Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology (BiT)

Faculty of Civil and Water Resources Engineering

Postgraduate Program in Structural Engineering

Finite Element Method in Structures

Assignment-5
 Prepared by: Natinael Wolde Azale

ID: BDU1022155

 Submitted to: Instructor Seyfe Nigussie

Submission Date: August 31, 2020

 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
#Q-1: Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the elements shown in Figure 3. The coordinates
are in units of inches. Assume plane stress conditions. Let E =10 x106 psi, v =0.25, and
thickness t =1 inches

Figure -3

Solution

a)

Given Data Required

First ,the given data convert into SI unit ✓ Stiffness matrix (k) =?
✓ Coordinate [𝒌] = 𝒕𝑨[𝑩]𝑻 [𝑫][𝑩]
Coordinate
Node X (mm) Y (mm)
i 0 -1*25.4= -25.40
j 2*25.4=50.80 0
m 0 1*25.4=25.40
✓ E =10 x106 psi = 6.895 x104 N/mm2
✓ v =0.25, and
✓ thickness t =1in =1*25.4mm = 25.40mm

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
Step 1: Determine the Strain–Displacement matrix /Gradient matrix /(B)

Coordinate
Node X (mm) Y (mm)
𝛽 0 𝛽𝑗 0 𝛽𝑚 0 1 xi 𝑦i
1 𝑖 1
[B] = [0 𝛾𝑖 0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑚 ] , 𝐴 = [1 xj y𝑗 ] i 0 -25.40
2𝐴 2
𝛾𝑖 𝛽𝑖 𝛾𝑗 𝛽𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝛽𝑚 1 xm ym
j 50.80 0
m 0 25.40
βi = yj − ym = 0 − 25.4 = −25.4 γi = xm − xj = 0 − 50.8 = −50.8
1 0 −25.40
1 2
A = [1 50.80 0 ] = 1290.32 mm
2
1 0 25.40 βj = ym − yi = 25.4 + 25.4 = 50.8 γj = x i − x m = 0 − 0 = 0

βm = y𝑖 − yj = −25.4 − 0 = −25.4 γm = xj − xi = 50.8 − 0 = 50.8

1 −25.40 0 50.80 0 −25.40 0 𝑚𝑚

[B] = [ 0 −50.80 0 0 0 50.80 ]
2(1290.32) 𝑚𝑚2
−50.80 −25.40 0 50.80 50.80 −25.40

∴ 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧– 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱 (Gradient matrix)

−0.00984 0 0.01969 0 −0.00984 0 1

[B] = [ 0 −0.01969 0 0 0 0.01969 ]
𝑚𝑚
−0.01969 −0.00984 0 0.01969 0.01969 −0.0984

Step 2: Determine constitutive matrix(D)

✓ In this problem the constitutive matrix to do by assume plane stress conditions (given data).

1 𝑣 0
𝐸 6.895𝑋104 1 0.25 0 4 1 0 𝑁
𝑣 1 0 4
[𝐷] = [ 1−𝑣 ] = [ 0.25 1 0 ] = 1.8387𝑋10 [ 1 4 0]
1 − 𝑣2 1 − 0.25 2 𝑚𝑚2
0 0 0 0 0.375 0 0 1.5
2

Step 3: Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the elements

[𝒌] = 𝒕𝑨[𝑩]𝑻 [𝑫][𝑩]

4 1 0 −0.00984 0 0.01969 0 −0.00984 0

[D][B] = 1.8387𝑋104 [1 4 0 ][ 0 −0.01969 0 0 0 0.01969 ]
0 0 1.5 −0.01969 −0.00984 0 0.01969 0.01969 −0.0984

−0.039 −0.020 0.079 0.000 −0.039 0.020 𝑁

[D][B] = 1.8387𝑋104 [ −0.01 −0.079 0.020 0.000 −0.010 0.079 ]
𝑚𝑚3
−0.03 −0.015 0.000 0.030 0.030 −0.015

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
−0.00984 0 −0.01969
0 −0.01969 −0.00984
−0.039 −0.020 0.079 0.000 −0.039 0.020
[B]T [D][B] = 1.8387𝑋104 0.01969 0 0
[ −0.01 −0.079 0.020 0.000 −0.010 0.079 ]
0 0 0.01969
−0.03 −0.015 0.000 0.030 0.030 −0.015
−0.00984 0 0.01969
[ 0 0.01969 −0.00984]

2.5 1.25 −2.0 −1.5 −0.5 0.25

1.25 4.375 −1 −0.75 −0.25 −3.625
𝑁
[B]T [D][B] = 7.125 −2 −1 4 0 −2 1
−1.5 −0.75 0 1.5 1.5 −0.75 𝑚𝑚4
−0.5 −0.25 −2 1.5 2.5 −1.25
[ 0.25 −3.625 1 −0.75 −1.25 4.375 ]

2.5 1.25 −2.0 −1.5 −0.5 0.25

1.25 4.375 −1 −0.75 −0.25 −3.625
[𝒌] = 𝒕𝑨[𝑩]𝑻 [𝑫][𝑩] = 25.4 ∗ 1290.32 ∗ 7.125 −2 −1 4 0 −2 1
−1.5 −0.75 0 1.5 1.5 −0.75
−0.5 −0.25 −2 1.5 2.5 −1.25
[ 0.25 −3.625 1 −0.75 −1.25 4.375 ]

2.5 1.25 −2.0 −1.5 −0.5 0.25

1.25 4.375 −1 −0.75 −0.25 −3.625
−2 −1 4 0 −2 1 𝑁
∴ 𝐒𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱 [𝑘] = 2.3351𝑋105 … 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
−1.5 −0.75 0 1.5 1.5 −0.75 𝑚𝑚
−0.5 −0.25 −2 1.5 2.5 −1.25
[ 0.25 −3.625 1 −0.75 −1.25 4.375 ]

b)

Step 1: Determine the Strain–Displacement matrix (B)

Coordinate
Node X (mm) Y (mm)
𝛽 0 𝛽𝑗 0 𝛽𝑚 0 1 xi 𝑦i
1 𝑖 1
[B] = [0 𝛾𝑖 0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑚 ] , 𝐴 = [1 xj y𝑗 ] i 30.48 0
2𝐴 2
𝛾𝑖 𝛽𝑖 𝛾𝑗 𝛽𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝛽𝑚 1 xm ym
j 60.96 0
m 30.48 25.40

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
βi = yj − ym = 0 − 25.4 = −25.4 γi = xm − xj = 30.48 − 60.96 = −30.48
1 30.48 0
1 2
A = [1 60.96 0 ] = 387.096 mm
2
1 30.48 25.40
βj = ym − yi = 25.4 + 0 = 25.40 γj = xi − xm = 30.48 − 30.48 = 0

βm = yi − yj = 0 − 0 = 0.00 γm = xj − xi = 60.96 − 30.48 = 30.48

1 −25.40 0 25.40 0 0 0 𝑚𝑚
[B] = [ 0 −30.48 0 0 0 30.48]
2(387.096 ) 𝑚𝑚2
−30.48 −25.40 0 25.40 30.48 0

∴ 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧– 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱

−003281 0 0.03281 0 0 0 1
[B] = [ 0 −0.03937 0 0 0 0.03937]
𝑚𝑚
−0.03937 −0.03281 0 0.03281 0.03937 0

Step 2: Determine constitutive matrix(D)

✓ In this problem the constitutive matrix to do by assume plane stress conditions (given data).

1 𝑣 0
𝐸 6.895𝑋104 1 0.25 0 4 1 0 𝑁
𝑣 1 0 4
[𝐷] = [ 1−𝑣 ] = [ 0.25 1 0 ] = 1.8387𝑋10 [ 1 4 0]
1 − 𝑣2 1 − 0.25 2 𝑚𝑚2
0 0 0 0 0.375 0 0 1.5
2

Step 3: Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the elements

[𝒌] = 𝒕𝑨[𝑩]𝑻 [𝑫][𝑩]

4 1 0 −003281 0 0.03281 0 0 0
[D][B] = 1.8387X104 [1 4 0 ][ 0 −0.03937 0 0 0 0.03937]
0 0 1.5 −0.03937 −0.03281 0 0.03281 0.03937 0

−0.131 −0.039 0.131 0.000 0 0.039 𝑁

[D][B] = 1.8387𝑋104 [−0.033 −0.157 0.033 0.000 0 0.157]
𝑚𝑚3
−0.059 −0.049 0.000 0.049 0.059 0.00
−0.03281 0 −0.03937
0 −0.03937 −0.03281
−0.131 −0.039 0.131 0.000 0 0.039
[B]T [D][B] = 1.8387𝑋10 0.03281 0 0
4
0.03281 −0.033 −0.157 0.033 0.000 0 0.157]
[
0 0
0 0 0.03937 −0.059 −0.049 0.000 0.049 0.059 0.00
[ 0 0.03937 0.00 ]

1.54 0.75 −1.00 −0.45 −0.54 −0.30

0.75 1.815 −0.30 −0.375 −0.45 −1.44
𝑁
[B]T [D][B] = 7.9165 −1 −0.30 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.30
−0.45 −0.375 0.00 0.375 0.45 0.00 𝑚𝑚4
−0.54 −0.45 0.00 0.45 0.54 0.00
[ 0.30 −1.44 0.30 0.00 0.00 1.44 ]

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
1.54 0.75 −1.00 −.45 −0.54 −0.30
0.75 1.815 −0.30 −0.375 −0.45 −1.44
[𝒌] = 𝒕𝑨[𝑩]𝑻 [𝑫][𝑩] = 25.4 ∗ 387.096 ∗ 7.9165 −1 −0.30 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.30
−0.45 −0.375 0.00 0.375 0.45 0.00
−0.54 −0.45 0.00 0.45 0.54 0.00
[ 0.30 −1.44 0.30 0.00 0.00 1.44 ]
1.54 0.75 −1.00 −.45 −0.54 −0.30
0.75 1.815 −0.30 −0.375 −0.45 −1.44
5 −1 −0.30 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 N
∴ Stiffness Matrix [k] = 7.7837X10 … … … 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
−0.45 −0.375 0.00 0.375 0.45 0.00 mm
−0.54 −0.45 0.00 0.45 0.54 0.00
[ 0.30 −1.44 0.30 0.00 0.00 1.44 ]

c)

Step 1: Determine the Strain–Displacement matrix (B)

Coordinate
Node X (mm) Y (mm)
𝛽 0 𝛽𝑗 0 𝛽𝑚 0 1 xi 𝑦i
1 𝑖 1
[B] = [0 𝛾𝑖 0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑚 ] , 𝐴 = [1 xj y𝑗 ] i 0 0
2𝐴 2
𝛾𝑖 𝛽𝑖 𝛾𝑗 𝛽𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝛽𝑚 1 xm ym
j 50.80 0
m 0 25.40

βi = yj − ym = 0 − 25.4 = −25.4 γi = xm − xj = 0 − 50.80 = −50.80

1 0 0
1 2
A = [1 50.80 0 ] = 645.16 mm
2
1 0 25.40
βj = ym − yi = 25.4 + 0 = 25.40 γj = x i − x m = 0 − 0 = 0

βm = yi − yj = 0 − 0 = 0.00 γm = xj − xi = 50.80 − 0 = 50.80

1 −25.40 0 25.40 0 0 0 𝑚𝑚
[B] = [ 0 −50.80 0 0 0 50.80]
2(645.16 ) 𝑚𝑚2
−50.80 −25.40 0 25.40 50.80 0

∴ 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧– 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱

−0.01969 0 0.01969 0 0 0 1
[B] = [ 0 −0.03937 0 0 0 0.03937]
𝑚𝑚
−0.03937 −0.01969 0 0.01969 0.03937 0.

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
Step 2: Determine constitutive matrix(D)
✓ In this problem the constitutive matrix to do by assume plane stress conditions (given data).

1 𝑣 0
𝐸 6.895𝑋104 1 0.25 0 4 1 0 𝑁
𝑣 1 0 4
[𝐷] = [ 1−𝑣 ] = [ 0.25 1 0 ] = 1.8387𝑋10 [ 1 4 0 ]
1 − 𝑣2 0 0 1 − 0.252 𝑚𝑚2
0 0 0.375 0 0 1.5
2

Step 3: Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the elements

[𝒌] = 𝒕𝑨[𝑩]𝑻 [𝑫][𝑩]

4 1 0 −0.01969 0 0.01969 0 0 0
[D][B] = 1.8387X104 [1 4 0 ][ 0 −0.03937 0 0 0 0.03937]
0 0 1.5 −0.03937 −0.01969 0 0.01969 0.03937 0.

−0.079 −0.039 0.079 0.000 0 0.039 𝑁

[D][B] = 1.8387𝑋104 [ −0.02 −0.157 0.02 0.000 0 0.157]
𝑚𝑚3
−0.059 −0.03 0.000 0.030 0.059 0.00
−0.01969 0 −0.03937
0 −0.03937 −0.01969
−0.079 −0.039 0.079 0.000 0 0.039
[B]T [D][B] = 1.8387𝑋10 0.01969 0 0
4
[ −0.02 −0.157 0.02 0.000 0 0.157]
0 0 0.01969
0 0 0.03937 −0.059 −0.03 0.000 0.030 0.059 0.00
[ 0 0.03937 0.00 ]

2 1 −0.80 −0.6 −1.2 −0.40

1 3.5 −0.40 −0.30 −0.60 −3.20
𝑁
[B]T [D][B] = 35.624 −0.8 −0.40 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.40
−0.6 −0.3 0.00 0.30 0.60 0.00 𝑚𝑚4
−1.2 −0.60 0.00 0.60 1.20 0.00
[−0.40 −3.2 0.40 0.00 0.00 3.2 ]

2 1 −0.80 −0.6 −1.2 −0.40

1 3.5 −0.40 −0.30 −0.60 −3.20
[𝒌] = 𝒕𝑨[𝑩]𝑻 [𝑫][𝑩] = 25.4 ∗ 645.16 ∗ 35.624 −0.8 −0.40 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.40
−0.6 −0.3 0.00 0.30 0.60 0.00
−1.2 −0.60 0.00 0.60 1.20 0.00
[−0.40 −3.2 0.40 0.00 0.00 3.2 ]
2 1 −0.80 −0.6 −1.2 −0.40
1 3.5 −0.40 −0.30 −0.60 −3.20
−0.8 −0.40 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.40 𝑵
∴ Stiffness Matrix [𝑘] = 5.8378𝑋105 … 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
−0.6 −0.3 0.00 0.30 0.60 0.00 𝒎𝒎
−1.2 −0.60 0.00 0.60 1.20 0.00
[−0.40 −3.2 0.40 0.00 0.00 3.2 ]

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
#Q-2: For the bar subjected to the linearly varying axial line load shown in Figure 7,
use the linear strain (three noded element) with two elements in the model, to determine
the nodal displacements and nodal stresses. Let A = 2 in.2 and E = 30 x106 psi. Hint: Use
Isoparametric formulation.

Figure -7

Given Data Required

First, the given data convert into SI unit (a) Nodal displacements
⇒ E = 30 ∗ 106 psi. = 30 ∗ 106 (6.895 ∗ 103 ) N/m2 = 206.85 ∗ 103 N/mm2 (b) Nodal stresses
⟹ T = 10xlb/in = 10 ∗ (175.10)xN/m = 1.751x N/mm
⟹ L = 60in = 60 ∗ 25.4 m = 1524 mm
⟹ Area(A) = 2 in2 = 2 ∗ (645.16)mm2 = 1290.32 mm2

Solution

Step 1: Discretization of element: by using quadratic bar node(three noded and two element)

Step 2: Select Element Type and evaluate shape function

As we are formulating shape functions for an Isoparametric element, we assume the following
axial coordinate function for x as

𝑎1
2
𝑥 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝒔 + 𝑎3 𝒔 = [1 𝒔 𝒔 2 ] { 𝑎2 }
𝑎3

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒔1 = −1, 𝒔2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒔3 = 1

𝑢1 = 𝑥(𝒔1 ) = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝒔 + 𝑎3 𝒔2 , 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒔1 = −1, 𝑥(−1) = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3

𝑢3 = 𝑥(𝒔3 ) = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝒔 + 𝑎3 𝒔2 , 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒔3 = 0 , 𝑥(0) = 𝑎1

𝑢2 = 𝑥(𝒔2 ) = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝒔 + 𝑎3 𝒔2 , 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒔3 = 1, 𝑥(1) = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3

Matrix form

𝑥1 1 −1 1 𝑎1
{𝑥2 } = [1 1 1] {𝑎2 }
𝑥3 1 0 0 𝑎3

a1 1 −1 1 −1 a1 1 0 1 −1 T a1 1 0 0 −2 x1
a a
{ 2 } = [ 1 1 1] , { 2 } = a
[ 0 −1 −1] , { 2 } = [ 1 −1 0 ] {x2 }
a3 a3 0 − 1(1) − 1(1) a3 −2
1 0 0 −2 0 2 −1 −1 2 x3

Then

1 0 0 −2 𝑥1
2
𝑥 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝒔 + 𝑎3 𝒔 = [1 𝒔 𝒔 2]
[1 −1 0 ] {𝑥2 }
−2
−1 −1 2 𝑥3

1 0 0 −2 𝑥1 𝑥1
1 1 2
𝑥 = [1 𝒔 𝒔 2]
[1 −1 0 ] {𝑥2 } = [ (𝒔2 − 𝒔) (𝒔 + 𝒔) (1 − 𝒔 )] {𝑥2 }
2
−2 2 2
−1 −1 2 𝑥3 𝑥3

𝑥1 𝑥1
1 1 2
𝑥 = [ (𝒔2 − 𝒔) (𝒔 + 𝒔) (1 − 𝒔2 )] {𝑥2 } = 𝑁1 𝑥1 + 𝑁2 𝑥2 + 𝑁3 𝑥3 = [𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 ] {𝑥2 }
2 2 𝑥3 𝑥3

∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐞

1
∴ 𝑁1 = (𝒔2 − 𝒔),
2

1 2
∴ 𝑁2 = (𝒔 + 𝒔) and
2

∴ 𝑁3 = (1 − 𝒔2 )

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5

Step 3 Define the Strain–Displacement and Axial strain

I. Material Property Matrix [𝑫]: For one-dimension bar element the material property
matrix is equal to Young’s Modulus (E).

[𝐃] = 𝐄

II. Strain–displacement matrix[𝑩]: We now want to formulate element matrix [𝑩] to

evaluate [𝑲] for the bar element. We use the Isoparametric formulation to illustrate its
manipulations. The axial strain of this element can be obtained as below and use Chain
rule.by assuming element -1 to derive the equation of axial strain:

u
𝒅𝒖 𝑑 𝑇 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑢 𝟏 𝑑𝑢 −𝟏
𝜺𝒙 = = 𝑁 {u2 } = = = 𝑱
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥 u 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝑱 𝑑𝑠
3
𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 1 1 2
𝑱𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒃𝒊𝒂𝒏 (𝑱) = = [ (𝒔2 − 𝒔) (𝒔 + 𝒔) (1 − 𝒔2 )] {𝑥2 }
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2 2 𝑥3
𝑥
1
𝟏 𝟏
= [ (𝟐𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏) (−𝟐𝒔)] {𝑥2 }
𝟐 𝟐 𝑥3
𝑥1 0
𝐿
In this case {𝑥2 } = { 2 }
𝑥3 𝐿

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
0
𝟏 𝟏 𝐿 𝐿 𝟏 𝑳
𝑱𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒃𝒊𝒂𝒏 (𝑱) = [ (𝟐𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏) (−𝟐𝒔)] {𝐿} = (−𝟐𝒔) + (𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏)𝐿 =
𝟐 𝟐 2 𝟐 𝟐
2
dx 𝐋
∴ [𝐉] = =
ds 𝟐
 We can once again define the strain-displacement matrix B as and substitute the valve of J.
𝟏𝑑 2 𝟏 𝟏
[𝑩] = [𝑁] = [ (𝟐𝒔 − 𝟏) (𝟐𝒔 + 𝟏) (−𝟐𝒔)]
𝑱 𝑑𝑠 𝐿 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝐬 − 𝟏 𝟐𝐬 + 𝟏 −𝟒𝐬
∴ 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 ) [𝑩] = [ ]
𝐋 𝐋 𝐋
𝐮𝟏
𝟐𝐬 − 𝟏 𝟐𝐬 + 𝟏 −𝟒𝐬
∴ The axial strain is [𝜺𝒙 ] = [𝑩][𝒅] = [ ] {𝐮𝟐 } … … 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 − 𝟏
𝐋 𝐋 𝐋 𝐮𝟑
𝐮𝟐
𝟐𝐬 − 𝟏 𝟐𝐬 + 𝟏 −𝟒𝐬
∴ The axial strain is [𝜺𝒙 ] = [𝑩][𝒅] = [ ] {𝐮𝟒 } … … 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 − 𝟐
𝐋 𝐋 𝐋 𝐮𝟓
Step 4: Evaluate the element stiffness matrix and Global stiffness matrix

1
AEL 1 T L
[k] = ∫ [B]T E[B]A𝐉ds = ∫ [B] [B]ds … … … … … … … … … … … … substitute J = )
−1 2 −1 2

2s − 1
L
𝐴𝐸𝐿 1 𝐴𝐸𝐿 1
2s + 1 2s − 1 2s + 1 −4s
[𝑘] = ∫ [𝐵]𝑇 [𝐵]𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑠
2 −1 2 −1 L L L L
−4s
[ L ]

(2s − 1)2 (2s − 1)(2s + 1) (2s − 1)(−4s)

L2 L2 L2
1
𝐴𝐸𝐿 (2s − 1)(2s + 1) (2s + 1)2
(2s + 1)(−4s)
[𝑘] = ∫ 𝑑𝑠 − − − − − − − 𝐸𝑞. 1
2 −1 L2 L2 L2
(2s − 1)(−4s) (2s + 1)(−4s) (−4s)2
[ L2 L2 L2 ]

Simplifying the terms in Eq. 1 for easier integration, we have

2 4s2 − 1 −8s2 + 4s
AE 𝟏 4s − 4s + 1
[𝒌] = ∫ [ 4s2 − 1 4s2 + 4s + 1 −8s2 − 4s] 𝒅𝒔
2L −𝟏 2 2 2
−8s + 4s −8s − 4s 16s

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
4 3 4 3 8
s − 2s2 + s s −s − s3 + 2s2 𝟏
3 3 3
AE 4 3 4 3 8 |
[𝒌] = s −s s + 2s + s − s3 − 2s2
2
2L 3 3 3 |
8 3 2 8 3 2 16 3
[ − 3 s + 2s − s − 2s
3 3
s ] −𝟏

4 4 8 −4 −4 8
−2+1 −1 − +2 −2−1 +1 +2
3 3 3 3 3 3
AE 4 4 8 4 4 8
[𝒌] = −1 +2+1 − −2 − − +1 − +2−1 −2
2L 3 3 3 3 3 3
8 8 16 8 8 −16
( [ −3 + 2 − −2
3 3 ] [ 3
+2
3
−2
3 ])

Simplifying equation, we obtain the stiffness matrix as

AE 4.6667 0.667 −5.333 AE 7 1 −8

[𝒌] = [ 0.66674.667 −5.333] = [ 1 7 −8]
2L 3L
−5.333 −5.333 10.667 −8 −8 16

We obtain the final General formula of element stiffness matrix as

𝐀𝐄 𝟕 𝟏 −𝟖
∴ [𝒌] = [𝟏 𝟕 −𝟖]
𝟑𝐋
−𝟖 −𝟖 𝟏𝟔

Element-1 Element-2

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
Global Stiffness Matrix

Step 5: Evaluate the Element and Global Force Vector and Displacement Vector
a) Element Nodal Force Vector

In this problem we have nodal forces vector is surface force only.

❖ For Element-1 Force Vector

1 1
(𝒔2 − 𝒔) (𝒔2 − 𝒔)
2 2
1 1 𝑳 1 𝑳
{𝐹} = ∫−1{𝑁}𝑇 𝑇𝑱𝑑𝑠 = ∫−1 {1 (𝒔2 + 𝒔)} 𝑇 𝟐 𝑑𝑠 = ∫−1 {1 (𝒔 2 + 𝒔)} 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝐱 𝑑𝑠
2 2
(1 − 𝒔2 ) (1 − 𝒔2 )

𝒙 − 𝒙𝒄 L L L L
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝒔 = , ⇒ s = x − xc , xc = , ⇒ s = x−
𝑳⁄ 2 2 2 2
𝟐

L L L L L
⇒ s = x− ⇒ s + = x = (s + 1)
2 2 2 2 2

𝑳
∴𝒙= (𝒔 + 𝟏)
𝟐

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
𝑳
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: surface force 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 (𝒔 + 𝟏) 𝒍𝒃/𝒊𝒏
𝟐
1 2 1 2
(𝒔 − 𝒔) (𝒔 − 𝒔)
1 2 𝐿1 1 2 𝐿1 𝑳
{𝐹} = ∫ 1 2 10𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 1 2 10 𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏) 𝑑𝑠
−1
2
(𝒔 + 𝒔) 2 −1
2
(𝒔 + 𝒔) 2 𝟐
{ (1 − 𝒔2 ) } { (1 − 𝒔2 ) }

1 2
(𝒔 − 𝒔) 2 1 s2 − s
1 2 𝐿1 𝑳𝟏 L 1
{𝐹} = ∫ 1 2 10 (𝒔 + 𝟏) 𝑑𝑠 = 10 8 ∫ { s2 + s } (s + 1) 𝑑𝑠
−1 2 (𝒔 + 𝒔) 2 𝟐 −1
2 − 2𝑠2
{ (1 − 𝒔2 ) }

2
(s − s)(s + 1) s3 − s
L1 2 1
2
L1 2 1 2
{𝐹} = 10 (∫ (s + s)(s + 1) 𝑑𝑠 = 10 ∫ { 3
s + 2s + s } 𝑑𝑠
8 −1 2
8 −1 3 2
{(2 − 2𝑠 )(s + 1)} −2𝑠 − 2s + 2𝑠 + 2

s4 s2 1 14 12 (−1)4 (−1)2
− − −
4 2 | 4 2 4 2
L1 2 2
s 4
2s 3
s 2 L 1 1 4
2(1)3
1 2
(−1)4
2(−1)3 (−1)2
{𝐹} = 10 + + = 10 + + − + +
8 4 3 2 8 4 3 2 4 3 2
|
−𝑠 4 2s3 2
−14 2(1)3 2
−(−1)4 2(−1)3 2
[ 2 − 3 + 𝑠 + 2𝑠 ] −1 ( [ 2 − 3 + 1 + 2] [ 2 − + (−1) + 2(−1)] )
3

0 0
2
𝐹1𝑥 4 (30) 𝟎
L1 2
∴ 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 {𝐹} = {𝐹2𝑥 } = 10 3 = 𝟏𝟎 6 = {𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎} 𝒍𝒃
8 8
𝐹3𝑥 (30)2 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
{3} { 3 }
𝐹1𝑥 0 𝟎
∴ 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 {𝐹} = {𝐹2𝑥 } = 4.448 {1500} 𝑁 = { 𝟔, 𝟔𝟕𝟐 } 𝑵
𝐹3𝑥 3000 𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟒𝟒

❖ For Element-2 Force Vector

𝑇 = 10𝑥
T1 = 10 ∗ 30 = 300 lb
T2 = 10 ∗ 60 = 600 lb

The load intensity at a point x distance from node 2 is given by

x x 1+s 1+s
T = T1 + (T2 − T1 ) but = , T = T1 + (T2 − T1 )
L L 2 2

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
1+s
T = 300 + (600 − 300) = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒔
2

𝐹2𝑥 1
{𝐹} = {𝐹4𝑥 } = ∫ {𝑁}𝑇 𝑇𝑱𝑑𝑠
𝐹5𝑥 −1

1 2
(s − s)
1 2
L
=∫ 1 2 (450 + 150s) 𝑑𝑠
−1 (s + s) 2
2
{ (1 − s2 ) }
1 2 1 2
(𝒔 − 𝒔) (𝒔 − 𝒔)
1 2 1 2
= 225𝑳 ∫ 1 2 𝑑𝑠 + 75𝑳 ∫ 1 2 s 𝑑𝑠
−1 (𝒔 + 𝒔) −1 (𝒔 + 𝒔)
2 2
{ (1 − 𝒔2 ) } { (1 − 𝒔2 ) }

s3 s2 1 s4 s3 1
− −
3 2 | 4 3 |
s3 s2 s4 s3
{𝐹} = 112.50𝑳 + + 37.50𝐿 +
3 2 4 3
| |
s3 𝑠 2 s4
[ 𝑠 − 3 ] −1 [ 2 − 4 ] −1

13 12 (−1)3 (−1)2 14 13 (−1)4 (−1)3

− − − −
3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3
3 2 3 2 4 3 4
1 1 (−1) (−1) 1 1 (−1) (−1)3
{𝐹} = 112.50𝑳 + − + + 37.50𝐿 + − +
3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3
13 (−1)3 12 14 (−1)2 (−1)4
( [ 1 − 3 ] [ −1 − 3 ]) ([2 − 4] [ 2 − 4 ])

2
−2 225 75
3 −
2 3 3 3 50 50 1500
{𝐹} = 112.50𝑳 + 37.50𝐿 2 = 𝐿 225 75 = 𝐿 [100] = 30 [100] = [3000] 𝑙𝑏
3 + 150 150 4500
4 3 3 3
[0] [ 150 ]
[3]

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
𝐹2𝑥 1500 1500 6,672
{𝐹} = {𝐹4𝑥 } = [3000] 𝑙𝑏 = 4.448 [3000] = [13,344] 𝑁
𝐹5𝑥 4500 4500 20,016

𝐹2𝑥 6,672
{𝐹} = {𝐹4𝑥 } = [13,344] 𝑁
𝐹5𝑥 20,016

b) Global Force Vector

𝐹1𝑥 0 0
𝐹2𝑥 6,672 + 6,672 13,344
𝐹3𝑥 = 13,344 𝑁 = 13,344 𝑁
𝐹4𝑥 13,344 13,344
{𝐹5𝑥 } { 20,016 } {20,016}

𝑭𝟏𝒙 𝟎
𝑭𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟒𝟒
∴ 𝑮𝒍𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑽𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝑭𝟑𝒙 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝑵
𝑭𝟒𝒙 𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟒𝟒
{𝑭𝟓𝒙 } {𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟔}

c) Global displacement vector

By applying boundary condition 𝑢4 = 0

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
𝒖𝟏 𝒖𝟏
𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝑮𝒍𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝒊𝒔 𝒖 𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝒖𝟒 𝟎
{𝒖𝟓 } {𝒖𝟓 }

Step 6: Evaluate the Nodal displacements and Nodal stresses

i. Evaluate the nodal displacements

By applying finite element equation formulation

[𝑘]{𝐷} = {𝐹}

7 1 −8 0 0 𝒖𝟏 0
1 14 −8 1 −8 𝒖𝟐 13,344
116,755.33 −8 −8 16 0 0 𝒖𝟑 = 13,344
0 1 0 7 −8 𝟎 13,344
[ 0 −8 0 −8 16 ] {𝒖𝟓 } {20,016}

By deleting row four and column four, then we get the reduced matrix as shown below

7 1 −8 0 𝒖𝟏 0
1 14 −8 −8 𝒖𝟐 13,344
116,755.33 [ ]{ } = { }
−8 −8 16 0 𝒖𝟑 13,344
0 −8 0 16 𝒖𝟓 20,016
−1
𝒖𝟏 7 1 −8 0 0
𝒖 1 14 −8 −8 13,344
{ 𝟐 } = (116,755.33 [ ]) { }
𝒖𝟑 −8 −8 16 0 13,344
𝒖𝟓 0 −8 0 16 20,016

𝒖𝟏 2 1 0.5 0.5 0
𝒖𝟐 1 1 1 0.5 13,344
{ } = (2.855 𝑥10−6 [ ]) { }
𝒖𝟑 1.5 1 1.4375 0.5 13,344
𝒖𝟓 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4375 20,016

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
𝒖𝟏 0.1238
𝒖𝟐
{ } = {0.1048} 𝒎𝒎
𝒖𝟑 0.1214
𝒖𝟓 0.0631
𝒖𝟏 0.1238
𝒖𝟐 0.1048
∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝒖𝟑 = 0.1214 𝐦𝐦
𝒖𝟒 0.000
𝒖
{ 𝟓 } {0.0631}

𝒖𝟏 0.1238
𝒖𝟑 0.1214
∴ 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 = {𝒖} = 𝒖 𝟐 = 0.1048 𝐦𝐦 … … … 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝒖𝟓 0.0631
𝒖
{ 𝟒 } { 0.000 }

ii) Nodal stresses in bar

The stress matrix is again given by Hooke’s law as
{𝝈} = [𝑫][𝑩]{𝒅} = 𝑬[𝑩]{𝒅}
The element stresses are as follows:
i. Stress in bar for element-1
Stress components in each element

u1
2s−1 2s+1 −4s
𝜎𝑒1 = 𝐸[ L u
] { 2}
1 L1 L1
u3
✓ For element 1@ node-1 (At 𝐬 = – 1)
u u1 u1
2(−1) − 1 2(−1) + 1 −4(−1) 1 −3 −1 4 E
𝜎1/1 = E [ ] {u 2 } = E [ ] {u 2 } = [−3 −1 4] {u2 }
L1 L1 L1 u3 L1 L1 L1 u L1 u3
3

206,850
0.1238 𝑵 𝑵
𝜎1/1 = 0.5×1524 [−3 −1 4] {0.1048} = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒 (𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧) 𝒎𝒎𝟐 … 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
0.1214
✓ For element 1@ node-3 (At 𝐬 = 0)
u1 u1 u1
2(0) − 1 2(0) + 1 −4(0) −1 1 0 E
𝜎1/3 = E [ u
] { 2} = E [ u
] { 2 } = [−1 1 u
0] { 2 }
L1 L1 L1 u3 L1 L1 L1 u L1 u3
3

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
206,850
0.1238 𝑵 𝑵
𝜎1/3 = 0.5×1524 [−1 1 0] {0.1048} = −𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐
= 𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧) 𝒎𝒎𝟐 … 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
0.1214
✓ For element 1@ node-2 (At 𝐬 = 1)
u1 u1 u1
2(1)−1 2(1)+1 −4(1) 1 3 −4 E
𝜎1/2 = E [ L1 L1 L1
] {u2 } = E [L L1 L1
] {u2 } = L [1 3 −4] {u2 }
1 1
u3 u3 u3

206,850
0.1238 𝑵 𝑵
𝜎1/2 = 0.5×1524 [1 3 −4] {0.1048} = −𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟑(𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧) 𝒎𝒎𝟐
… 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
0.1214
Note small number compared to stress at fixed end.
ii. Stress in bar for element-2

u2
2s−1 2s+1 −4s
𝜎𝑒2 = E [ L2 L2 L2
] {u4 }
u5
✓ . For element 2@ node-2 (At 𝐬 = – 1)
2(−1) − 1 2(−1) + 1 −4(−1) 2
u −3 −1 4
u2 E
u2
𝜎2/2 = E [ u
] { 4} = E [ u
] { 4} = [−3 −1 4] {u4 }
L2 L2 L2 u5 L2 L2 L2 u L2 u5
5

206,850
0.1048 𝑵 𝑁
𝜎2/2 = [−3 −1 4] { 0.000 } = −𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟎𝟓 = 16.805 (compression) … 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
0.5×1524 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑚𝑚2
0.0631
✓ For element 2@ node-5 (At 𝐬 = 0)
u u2 u2
2(0) − 1 2(0) + 1 −4(0) 2 −1 1 0 E
𝜎2/5 = E [ u
] { 4} = E [ u
] { 4} = [−1 1 0 {u5 }
]
L2 L2 L2 u5 L2 L2 L2 u L2 u4
5

206,850
0.1048 𝑵 𝑁
𝜎2/5 = 0.5×1524 [−1 1 0] { 0.000 } = −𝟐𝟖. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
= 28.44 (compression) 𝑚𝑚2 … 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
0.0631
✓ For element 2@ node-4 (At 𝐬 = 1)
u2 u2 u2
2(1)−1 2(1)+1 −4(1) 1 3 −4 E
𝜎2/4 = E [ L L2 L2
] {u4 } = E [L L2 L2
] {u4 } = [1 3 −4] {u4 }
L2
2 2
u5 u5 u5

206,850
0.1048 𝑵 𝑁
𝜎2/4 = 0.5×1524 [1 3 −4] { 0.000 } = −𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
= 40.074(compression) 𝑚𝑚2
… 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
0.0631

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5
# Q-3: A C-channel section (Figure 4) structural steel beam of 2-in. wide flanges, 3 in.
depth and thickness of both flanges and web of 0.25 in. is loaded as shown with 100 lb.
acting in the y direction on the free end. Determine the free end deflection and angle of
twist. Now move the load in the z direction until the rotation (angle of twist) becomes zero.

Figure -4

Solution

Given Data Required

✓ Wide flanges = 2 in =2*25.4 = 50.80 mm ✓ Determine the free end deflection and
✓ Depth = 3 in = 3*25.4 = 76.20mm ✓ Angle of twist.
✓ Thickness of flange and Web = 0.25 in =6.35 mm
✓ 𝐹𝑦= 100𝑙𝑏 = 4.448 ∗ 100 = 444.8 𝑁
✓ Assume material Property –E = 210x103N/mm2
✓ Poison ratio = 0.3
Solve these problems using the plate element from a computer program ( Abaqus/CAE)
and we were enter the following Abaqus/CAE modules and performed the following
tasks:
✓ Step-1: Create Part/ By Sketch a 3D-dimensional A C-channel section structural steel
beam and create a part representing the C-channel section beam./ plate section created
aaas shell.

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5

✓ Step-2: Property/Define the material properties and other C-channel section properties
of the beam./ , Defining and assigning section properties

material properties section properties

✓ Step-3 : Assembly / Assemble the model and create sets./

✓ Step-4: Step / Configure the analysis procedure and output requests./

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5

✓ Step-5: Load / Apply loads and boundary conditions to the model./

Create boundary conditions Apply loads

✓ Step-6: Mesh / Meshing the model./

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5

✓ Step-7: Job / Create a job and submit it for analysis./

✓ Step-8: Visualization / View the results of the analysis./

Figure: 3.1- Free end deflection (mm)

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 Finite Element Method in Structures Assignment -5

Figure: 3.2- angle of twist(rad)

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