Properties of Fluids

6.) Viscosity Review (M.D.B.)

𝐹
a.) Absolute Viscosity Types of Simple Stress ; 𝜎 =
𝜏 𝐴
𝜇=
𝑑𝑣ൗ 1.) Axial/Normal Stress
𝑑𝑦 𝐹
𝜎= ; 𝐴⊥ = Perpendicular area
b.) kinematic Viscosity 𝐴⊥
𝜇 2.) Shearing/Tangential Stress
𝜈=
𝜌
Where: 𝐹
𝜇 =absolute viscosity 𝜎= ; 𝐴∥ = Parallel area
𝐴∥
𝜏 =shearing stress
𝑣 =velocity 3.) Bearing Stress/Contact Pressure
𝑦 =distance between two plates 𝐹
𝜎= ; 𝐴𝐶 = Contact area
𝜈 =kinematic viscosity 𝐴𝐶
𝜌 = mass density
dv Case in Point:
𝐴𝐶
𝐴⊥ 𝐴∥
𝜏
Flow
dy

(a) (b) (c)

 Problem 5
Two large plane surfaces are 25 mm apart and the space between them
is filled with a liquid of viscosity =0.958 Pa-s. Assuming the velocity gradient to
be a straight line, what force is required to pull a very thin plate of 0.37 m^2 area
at a constant speed of 0.3 m/s if the plate is 8.4 mm from one of the surfaces?
Using the concept of “Shearing Stress”
𝐹
𝐴 = 0.37 𝑚2 16.6𝑚𝑚 Formula: 𝜏 = ; 𝐹 = 𝜏𝐴∥
25𝑚𝑚 𝐴∥
𝐹 =? Above the plate:
8.4𝑚𝑚 𝑣 = 0.3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑅1 = 𝜏1 𝐴∥
𝜇 = 0.958 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 Below the plate:
𝑅2 = 𝜏2 𝐴∥
Solution
Isometric View:
𝑅1

𝑅2 𝐹 =?
𝑅1
𝐹 =?
𝐴∥ = 𝐴 = 0.37 𝑚2
Using Equilibrium Equation
→ + ← − Σ𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑅2
? ?
𝐹 − 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 0 ; 𝐹 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
By Substitution:
Check Unit inconsistencies:
𝐹 = 𝜏1 𝐴 + 𝜏2 𝐴
? ? 𝐴 = 0.37 𝑚2
𝐹 = 𝐴 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 𝑁
𝜇 = 0.958 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 = 0.958 𝑠
𝑚2
Using Absolute Viscosity:
𝑣 = 0.3 𝑚/𝑠
𝜏
𝜇= ; 𝜏 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑣ൗ𝑑𝑦 = 𝜇 𝑣ൗ𝑦
𝑑𝑣ൗ 𝑦1 = 16.6 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0166 𝑚
𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 = 8.4 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0084 𝑚
By Substitution:
𝑣1 𝑣
𝐹 = 𝐴 𝜇1 ൗ𝑦1 + 𝜇2 2ൗ𝑦2
Therefore
NOTE: 0.958 0.0166
𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝑣
𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇 𝐹 = 𝐴𝜇𝑣 1ൗ𝑦1 + 1ൗ𝑦2 = 19.07 𝑁
0.37 0.3 0.0084
𝑦1 = 16.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 8.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑁 𝑚 1 1
Therefore 𝐹 = 𝑚2 𝑠 + =𝑁
𝑚2 𝑠 𝑚 𝑚
𝐹 = 𝐴𝜇𝑣 1ൗ𝑦1 + 1ൗ𝑦2
Problem 6
A cylinder of 125 mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder
of 130 mm radius. Both cylinders are 300 mm long. Determine the viscosity of the
liquid which fills space between the cylinders if a torque of 0.88 N-m is required to
maintain an angular velocity of 2π radians/sec. Assume the velocity gradient to be
a straight line.
?
Solution
𝑇 = 0. 88 𝑁𝑚 𝜏 𝜏 ?
𝜔 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜇= =𝑣
𝑑𝑣ൗ ൗ𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 5 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 = 300 𝑚𝑚
130 125
Shearing Stress ?
𝐹 ?
𝜏=
𝐴
Shearing Force=?
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 125 𝑚𝑚 Review from Statics (Moment)
Two types of Moment
1.) Flexural/Bending Moment
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 130 𝑚𝑚
2.) Torsional Moment/Torque
Cross Section 𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑
Illustration 𝑇 = 0. 88 𝑁𝑚 300
𝐿= 𝑚
1000
𝐹 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝑀
125
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚
1000
𝐴 = 0.24 𝑚2
𝑑 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 125 𝑚𝑚
125 Therefore
0. 88 1000 Shearing Stress
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑 ; 𝐹 = 7.04 𝑁 7.04 𝑁
2
Required Area=? 𝐹 0.24 𝑚
𝜏= = 29.33 𝑃𝑎
𝐴
Review from
Solid Geometry Review from Dynamics
(Cylinder) (Curvilinear Translation)
𝜋 2 1. ) 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃
𝑉= 𝑑 ℎ 𝑠; 𝑣; 𝑎
4 𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝜃; 𝜔; 𝛼 2. ) 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔
𝑟
𝐴∥ 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑑ℎ 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 3. ) 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎 = 𝛼𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
But wait… There’s more!
Viscosity Standard Unit
“Important Restriction from
Mathematics” 1.) Absolute Viscosity

Case in Point Metric English

𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝐿𝑏𝑠
𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 . 𝑠 = 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑓𝑡 2
Conversion Equivalence
(degree and rad) Conversion Equivalence
36° = 2𝜋 1 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 0.1 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
180° = 𝜋
Therefore 2𝜋 2.) Absolute Viscosity

𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟 = 0.79 𝑚/𝑠 Metric English

125 𝑚2 /𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒
1000 Conversion Equivalence
Computing Viscosity
29.33 1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒 = 0.0001 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝜏
𝜇=𝑣 5 = 0.19 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
ൗ𝑦
1000
0.79