungle 170–71 300–01, 302–03 lensatic compasses 69 Marcandonatos, Costa 128
pygmy 171 iodine 60, 201 leptospirosis 187 marine environments 38–39
wickiups 171 isobars 78 lichens 286–87 beaches 39, 177
hybrid boots 49 isobutene stoves 58 lifejackets and buoyancy aids (floats) 39, coastal caves 157
hydration systems 198 ivy, poison 268 104, 108, 109, 250, 254–55 drowning 254, 255, 273
hygiene 116–17, 269 liferafts 39, 196, 251, 252–53 edible plants 288–89
hyperactivity 21 lifts, moving casualties 278–79 sea-sickness 21
hyponatraemia 187 A light windmill 240 shoreline shelters 176–77
hypothermia 21, 29, 33, 37, 252, 273 jackets 46, 47, 48 lighters 119, 126 single-wall fishing traps 211
lifejackets and buoyancy aids (floats) lighting fires 125 stings and bites 267, 300–01
39, 104, 108, 109, 250, 254–5 lightning 81, 249 swimming 108–09, 254–55
@ jellyfish stings 267, 300–01 lights and lightsticks 61, 240 tides 157
ice jointing mammals 223 limitations, personal 18 water sources 39, 196–97
four-wheel driving 101 joints, bones, and muscles injuries 233, line crossing, rivers 89 winds 82
ice climbing 91 270–71 line fishing 61, 209 see also sea journeys
ice falls 115 journey planning 22 liners, sleeping bags 53 maritime air masses 79
ice fishing 209 jungles see rainforests and jungles lipolysis 56 marshmallow, Finnish 195
ice walking 94 liquid-fuelled stoves 58, 59 matches 60, 126
icebergs 196 liver 220, 222, 223, 229 matchless fireset tins 118
sea ice 36, 196 B lizards 294–95 mayasticks 123
water source 36, 194–95, 196 katabatic winds 82 llamas 99 measuring distances 67, 72
igloos 180 kayaking and canoeing 42, 104–05 location 11, 27, 233 meat see specific types (e.g. birds)
ignition devices and spark production kernmantle rope 136 see also site selection melting sack 195
113, 118, 126–7, 130–3 kerosene 269 location aids and rescue signals 39, 43, mental preparation and responses,
improvising 235 killing 114, 232–33, 236–41, 250, 252 disaster situations 20–21, 234–35,
backpacks 45 birds 228 log cabin signal fires 239 259
compasses 74–75 rabbits 216 log rafts 107 methylated spirit stoves 59
goggles 265 kindling 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, log-splitting 114, 148–9 minnow traps 211
signal mirrors 241 133, 238–9 lures and baits 208–09, 223, 229 mirrors, signal 241
see also clothing, improvising with knives 146–49 Lyme disease 267, 303 mobile phones 43, 237
incised wounds 263 knots 135, 142–45, 210 money 22, 61
infections moon, navigating by 77
bacterial 185, 187, 212, 220, 262, 267, D mosquitoes 31, 115, 302–03
301, 303 C machetes 146 mosses 286–87
diarrhoea and vomiting 187, 269 lacerations (tears) 263 maggot therapy 262 motorized transport 35, 42, 97, 100–03
first aid concerns 261, 262, 263, 265, lakes 189 magnetic bearings 68–71 mountain environments 32–33
301 land and sea breezes 82 magnetic variation 69 altitude sickness 33, 273
parasites 187, 222, 223, 269 larvae, ant 219 magnetizing compass needles 74–75 avalanches 32, 246–47
vaccinations 22 latrines 114, 117 magnifying glasses 126 cold environments 36
water-borne 185, 187 layering clothing 46 mammals deserts 35
infectious hepatitis 187 lean-tos catching and eating 203, 204, 205, dos and don’ts 93, 245
injuries 233, 235, 270–71 bamboo 169 216–18, 220–03, 290–91 scrambling and climbing 90–91
see also first aid forest 162–63 dangers from 242–43, 266, 300–01 temperate areas 28–29
insects one-person 165 locating water 189 winds 82
bites and stings 116, 267, 302–03 leaves melting snow 195 muddy terrain, four-wheel driving 101
catching and eating 203, 219, 224 cordage 139 sinew cordage 139 mules 99
locating water 189 roofs 170–71, 192 weather forecasting 83 multi-fuel stoves 59
maggot therapy 262 soap-making 117 see also specific animals (e.g. bears) multi-tools 61
*(- INDEX
APPENDIX
muscles, bones, and joints injuries 233, packing carbon monoxide 181
H
@E;<O
270–71 backpacks 41, 42, 45 fish 300–01
quick-release knots 145
mushrooms and fungi 206, 263 cordage 136, 137 food poisoning 187, 269
quicksand 247
mussels 225, 298–99 fuel 58 mushrooms and plants 203, 206, 207,
quinzhees 180–81
loading pack animals 98 268, 304–05
packs 41, 42, 44–45, 108 shellfish 225
E paddles and paddling snake bite 266, 300–01
nails, fishing hooks 208 kayaking and canoeing 104, 105 polar areas 36, 37 I
Naismaith’s rule 72 rafts 107 polar bears 36, 242 rabbits 216, 220–21, 290–91
natural cordage 138–41 pain 235 ponchos and tarpaulins radios 61, 237
natural remedies 263, 268, 269 see also first aid beds 166–67 rafts 106–7
navigation 64–65 painters, liferafts 252 brushwood rafts 106–07 liferafts 39, 196, 251, 252–53
compasses 68–71, 74–75 palm grubs 224, 298–99 poncho floats 109 rain 79, 81, 82
GPS 65, 75 para scrapes 175 rainwater collection 188, 196 rainforests and jungles 30–31
maps and map reading 43, 64–65, paracord (parachute cord) 61, 136–37 shelters 54, 158–59, 161, 166–68, dos and don’ts 173
66–71 paraffin 269 174–77 jungle-trekking boots 49
natural (sun, moon and stars) 76–77 parangs 146 wet-weather clothing 48 shelters 54, 166–71
route finding 72–73 parasites 187, 222, 223, 269 ponds 189, 199 water sources 192
trail markers (blazes) 87 pepper sprays 243 porcupines 266, 290-91 rainwater 188, 192, 196
needle tea 207 periods (menstruation) 117 post-holing 94 ranger’s flint and steel 60, 113, 118, 127
needles 60, 61, 68, 74–75 personal hygiene 116–17 potassium permanganate 60, 127, 201 rats 220, 290–91, 300–01
nets personal locator beacons (PLBs) 39, prawns 225 rattan leaves 170
bird-trapping 226 236–7 preparation and planning 16–17 razors and razor blades 60, 61, 74– 75
fishing 210–11 petroleum jelly 61 camps 112–13, 114–15 razorstrop fungus 263
nettles pheasants 227, 228 emergency plans of action (EPAs) recovery position 276
cordage 138–39 phones 43, 237 24–5, 250 recovery techniques, vehicles 35, 102–03
stinging 268, 280–81 physical fitness 18–19 journey planning 22 reels, fishing 208
night line fishing 209 pine cones 83 mental 20–01, 234–35, 259 rehydration and dehydration 187, 190,
night walking 86 pits, cooking in 205 physical 18–19 193, 196, 253, 269, 272
night-flying insects 219 planning see preparation and planning temperate environments 28 reptiles see amphibians and reptiles
nimbostratus 80, 81 plants and vegetation training 16–17, 23, 235 rescue services 24, 236–37
noose sticks 218 cordage 138–41 worst-case scenarios 24, 40, 234–35, rescue signalling 39, 232–33, 236–41,
northings 67 edible 203, 206–07, 280–89 250 250, 252
nutrients and calorie needs 56, 202 poisoning 203, 206, 207, 268, 304–05 see also specific aspects (e.g. gear and resection 71
remedies 263, 268, 269 equipment) respiratory problems
signal fires 238–39 prickly pears 193, 282–83 first aid 275
F vegetation bags 190 propane stoves 58 in shelters 157, 181
oak, poison 268 water sources 189, 190, 192, 193 protection, location, water, and food reverse-osmosis pumps 197
oases 34 weather forecasting 83 (PLWF) 11, 27, 258 rivers
occluded fronts 78 see also specific environments (e.g. protein 56 flash floods 115
one-handed striker 127 temperate environment); specific protozoa 187, 269 foot crossings 88–89
one-person lean-tos 165 parts (e.g. roots); specific types Prusik knot 210 four-wheel driving 101
one-pole poncho shelter 158 (e.g. trees) psychogenic shock 20 kayaking and canoeing 42, 104–05
orienteering compasses 68 PLBs (personal locator beacons) 39, psychological responses mountain environments 32
overhand knots 143 236–37 disaster situations 20–21, 113, swimming 108–09
oxygen, lack of 157, 234, 259 plucking birds 228–29 234–35, 259 temperate environment 28
oysters 225 PLWF (protection, location, water, and team dynamics 23 tropical environment 31
food) 11, 27, 258 pulks 97 water sources 28, 32, 189
poacher’s method, pheasant meat 228 pumps, reverse-osmosis 197 roasting food 204, 213
G pocket chainsaws 60, 150 puncture wounds 263 rock climbing and scrambling 90–91
pace counting 65, 72 poison ivy, oak and sumac 268, 304–05 purifying water 60, 185, 201 rocks
pack animals 42, 98–99 poisoning pygmy huts 171 hot platforms 194
pack frames, improvised 45 basic first aid 269 pygmy roll cordage 141 hot rocks cooking 205
;<J<IKGC8EKJ
@E;<O *(.
rock holes 189 sea-sickness 21 showers 116–17 solar stills 191, 197, 251
@E;<O
rockfalls 115 survival at sea 16–17, 39, 196–97, shrimps 225 space blankets 53, 61, 155, 175
single-wall fishing traps 211 214–15, 250–55 shucking oysters 225 spark production and ignition devices
stone-lined fires 124 survival suits 39, 199, 250 Siberian hitch 144 113, 118, 126–27, 130–33
trail markers and cairns 87 see also marine environments signal fires 30, 115, 238–39 spiders 77, 157, 302–03
transpiration and vegetation bags 190 sea and land breezes 82 signal flares 239, 241 spinal injuries 271
water distillation 185 sea urchin spines 267 signal mirrors 241 sprains and strains 270
rodents (rats) 220, 290–91, 300–01 seat carries 279 silk, magnetizing compass needles 75 squirrels 217, 221, 290–91
rolled cordage 141 seawater 38, 185, 196–97, 251, 253 Silva compasses 68 stab wounds 263
roofs 156–57, 170–71, 192 seaweeds 288–89 simple tie-off knot 143 staffs, walking 72, 85, 89
roosting birds, trapping 218, 227 secondary drowning 255, 273 sinews, cordage 139 stand off/attack point 73
roots self-striking fishing line 209 single-wall fishing traps 211 standard compasses 68
cordage 138 setting maps 69 sinkers and floats 209 standing deadwood 115, 121, 131
food 206 shadow sticks 76, 77 site selection and organization 29, 32, star-shaped fires 125
soapwort 117 sharks 38, 243 112–13, 114–15 stars, navigating by 77
water sources 193 sharpening and sharpening stones 147 see also specific areas (e.g. latrines) steaming food 204
ropes sheaths, knives 146 skidoos 97 steel, flint and 60, 113, 118, 127
climbing techniques 91 shellfish 225, 298–99 skinning stills, solar 191, 197, 251
crossing rivers 89 shelters 154–55 fish 213 stinging nettles 268, 280–81
roundworms 222, 269 bivis 41, 54, 160–61 mammals 221, 222 stings and bites 116, 266–67, 268,
route finding 64–65, 72–73 button-ties 161 sky colour 83 300–03
see also navigation caves 157, 181 sledges 969–7 stock 204, 212
cold environments 55, 178–81 sleeping bags 41, 52–53 stone-lined fires 124
deserts 174–75 sleeping systems see beds and bedding; storms 81, 249
J hammocks 54, 166 shelters stoves 58–59
salmonella 187 hollows, scrapes and trenches slings 261, 270 straddling, chimney climbing 91
saltwater 38, 185, 196–97, 251, 253 156–57, 174–75, 176–77, 178–79 slingshots 218 strains and sprains 270
sand huts 170–71 slip knot 142 stratocumulus 80, 81
driving on 101 jungle 166–71 slugs 224 stratus 80, 81
dunes 35, 177, 189 ponchos or tarpaulins 54, 158–59, smoke production, signal fires 30, 238–39 streams 32, 189
quicksand 247 161, 166–68, 174–77 snails 224, 298–99, 300–01 strength and stamina 18–19
sandstorms 249 positioning on site 29, 32, 115 snake hole fires 125 stretchers 99, 279
sandals 49 shoreline 176–77 snakes stretching exercises 19
satellite communications 3 9, 236–37, snow 178–81 bites first aid 266 striker, one-handed 127
250, 252 temperate forest 162–65 dangers from 34, 157, 189, 243, striking matches 126
savannah 34, 35 tent pegs 159 300–01 string measuring, map reading 67
saws, bamboo fire 133 tents 41, 54–55 food source 224, 294–95 strobe lights 240
saws (cutting tools) and sawing 60, use-anywhere 158–59 snapping wood 151 sugar 127
150–1 shigellosis 187 snares 60, 216–17, 227 suicide 21
scalds and burns 265 ships and boats snow sumac, poison 268
scale, topographic maps 66, 67 kayaking and canoeing 42, 104–05 avalanches 32, 246–47 sun and sunlight
scalp care 116 liferafts 39, 196, 251, 252–53 four-wheel driving 101 navigating by 76
scalp wounds 264 rafts 106–07 mountain environment 32–33 protection from 43, 47, 175
scrambling and climbing 90–91 safety procedures and emergency plans navigation aids 77 sundials 76
scrapes, hollows and trenches shelters of action 250 snow blindness 265 water purification 201
156–57, 174–75, 176–77, 178–79 sea-sickness 21 snow shelters 178–81 surgical tubing 61, 191, 197
scree 32, 87 see also sea journeys snow shoes 94–95 survival enemies 235
sea anchors 39, 251 shock 274 travelling over 94–97 survival fitness 18–19
sea ice 36, 196 anaphylactic 266, 267, 274 water source 194–95 SURVIVAL strategies 234–35
sea journeys cold 254 snowman’s head 195 survival straws 201
abandoning ship 250, 252–55 psychogenic 20 soaks 189 survival suits 39, 199, 250
radios and beacons 39, 236, 237, 250, shoelaces 137 soapwort roots 117 survival swimming 108–09, 254–55
252 shorelines see marine environments socks 48 survival tins 40, 43, 60–61
*(/ INDEX
APPENDIX
surviving mentally 20–21, 234–35, 259 matchless fireset tins 118 two-person seat carries 279 water transport 104–07
@E;<O
survivor’s third leg (walking staff) 72, survival tins 40, 43, 60–61 two-poncho shelters 159, 167, 175 waterproof fabric, breathable 48
85, 89 tinsel trees 240 typhoons 38 weapons, hunting 218, 226
suspension method, improvised tools weather and weather systems 38, 78–83
compasses 74 cutting 60, 146–51 extreme weather 246, 248–49
sustainment load 43 multi-tools 61 L see also specific environments (e.g.
swamps 30, 31, 247 topographic maps 66–67 ultralight camping 41 temperate environment)
swimming 108–09, 254–55 tornadoes 248–49 ultraviolet (UV) light 201 weight, gear and equipment 41, 42
tracks 28, 30 unconsciousness 276–77 wells 189
trail markers (blazes) 87 Universal Edibility Test 206–07 gypsy wells 191
K training 23, 134–35 uphill walking 86, 87 wet-weather clothing 48
tackle, fishing 61, 208–11 benefits 16–17, 20, 235 use-anywhere shelters 158–59 whistles 43, 240
taiga 36, 37 physical fitness 19 UV (ultraviolet) light 201 white fuel stoves 59
tampons 60, 117, 118 transpiration bags 190 wicking action, clothing 46, 47, 48
tandem canoeing 105 transport 84–85 wickiups 171
tannic acid 268, 269 animals 42, 96–97, 98–99 M wilderness survival 50–51
tanning hides 223 casualties 99, 278–79 vampire bats 157, 300–01 wildfires 34
tarp tents 54 on foot see walking and hiking skills variation, magnetic 69 will to survive 20, 259
tarpaulins see ponchos and tarpaulins motorized 35, 42, 97, 100–03 vegetation see plants and vegetation winching, vehicle recovery 103
taut line hitch 145 water 104–07 vehicles, motorized 35, 42, 97, 100–03 windmill, light 240
tea tree oil 268 traps VHF radios 237 winds 38, 79, 82–83
teams see groups birds 226–27 vines, water 192 witch hazel 268
tears (lacerations) 263 dew 190, 196 volcanoes 247 witchetty grubs 224, 298–99
teas 207, 268, 269 fishing 211 vomiting and diarrhoea 187, 203, 269 witch’s broom 238, 239
teepee fires 124 mammals 216–17 withies 139
teeth and gum care 19, 116 trees wood
temperate environments 28–29 deadfalls 115 N backpack frame 45
edible plants 280–81 felling 148–51 wadis 34, 35, 193 brushwood rafts 106–07
forest shelters 162–65 hammocks 54, 166 walk-in tunnel traps 226 firewood 114, 148–49
water sources 28, 188–91 lightning strikes 81 walking and hiking skills 85, 86–87 kindling and fuel 114, 121, 148–49
weather 78–83 navigation aids 77 river crossings 88–89, 108–09 mayasticks 123
temperature 235 needle tea 207 scrambling and climbing 90–91 roofs for hollows 156–57
see also specific environments (e.g. snowshoes 95 snow 94–97 sledges 96–97
cold environments) standing deadwood 115, 121, 131 see also navigation snapping 151
temperature ratings, sleeping bags 53 tannic acid 268, 269 walking staffs 72, 85, 89 snowshoes 95
tent pegs 159 tinsel trees 240 warm-weather clothing 47 standing deadwood 115, 121, 131
tents 41, 54–55 tree shelters 163, 179 water tent pegs 159
termite fishing 219 vehicle recovery 103 amount needed 184, 186 testing softwoods and hardwoods 131
tetanus 262 water sources 193 carrying and storing 43, 198–99, 233 wood ash
thatching huts 170–71 trekking umbrellas 175 dehydration and rehydration 187, 190, for soap 117
thirst 20, 235 trenches, hollows and scrapes shelters 193, 196, 253, 269, 272 for stomach pain 269
thorn fishing hooks 208 156–57, 174–75, 176–77, 178–79 freezing prevention 194, 195 woodland, forest shelters 162–65
throwing stars 218 triangulation 71 hyponatraemia 187 worms
thumbnail test, softwoods and tropical environments 30–1 importance for life 27, 184–85, 186 earthworms 224, 298–99
hardwoods 131 edible plants 284–85 plant and vegetation sources 189, first aid 269
tick bites 116, 267, 302–03 shelters 54, 166–71 190, 192, 193 leeches 267
tides 157 water sources 192 rationing 187, 197 roundworms 222, 269
tie-off knots 142, 143 trousers 46, 47, 48, 94 sources 28, 32, 34, 35, 39, 115, water-borne 187, 269
time, telling by the sun 76 tubers 206 188–97, 251 wounds and bleeding 262–65, 266
tinder 60, 118, 119, 120, 122–23, 124, tundra 36, 37 thirst 20, 235
125, 133, 238–39 tunnel traps, walk-in 226 treating and purifying 60, 118, 185,
tins turtles 196, 294–95 200–01 Q
fire tins 123 twisted cordage 140–41 water-borne diseases 185, 187 zig-zag routes 73
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DESERT PLANTS 319
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
After joining the Royal Navy in 1977, Colin Towell qualified as a
Combat Survival Instructor with 22 Regiment SAS, and has
spent over 30 years teaching land, sea, desert, jungle, and
cold-weather survival skills – as well as survival and conduct in
captivity – to UK Army, Navy, Royal Marines, and Air Force
personnel. He was the Royal Navy’s Chief Survival Instructor
and also served three years as Chief Instructor at the US Navy
SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Extraction) school.
Colin saw service in the Falklands, Bosnia, Germany, USA, and Northern Ireland,
and still serves as a Reserve Chief Instructor with the UK Defence SERE Training
Organisation, training both instructors and students. He provided the survival
training, equipment and rescue coordination for Sir Richard Branson’s balloon
global circumnavigation attempts, and also trials, evaluates, and instructs in the
use of specialized survival equipment, both in the UK and abroad.
www.colintowell-survival.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
FROM THE AUTHOR
I have undertaken as a student every survival course I have ever subsequently taught as an instructor,
mainly because I have had to, but also as a reminder of what my students experience, both physically
and mentally, when they undergo survival training. In writing this book, it is safe to say that I have again
been the student, and the instructors have been the team at Dorling Kindersley, and I would like to take
this opportunity to thank them for their dedication, professionalism, vision, and sense of humour. Thank
you to Stephanie, Lee, Nicky, Richard, and Michael for heading up the team; and to Phil and Pip, Clare
and Katie, Gill and Sarah, Chris and Tracy, Jill, Bob, Brian, Sharon, Chris, Gareth, and Conor, for learning
how to translate my Cumbrian into English and for creating the wonderful design for this book; thanks
also to the team of illustrators who possess an unnerving ability to decipher my drawings and turn them
into works of art!
My warm thanks also go to the following people for generously sharing their expertise: Flt Lt John
Hudson, Royal Air Force, Defence SERE Training Centre; Lt Carlton Oliver, Royal Navy, Defence SERE
Training Centre; Chief Petty Officer (SE) Keith Spiller; Petty Officer (METOC) Kirk Davidson; Petty Officer
(SE) Stephen Paris-Hunter; Tony Borkowski (Royal School Military Survey); Mike Dymond M.R.I.N
N.DipM (RYA); Robert (Baldy Bob) Whale; Charlie Tyrrell; Colin Knox (Pre-Mac); Murray Bryars; Paul
Baker (Bushman.UK Knifes); and Mr Kimball White.
Finally, I would like to thank the Defence SERE Organisation and the Survival Equipment Branch of the
Royal Navy for giving me an amazing career that, if the truth is known, I would have done for free, and
for allowing me the opportunity to learn from the very best, both at home and around the world.
FROM THE PUBLISHER

In addition to those mentioned above, Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following for their help
in making this book happen. At the Royal Navy: Cdr Alan George RN, Lt Cdr Adrian Mundin RN, Lt Cdr
Paula Rowe RN, and Lt Cdr Phil Rosindale RN. At IMG: Olivia Smales and Simon Gresswell. Thanks also
to: Gareth Jones, Chris Stone, and Conor Kilgallon for editorial assistance; Jillian Burr and Tracy Smith
for design assistance; Duncan Turner for jacket design; and Sue Bosanko for compiling the index.
*)'
K_\IfpXcDXiè\jXi\k_\IfpXcEXmpËj\c`k\:fddXe[fjÆX
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Survival Handbook Endurance Essentials For The Great Outdoors

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ENDURANCE ESSENTIALS FOR THE GREAT OUTDOORS

Senior Editors Nicky Munro, Richard Gilbert 8 Introduction

HAVING TAUGHT SURVIVAL SKILLS FOR MANY YEARS,@_Xm\

Always apply the principle of the

Treat the wilderness with respect: carry

There are differences between teaching survival courses to civilians and

Understanding your environment will

The more you understand how

There is a thin line between

Remember, no matter how good your survival equipment, or how

Twenty years from now you will be more

Never assume that the amount of prior

AGE 20–29 30–39 40–49 50+

8>>I8M8K@E>=8:KFIJ HUNGER THIRST

I\XZk`fejkf[`jXjk\iZXei\jlck]ifdX[`i\ZkYcfnkf Initially, hunger is not a problem, Thirst is a serious problem,

d`^_kc\X[kfÆn`ccdXo`d`q\pfliZ_XeZ\jf] Lack of concentration (see box, right)

:FG@E>JKI8K<>@<J TRAINING MOTIVATION

K_\i\Xi\dXepk_`e^jpflZXe[fkfgi\gXi\ People who are properly Often known as “the will to

;<GI<JJ@FE 8E><I JL@:@;<

Pre-impact period Impact Period Recoil period Post-trauma period

FATIGUE SEA-SICKNESS HYPOTHERMIA

ATTACHMENT HOPE ACCEPTANCE HELPING OTHERS

OPERATING UNDER REALISTIC CONDITIONS

Full name as appears on passport: Date of birth: Height: ,Ë('É(./Zd

Passport number: Driving licence number:

Distinguishing marks (scars, tattoos): Languages spoken (ﬂuent/basic):

Medication: Swimmer: Jkife^jn`dd\i

Next of kin 1: =Xk_\i Next of kin 2: 9ifk_\i

Tel: ''( ,,,,,)*,- Tel : ''++ ' (,,,,,)*,.

Email: n`ccjd`k_7`ek\ie\k%Zfd Email: Xe[i\njd`k_7`ek\ie\k%Zfd

Trip details: ;Xp+1KiXm\c`eCXe[ifm\i)kfZXdgj`k\(Xe[i\ki`\m\

Communications plan: My mobile: '.0.0,,,,,,

We rely so heavily on modern

FIND OUT MORE…

L LOCATION Navigation pp. 66–77

L J_\ck\i\[Xi\Xj1j`k\pfli W WATER Finding pp. 188–91

^cfm\jfe #Xe[nXj_Xk\m\ipfggfikle`kp% e`^_k%DfejffefiÈj\XjfeXcÉ iX`e]fi\jkj j_X[\]ifdk_\jleXe[dXk\i`Xcj

L LOCATION Navigation pp. 66–77

W WATER Finding pp. 192–93

F FOOD Plants pp. 206–07, 284–85

W F Kle[iX1jefnXe[`Z\ZXeY\ W WATER Finding pp. 194–95

N?<I<KF=@E; (104) ILJJ@8 (14)

The wrong time to realize that your

?FNDL:?KFG8:B WEIGHT AND SPACE RESTRICTIONS

30 litres (a day pack) to 80 litres (suitable for a trip of a week or more).

Jfc\gifm`[\j^i`gfe Jfc\ZfekX`ejn`[\#[\\gjkl[jkf :iXdgfejZXeY\X[[\[]fi

?@B@E>9FFKJ ALE>C<$KI<BB@E>9FFK :C@D9@E>&?@B@E>

9cXb\hl`Zbcpi\Xc`q\[k_XkE\`cnXjZcfj\kf_pgfk_\id`X# “THE RAFT

TYPES OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES BENEFITS

 Nuts and seeds  Good source of energy.

TYPES OF FOOD EXAMPLES BENEFITS

 Biscuits and crackers  High in carbohydrates to help you maintain

 Flour  Flour and salt can be used to make dough.

 Powdered soup  Add ﬂavour and variety to your meals.

 Tea  Provide warmth and comfort, although they

 Dried milk  Dried milk is an excellent source of calcium.

BUTANE OR ISOBUTENE PROPANE BLENDED FUEL

canisters. canisters. canisters.

unleaded petrol, parafﬁn (kerosene), Stove basically consists of a vessel

HAVING TAUGHT SURVIVAL SKILLS FOR MANY YEARS,@_Xm\

8>>I8M8K@E>=8:KFIJ HUNGER THIRST

I\XZk`fejkf[`jXjk\iZXei\jlck]ifdX[`i\ZkYcfnkf Initially, hunger is not a problem, Thirst is a serious problem,

d`^_kc\X[kfÆn`ccdXo`d`q\pfliZ_XeZ\jf] Lack of concentration (see box, right)

:FG@E>JKI8K<>@<J TRAINING MOTIVATION

K_\i\Xi\dXepk_`e^jpflZXe[fkfgi\gXi\ People who are properly Often known as “the will to

Full name as appears on passport: Date of birth: Height: ,Ë('É(./Zd

Medication: Swimmer: Jkife^jn`dd\i

Next of kin 1: =Xk_\i Next of kin 2: 9ifk_\i

Tel: ''( ,,,,,),- Tel : ''++ ' (,,,,,),.

Trip details: ;Xp+1KiXm\c`eCXe[ifm\i)kfZXdgj`k\(Xe[i\ki`\m\

Communications plan: My mobile: '.0.0,,,,,,

L J_\ck\i\[Xi\Xj1j`k\pfli W WATER Finding pp. 188–91

^cfm\jfe #Xe[nXj_Xk\m\ipfggfikle`kp% e`^_k%DfejffefiÈj\XjfeXcÉ iX`e]fi\jkj j_X[\]ifdk_\jleXe[dXk\i`Xcj

W F Kle[iX1jefnXe[`Z\ZXeY\ W WATER Finding pp. 194–95

N?<I<KF=@E; (104) ILJJ@8 (14)

?FNDL:?KFG8:B WEIGHT AND SPACE RESTRICTIONS

Jfc\gifm`[\j^i`gfe Jfc\ZfekX`ejn`[\#[\\gjkl[jkf :iXdgfejZXeY\X[[\[]fi

?@B@E>9FFKJ ALE>C<$KI<BB@E>9FFK :C@D9@E>&?@B@E>

9cXb\hl`Zbcpi\Xc`q\[k_XkE\`cnXjZcfj\kf_pgfk_\id`X# “THE RAFT

Nuts and seeds Good source of energy.

Biscuits and crackers High in carbohydrates to help you maintain

Flour Flour and salt can be used to make dough.

Powdered soup Add ﬂavour and variety to your meals.

Tea Provide warmth and comfort, although they

Dried milk Dried milk is an excellent source of calcium.

unleaded petrol, parafﬁn (kerosene), Stove basically consists of a vessel

TEST HOW ACCURATELYpflZXenXcb

gXiXcc\ckfk_\m\ik`ZXc K_`jXe^c\`j fecpljlXccp

@DGIFM@J@E>8:FDG8JJ PflZXelj\k_\YcX[\ Jkifb\k_\

EFIK?<IE?<D@JG?<I< JFLK?<IE?<D@JG?<I< :I<J:<EKDFFE

?<8MPI8@E =F> C@>?KE@E>

`e[ipX`i% Small branches move.

N8K:?@E>8E@D8CJ Whole trees sway.

<ejli`e^k_\jZi\\`jÔe\Xe[ 8jpflYl`c[lgdfd\ekldXe[ @]pflcfj\pfliYXcXeZ\

=fccfn`e^XeXcc$[Xpki\bXe[Xefm\ie`^_kZXdg#_\nXj “HE SLIPPED ON

Ox Eurasia, 135–205kg Hardworking Slow-moving

98J@:G8;;C@E> :8K:? 9I8:< JKIFB< KI8EJ@K@FE

CXpXgcXk]fidf]î\\enff[ :fekXèk_\Ôi\n`k_î\\e KXg\Xc`^_k\i

:lkflkXcfe^#k_`eg`\Z\f] C`^_kpfliZXe[c\Xe[c\kk_\ N_\ek_\k`e_XjZffc\[[fne#

Wet wood can be burned Using an existing ﬁre ring

Warmth Warmth Cooking Warmth (in cold weather,

GcXZ\pflikè[\i >\ekcpcXpbè[cè^ 8jk_\bè[cè^ K_\Ôi\`j\jkXYc`j_\[

Warmth Cooking – balance a pot on Warmth Cooking

piece of cord around your neck. Dry tinder

FeX_Xi[jli]XZ\#jlZ_XjXÕXk Dòk_\èî\[`\ekj%N`k_k_\ :fekèl\kfglj_[fneXe[[iX^

Temperature reaches 3,000°C. Has a safety feature that

9FN ;I@CC 9<8I@E>9CF:B

Glcckf Glcckf Glcckf Glcckf JkXe[`e^

JkXikn`k_knfifg\jXe[]fid GXjjk_\Zfi[Xifle[k_\ki\\ CXpk_\jkXe[`e^c`e\fek_\

8kkXZ_k_\jkXe[è^cè\kfXe K`\Xefk_\i_Xc]_`kZ_e\okkf I\g\XkJk\g*f]k_\kXlkcè\

GXjjk_\nfibè^\e[le[\ik_\ K`^_k\ek_\befkYpglccè^ K`^_k\ek_\befkXjèJk\g+

KI<<$=<CC@E>N@K?89C8;< Pfli K_\nXpk_\

?`kk_\YXZbf]pfli Lj\pflibe`]\Xe[X ?`kk_\n\[^\`ekfk_\ @]k_\cf^[f\jefk

Jcfn[fnen_\ek_\jXn_Xj Lj\k_\jXd\YXZb$Xe[$]fik_ JXnk_\ki`dd\[kileb`ekf

8E@D8C;8E><IJ C@>?K@E>=@I<J K?<;8E><IJF=:F8JK8C:8M<J

:c`gk_\gi\jj$jkl[jf]k_\ :lkknfjkife^jlggfikgfc\j :lkknfÈjgXZ\iYXijÉk_Xkn`cc

K`\k_`jkfYfk_aleZk`fej j\\g%(-- fek_\flkj`[\

:lk]flik_`Zb#nff[\e K`\Xef^^`ekf\XZ_gfjk]fijlggfik% DXb\knfj_fik#]fib\[YXZbgfjkj

Befn`e^k_XkXj\XiZ_fg\iXk`fenflc[Y\cXleZ_\[# “THE PAIR FOUND

Lj\k_\YcX[\f]pfli ;feËkjkiX`epflij\c] Ki`dk_\\e[jXe[i\jkknf

by profuse, foul-smelling, watery diarrhoea, and vomiting. [ièbèêfnXk\i]fik_\Ôijk)+_flij

rapid dehydration, and increased heart-rate. j_\ck\i Xe[cfZXk`fej\\g%). %K_`j

abdominal pain, cough, diarrhoea, fever, and fatigue. Y\`e^jf[\_p[iXk\[k_Xkn_Xk

GC8JK@:N8K<I D<K8CN8K<I K?<IDFJ=C8JB D@C@K8IPN8K<I :FCC8GJ@9C<

Jdffk_k_\\[^\jf]k_\g`k J\Zli\k_\jlim`mXc C\Xm\k_\gfe[leZfm\i\[n_\e`kiX`ej#Ylk

J@E>C<K?FIE D8EPK?FIEJ NFF;FI9FE< E8@C J8=<KPG@E