Saudi Arabian Drilling Academy

SADA

Math Department

Edited by
SADA
Copyright © 2020 Saudi Arabian Drilling Academy

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner
whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief
quotations in a book review.

Printed by SADA Academy, Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia

www.sadaacademy.edu.sa

First Printing Edition, 2020

 Dedication
Dedicated to SADA trainees wishing them the best.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1 ........................................................................................................ 1
Section 1 ..................................................................................................... 2
Standard notation ........................................................................................ 2
Objectives: ................................................................................................................... 2
A. Place value ................................................................................... 2
Example 1.1: ................................................................................................................ 3
Solution: ................................................................................................................... 3
Example 1.2: ................................................................................................................ 4
Solution: ................................................................................................................... 4
Check your understanding 1.1 ................................................................................... 4
Answer the following questions: .............................................................................. 4
Example 1.3: ................................................................................................................ 5
Solution: ................................................................................................................... 5
Example 1.4: ................................................................................................................ 5
Solution: ................................................................................................................... 5
Check your understanding 1.2 ................................................................................... 6
Exercise 1.1 .................................................................................................................. 6
Exercise 1.2 .................................................................................................................. 7
Example 1.5: ................................................................................................................ 7
Solution: ................................................................................................................... 7
Example 1.6: ................................................................................................................ 8
Solution: ................................................................................................................... 8
Check your understanding 1.3 .................................................................................. 9
Exercise 1.3 .................................................................................................................. 9
.................................................................................................................. 10
Practice test 1.1 ......................................................................................... 10
Answer the following questions:................................................................................10
Section 2 ................................................................................................... 13
Addition of whole numbers ...................................................................... 13
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................13
A. Addition whole numbers:......................................................................................13
Example 1.7: ...............................................................................................................14
Solution: ..................................................................................................................14
Example 1.8: ...............................................................................................................15
Solution: ..................................................................................................................15
Check your understanding 1. 4 ................................................................................16
Exercise 1.4: ................................................................................................................16
B. Finding the perimeter of a polygon: .....................................................................16
Example 1.9: ...............................................................................................................17
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Solution: ..................................................................................................................17
Example 1.10: .............................................................................................................17
Solution: ..................................................................................................................18
Check your understanding 1.5 ..................................................................................18
Exercise 1.5: ................................................................................................................18
Practice test 1.2 ......................................................................................... 19
Section 3 ................................................................................................... 21
Subtraction of whole numbers .................................................................. 21
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................21
Example 1.11: .............................................................................................................22
Solution: ..................................................................................................................22
Example 1.12: .............................................................................................................23
Solution: ..................................................................................................................23
.....................................................................................................................................23
Example 1.13: .............................................................................................................24
Solution: ..................................................................................................................24
Check your understanding 1.6 .................................................................................25
Exercise 1.6 .................................................................................................................25
Practice test 1.3 ......................................................................................... 26
Section 4 ................................................................................................... 28
Multiplication of whole numbers .............................................................. 28
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................28
.....................................................................................................................................28
A. Multiplying whole numbers Multiplication: .......................................................28
Example 1.14: .............................................................................................................29
Solution: ..................................................................................................................29
Example 1.15: .............................................................................................................30
Solution: ..................................................................................................................30
Check your understanding 1.7 ..................................................................................31
Exercise 1.7 .................................................................................................................31
B. Finding area ........................................................................................................31
Example 1.16: .............................................................................................................32
Solution: ..................................................................................................................32
Example 1.17: ............................................................................................................32
Solution: ..................................................................................................................32
Check your understanding 1.8 .................................................................................33
Exercise 1.8 .................................................................................................................33
Practice test 1.4 ......................................................................................... 34
Section 5 ................................................................................................... 36
Division of whole numbers ....................................................................... 36
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................36
Division with a remainder .........................................................................................37
Example 1.18: .............................................................................................................38

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Solution: ..................................................................................................................38
Example 1.19: .............................................................................................................39
Solution: ..................................................................................................................39
Example 1.20: .............................................................................................................40
Solution: ..................................................................................................................40
Example 1.21: .............................................................................................................41
Solution: ..................................................................................................................41
Check your understanding 1.9 ..................................................................................43
Exercise 1.9 .................................................................................................................43
Practice test 1.5 ......................................................................................... 44
Check your understanding 1.10 ...............................................................................46
Exercise 1.10: ..............................................................................................................46
Example 1.22: .............................................................................................................47
Solution: ..................................................................................................................47
Example 1.23: .............................................................................................................48
Solution: ..................................................................................................................48
Exercise 1.11 ...............................................................................................................48
Practice test 1.6 ......................................................................................... 49
C. Order of operations: ..............................................................................................51
Example 1.24: .............................................................................................................51
Solution: ..................................................................................................................51
Example 1.25: .............................................................................................................52
Solution: ..................................................................................................................52
Example 1.26: .............................................................................................................52
Solution: ..................................................................................................................52
Check your understanding 1.11 ...............................................................................53
Exercise 1.12 ...............................................................................................................53
Practice test 1.7 ......................................................................................... 54
Section 6 ................................................................................................... 56
Unit review and test .................................................................................. 56
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................56
Section (1) Standard notation: ..................................................................................56
Section(2)Addition of whole numbers.......................................................................56
Section (3) Subtraction of whole numbers................................................................57
Section (4) Multiplication of whole numbers ...........................................................57
Section (5) Division of whole numbers ......................................................................57
.................................................................................................................. 58
Practice test 1.8 ......................................................................................... 58
A. Answer the following questions. ...........................................................................58
End of Unit 1 ...............................................................................................................61
UNIT 2 ..................................................................................................... 62
Section 1 ................................................................................................... 63
Addition of fractions ................................................................................. 63

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Objectives: ..................................................................................................................63
A. Addition of like fractions ......................................................................................63
Example 2.1.................................................................................................................63
Solution: ..................................................................................................................63
Example 2.2.................................................................................................................64
Solution: ..................................................................................................................64
Example 2.3.................................................................................................................64
Solution: ..................................................................................................................64
Check your understanding 2.1 ..................................................................................64
Exercise 2.1 .................................................................................................................65
B. Addition of unlike fractions ................................................................. 66
Example 2.4.................................................................................................................66
Solution: ..................................................................................................................66
Example 2.5.................................................................................................................67
Solution: ..................................................................................................................67
Exercise 2.2 .................................................................................................................67
Practice test 2.1 ......................................................................................... 68
Section 2 ................................................................................................... 70
Subtraction, order, and application ........................................................... 70
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................70
A. Subtraction of like fractions ................................................................. 70
Example 2.6.................................................................................................................70
Exercise 2.3 .................................................................................................................71
B. Order ......................................................................................................................72
Example 2.7.................................................................................................................72
Exercise 2.4 .................................................................................................................72
C. Mixed numerals .....................................................................................................73
Example 2.8.................................................................................................................73
Solution: ..................................................................................................................73
Example 2.9.................................................................................................................73
Solution: ..................................................................................................................73
Example 2.10...............................................................................................................74
Solution: ..................................................................................................................74
Exercise 2.5 .................................................................................................................74
Practice test 2.2 ......................................................................................... 75
Section 3 ................................................................................................... 77
Addition and subtraction using mixed numerals....................................... 77
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................77
Example 2.11...............................................................................................................77
Solution: ..................................................................................................................77
Example 2.12...............................................................................................................77
Solution: ..................................................................................................................77
Exercise 2.6 .................................................................................................................78

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Subtraction using mixed numerals ............................................................ 79
Example 2.13...............................................................................................................79
Solution: ..................................................................................................................79
Exercise 2.7 .................................................................................................................79
Section 4 ................................................................................................... 81
Multiply and Divide mixed numerals ....................................................... 81
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................81
A. Multiplication using mixed numerals: ................................................ 81
Example 2.14...............................................................................................................82
Solution: ..................................................................................................................82
Exercise 2.8 .................................................................................................................82
B. Division using mixed numerals .............................................................................83
Example 2.15...............................................................................................................83
Solution: ..................................................................................................................83
Exercise 2.9 .................................................................................................................84
.................................................................................................................. 85
Practice test 2.3 ......................................................................................... 85
UNIT 3 ..................................................................................................... 87
Decimals ................................................................................................... 87
Section 1 ................................................................................................... 88
Decimal notation, order, and rounding ..................................................... 88
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................88
A. Decimal notation and word names .......................................................................88
Example 3.1.................................................................................................................89
Solution: ..................................................................................................................89
B. Converting between decimal notion and fraction notation ................................89
Example 3.2.................................................................................................................89
Solution: ..................................................................................................................89
Example 3.3.................................................................................................................90
Solution: ..................................................................................................................90
Example 3.4.................................................................................................................90
Solution: ..................................................................................................................90
Example 3.5.................................................................................................................90
Solution: ..................................................................................................................90
Example 3.6.................................................................................................................90
Solution: ..................................................................................................................90
Exercise 3.1 .................................................................................................................91
Exercise 3.2 .................................................................................................................91
B. Comparing decimals ..............................................................................................92
Example 3.7.................................................................................................................92
Solution: ..................................................................................................................92
Check your understanding 3.1 ..................................................................................92

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Exercise 3.3 .................................................................................................................93
C. Rounding decimal numbers ..................................................................................93
Example 3.8.................................................................................................................93
Solution: ..................................................................................................................93
Exercise 3.4 .................................................................................................................94
Section 2 ................................................................................................... 95
Addition and subtraction ........................................................................... 95
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................95
A. Addition and subtraction of decimals ..................................................................95
Example 3.9.................................................................................................................95
Solution: ..................................................................................................................95
Exercise 3.5 .................................................................................................................96
B. Subtraction of decimal numbers ..........................................................................96
Example 3.10...............................................................................................................97
Solution: ..................................................................................................................97
Exercise 3.6 .................................................................................................................97
Practice test 3.1 ......................................................................................... 98
Section 3 ................................................................................................... 99
Multiplication and division ....................................................................... 99
Objectives: ..................................................................................................................99
A. Multiplication of decimal numbers ......................................................................99
Example 4.11...............................................................................................................99
Solution: ..................................................................................................................99
Exercise 3.7 ...............................................................................................................100
B. Division of decimal numbers: .............................................................................100
Example 4.12.............................................................................................................100
Solution: ................................................................................................................100
Exercise 4.8 ...............................................................................................................101
Practice test 3.2 ....................................................................................... 101
UNIT 4 .................................................................................................... 102
Section 1 ................................................................................................. 103
American and metric linear measures of length...................................... 103
Objectives: ................................................................................................................103
A. American linear measures ..................................................................................103
Example 4.1...............................................................................................................104
Solution: ................................................................................................................104
Example 4.2...............................................................................................................105
Solution: ................................................................................................................105
Example 4.3...............................................................................................................106
Solution: ................................................................................................................106
Check your understanding 4.1 ................................................................................106
Exercise 4.1 ...............................................................................................................106
B. Metric linear measures ........................................................................................107

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Example 4.4...............................................................................................................108
Solution: ................................................................................................................108
Example 4.5...............................................................................................................109
Solution: ................................................................................................................109
Example 4.6...............................................................................................................109
Solution: ................................................................................................................109
...................................................................................................................................110
Check your understanding 4.2 ................................................................................110
Exercise 4.2 ...............................................................................................................110
Exercise 4.3 ...............................................................................................................111
Practice test 4.1 ....................................................................................... 112
Section 2 ................................................................................................. 114
Weight and mass ..................................................................................... 114
Objectives: ................................................................................................................114
A. Weight: the American system .............................................................................114
Example 4.7...............................................................................................................115
Solution: ................................................................................................................115
Example 4.8...............................................................................................................116
Solution: ................................................................................................................116
Check your understanding 4.3 ................................................................................116
Exercise 4.3 ...............................................................................................................117
Exercise 4.3 ...............................................................................................................117
B. Mass: the metric system ......................................................................................118
Example 4.9...............................................................................................................119
Solution: ................................................................................................................119
Example 4.10.............................................................................................................120
Solution: ................................................................................................................120
Check your understanding 4.4 ................................................................................120
Exercise 4.4 ...............................................................................................................120
Exercise 4.5 ...............................................................................................................121
C. Problem solving ...................................................................................................121
Example 4.11.............................................................................................................121
Solution: ................................................................................................................121
Example 4.12.............................................................................................................122
Solution: ................................................................................................................122
Check your understanding 4.5 ...............................................................................122
Exercise 4.6 ...............................................................................................................123
Practice test 4.2 ....................................................................................... 125
Section 3 ................................................................................................. 127
American and metric linear measures of capacity .................................. 127
Objectives: ................................................................................................................127
A. American units of capacity .................................................................................127
Example 4.13.............................................................................................................128
Solution: ................................................................................................................128

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Example 4.14.............................................................................................................128
Solution: ................................................................................................................128
Check your understanding 4.6 ................................................................................129
Exercise 4.6 ...............................................................................................................129
B. Metric units of capacity .......................................................................................130
Example 4.15.............................................................................................................130
Solution: ................................................................................................................130
Example 4.16.............................................................................................................131
Solution: ................................................................................................................131
Check your understanding 4.7 ................................................................................131
Exercise 4.7 ...............................................................................................................132
C. Problem solving ...................................................................................................132
Example 4.17.............................................................................................................132
Solution: ................................................................................................................132
Example 4.18.............................................................................................................133
Solution: ................................................................................................................133
Check your understanding 4.8 ................................................................................133
Exercise 4.8 ...............................................................................................................134
Practice test 4.3 ....................................................................................... 135
Section 4 ................................................................................................. 137
Time ........................................................................................................ 137
Objectives: ................................................................................................................137
Example 4.19.............................................................................................................138
Solution: ................................................................................................................138
Example 4.20.............................................................................................................138
Solution: The factors that may relate "year" to "minutes" are: ..............................138
Check your understanding 4.9 ...............................................................................139
Exercise 4.9 ...............................................................................................................139
Exercise 4.10 .............................................................................................................139
Area and Volume ..................................................................................... 140
Area ...........................................................................................................................140
Example 4.21.............................................................................................................140
Example 4.22.............................................................................................................141
Example 4.23.............................................................................................................142
Formulas from Geometry ......................................................................... 142
Example 4.24.............................................................................................................143
Parallelogram ...........................................................................................................143
Example 4.25.............................................................................................................143
Example 4.26.............................................................................................................144
Solution: ................................................................................................................144
Formulas .................................................................................................. 145
Example 4.27.............................................................................................................145
Example 4.28.............................................................................................................145
Example 4.29.............................................................................................................145

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Practice test 4.4 ....................................................................................... 146
................................................................................................................ 146
Section 5 ................................................................................................. 148
Review and Test...................................................................................... 148
Objectives: ................................................................................................................148
Section 1 American and metric linear measure .....................................................148
Section 2 Weight and mass ....................................................................................148
Section 3 Capacity .................................................................................................149
American units of capacity ....................................................................................150
Section 4 Time.......................................................................................................150
The Micrometer Caliper.......................................................................... 151
Example 4.30.............................................................................................................151
Example 4.31.............................................................................................................151
Practice test 4.5 ....................................................................................... 152
The End .....................................................................................................................154

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 Saudi Arabian Drilling Company - SADA

UNIT 1

Basic Operations

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Section 1
Standard notation
Objectives:
After studying this section you should be able to:

• Identify the place name or the value of any digit in a given whole
number.
• Convert from standard notation to expanded notation or vice versa.
• Read a whole number written in words and write that number in digital
form or vice versa.

A. Place value
This section deals with naming whole numbers. To understand how
numbers are named or read, you need to learn the concept of place value.

A place value describes the location of a digit in a number.

How do numbers and digits differ from each other? For instance, the
number 509 has three digits, namely: 5, 0, and 9. The complete set of digits
includes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

For large numbers, the groups of three digits starting from the right,
separated by commas, are called periods, as arranged in the following
chart:

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Each period has its own name: ones, thousands, millions, trillions, and so
on. There are periods above trillions but this unit focuses only on these five
periods.

Example 1.1:
In 2015, the average daily oil output of Saudi Arabia was 12, 498, 379
barrels. Identify the place value of each digit of this number.

Solution:

1 2 4 9 8 3 7 9

1 ten 2 4 hundred 9 ten 8 3 7 9

million millions thousands thousands thousands hundreds tens ones

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Example 1.2:
The average price of the sports car on the right is SR 201, 523. Identify the
place value of each of the digits in this number.

Solution:

Check your understanding 1.1

Answer the following questions:
1. What is the place value of 2 in 5, 372, 530?
2. What is the place value of 4 in 245, 965, 103?

B. Converting from standard notation to expanded notation or vice-versa

The set, or collection, of whole numbers is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 …

The smallest whole number is 0, while there’s no ‘‘largest whole number’’
because the set goes on indefinitely.

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Whole numbers can be expressed in two ways: in standard notation or

expanded notation. Study the following example of how to convert one
notation to another.

Example 1.3:
The cost of construction for these building is SR90,324,086. This number is
expressed in standard notation. Convert this to expanded notation.

Solution:
Identify the place value of each digit.

Write the expanded notation.

Therefore, is expanded notation is:

9 ten millions + 3 hundred thousand + 2 ten thousands + 4 thousands+ 8

tens+ 6 ones

Example 1.4:
Convert the following to standard notation.

3 ten millions +1 million +5 ten thousands +5 thousands+9 hundreds +I

ten+4 ones

Solution:

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Separate the periods by commas.

Therefore, its standard notation is: 31,055,914

Check your understanding 1.2

The expanded notation of 245,300 is:

1. 2 hundred thousands +_________+5 thousands + 3 hundreds

2. What is the standard notation of the number given here in expanded
notation?
5 millions + 9 hundred thousands + 1 thousand + 6 tens + 2 ones

Exercise 1.1
A. Express the following in standard notation:

1. 2 thousands + 5 hundreds + 1 ten + 7 ones

2. 3 hundred thousands + 9 ten thousands + 4 hundreds + 8 tens + 3 ones
3. 5 tens millions
4. 9 millions + 9 thousands + 9 ones
5. 2 billions + 3 ten millions + 1 million + 2 hundred thousands + 1
thousand + 2ones

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Exercise 1.2
B. Express the following in expanded notation.

1. 907, 320, 400 Numbers Word names

2. 2, 010, 005, 086 9 nine

3. 1, 000, 000, 201
12 fifteen
C. Converting between standard notation
and word names 29 twenty-nine
Word names numbers are what is spoken
48 forty-eight
when pronouncing the numbers.
694 six hundred
Some two-digit numbers like 29 and 48 use
ninety-four
hyphens in their word names.

Others like 15 use only one word.

Study the table at the right where numbers and their names are given

Example 1.5:
Write the word name for 238,954,005.

Solution:
Identify the periods of the number.

Periods: millions thousands ones

238 954 005

Write the word name in each period:

millions thousands ones

238 954 005

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two hundred nine hundred five

thirty-eight fifty-four

Combine the word names and their corresponding periods ( ones is

excluded ).

Therefore, the word name for the given number is:

……………………………………………………………

(Complete)

Example 1.6:
Write the standard notation for the following:

Forty-six trillion, two hundred million, seven hundred fifteen thousand, five
hundred ten.

Solution:
Identify the periods of the number.

Periods: trillions billions millions thousands ones

trillions billions millions thousands ones

46 000 200 715 510

Put three zeroes to

show a missing period.

Separate the periods by commas.

Therefore, its standard notation is: 46,000,715,510

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Check your understanding 1.3

Answer the following questions. Use lower case and do not put a period at
the end of your answer.

1. Convert 5,000,015 to its word name.

2. Convert the following word name to standard notation:

Four trillion, thirty-seven million, nine hundred one thousand, two

hundred one.

Exercise 1.3
A. Convert the following numbers to their word names.

1. 36,704,531

2. 980,000,235,018

3. 510,002,043,000,729

B. Convert the following word names to standard notation.

4. Nine hundred million, four hundred sixteen thousand, five hundred

eighty-four.

5. Thirty-six billion, four hundred twelve million, seven hundred thirty-

nine thousand

6. One trillion, two hundred thirty-seven million, seven thousand, two

hundred thirty.

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Practice test 1.1

Answer the following questions:
1. What is the place value of 9 in 239,235,084,073?

a. millions b. 9 billions c. one billions d. 9 trillions

2. What is the place value of 7 in 34,073,526,536?

a. 7 ten millions b. 7 ten billions c. 7 hundred millions d. 7 hundred billions

3. Which digit of 342,658,091,000 has a place value of hundred

million?

a. 2 b. 5 c. 6 d. 8

4. Which digit of 237,097,856 has a place value of hundred

thousand?

a. 7 b. 0 c. 9 d. 4

5. What is the word name of 234,009?

a. Two hundred b. Two hundred c. Two hundred d. Two hundred thirty-

thirty-four thirty-four thirty-four million, four million and nine

thousand, nine thousand and nine nine

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6. What is the word name of 4,234,978?

a. Four million, b. Four million two c. Four million two d. Four million, two

two hundred hundred thirty- hundred thirty- hundred thirty-four

thirty-four, nine four nine hundred four thousand thousand, nine hundred

hundred seventy- seventy-eight. nine hundred seventy-eight.

eight. seventy-eight

7. What is the standard notation of the following:

five hundred seventy-nine thousand, four hundred twenty-eight?

a. 579 428 b. 795 284 c. 579,428 d. 795,284

8. What is the standard notation of the following:

five million, nine hundred sixteen thousand?

a.5,916 b. 50,916 c. 500,916 d.5,916,000

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9. What is the expanded notation of 2,000,300,050?

a. 2 billions+3 b. 2 billion + 3 c. 2 million + 3 d. 2 billion + 3 million +5

hundred thousands + millions + 5 tens hundred thousands + tens

5 tens 5 tens

10. What is the standard notation of the following:

7 billions + 9 millions + 4 hundred thousands + 1 thousand + 6

tens ?

a. 7,900,401,006 b. 7,009,401,060 c. 7,900,401,060 d. 7,009,401,006

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Section 2
Addition of whole numbers
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Identify the basic terms and concepts concerning addition of whole

numbers.
• Find the sum of up to five whole numbers of two or more digits each,
written horizontally or vertically.
• Use the addition operation on whole numbers to find the perimeters of
given figures.

A. Addition whole numbers:

Addition is a process of combining or putting things together.

illustration above corresponds to a mathematical statement

2 + 3 = 5. The numbers, 2 and 3, that are added together are called addends,
and the answer or result, 5, is called the sum.

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Example 1.7:
Add: 42,758 + 5,095

Solution:
Align the place values in columns.

11 Add the digits in ones.

4 2 7 5 8
8 + 4 = 12
5 0 9 4
Then you write 2 in then ones column and carry 1
4 7 8 5 2 above tens.

Add the digits in tens.

1 + 5 + 9 = 15

Then you write 5 in the tens column and carry 1 above

hundreds.

Add the digits in hundreds.

1+7+0=8

Then you write 8 in the hundreds column.

Add the digits in thousands

Therefore, 42,758 + 5,0952 = 47,852
2+5=7

Then you write 7 in the thousands column.

Add the digits in ten thousands

4+0=4

Then you write 4 in the ten thousands.

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Example 1.8:
Add: 12,978 + 76 + 8,753 + 598.

Solution: Add the digits in ones.

Align the place 8 + 6 + 3 + 8 = 25

values in columns. Then you write 5 in then ones column and carry
2 above tens.
1 2 3 2 Add the digits in tens.
1 2 9 7 8 2 + 7 + 5 + 9 = 30
7 6 Then you write 0 in the tens column and carry 3
above hundreds.
8 7 5 3
Add the digits in hundreds.
5 9 8
3 + 9 + 7 + 5 = 24
2 2 4 0 5
Then you write 4 in the hundreds column and
carry 2 above thousands.
Add the digits in thousands

2 + 2 + 8 = 12

Then you write 2 in thousands column and

carry 1 above ten thousands.

Add the digits in ten thousands

1 + 1 =2

Then you write 2 in the ten thousands column.

Therefore, 12,978 + 76 + 8,753 + 598 = 22,405

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Check your understanding 1. 4

Add the following whole numbers. Separate the periods by commas .

1. 73,992 + 2,372 + 760

2. 126 + 63,728 + 384,273
Exercise 1.4:
Add the following whole numbers. Separate the periods by commas .

1. 837 + 53+ 239 + 742

2. 92 + 739 + 92, 000 + 83,739

3. 1,200 + 73,021 + 729 + 649,920

4. 539,920 + 753,902 + 83,020 + 363,823

5. 384,934 + 852,235 + 83,829 + 2,972 + 743

B. Finding the perimeter of a polygon:

One important application of addition is finding the perimeter of an
object. Perimeter ( P ) as the distance around the polygon.
To find the perimeter of a polygon, simply add all the lengths of the sides
of the polygon.

Study the following example of finding the perimeter of a polygon.

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Example 1.9:
Find the perimeter of the polygon on the right.

Solution:
Add all the sides of the given polygon, we have:

Perimeter = 9 in. + 8 in. + 11 in. + 9 in. + 3 in.

Then you carry out the addition as follows:

9 in.

8 in.

11 in.

9 in.

+ 3 in.

40 in.

Therefore, the perimeter of the polygon is 40 in.

Example 1.10:
Find the perimeter of the

surface screen on the right.

Note that opposite sides of the flat-screen

TV have equal lengths.

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Solution:
Adding all the sides, we have: 64 cm

Perimeter = 64 cm + 44 cm + 64 cm + 44 cm 44 cm

64 cm
Then we carry out the addition as follows:
44 cm
Therefore, the perimeter of the surface of the TV screen216
is cm
216 cm.

Check your understanding 1.5

Find the perimeter of the polygons. Separate the periods by commas.

Exercise 1.5:
Find the perimeter of the polygons. Separate the periods by commas.
1. 2.

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4.

Practice test 1.2

1. Answer term of the mathematical statement 4 + 5 + 1 = 10,

what is the sum?

a. 1 b. 4 c. 5 d. 10

2. What are the addends of the mathematical statement 29 + 14

+ 31 = 74?

a. 29,14, and 31 b. 14, 31, and 74 c. 31, 74, and 29 d. 74, 29, and 14

3. Find the sum of the numbers 128, 384, and 464.

a. 979 b. 977 c. 976 d. 970

4. Find the sum of the numbers 2,423, and 45,067.

a. 47,508 b. 47,499 c. 74,094 d. 47,490

5. Add: 123 + 235 + 756.

a. 1,123 b. 1,114 c. 1,132 d. 1,150

6. Add: 97,345 + 34,356 + 4,394.

a. 136,095 b. 39,165 c. 136,230 d. 136,518

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7. Add: 2 3 9

7 4 9

1 3 0 2

+ 2 1

a. 2,331 b. 2,131 c. 2,311 d. 2,413

8. Add: 2 7 9

27 0 9

5 3 0 2

+ 6 0
a.8,350 b. 27,758 c. 26,708 d.9,000

9. Find the perimeter of the polygon.

a. 492 cm b. 482 c. 573 d. 563

10. Find the perimeter of the

polygon.

a. 4,429 m b. 4,352 m c. 4,492 cm d. 4,492 m

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Section 3
Subtraction of whole numbers
Objectives:
After studying this section you should be able to:

Identify the basic terms and concept concerning subtraction of whole

numbers.

Find the difference between two whole numbers of two or more digits
each, written horizontally or vertically.

Subtraction is a process of finding the difference between two numbers.

Minuend - Subtrahend = Difference

The illustration above corresponds to a mathematical statement 4 – 1 = 3.

The number 4 is called the minuend, 1 is called the subtrahend, and 3, the
result or answer, is called the difference.

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Example 1.11:
Subtract: 638 – 275

Solution:
Align the place values in Subtract the digits in ones.
columns.
8–5=3
5 13
Then you write 3 in the ones column.
6 3 8
Subtract the digits it tens.
- 2 7 5
3 – 7 = cannot be done.
3 6 3
So you borrow 100 from 600 :
Therefore, 638 – 275 = 363
Now, subtract the digits in tens.

13 – 7 = 6

Then you write 6 in the hundreds

column

Subtract the digits in hundreds.

5- 2 = 3

Then you write 3 in the hundreds

column.

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Example 1.12:
Subtract: 758 - 487

Solution:

Subtract the digits in ones.

8 – 7 =1
Align the place values in columns. Then you write 1 in the ones
column.

Subtract the digits it tens.

5 – 8 = cannot be done.
6 15
So you borrow 100 from 700 :
7 5 8
Now, subtract the digits in tens.
- 4 8 7
15 – 8 = 7
2 7 1
Then you write 7 in the hundreds
column
Therefore, 758 – 487 = 271 .
Subtract the digits in hundreds.

6- 4 = 2

Then you write 2 in the hundreds

column.

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Example 1.13:
Subtract: 64,829 – 9,561

Solution:
Align the place values in columns.

5 14 7 12

6 4 8 2 9

- 9 5 6 1

5 5 2 6 8

Therefore, 64,829 – 9,561 = 55,268

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Check your understanding 1.6

Subtract the following whole numbers. Separate the periods by commas.

1. 453 – 139 2. 12,092 – 10,949

Exercise 1.6
Subtract the following whole numbers. Separate the periods by commas.

1. 975 – 743 2. 892 – 358

3. 1,543 – 928 4. 41,708 – 21,347

5. 32,027 – 23,489

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Practice test 1.3

1. Which term of the mathematical statement 9 – 4 = 5 is the

minuend?

a. 4 b. 5 c. 9 d.0

2. What do you call 19 in the mathematical statement 27 – 19 =

8?

a. minuend b. subtrahend c. difference d. none

of all

3. Find the difference between 36 and 24.

a. 12 b. 60 c. 21 d. 22

4. Subtract: 328 – 118.

a. 310 b. 218 c. 446 d. 210

5. Subtract: 389 – 157.

a. 323 b. 312 c. 232 d. 211

6. Subtract: 935 – 729.

a. 214 b. 206 c. 216 d. 204

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7. Subtract: 3 7 2 8

- 1 2 6 4

a. 2,464 b. 2,544 c. 2,654 d. 2,564

8. Subtract: 8 0 4 6 1

- 8 1 6 4

a. 72,307 b. 82,303 c. 88,303 d. 72,297

9. Subtract: 4 5 0 0 4 9

- 4 3 5 8 7

a. 407,562 b. 413,542 c. 406,462 d. 477,562

10. Subtract: 9 0 3 0 2 1

- 8 0 3 5 7 3

a. 100,552 b. 99,448 c. 100,548 d. 99,542

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Section 4
Multiplication of whole numbers
Objectives:
After studying this section you should be able to:

• Identify the basic terms and concepts concerning multiplication of

whole numbers.
• Multiply whole numbers up to four digits by four digits.
• Use multiplication operations on whole numbers to find the area of
squares and rectangles.

A. Multiplying whole numbers Multiplication:

is just a repeated process of addition. To understand the idea of
multiplication, you could also use a rectangular array, like the one show
below.

The illustration above shows that there are four columns and three rows
of bananas that make up 12 bananas in all.

This corresponds to a mathematical statement 4 × 3 = 12 ( in this case, 3 is

called the multiplier ). The two numbers, 4 and 3, that you multiply are
called factors. The result or answer, 12, is called the product. The denote
multiplication, use the following symbols: a letter × , a , or parentheses ( ) .

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Example 1.14:
Multiply: 285 × 6

Solution:
Multiply the 5 ones by 6. 5 × 6 = 30

Then you write 0 in the ones column and carry 3

Align the place above tens.

value in columns. Multiply the 5 ones by 6, add the result to 3 above

the tens column. 8 × 6 = 48 → 48 + 3 = 51

Then you write 1 in the tens column and carry 5

above the hundreds.

Multiply the 2 hundreds by 6, and add the result

2 8 5 to 5 above the hundreds column.

× 6 2 × 6 = 12 → 12 + 5 = 17

Therefore, 285 × 6 = 1,710 Then you write 7 in the hundreds column and 1 in
the thousands column.

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Example 1.15:
Multiply: 493 × 7

Solution:
Align the place value in columns.

6 2 Multiply the 3 ones by 7.

4 9 3 3 × 7 = 21
× 7 Then you write 1 in the ones column
3 4 5 1 and carry 2 above tens.

Multiply the 9 ones by 7, add the

Therefore, 493 × 7 = 3,451
result to 2 above the tens column. 9
× 7 = 63 → 63 + 2 = 65

Then you write 5 in the tens column

and carry 6 above the hundreds.

Multiply the 4 hundreds by 7, and

add the result to 6 above the
hundreds column.

4 × 7 = 28 → 28 + 6 = 34

Then you write 4 in the hundreds

column and 3 in the thousands
column.

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Check your understanding 1.7

Multiply the following whole numbers. Separate the periods by commas:

1. 134 × 52

2. 7,384 × 263

Exercise 1.7
Multiply the following whole numbers. Separate the periods by commas.

1. 45 × 7

2. 706 × 14

3. 845 × 72

B. Finding area
One important application of multiplication is finding the area of an object.
Area (A) is the amount of space inside a two-dimensional figure.

In this lesson, we only deal with simple figure such as squares and
rectangles.

A rectangle is a four-sided polygon with four right angles.

One property of a rectangle is that the lengths of the opposite sides are
equal.

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Example 1.16:
Find the area of the given rectangle.

Solution:
To find the area of a rectangle, we simply multiply the lengths of the two
sides that are perpendicular to each other.

Therefore, A = 150 cm × 46 cm = 6,900 cm2

A square is a four-sided polygon with four right angles and four equal sides.

Example 1.17:
Find the area of the given square.

Solution:
To find the area of a square, we simply multiply the length of one side that
by itself.

Therefore, A = 52 cm × 52 cm = 2,704 cm2

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Check your understanding 1.8

Find the area of each polygon. Separate the periods by commas.
1. 2.

72 m
23 in.

103 m

Exercise 1.8
Find the area of polygon. Separate the periods by commas.

1. Square 2. Rectangle

3 in

12 cm cm 5 in

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Practice test 1.4

1. Which term of the mathematical statement 5 × 8 = 40 is the
product?

a. 5 b. 8 c. 40 d.0

2. What are the factor in the mathematical statement 6 × 3 = 18?

a. 6 and 3 b. 3 and 18 c. 6 and 18 d.0

3. Find the product of 10 and 3.

a. 13 b. 7 c. 30 d. 103

4. Multiply: 23 × 15.

a. 38 b. 345 c. 215 d. 335

5. Multiply: 97 × 68.

a. 6,165 b. 6,556 c. 6,695 d. 6,596

6. Multiply: 175 × 43.

a. 7,525 b. 5,725 c. 7,925 d. 9,725

7. Multiply: 4 2 8

× 9 6

a. 40,638 b. 41,938 c. 40,018 d. 41,088

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8. Multiply: 3 5 8 2

× 2 4 9 4

a. 8,033,708 b. 8,933,508 c. 7,943,008 d. 7,903,508

9. Find the area of the rectangle.

21 cm

47 cm

a. 199cm2 b. 874cm2 c. 987 cm2 d. 1,032 cm2

13 m
10. Find the area of the square.

a. 144 m2 b. 169 m2 c. 200 m2 d. 190 m2

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Section 5
Division of whole numbers
Objectives:
After studying this section you should be able to:

• Identify the basic terms and concepts concerning division of whole

numbers.
• Divide whole number dividends with up to six digits by whole number
divisors with up to three digits

Division is the inverse (reverse or opposite) process of multiplication. When

a number x is divided by a number y, it means we want to determine how
many times the number y is contained in the number x.

The illustration above shows what happens when we take 12 onions and
put them into three groups. There will be four onions in each group.

This corresponds to the mathematical statement 12 I 3 = 4 (because 4 × 3

= 12). The number being divided,12 is called the dividend. The number that
divides, 3, called the divisor. And the answer or result, 4, is called the
quotient.

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Division with a remainder

Suppose we want to divide the 12 onions on the previous page into
groups of five onions. Then this gives us five onions in each group, and
two onions left over. This corresponds to 12 I 5 = 2 R 2, where R denotes
the remainder.

Dividing by 1

Any number divided by 1 equals the same number. For example, 14 ÷ 1 =

14.

Dividing a number by itself

Any nonzero number divided by itself equals 1. For example, 25 ÷ 25 = 1.

Dividends of 0

Zero divided by any nonzero number equals 0. For example, 0 ÷ 5 = 0.

Dividing by 0

Any nonzero number divided by 0 is undefined. For example, 5 ÷ 0 is

undefined.

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0 divide by 0

The only number that could be divided by 0 is 0 itself. The result is any
number.

Examples: 0 ÷ 0 = 2 because 0 = 2 × 0; 0 ÷ 0 = 5 because 0 = 5 × 0; 0 ÷ 0 =

9 because 0 = 9 × 0.

Thus, 0 ÷ 0 is called indeterminate.

Example 1.18:
Divide the following whole numbers:

a. 5 ÷ 3
b. 23 ÷ 5
c. 345 ÷ 102

Solution:
a. How many 3s are in 5? c. How many 102s are
There is one 3 in 5 and in 345?

the remainder ( R ) is 2. There is three 102s in

23 and
b. How many 5s are in the remainder ( R ) is 3.
23?

There is four 5s in 23 Therefore, 5 ÷ 3 =1 R

and
Therefore, 23 ÷ 5 = 4 R
the remainder ( R ) is 3.
Therefore, 345 ÷ 102=3 R39.

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Example 1.19:
Divide 2,579 ÷ 6.

Solution:
Divide the first digit of the dividend by the divisor.

Cannot be done, 2 is less than 6.

So, you take the first two digits.

25 ÷ 6 = 4 R 1

Then you write 4 in the quotient above the 5.

Divide the first digit of the dividend by the divisor.

Cannot be done, 2 is less the 6.

So you take the first two digits.

25 ÷ 6 = 4 R 1

Then you write 4 in the quotient above the 5.

Multiply 4 by the divisor.

4 × 6 = 24

You write 24 below the 25 of the dividends and

then find their difference.

Bring down the 7, forming the number 17.

Go back to the first step and divide the two numbers.

Divide 17 by 6.

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Then you write 2 in the quotient above 7. Multiply 2 by the divisor.

2 × 6 = 12

You write 12 below 17, and then find their difference. Bring down the 9,
forming the number 59.

Go back to the first step and divide the two numbers.

Divide 59 by 6.

Then you write 9 in the quotient above 9. Multiply 9 by the divisor.

9 × 6 = 54

You write 54 below the 59 of the dividends and then find their difference.

Therefore, 2,579 ÷ 6 = 429 R 5.

Example 1.20:
Divide 34,618 ÷ 53

Solution:
Divide the two digits of the dividend by the
divisor.

Cannot be done, 34 is less than 53.

So, you take the first three digits.

346 ÷ 53 = 6 R 28

Multiply 6 by the divisor.

6 × 53 = 318

You write 318 below 346, and then find their difference.

Bring down the 1, forming the number 281.

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Go back to the first step and divide the two numbers.

Divide 281 by 53.

Then you write 5 in the quotient above 1. Multiply 5 by the divisor.

5 × 53 = 265

You write 265 below 281, and then find their difference. Bring down the 8,
forming the number 168.

Go back to the first step and divide the two numbers.

Divide 168 by 53.

168 ÷ 53 = 3 R 9

Then you write 3 in the quotient above 8. Multiply 3 by the divisor.

3 × 53 = 159

You write 159 below 168, and then find their difference.

Therefore, 34,618 ÷ 53 = 653 R 9.

Example 1.21:
Divide: 52,794 ÷ 240.

Solution:
Divide the first three digits of the dividend by the
divisor.

It is possible since 527 is greater than 240.

52794 ÷ 240 = 219 R 234

Then write 2 in the quotient above the 7.

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Multiply 2 by the divisor.

2 × 240 = 480

You write 480 below the 527 of the dividends, and then their difference.

Bring down the 9, forming the number 479.

Go back to the first step and divide the two numbers.

Divide 479 by 240.

479 ÷ 240 = 1 R 239

Then write 1 in the quotient above the 9.

Multiply 1 by the divisor.

1 × 240 = 240

You write 240 below the 479 of the dividends, and then their difference.

Bring down the 4, forming the number 2394.

Go back to the first step and divide the two numbers.

Divide 2,394 by 240.

2,394 ÷ 240 = 9 R 234

Then write 9 in the quotient above the 4.

Multiply 9 by the divisor.

9 × 240 = 2,160

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You write 2160 below the 2394 of the dividends, and then their difference.

Therefore, 52,794 ÷ 240 = 219 R 234

Check your understanding 1.9

Divide the following whole numbers:

a. 79 ÷ 8 b. 5,486 ÷ 37

Exercise 1.9

1. 24 ÷ 6 2. 31 ÷ 6 3. 42 ÷ 8 4. 59 ÷ 7

5. 69 ÷ 9 6. 135 ÷ 14 7. 894 ÷ 31 8. 1,583 ÷ 67 9. 75,043

÷ 102 10. 379,086 ÷ 724

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Practice test 1.5

1. What do you call 5 in the mathematical statement 17 ÷ 5 = 3 R 2?

a. remainder b. quotient c. dividend d. divisor

2. What do you call 17 in the mathematical statement 17 ÷ 5 = 3 R 2?

a. remainder b. quotient c. dividend d. divisor

3. What is the remainder when 53 is divided by 9?

a. 4 b. 5 c. 7 d. 8

4. what is the quotient when 65 is divided by 5?

a. 13 b.12 c. 14 d. 15

5. Divide: 338 ÷ 26

a. 16 b. 15 c. 14 d. 13

6. Divide: 483 ÷ 21

a. 22 b. 23 c. 24 d. 25

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7. Divide: 1,845 ÷ 62

a. 29 R 35 b. 28 R 35 c. 29 R 47 d. 28 R 47

8. Divide: 3,794 ÷ 315

a. 12 R 14 b. 13 R 14 c. 12 R 15 d. 13 R 14

9. Divide:

a. 1,265R60 b. 1,265R61 c. 1,265 d. 1,265R66

10. Divide:

a. 1,615R46 b. 1,518R46 c. 1,518R64 d. 1,518R49

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Check your understanding 1.10

Answer the following questions. Separate the periods by commas.

1. Estimate the sum by first rounding to the nearest hundred: 3,654+1,207

+ 2,381

2. Estimate the product by first rounding to the nearest ten: 834 × 57.

Exercise 1.10:
1. Estimate the sum by first rounding to the nearest ten: 239 + 744 +

515.

2. Estimate the difference by first rounding to the nearest hundred:

8,648- 3,550.

3. Estimate the product by first rounding to the nearest hundred:

5,399×544.

4. Estimate the quotient by first rounding to the nearest ten: 34,759÷ 24.

5. Estimate the sum by first rounding to the nearest thousand:

346,159+539,785.

Inequality Symbols

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In this lesson, you will compare whole numbers using the inequality
symbols given in the table below. You will identify which number is largest
among numbers, which is the smaller between two given numbers, and so
on.

In the number line below, if a number x is to the left of another number y

(or y is to the right of x ), then x is less than y ( or y is greater than x ).

The mathematical statement that shows the relationship between x and y

is: 𝑥 < 𝑦 or 𝑦 > 𝑥

Example 1.22:
Use < or > for to write a true statement: 6 11 .

Solution:
Since 6 is to the left of 11 (or 11 is the right of 6) on the number line, 6 <
11.

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Example 1.23:
Use < or > for to write a true statement:

14 9

Solution:
Since 9 is to the left of 14 (or 14 is the right of 9) on the number line,

14 > 9.

Check your understanding 1.12

Use < or > for to write a true statement.

1. 64 59

2. 89 91

Exercise 1.11
Use < or > to write a true statement.

1. 19 25 2. 74 47 3. 95 89

4. 35 49 5. 74 87 6. 104 110

7. 184 159 8. 290 209 9. 534 550

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Practice test 1.6

1. Round 24,754 to the nearest ten?

a. 24,850 b. 24,750 c. 24,760 d. 24,800

2. Round 34,654 to the nearest thousand?

a. 34,000 b. 34,700 c. 35,000 d. 34,600

3. Round 907,794 to the nearest hundred?

a. 907,800 b. 907,700 c. 907,790 d. 908,000

4. Round 859,645 to the nearest thousand?

a. 859,600 b.859,000 c. 850,000 d. 860,000

5. Estimate the sum by first rounding to the nearest thousand:

85,435 + 35,675

a. 121,100 b. 121,000 c. 120,000 d. 120,100

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6. Estimate the product by first rounding to the nearest ten: 7,540

× 551

a. 4,154,540 b. 4,147,000 c. 4,500,00 d. 4,154,500

7. Estimate the quotient by first rounding to the nearest ten:

12,744 ÷ 256.

a. 50 b. 42 c. 43 d. 49

8. Estimate the difference by first rounding to the nearest

hundred: 4,534 – 3,953

a. 500 b. 581 c. 600 d. 580

9. Which symbol must be used for to write a true statement:

34 29?

a. < b. > c. = d. 

10. Which symbol must be used for to write a true statement:

99 103?

a. < b. > c. = d. 

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C. Order of operations:
To simplify the expression 2 + 5×3, which comes first, addition (+) or
multiplication (×)? Do you add 2 and 5 and then multiply by 3? Or do you
multiply 5 by 3 and then add the product to 2? In the first case, the answer
is 21, while the second case the answer is 17. By following the order of
operations, the correct answer is 17.To help you follow the order of
operations, remember these letters: P-MD-AS

Example 1.24:
Simplify the following expressions:

a. 8 × 5 ÷ 4 b. 12 ÷ 2 × 5

Solution:
a. There are no parentheses or exponents, so begin with step 3.
= 8 × 5 ÷ 4 × comes before ÷, so perform × before ÷.
= 40 ÷ 4= 10
b. There are no parentheses or exponents, so begin with step 3.
= 12 ÷ 2 × 5 ÷ comes before ×, so perform ÷ before ×.
=6×5
= 30

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Example 1.25:
Simplify the following expressions:

19 + 11 - 4

Solution:
There are no parentheses, exponents, or division, so begin with step 4.
= 19 + 11 – 4 + come before - , so perform + before -
= 30 - 4
= 26

Example 1.26:
Simplify: 5 × 3 + ( 22 – 19 + 3 )2 .

Solution:
Step 1
= 5 × 3 + ( 6 )2

= 5 × 3 + 36 Step 2

= 15 + 36 Step 3

= 51 Step 4

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Check your understanding 1.11

Simplify the following expression:

1. 4 + 23 × 5 = 2. 52 – ( 3 + 4 )2

Exercise 1.12
1. 12 + 3 ÷ 3 2. 16 ÷ ( 2 + 6 )

3. ( 17 – 9 ) + ( 12 – 8 ) 4. ( 27 + 8 ) – ( 2 + 3 )2

5. 6 + 5 ÷ 5 × 3 + 1 6. ( 5 + 6 )2

7. 5 + 62 8. ( 4 + 3 ) × 23

9. 3 × 42 + ( 10 – 8 )4 10. ( 9 + 2 × 3 )2 - 10 × 10

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Practice test 1.7

1. Which of the following is an exponential notation for 4 × 4 × 4

× 4 × 4?

a. 45 b. 54 c. 44 d. 55

2. Which of the following is an exponential notation for 2 × 2 × 2

× 3 × 3?

a. 2 × 35 b. ( 2 × 3 )5 c. 23 × 32 d. 33 × 22

3. Which of the following is an exponential notation for 5 × 7 × 5

× 7 × 5 × 7 × 5?

a. 5 × 76 b. 54 × 73 c. ( 5 × 7 )3 d. ( 5 × 7 )6

4. Evaluate: 103

a. 101,010 b. 30 c. 103 d. 1,000

5. Evaluate: 52

a. 55 b. 52 c. 10 d. 25

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6. Evaluate: 34 × 23

a. 486 b. 42 c. 72 d. 648

7. Simplify: 6 + 12 ÷ 6 .

a. 3 b. 8 c. 13 d. 1

8. Simplify: 4 × ( 9 + 7 ).

a. 37 b. 43 c. 64 d. 67

9. Simplify: 4 × 32

a. 36 b. 144 c. 48 d. 128

10. Simplify: 5 + 2 × (4 –2+ 1 )2

a. 37 b. 11 c. 23 d. 224

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Section 6
Unit review and test
Objectives:
In this section, you will:

• recall the important concepts and ideas in each of the previous sections.
• complete the unit test.

Section (1) Standard notation:

✓ The following chart will help you identify the place value of a digit in
a number.

✓ The following notations have the same value, but they are written in
different ways.
1,523 → standard notation
1 thousand + 5 hundreds + 2 tens + 3 ones → expanded notation
One thousand, five hundred, twenty-three → word name
Section(2)Addition of whole numbers
✓ Addition is the process of combining number together.
✓ In 5 + 2 = 7, 5 and 2 are the addends, and 7 is the sum.
✓ Perimeter is the distance around a two-dimensional figure. To find the
perimeter of a polygon, add the lengths of all of its sides.

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Section (3) Subtraction of whole numbers

✓ Subtraction is the process of finding the difference between two
numbers.
✓ In 21 – 12 = 9, 21 is minuend, 12 is subtrahend, the difference.

Section (4) Multiplication of whole numbers

✓ Multiplication is the repeated process of addition.
✓ In 9 × 8 = 72, 9 and 8 are the factors, and 72 is the product.
✓ Area is the amount of space inside a closed figure.
• To find the area ( A ) of a rectangle, you multiply the length by the
width; that is: A = L × W .
• To find the area of a square, you multiply the length of the side by
itself; that is : A = s × s.

Section (5) Division of whole numbers

✓ Division is the inverse process of multiplication.
✓ In 7 ÷ 2 = 3 R 1, 7 is dividend, 2 is the divisor, 3 is the quotient, and 1
is the remainder.

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Practice test 1.8

A. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the place value of 9 in 1,987,023.

a. 9 hundreds b.9 thousands c. 9 ten d. 9 hundred

thousands thousands

2. Convert the following to standard notation:

8 millions + 6 hundred thousands + 5 hundreds + 3 ones

a. 8,065,003 b. 8,600,503 c. 8,006,530 d. 8,060,530

3. Convert the following to standard notation:

five hundred thirty-seven thousand, 4 hundred one

a. 537,400 b. 573,401 c. 537,401 d. 534,700

4. Find the sum: 36,495 + 74,609 + 12,084.

a. 123,088 b. 123,818 c. 123,881 d. 123,188

5. Find the perimeter of the polygon.

a. 1,061 m b. 971 m c. 851 m d. 1,801 m

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6. Find the difference: 56,935 – 34,996.

a. 71,931 b. 83,939 c. 91,931 d. 21,939

7. Find the product: 4,509 × 312.

a. 1,479,508 b.1,426,708 c. 1,406,808 d. 1,459,608

8. Find the area of the rectangle: 84 cm

52 cm

a. 4,368 cm2 b. 2,798 cm2 c. 3,668 cm2 d. 5,098 cm2

9. Find the quotient: 47,495 ÷ 23 .

a. 2,913 b. 2,065 c. 2,834 d. 2,342

10. What is the remainder when 45,000,000 is divided by 100?

a. 0 b. 1 c. 4 d. 5

B. Answer the following questions.

1. Round 75,944 to the nearest ten.

a. 75,940 b. 75,900 c. 76,000 d. 76,900

2. Round 479,519 to nearest thousand.

a. 479,500 b. 479,000 c. 480,000 d. 579,520

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3. Estimate the sum by first rounding both numbers to the

nearest hundred: 5,679+3,849.

a. 10,000 b. 9,528 c. 9,600 d. 9,500

4. Estimate the difference by first rounding both numbers to the

nearest ten: 45,039-34,951.

a. 10,088 b. 10,090 c. 10,000 d. 10,098

5. Estimate the product by first rounding both numbers to the

nearest thousand: 12,596 × 21,420.

a. b. c. d. 273,000,320
269,806,320 273,000,000 269,806,000

6. Estimate the quotient by first rounding both numbers to the

nearest hundred: 45,903 ÷ 251.

a. 182 b. 183 c. 153 d. 154

7. A garden contains 12 rectangular plots each measuring 5 yd by

7 yd. What is the total area available for gardening?

a. 32 yd2 b.144 yd2 c. 24 yd2 d. 420 yd2

8. Which of the following is an exponential notation for 3 × 3 × 2

× 2 ×2 × 5 × 5?

a. 32 × 23 × 52 b. ( 3 × 2 × 5 )7 c. 33 × 22 × 55 d. 37 × 27 × 57

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9. Evaluate: 43 + 72 + 52

a. 256 b. 36 c. 138 d. 140

10. Evaluate: 42 + 3 × 5 – ( 1 + 2 – 3 )6 .

a. 25 b. 31 c. 23 d. 55

End of Unit 1
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UNIT 2

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Section 1
Addition of fractions
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Find the sum of two or three like fractions and write the answer in its
simplest form.
• Find the sum of two or three unlike fractions and write the answer in
its simplest form.

A. Addition of like fractions

Fractions with the same denominators are called like fractions or similar
fractions.
The following are examples of like fractions, because denominators are all
the same,8
5 1 3
8 8 8
To add fractions with same denominators:

• Add the numerators

• Keep the common denominator
• Simplify, if possible.

Example 2.1
3 1
Add the fractions and simplify the answer: +
8 8

Solution:
3 1 3+1 4 1
+ = = =
8 8 8 8 2

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Example 2.2
1 2 5
Add the fractions and simplify + +
6 6 6

Solution:
1+2+5 8 4
= =
6 6 3
Example 2.3
2 4 3
Add the fractions and simplify the answer + +
9 9 9

Solution:

2+4+3 9
= = 1
9 9

Check your understanding 2.1

Add the following fractions and simplify the answers:

3 1
1) +
5 5

1 5 2
2) + +
12 12 12

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Exercise 2.1
Add the following fractions and simplify the answers:
3 3
1. +
10 10

1 3
2. +
12 12

5 3 5
3. + +
18 18 18

1 1 1
4. + +
21 21 21

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B. Addition of unlike fractions

Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions (or
dissimilar fractions). The following are examples of unlike fractions,
because they have different denominators:

2 5 5 31
, , , ,
3 13 12 89

To add fractions with different denominators, you first have to find the LCM
( Section 1).

Example 2.4
1 5 7
Add the fractions and simplify the answer: + +
12 6 30

Solution:
The LCM of 12, 6 and 30 is 60
1 5
=
12 60

5 50
=
6 60

7 14
=
30 60

5 50 14 5+50+14 69 23
Therefore + + = = =
60 60 60 60 60 20

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Example 2.5
5 1
Add the fractions and simplify the answer: +
18 27

Solution:
The LCM of 18 and 27 is 54.

5 15
=
18 54

1 2
=
27 54

15 2 15+2 17
= + = = answer
54 54 54 54

Exercise 2.2
Add the following fractions and simplify the answers:
1 1
1) +
2 4
2 1
2) +
9 6
3 1
3) +
5 10
1 3 5
4) + +
6 8 10

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Practice test 2.1

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct answer.

1 1
1. + =
2 2

a. 1 b. 2 3 1
c. d.
4 4

1 3
2. + =
8 8

1 1 3 3
a. b. c. d.
4 2 8 4

4 2
3. + =
9 9

5 4 1 2
a. b. c. d.
9 9 3 3

7 8
4. + =
10 10

4 3 2 3
a. b. c. d.
3 2 3 4

1 2 5
5. + + =
12 12 12

11 2 2 7
a. b. c. d.
36 9 3 12

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1 1
6. + =
8 6

7 1 3 1
a. b. c. d.
24 4 14 7

3 1
7. + =
10 12

7 1 23 1
a. b. c. d.
24 4 60 7

3 5
8. + =
16 24

1 1 19 3
a. b. c. d.
10 10 48 8

1 3 5
9. + + =
6 8 12

11 23 13 9
a. b. c. d.
12 24 18 26

2 3 1
10. + + =
15 20 12

13 5 7 11
a. b. c. d.
60 48 47 30

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Section 2
Subtraction, order, and application
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Subtract fractions with like or unlike denominators and write the

answer in simplest form.
• Compare two fractions using < or > symbols.
• Solve real-world problems involving subtraction with mixed numerals.

A. Subtraction of like fractions

The steps in the subtraction of fractions are similar to those in the addition
of fractions. You carry out all the steps in the addition of fractions, except
the operation.

To subtract fractions with the same denominators:

• Subtract the numerators

• Keep the common denominator
• Simplify, if possible.

Example 2.6
Subtract and simplify the answer:
3 1 3−1 2 1
a) - = = =
8 8 8 8 4

7 1 7−1 6 1
b) - = = =
12 12 12 12 2

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5 1
c) -
12 6

The LCM of 12 and 6 is 12

5 1 5 2 5−2 3 1
- = - = = =
12 6 12 12 12 12 4

Exercise 2.3
Subtract the following fractions and simplify the answers:
5 2
1) -
14 14

93 3
2) -
100 100

13 4
3) -
21 21

5 2
4) -
12 9

7 5
5) -
24 36

5 2
6) -
6 9

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B. Order
To determine which is the greatest or smallest of two fractions, you use the
so – called cross product method. You already used this method in Chapter
2.

Example 2.7
7 6
Use < or > to write a true statement:
8 7

Use the cross product method:

7 x 7 = 49
6x 8 = 48
Since 49 > 48,
7 6
Then it follows that >
8 7

Exercise 2.4
Use < or > to write the true statements
9 6
1)
11 7

8 12
2)
13 23

14 21
3)
9 13

15 10
4)
23 17

11 15
5)
14 23

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C. Mixed numerals
A fraction is proper if its numerator is less than its denominator. And if its
numerator is greater than the denominator, then the fraction is improper.
A mixed numeral is a combination of a whole number and a proper
fraction.

Example 2.8
Convert the following to mixed numerals:
2 7
a.3 b. 5
3 9

Solution:
2 2
a. 3 + = 3
3 3
7 7
b. 5 + = 5
9 9

Example 2.9
Convert the following improper fractions to mixed numerals:
9 17
a. b.
4 7

Solution:
9
a) =9÷4=2+¼
4
1
=2
4
17 3
b) = 17 ÷ 7 = 2 +
7 7
3
=2
7

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Example 2.10
Convert mixed numerals to improper fractions:
3 4
a.4 b.12
5 7

Solution:
3 (4𝑥5)+3 23
a) 4 = =
5 5 5

4 (12𝑥7)+4 88
b) 12 = =
7 7 7

Exercise 2.5
A. Convert the following to mixed numerals:
9
1)
4
26
2)
5
57
3)
9
85
4)
7

B. Convert the following to improper fractions:

1
1) 7
3
2
2) 9
5
3
3) 8
4
1
4) 12
2
3
5) 17
5

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Practice test 2.2

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct answer.
1
1. Convert 5 to an improper fraction.
2

10 9 11 13
a. b. c. d.
2 2 2 2

3
2. Convert 7 to an improper fraction
5

35 38 22 26
a. b. c. d.
5 5 5 5

8
3. 37 as improper fraction is:
9

333 341 296 305

a. b. c. d.
9 9 9 9

10
4. Convert to a mixed numeral.
3

1 3 2 1
a. 2 b. 3 c. 2 d. 3
3 2 3 3

74
5. Convert to a mixed numeral.
6

1 2 2 1
a. 12 b. 12 c. 11 d. 11
3 3 3 3

7 1
6. Subtract and simplify the answer: −
8 8

5 3 7 2
a. b. c. d.
6 4 8 3

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11 5
7. Subtract and simplify the answer: −
18 18

5 3 2 1
a. b. c. d.
18 9 3 3

29 9
8. Subtract and simplify the answer: −
50 50

2 21 3 11
a. b. c. d.
5 50 10 25

7 1
9. Subtract and simplify the answer: −
9 6

11 5 11 7
a. b. c. d.
12 9 18 15

5 3
10. Subtract and simplify the answer: −
14 28

3 5 3 1
a. b. c. d.
28 18 14 4

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Section 3
Addition and subtraction using mixed numerals
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Add mixed numerals and write the answer in its simplest form.
• Subtract mixed numerals and write the answer in its simplest form.
• Solve real-world problems involving addition and subtraction with
mixed numerals.

A. Addition and subtractions of mixed numerals

To add mixed numerals:

• Add the whole numbers

• Add the fractions and simplify the result.
• Combine the two results above, expressing as a mixed numeral.

Example 2.11
1 5
Add the following and express the answer as a mixed numeral 5 +4
12 12

Solution:
1+5 6 6 1
5+ 4+ =9+ =9 = 9
12 12 12 2

Example 2.12
Add the following and express the answer as a mixed numeral.

Solution:
1 5 7
10 + 9 + 25
12 6 30

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10 + 9 + 25 = 44

The LCM of 12, 6 and 30 is 60

1 5 7 5 50 69 23 3
+ + = + + = = =1+
12 6 30 30 60 60 20 20

3
Final answer = 44 + 1 +
20
3
= 45 + 3/20 = 45
20
Exercise 2.6
Add the following and express the answers as mixed numerals:

2 4
1) 3 + 2
9 9

5 1
2) 7 +3
12 12

2 3
3) 2 + 4
5 10

1 5
4) 9 + 7
4 6

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Subtraction using mixed numerals

To subtract mixed numeral form mixed numeral

• Subtract the fraction, if possible. If not possible, borrow 1 from the

whole number and add it to the fraction. Then, subtract the fractions
and express the result as a mixed numeral.
• Subtract the whole numbers.
• Combine the results from 1 and 2, expressing the answer as a mixed
numeral.

Example 2.13
11 1
Subtract the following: 7 -3
12 12

Solution:
7–3=4
11−1
11/12 - 1/12 = = 10/12 = 5/6
12
5
4+ 5/6 = 4
6

Exercise 2.7
Subtract the following and express the answers as mixed numerals:
5 2
1. 5 - 3
9 9

5 1
2. 9 -6
12 12

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2 1
3. 9 - 4
3 2

5 1
4. 8 - 4
8 6

1 5
5. 7 - 1
4 6

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Section 4
Multiply and Divide mixed numerals
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Multiply using mixed numerals.

• Divide using mixed numerals

A. Multiplication using mixed numerals:

In this lesson, you will apply two skills that you learned from the previous
lesson: converting mixed numerals to improper fractions or vice-versa, and
the multiplication of fractions.

To multiply mixed numerals:

• Change the mixed numerals to improper fractions.

• Multiply the resulting fractions.
• If possible, express the product as mixed numeral.

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Example 2.14
Multiply and simplify the answer as mixed numerals
2 1 3 5
a. 4 x 2 b. 3 x 1
3 3 4 9

Solution:
2 1 (4𝑥3)+2 (2𝑥3)+1 14 7 14𝑥7 98 8
a. 4 x 2 = x = x = = = 10
3 3 3 3 3 3 3𝑥3 9 9

3 5 15 14 15𝑥14 210 35 5
a) 3 x 1 = x = = = =5
4 9 4 9 4𝑥9 36 6 6

Exercise 2.8

3 4
1) 8 x 1
4 5

4 2
2) 3 x 4
5 3

2 3
3) 5 x 6
3 4

2 1
4) 1 x 3
9 3

3 2
5) 4 x 2
8 5

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B. Division using mixed numerals

In this lesson, you will apply two skills that you learned from the previous
lesson: converting mixed numerals to improper fractions or vice-versa, and
the division of fractions.

To divide mixed numerals:

• Change the mixed numerals to improper fractions

• Divide the resulting fractions
• If possible, express the answer as mixed numerals.

Example 2.15
Divide the following and express the answer as mixed numerals:

1 1 15 9
a. 5 ÷ 2 b. ÷
3 2 4 4

Solution:
1 1 15 9
a. 5 ÷ 2 b. ÷
3 2 4 4
16 5 15 4
= ÷ = = x
3 2 4 9
16 2 32 60
x = =
3 5 15 36

2 2
=2 =1
15 3

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Exercise 2.9
Divide the following and express the answer as mixed numerals:

1 4
1) 7 ÷ 1
2 5
2 1
2) 5 ÷ 3
3 2
2 1
3) 6 ÷ 1
3 5
1 1
4) 9 ÷ 1
3 2
2 3
5) 2 ÷ 1
5 8

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Practice test 2.3

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct answer.

2 1
1. Multiply and simplify 1 × 3
3 2

5 2 1 2
a. 5 b. 3 c. 3 d. 5
6 6 3 3

1 1
2. Multiply and simplify 2 × 2
2 2

1 1 1 1
a. 4 b. 4 c. 6 d. 6
4 2 4 2

2 3
3. Multiply and simplify the answer as mixed numeral: 1 × 2
3 4

1 6 1 7
a. 2 b. 2 c. 4 d. 4
2 12 4 12

4. Multiply the following and express the answer as a mixed

numeral:

1 1 1
1 ×2 ×1
2 3 5

1 1 1 1
a. 5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2
30 5 5 30

1 3
5. Divide and simplify 10 ÷ 1
2 7

1 1 7 7
a. 7 b. 6 c. 6 d. 7
6 6 20 20

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2 5
6. Divide and simplify 9 ÷ 2
3 6

5 7 5 7
a. 5 b. 3 c. 6 d. 4
13 17 13 17

1 1
7. Divide and simplify 7 ÷ 2
4 5

13 13 13 23
a. 3 b. 3 c. 4 d. 4
44 22 22 44

8. Divide the following and express the answer as mixed numeral:

1 2
10 ÷ 6
2 3

13 7 23 2
a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. 4
20 10 40 5

9. Find the area of the square, in square centimeters.

𝟏
𝟐 cm
𝟑

2 1 4 5
a. 4 b. 9 c. 5 d. 8
3 3 9 9

10. Divide the following and express the answer as mixed

numeral:

1 1
9 ÷ 9
2 2

1 b. 9 1 d. 1
a. 9 c.
2 2

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UNIT 3

Decimals

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Section 1
Decimal notation, order, and rounding
Objectives:
After studying this section you should be able to:

• Read a given decimal and write that decimal in words.

• Write a decimal as fraction in simplest form or vice versa.
• Compare decimals.
• Round decimals.

A. Decimal notation and word names

In Unit 3, you learned about non-whole numbers in the form of fractions or
mixed numerals. In this Unit, you will study another form of non-whole
numbers called decimals. The word decimal comes from the Latin word
decimal which means a tenth part. Examples of decimals are 0.25, 29.500,
857.00938, etc. The dot in each decimal is called the decimal point.
In Unit 1, you were given a place value chart to help you identify the place
value of a digit in a whole number. The place value chart below is an
extension of the chart in Unit 1. The new area identified the place value of
digits to the right of the decimal point of a number. These values are used
to write decimal numbers in words.

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Example 3.1
Determine the place value of each digit of 2.05637

Solution:
2 is ones, 0 is tenths, 5 is hundredths, 6 is thousandths, 3 is ten-
thousandths, and 7 is hundred-thousandths

B. Converting between decimal notion and fraction

notation
843
The decimal 4.215 and the fraction have the same value.
200

Example 3.2
Convert 4.125 to a fraction.

Solution:
4125 33
Remove the decimal point. =
1000 8

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Example 3.3
Convert 0.06 to a fraction.

Solution:
Remove the decimal point and divide by 100 ( 2 decimal places )
6 3
= answer
100 50

Example 3.4
Convert 1.0025 to a fraction.

Solution:
10025 401
= answer
10000 400

Example 3.5
3769
Convert to a decimal.
1000

Solution:
The denominator has 1 and 3 zero’s. Therefore the answer is 3.769

Example 3.6
251
Convert to a decimal
10000

Solution:
251
= 0.0251 answer
10000

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Exercise 3.1
Convert the following decimals to fractions:
1) 0.8

2) 0.06

3) 2.002

4) 3.0055

5) 0.00045

Exercise 3.2
Convert the following fractions to decimals:

45
1)
100

73
2)
1000

7482
3)
1000

125
4)
10000

3784
5)
10000

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B. Comparing decimals
In this lesson, you will compare decimals. That is, you will determine
whether a given decimal is larger or smaller than a second decimal.

Example 3.7
Which is larger, 4.131 or 4.129 ?

Solution:
Align the decimals in column.
4.131
4.129
The digits are the same for 1st two from the left. The next is 3 for the top
and 2 for the down decimal.
Therefore the 4.131 is larger than 4.129
4.131 > 4.129

Check your understanding 3.1

Arrange the 4 decimals from the smallest to the largest:
0.0991
0.0989
0.099
0.09
Smallest Largest
…………………………………..

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Exercise 3.3
Compare the decimals using < or >
1) 0.07 …… 0.069
2) 0.09 ……. 0.089
3) 0.628 ……. 0.6281
4) 0.706 ….. 0.71
5) 0.0009 …… 0.001

C. Rounding decimal numbers

You have already learned about rounding whole numbers in chapter 1. You
will apply the same rules to round decimal numbers to the nearest place
values.

Example 3.8
Round 0.936 to the nearest hundredths.

Solution:
The hundredths digit is the 3.
Now look at the next digit to the right.
Is it greater than or equal to 5 or less than 5? (It is greater than or equal to
5)
Then add 1 to the hundredths digit.
0.936 becomes 0.94

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Exercise 3.4
Round the following decimal numbers to the nearest indicated place
values:
1) 105.6511: tenth

2) 99.93487: hundredth

3) 6.8484899: thousandth

4) 2.75626011: ten-thousandth

5) 1.2375863: hundred-thousandth

6) 18.59467: hundredth

7) 0.746099: thousandth

8) 0.0099578: ten-thousandth

9) 23.3493987: hundred-thousandth

10) 9.999: tenth

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Section 2
Addition and subtraction
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Add using decimal notation, vertically or horizontally.

• Subtract using decimal notation, vertically or horizontally.

A. Addition and subtraction of decimals

Addition of decimal numbers is similar to addition of whole numbers, which
you learned in Unit1, Section 2.

To add decimal numbers:

• Line up the decimal point.

• Add the corresponding place value digits,
starting from the right digit and moving to the
left..

Example 3.9
Add 23.857 + 3.7 + 104.84

Solution:
Line up the decimal points.
23.857
3.7

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104.84
132.397

Exercise 3.5
Add the following decimals:
1) 12.6 + 20.07

2) 0.84 + 239

3) 12.455 + 1.34

4) 0.0034 + 0.075

5) 100.34 + 34.768

B. Subtraction of decimal numbers

Subtraction of decimal numbers is similar to subtraction of whole numbers,
which you learned in Unit 2 Section 3.

To subtract decimal numbers:

• Line up the decimal points.

• Subtract the corresponding place value digits, starting from
the right digit moving to the left

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Example 3.10
Subtract 48.8 – 7.46

Solution:
48.80
- 7.46
41.34

Exercise 3.6
Subtract the following decimal numbers
1) 1.36 – 1.27

2) 0.063 – 0.0501

3) 1 – 0.09

4) 2.03 – 2.029

5) 10.39 – 8.23

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Practice test 3.1

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct letter:
1) Add : 1.24 + 3.25
a. 2.21 b. 4.39 c. 2.01 d.4.49

2) Add : 12.049 + 1.23

a.12.172 b.13.279 c.121.72 d.132.79

3) Add: 9.0349 + 78.34 + 345.2

a.10.1635 b.342.5749 c.432.642 d.10,163.5

4) Subtract: 4.93 – 3.71

a.8.54 b.1.131 c.8.64 d.1.22

5) Subtract: 34.68 – 30.543

a.4.137 b.4.143 c.4.153 d.4.127

6) Subtract: 1.094 – 0.2878

A0.8322 b.0.8152 c.0.8062 d.0.8242

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Section 3
Multiplication and division
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Multiply using decimal notation.

• Divide using decimal notation.

A. Multiplication of decimal numbers

Multiplication of decimal numbers is similar to multiplication of whole
numbers, which you learned in Unit 1 Section 4.

Example 4.11
Multiply 4.65 x 2.3

Solution:
Now multiply 465 x 23 as in chapter 1

4 65
×
23
10695
Answer is 10.695 3 decimal places

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Exercise 3.7
Multiply the following decimal numbers
1) 2.5 x 0.3

2) 6.3 x 1.2

3) 1.76 x 8.3

4) 1.46 x 7.4

5) 12.35 x 9.5

B. Division of decimal numbers:

Division of decimal numbers is similar to division of whole numbers,
which you learned in Unit1, Section 5.

To divide decimal numbers:

• If the divisor is a decimal number, move its

decimal point to a number decimal places so
that it becomes a whole number.
• Move the decimal point of the dividend, the
same number of places to the right.
• Divide as though you were dividing whole
numbers.

Example 4.12
Divide 42.5 ÷ 1.25

Solution:
4250 ÷ 125 = 34

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Exercise 4.8
Divide the fowling decimal numbers:
1) 3 ÷ 0.3

2) 12 ÷ 0.25

3) 166.4 ÷ 5.2

4) 10.15 ÷ 3.5

5) 74.48 ÷ 9.8

Practice test 3.2

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct letter:
1) Multiply: 27.485 x 0.0001
a) 174.85 b) 27.485 c) 2.7485 d) 0.0027485

2) Multiply: 2.35 x 1.7

a) 3.875 b) 3.995 c) 3.635 d) 3.785

3) Multiply: 45.8 x 1.23

a) 52.494 b) 55.284 c) 53.654 d) 56.334
4) Divide: 759 ÷ 0.0001
a) 75,900 b) 759,000 c) 7,590,000 d) 75,900,000

5) Divide: 0.529 ÷ 2.3

a) 0.023 b) 2.3 c) 0.23 d) 0.0023

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UNIT 4

Measurement

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Section 1
American and metric linear measures of length
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Convert from one American unit of length to another.

• Convert from one metric unit of length to another ( exclude dam and
dm)

A. American linear measures

Length, or distance, refer to linear measures. It discusses how long an object,
how far away a certain place is, how thick an object is, etc.

In this lesson, you will focus on only four American (U.S.) units of length:
inches (in.), feet (ft), yards (yd), and miles (mi).

Study the following illustrations to give you an idea about these units

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Conversion factors of American units of length

1mi = 1,760 yd

1 yd = 3 ft

1 ft = 12 in.

Example 4.1
2
Complete: 3 mi = _________ yd
5

Solution:
Note that 1 mi = 1,760 yd. From this, you can form the following
conversion factors:
1 mi 1760 yd
or
1,760 yd 1 mi

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Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ mi”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “mi”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

2 1760 yd 2
3 mi × = 3 × 1,760 yd
5 1 mi 5

17
= × 1,760 yd
5

2
= 5,984 yd Therefore, 3 mi = 5,984 yd
5

Example 4.2
Complete: 18 ft = _________ yd

Solution:
Note that 1 yd = 3 ft. From this, you can form the following conversion
factors:
1 yd 3 ft
or
3 ft 1 yd

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ ft”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “ft”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

1yd 1
18 ft × = 18 × yd
3 ft 3

= 6 yd Therefore, 18 ft = 6 yd.

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Example 4.3
Complete: 288 in. = _________ yd

Solution:
Note that 1 yd = 3 ft, and 1 ft = 12 in. Thus, 1 yd = 36 in. From this, you
can form the following conversion factors:
1 yd 36 in.
or
36 in. 1 yd

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ in”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “in”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

1yd 1
288 in. × = 288 × yd
36 in. 36

= 8 yd Therefore, 288 in. = 8 yd.

Check your understanding 4.1

Complete the following statements:

1. 2.5 mi = __________ ft

2. 63,360 in. = ________ mi

Exercise 4.1
A. Complete the following statements:

1. 36 in. = _______ft 2. 87 in. = ________ ft 3. 9 ft = _______in.

4. 9.3 ft = ________ in. 5. 45 ft = _______ yd 6. 73.5 ft =

_______ yd

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1
7. 43 yd = _______ ft 8. 15 yd = _______ft 9. 7,040 yd =
3
______ mi

10. 3.1 mi = _______ yd 11. 432 in. = _______ yd 12. 5.2 yd = ______
in.

B. Metric linear measures

Metric system is the common name for the International System of Units.
Its abbreviation is IS ( from the French System International d’Unites ).

In the metric system, standard units are subdivided into multiples of 10,
similar to our number system, and the names associated with each
subdivision have prefixes that indicate a multiple of 10.

The metric units of length that you will learn in this lesson are
millimeters(mm), centimeters(cm), meters (m), hectometers (hm ), and
kilometers (km).

The basic SI unit of length is the meter (m). However, the other length units
are used for different scales: long distances are measured in kilometer; short
distance are measured in centimeters; very small lengths are measured in
millimeters.

Conversion factors of Metric units of length

1 km = 10 hm

1 hm = 100 m

1 m = 100 cm

1 cm = 10 mm

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Example 4.4
1
Complete: 9 km = _________ hm
2

Solution:
Note that 1 km = 10 hm. From this, you can form the following conversion
factors:
1 km 10 hm.
or
10 hm 1 km

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ km”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “km”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

1 10 hm 1
9 km × = 9 × 10 hm
2 1 km 2

19
= × 10 hm
2

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= 95 hm
1
Therefore, 9 km = 95 hm
2

Example 4.5
Complete: 4,500 cm = _________ m.

Solution:
Note that 1 m = 100 cm. From this, you can form the following conversion
factors:
1m 100 cm.
or
100 cm 1m

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ cm”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “cm”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

1𝑚 1
4,500 cm × = 4,500 × m
100 cm 100

= 45 m

Therefore, 4,500 cm = 45 m.

Example 4.6
Complete: 250,000 mm = _________ hm.

Solution:
Note that 1 hm = 100 m, 1 m =100 cm, and 1 cm = 10 mm. Thus, 1 hm =
100,000 mm

From this, you can form the following conversion factors:

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1 hm 100,000 mm.
or
100,000 mm 1 hm

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ mm”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “mm”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

1𝑚 1
250,000 mm × = 250,000 × hm
100000 mm 100000

= 45 m

Therefore, 250,000 mm = 2.5 hm

Check your understanding 4.2

Complete the following statements:

1. 2 km = _______ cm 2. 30,000 mm = ________ hm

Exercise 4.2
A. Complete the following statements:

1. 5.6 km = _______ hm 2. 70 hm = ______ m 3. 4.2 m = ______

cm

4. 500 cm = ______ mm 5. 10 hm = _____ km 6. 500 m = ______

hm

7. 3,200 cm = _____ m 8. 47,000 mm = _____cm 9. 6.2 m = ______

mm

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Exercise 4.3
B. Complete the following statements:

1. 2.4 km = _____ m 2. 700 m = _____km 3. 40.1 hm = _____ cm

4. 89,000 = ____ hm 5. 27 m = _____mm 6. 7,000 mm = _____m

7. 7 km = ______ cm 8. 801,000 mm = ___hm 9. 1 km = ______ mm

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Practice test 4.1

Answer the following questions:
1. How many feet are there in 120 in.?

a. 40 ft b. 10 ft c. 11 ft d.9 ft

2. How many feet are there in 10 yd?

a. 30 ft b. 120 ft

c. 40 ft d. 130 ft

3. How many yards are there in 2.1 mi ?

a. 3,576 yd b. 3,736 yd

c. 3,486 yd d. 3,696 yd

4. How many yards are there in 144 in.?

a. 2 yd b. 3 yd c. 4 yd d. 5 yd

5. How many feet are there in 2 mi?

a. 8,520 ft b. 10,420 ft c. 5,280 ft d. 10,560 ft

6. How many kilometers are there in 2,000 hm?

a. 200 km b. 20 km c. 2 km d. 0.2 km

7. How many meters are there in 2.3 hm?

a. 23 m b. 230 m c. 2,300 m d. 23,00 m

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8. How many meters are there in 5,600 cm?

a. 0.56 m b. 5.6 m c. 56 m d. 560 m

9. How many millimeters are there in 30.4 cm?

a. 304,000 mm b. 30,400 mm c. 304 mm d. 3,040 mm

10 How many kilometers are there in 1,000,000 cm?

a. 100 km a. 1,000 km a. 10 km a. 10,000 km

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Section 2
Weight and mass
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• convert from one American unit of weight or mass to another.

• convert from one metric unit of mass to another.
• solve medical dosage problems involving units of mass or weight.

A. Weight: the American system

The weight of an object is measure of the Earth’s gravitational force ( or pull
) action on the object. The basic SI unit of weight is the Newton (N).

The terms mass and weight are commonly used interchangeable by the
general public. However, technician, engineers, and scientists have different
meaning for mass and weight.

What is the difference between mass and weight?

There is a basic difference, because mass is the actual amount of material

contained in a body. Whereas weight is the force exerted by the gravity on
that object. Note that mass is independent of everything, but weight is
different on the earth, moon, etc. If a spaceship is in orbit or farther out in
space, we the crew is ‘‘weightless’’, because they seem to float freely in
space. Their mass has not changed, although their weight is near zero.

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If this astronaut has a mass of 90 kg and weighs 882 N on earth, then…

The American units of weight that you will learn in this lesson are tons (T),
pounds (lb), and ounces (oz). You will convert units of weight using the
same technique you used with linear measures.

Conversion factors of American units of weight

(short Ton)

1 T = 2,000 lb

1 lb = 16 oz

Example 4.7
Complete: 24,000 lb = _______ T

Solution:
Note that 1 T = 2,000 lb. From this, you can form the following conversion
1T 2,000 lb.
factors: or
2,000 lb 1T

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ lb”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “lb”.

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Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

1T 1
24,000 lb × = 24,000 × T
2,000 lb 2,0000

= 12 T

Therefore, 24,000 lb = 12 T.

Example 4.8
Complete: 2 T = _______ oz

Solution:
Note that 1 T = 2,000 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz. Thus, 1 T = 32,000 oz. From
this, you can form the following conversion factors:
1T 32,000 oz.
or
32,000 oz 1T

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ T”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “T”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

32,000 oz 32,000
2 T × = 2 × oz
1T 1

= 64,000 oz

Therefore, 2 T = 64,000 oz .

Check your understanding 4.3

Complete the following statements:

1. 40 oz = _______ lb 2. 41,600 oz = ________ T

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Exercise 4.3
A. Complete the following statements:

1. 10 lb = ______ oz

2. 450 lb = _____ oz

3. 30.1 lb = _____ oz

4. 144 oz = _____ lb

5. 1,920 oz = ______ lb

6. 12 T = ______ lb

7. 3.5 T = ______ lb

8. 0.25 T = ______ lb

9. 12,800 lb = _____T

10. 140,200 lb = _____T

Exercise 4.3
B. Complete the following statements:

1. 10 T = ______ oz

2. 8.1 T = _____ oz

3. 54,400 oz = _____ T

4. 92,800 oz = _____ T

5. 0.05 T = ______ oz

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B. Mass: the metric system

The mass of an object is the quantity of material making up the object. The
basic SI unit of mass is the kilometer (kg).

The suitable metric unit The suitable metric unit

to measure the mass of to measure the mass of
a vitamin capsule is a bar of a soap is the
gram (g) .
the milligram (mg).

The suitable metric unit The suitable metric unit

to measure the mass of to measure the mass of
a bag of flour is the kilogram(kg). a pencil is the gram(g)

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You can still use conversion factors to convert one metric unit of mass to
another. However, in this lesson, you will use different technique and use
the metric converter below.

To convert one metric unit of mass to another, you will use the idea of
moving the decimal point of the given measure, based on the number of steps
that you have taken from the metric converter.

Note: There are three steps from milligrams (mg ) to micrograms ( 𝜇g ), or

vice-versa.

Example 4.9
Complete: 4.5 g = _______ mg

Solution:
The given unit is grams (g) and the required unit is milligrams (mg).

In the metric converter, how many steps are there grams to milligrams? In
which direction?

There are 3 steps from grams to milligrams. The direction is to the right.

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So, move the decimal point of the given measure, 3 decimal places to the
right.

Therefore, 4.5 g = 4,500 mg

Example 4.10
How many grams are there in 6,000,000 𝜇g.

Solution:
The given unit is grams (𝜇g) and the required unit is grams (g).

In the metric converter, how many steps are there from grams to
micrograms? In which direction?

There are 6 steps from micrograms to grams. The direction is to the left.

So, move the decimal point of the given measure, 6 decimal places to the
left.

Therefore, 6,000,000 𝜇g = 6 g

Check your understanding 4.4

Complete the following statements:

1. 4 kg = _________ g 2. 890,000 mg = ________ dag

Exercise 4.4
A. Complete the following statements:

1. 2.1 kg = _______ g 2. 900 g = ______ kg

3. 500 mg = ________ g 4. 2.5 g = _______ mg

5. 1,000 𝜇g = ______ mg 6. 7.3 mg = ________ 𝜇g

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7. 10 dag = _______ dg 8. 8,700 dg = _________ dag

9. 7,500 g = _________ hg 10. 5.03 hg = _________ g

Exercise 4.5
B. Complete the following statements:

1. 2,500,00 mg = _______ kg 2. 0.004 kg = ______ mg

3. 0.000056 kg = ________ mg 4. 90,000 mg = _______ kg

5. 870,000 𝜇g = ______ dg 6. 1 dg = ________ 𝜇g

7. 95.1 g = _______ mg 8. 8,900 mg = _________ g

9. 0.01 cg = _________ 𝜇g 10. 5,600 𝜇g = _________ dg

C. Problem solving
In this lesson, you will solve problems about medical dosages involving units
of mass.

Example 4.11
Nitroglycerin sublingual is used before physical activities such as exercise
to prevent chest pain in people with a certain heart condition. This comes in
0.3-mg tablets. How many micrograms are there in each tablets.

Solution:
The problem simply asks "how many micrograms are in 0.3 mg".

There are 3 steps from milligrams to micrograms.

The direction is to the right.

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So, move the decimal point of the given measure 3 decimal places to the
right.

Therefore, there are 300 𝝁g in a 0.3-mg tablet.

Example 4.12
Digoxin is a medication use to treat heart problems. A physician orders 0.25
mg of digoxin to be taken once daily. How many micrograms of digoxin are
there in the daily dosage?

Solution:
The problem simply asks “how many micrograms are in 0.25 mg?’

There are 3 steps from milligrams to micrograms.

The direction is to the right.

So, move the decimal point of the given measure 3 decimal places to the
right.

Therefore, there are 250 𝝁g in 0.25 of digoxin.

Check your understanding 4.5

Solve the following problems:

Cephalexin is an antibiotic that is usually prescribed in the form of a 500-mg

tablet. Suppose a physician prescribed two grams of cephalexin per day for
a patient a skin sore.

1. How many milligrams of cephalexin should the patient take per day?

2. How many 500-mg cephalexin tablets should the patient take per day?

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Exercise 4.6
Solve the following problems:

1. Clonidine is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. This is

usually prescribed in the form of a 0.1-mg tablet once a day. How many
micrograms are there in each tablet?

2. Clonidine is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. This is

usually prescribed in the form of a 0.1-mg tablet once a day. How many
micrograms of clonidine should you take one week?

3. Triazolam is a medication used for the short-term treatment of

insomnia. A physician prescribed a 0.25-mg tablet each night for one
week for a patient with insomnia. How many micrograms of Triazolam
are there in each tablet?

4. Triazolam is a medication used for the short-term treatment of

insomnia. A physician prescribed a 0.25-mg tablet each night for one
week for a patient with insomnia. How many micrograms does the
patient need to take in one week?

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5. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic that is usually prescribed in a 500-mg

capsule form. A physician prescribe two capsules per day for one week
for a patient with a severe skin wound. How many micrograms does
the patient need to take in one week?

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Practice test 4.2

Answer the following questions.
1. How many tons are there in 10,600 lb?

a. 5.0 T b. 5.1 T c. 5.2 T d. 5.3 T

2. How many pounds are there in 20 tons?

a. 400 lb b. 4,000 lb

c. 40,000 lb d. 400,000 lb

3. How many ounces are there in 120 lb ?

a. 1,920 oz b. 1,800 oz

c. 1,680 oz d. 1,560 oz

4. How many pounds are there in 400 oz?

a. 24 lb b. 25 lb c. 26 lb d. 27 lb

5. How many ounces are there in 1.2 T?

a. 36,800 oz b. 37,500 oz c. 38,400 oz d. 39,300 oz

6. How many kilograms are there in 1,500,00 g?

a. 1,500 kg b. 150 kg c. 15 kg d. 1.5 kg

7. How many grams are there in 10 mg?

a. 0.1 g b. 0.01 g c. 0.001 g d. 0.0001 g

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8. How many micrograms are there in 0.0002 kg?

a. 0. 200 𝜇g b. 2,000 𝜇g c. 20,000 𝜇g d. 200,000 𝜇g

9. Suppose a physician prescribed a 250-mg amoxicillin capsule to be

taken three times a day for one week. How many micrograms does the
patient need to take in one week?

a. 5,200 𝜇g b. 52,00 𝜇g c. 5,250,000 𝜇g d. 525,000 𝜇g

10 Suppose a physician prescribed a 250-mg amoxicillin capsule to be

taken three times a day for one week. How many grams does the patient
need to take in one week?

a. 5.25 g b. 52.5 g c. 0.525 g d. 525 g

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Section 3
American and metric linear measures of capacity
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Convert from one American unit of capacity to another.

• Convert from one metric unit of capacity to another .
• Solve medical dosage problems involving units of capacity.

A. American units of capacity

The capacity of an object refers to the maximum amount it can contain.
People want to know about capacity when they ask questions like “How
much soda is in the can?” “ How much water is in the glass?”

The American units of capacity that you will learn in this lesson are gallons
(gal), quarts (qt), pints (pt), cups (cups), and fluid ounces (fl oz ). These
units are related as follows:

Conversion factors of American units of capacity

1 gal = qt 1 qt = 2 pt 1 pt = 2 cups 1 cup = 8 fl oz

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Example 4.13
How many pints are there in 10 cups?

Solution:
Note that 1 pt = 2 cups. From this, you can form the following conversion
factors:
1 pt 2 cups.
or
2 cups 1 pt

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ cups”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “cups”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factors.

1 pt 1 pt
10 cups × = 10 × T
2 cups 2

= 5 pt

Therefore, 10 cups = 5 pt

Example 4.14
Complete: 800 fl oz = ______ qt

Solution:
The factors that may relate “fl oz” to “qt” are:

1 cup = 8 fl oz , 1 pt = 2 cups , and 1 qt = 2 pints

1 qt 32 fl oz
or
32 fl oz 1 qt

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factors.

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1 qt 1 qt
800 fl oz × = 800 ×
32 fl oz 32

= 25 qt

Therefore, 800 fl oz = 25 qt.

Check your understanding 4.6

Complete the following statements:

1. 82 qt =_______ gal 2. 7.9 pt = _______ fl oz

Exercise 4.6
A. Complete the following statements:

1. 5 gal = _____ qt 2. 100 qt = ______ gal 3. 70 qt = ______ pt

4. 25 pt = ______ qt 5. 79 pt = _______cups 6. 35 cups = ______

pt

7. 20 cups = ______ fl oz 8. 136 fl oz = ______ cups 9. 7 gal = _____

pt

10. 320 fl oz = ________ pt

B. Complete the following statements:

1. 9.2 gal = _____ qt 2. 152 pt = ______ gal 3. 79 qt = ______

cups

4. 144 cups = ______ qt 5. 50 pt = _______fl oz 6. 488 fl oz =

______ pt

7. 12 gal = ______ cups 8. 544 fl oz = ______ qt 9. 6 gal = _____ fl

oz

10. 1,920 fl oz = ________ gal

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B. Metric units of capacity

Just as you did in conversion of metric units of mass, you will also use a
metric converter to change metric units of capacity to another. The units
are arranged as follows:

Example 4.15
Complete: 9.3 L = ______ mL

Solution:
The given unit is liters (L) and the required unit is milliliters (mL).

In the metric converter, how many steps are there from liters to milliliters?
In which direction?

There are 3 steps from liters to milliliters. The direction is to the right

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So, move the decimal point of the given measure, 3 decimal places to the
right
Therefore, 9.3 L = 9,300 mL

Example 4.16
How many hectoliters are there in 6,500 cL?

Solution:
The given unit is centiliters (cL) and the required unit is milliliters (hL).

In the metric converter, how many steps are there from centiliters to
hectoliters? In which direction?

There are 4 steps from centiliters to hectoliters. The direction is to the left.
So, move the decimal point of the given measure, 4 decimal places to the
right

Therefore, there are 0.65 hL in 6,500 cL

Check your understanding 4.7

Complete the following statements:

1. 76,900 dL = ________ kL 2. 65 daL = _______ cL

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Exercise 4.7
Complete the following statements:

1. 87 kL = ______ daL 2. 9 dL = _______ hL

3. 0.45 daL = _______ mL 4. 10 cL = _______ daL

5. 5,000 mL = ______ L 6. 70 dL = _______ mL

7. 500 L = ____ kL 8. 0.0003 kL = ______ mL

9. 97,000 mL = _____ kL 10. 1 daL = _______ dL

C. Problem solving
Liquid medicine at pharmacies and hospitals are often labeled in milliliters
(mL) or cubic centimeter (cc). These two units are equivalent. Examples: 1
mL = 1 cc, 500 mL = 500 cc, etc.

In this lesson, you will solve problems about medical dosages, involving
conversion of metric units of capacity.

Example 4.17
A doctor orders 4.5 L of 50% dextrose solution to be given to a group of
patients over a certain period of time. How many cubic centimeters will they
receive?

Solution:
First, convert 4.5 L to milliliters.

There are 3 steps from liters to milliliters.

The direction is to the right.

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So, move the decimal point of the given measure 3 decimal places to the
right.

Therefore, 4,500 mL or 4,500 cc of 50% dextrose solution were prescribed.

Example 4.18
A physician ordered 0.5 L of Ringers’s lactate to be administered over 30
min to a patient in shock. How many cubic centimeters is this?

Solution:
First, covert 0.5 L to milliliters.

There are 3 steps from liters to milliliters.

The direction is to the right.

So, move the decimal point of the given measure 3 decimal places to the
right.

Therefore, there are 500 mL or 500 cc in 0.5 L.

Check your understanding 4.8

Solve the following problems:

A physician has ordered 20 bottles of 50% dextrose solution to be

administered to a patient over a period of time. Each bottle contains 50 mL
solution.

1. How many liters of 50% dextrose solution were prescribed?

2. How many cubic centimeters of 50% dextrose solution are being given?

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Exercise 4.8
Solve the following problems

1. A doctor ordered 500 mL of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) solution to be

given per hour to a patient four hours. How many liters of solution did he
prescribe?

2. A doctor prescribed 2.5 L of normal saline solution for a patient. How

many milliliters did he prescribe?

3. A doctor prescribed 0.5 L of normal saline solution for a patient. How

many cubic centimeters did he prescribe?

4. A doctor wants his patient to receive 3.48 L of normal saline over a 24-hr
period. How many cubic centimeters per hour must the nurses give the
patient?

5. A doctor wants his patient to receive 0.05 L of normal saline solution per
hour. How many milliliters of solution will the nurses give the patient in a
24-hour period?

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Practice test 4.3

Answer the following questions.
1. How many cups are there in 12 gal?

a. 189 cups b. 192 cups c. 196 cups d. 199 cups

2. How many pints are there in 240 fl oz?

a. 15 pt b. 30 pt

c. 14 pt d. 28 pt

3. How many quarts are there in 80 cups ?

a. 10 qt b. 40 qt

c. 20 qt d. 30 qt

4. How many fluid ounce are there in 2.3 qt?

a. 23.5 fl oz b. 18.4 fl oz c. 36.8 fl oz d. 73.6 fl oz

5. How many liters are there in 25,000 mL?

a. 2,500 L b. 250 L c. 25 L d. 2.5 L

6. How many centiliters are there in 70 dal?

a. 70,000 cL b. 0.070 Cl c. 7,000 cL d. 0.700 cL

7. How many hectoliters are there in 950 liters?

a. 95 hL b. 9.5 hL c. 9,500 hL d. 95,500 hL

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8. How many milliliters are there in 2 kL?

a. 2,00 mL b. 20,000 mL c. 200,000 mL d. 2,000,000 mL

9. A doctor has prescribed 7.5 mL of magnesia and alumina antacid three times a
day for a child with stomach pain. How many cubic centimeters of antacid will the
child take every day?

a. 225 cc b. 22.5 cc c. 2.25 cc d. 0.255 cc

10. A doctor has ordered his patient to receive 2.4 L of normal saline solution over
a 24-hr period. How many milliliters per hour must give the patient?

a. 90 mL b. 95 Ml c. 100 mL d. 105 mL

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Section 4
Time
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• Find equivalent units of time.

• Find the area and volume of geometric figures.

In the metric system, the symbol for hours is h and for second is s. But we
will use the more familiar symbols hr and sec. The units of time are related
as follows:

Conversion factors of units of time

1
1 year = 365 or 365.25 days
4

1 week = 7 days

1 day = 24 hr*

1 hr = 60 min

1 min = 60 sec

*The actual length of a day is 23 hr, 56 min, and

4.2 sec. We only round it to 24 hr for
convenience

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Example 4.19
Complete: 150 min = _________ hr.

Solution:
Note that 1 hr = 60 min, you can form the following conversion factors:
1 hr 60 min
or
60 min 1 hr

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

The given unit in the problems is “ min”, which means that the conversion
factor’s denominator should contain the unit “min”.

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

1 hr 1
150 min × = 150 × hr = 2.5 hr
60 min 60

Therefore, 150 min = 2.5 hr

Example 4.20
How many minutes are there in one year?

Solution: The factors that may relate "year" to "minutes" are:

1 year = 365.25 days , 1 day = 24 hr, 1 hr = 60 min
1 year 525,960 𝑚𝑖𝑛
I year = 365.25 × 24 × 60 or
525,960 min 1 year

Which of the two can be used to solve the problem?

Multiply the given measure by the conversion factor.

525,960 min 525,960
1 year × = hr = 525,960 min
1 year 1

Therefore, 1 year = 𝟓𝟐𝟓, 𝟗𝟔𝟎 min

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Check your understanding 4.9

Complete the following statements. Round the answer to the nearest whole
number.

1. 18,000 sec = _______ hr 2. 1 year = ________

weeks

Exercise 4.9
A. Complete the following statements. Round the answers to nearest
hundredth where necessary.

1. 5 min = ______ sec 2. 900 sec = ________min 3. 45 min =

_______ hr

4. 4.5 hr = ______ min 5. 18 hr = ________ day 6. 5 days

=_______ hr

7. 1,461 days = _____ year 8. 0.5 year = _______ days 9. 5 weeks =

_____days

10. 175 days = ______ weeks

Exercise 4.10
B. Complete the following statements. Round the answers to nearest
hundredth where necessary.

1. 36,00 sec = ______ hr 2. 1.5 days = ________min

3. 4 days = ______ sec 4. 1 year = ______ hr

5. 2 weeks = ________ min 6. 5 years =_______ week

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and
To measure the length of an object, you must first select a suitable standard
unit of length. To measure short lengths, choose a unit such as centimetres or
millimetres in the metric sys- tem, or inches in the U.S. or, as it is still
sometimes called, the English system. For long distances, choose metres or
kilometres in the metric system, or yards or miles in the U.S. system.

Area
The area of a plane geometric figure is the number of square units of measure
it contains. To measure the surface area of an object, first select a standard
unit of area suitable to the object to be measured. Standard units of area are
based on the square and are called square units. For example, a square inch
(in2) is the amount of surface area within a square that measures one inch on
a side. A square centimetre (cm2) is the amount of surface area within a square
that is 1 cm on a side. (See Figure 1.8.)
What is the area of a rectangle measuring 4 cm by 3 cm?
Each square in Figure 1.9 represents 1 cm2. By simply counting the
number of squares, you find that the area of the rectangle is 12 cm2.
You can also find the area by multiplying the length times the width:

Example 4.21
What is the area of a rectangle measuring 4 cm by 3 cm?
Each square in Figure 1.9 represents 1 cm2. By simply counting the
number of squares, you find that the area of the rectangle is 12 cm2.
You can also find the area by multiplying the length times the width
Area = l × w
= 4 cm × 3 cm = 12 cm2 Note: cm × cm =
cm2

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(length)(width)
1 square centimetre

What is the area of the metal plate represented in Figure 1.10?

Each square represents 1 square inch. By simply counting the
number of squares, we find that the area of the metal plate is 42 in2.
Another way to find the area of the figure is to find the areas of two
rectangles and then find their difference, as in Figure 1.11

Example 4.22
Find the volume of a rectangular box 8 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 6 cm high.
Suppose you placed one centimeter cubes in the box, as in Figure 1.14. On the
bottom layer, there would be 8 × 4, or 32, one-cm cubes. In all, there are six
such layers, or 6 × 32 = 192 one cm cubes. Therefore, the volume is 192 cm3.
You can also find the volume of a rectangular solid by multiplying the
length times the width times the height:
V = l× w × h
= 8 cm × 4 cm × 6 cm
= 192 cm3 Note: cm × cm × cm = cm3

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Example 4.23
How many cubic inches are in one cubic foot?
The bottom layer of Figure 1.15 contains 12 × 12, or 144, one-inch cubes.
There are 12 such layers, or 12 × 144 = 1728 one-inch cubes. Therefore, 1
ft3 = 1728 in3.

12 in.

12 in.
12 in.

from
The area of a triangle is given by the formula A = 1bh,2 where b is the
length of the base and h, the height, is the length of the altitude to the
base (Figure 1.18). (An altitude of a tri- angle is a line from a vertex
perpendicular to the opposite side.)

Vertex
Vertex

h h

b b
FIGURE

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Example 4.24
Find the area of a triangle whose base is 18 in. and whose height is 10 in.

1
A= bh
2
1
A= (18in)(10in) = 90in 2
2

Parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram (a four-sided figure whose opposite
sides are parallel) is given by the formula A = bh, where b is the length
of the base and h is the perpendicular distance between the base and
its opposite side (Figure 1.19).

Example 4.25
Find the area of a parallelogram with base 24 cm and height 10 cm.
A= a.h

A = (24 cm)(10 cm)

= 240 cm2 Note: (cm)(cm) = cm2
The area of a trapezoid (a four-sided figure with one pair of parallel sides)
is given by

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a+h
the formula A= , where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides
2
(called bases),
and h is the perpendicular distance between the bases
b

Trapezoid a

Example 4.26
Find the area of the trapezoid in Figure
a = 10 in.
h = 7 in.
b = 18 in.

Solution:
a+b 10 + 18
A= h =  7 = 14  7 = 98in 2
2 2

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A formula is a statement of a rule using letters to represent the

relationship of certain quantities. In physics, one of the basic rules states
that work equals force times distance. If a person (Figure 1.16) lifts a
200-lb weight a distance of 3 ft, we say the work done is 200 lb × 3 ft =
600 foot-pounds (ft-lb). The work, W, equals the force, f, times the
distance, d, or W = f × d.

Example 4.27
If W = f.d, f = 10, and d = 16, find W.
W = f.d
W = (10)(16)
W = 160 J Multiply.

Example 4.28
E
If I = , E=450, and R = 15,Find I .
R

E 450
I = = = 30 Amp
R 15

Example 4.29
If P = I 2R, I = 3, and R = 600, find P.
P = I 2R
P = (3)2(600)
P = (9)(600) Evaluate the power.
P = 5400 Multiply.

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Practice test 4.4

Answer the following questions;-
1. How many days are there in eight years?

a. 2,924 days b. 2,928 days c. 2,922 days d. 2,920 days

2. How many days are there in 84 hours?

a. 3.5 days b. 3.4 days

c. 3.3 days d. 3.2 days

3. How many minutes are there in 4.25 hours?

a. 255 min b. 260 min

c. 250 min d. 265 min

4. How many minutes are there in 645 seconds?

a. 10.5 min b. 10.75 min c. 10.25 min d. 10 min

5. How many days are there in 50 weeks?

a. 345 days b. 355 days c. 340 days d. 350 days

6. How many hours are there in 2,700 seconds?

a. 0.6 hr b. 0.65 hr c. 0.7 hr d. 0.75 hr

7. How many minutes are there in 1 day?

a. 204 min b. 1,440 min c. 1,020 min d. 510 min

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8. How many years are there in 4,383 hours?

a. 0.4 year b. 0.7 year c. 0.5 year d. 0.6 year

9. How many hours are there in 2.5 weeks?

a. 420 hours b. 410 hours c. 415 hours d. 405 hours

10. How many days are there in 86,400 seconds?

a. 0.75 day b. 1 day c. 1.5 days d. 1.2 days

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Section 5
Review and Test
Objectives:
After studying this section, you should be able to:

• recall the important concepts and ideas in each of the previous sections.
• complete the unit test.
• Measurements using Micrometer.

Section 1 American and metric linear measure

✓ To convert one American unit of length to another unit, form
conversion factors based on the following relationship of the units.

American units of length Metric units of length

1 mi = 1760 yd 1 km = 10 hm
1 yd = 3 ft 1 hm = 100 m
1 ft = 12 in. 1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
✓ The denominator of the conversion factor should also contain the unit
of the given measure.

Section 2 Weight and mass

✓ To convert one American unit of length to another unit, form
conversion factors based on the following relationship of the units. The
denominator of the conversion factor should also contain the unit of
the given measure.
American units of weight
1 T = 2,000 lb
1 lb = 16 oz

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✓ To convert the one metric unit of mass to another unit, using the metric
converter below:
1. Convert the number of steps from the given unit to the required
one.
2. Move the decimal point of the given measure the same number
of places to the right ( if the direction in Step 1 is to th right) or
the left (if the direction in Step 1 is to the left)

Section 3 Capacity
✓ To convert one American unit of capacity to another unit, form
conversion factors based on the following relationship of the units. The
denominator of the conversion factor should also contain the unit of
the given measure.

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American units of capacity

1 gal = 4 qt
1 qt = 2 pt
1 pt = 2 cups
1 cup = 8 fl oz

✓ To convert the one metric unit of capacity to another unit, using the
metric converter below:
1. Convert the number of steps from the given unit to the required
one.
2. Move the decimal point of the given measure the same number
of places to the right ( if the direction in Step 1 is to th right) or
the left (if the direction in Step 1 is to the left)

✓ Many medical institutions label liquid medicine in cubic centimeters

(cc), with 1 cc = 1 mL.

Section 4 Time
✓ To convert one unit of time to another unit, form conversion factors
based on the following relationship of the units. The denominator of
the conversion factor should also contain the unit of the given measure.
1
Units of time 1 year = 365 or 365.25 days 1 week = 7 days
4
1 day = 24 hr
1 hr = 60 min 1 min = 60 sec

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The Micrometer Caliper

20

15

Example 4.30
Read the measurement shown on the U.S. micrometer in Figure 4.24.
Step 1 3 numbered divisions on the barrel; 3 X 0.100 in.
0.300 in.
Step 2 1 small division on the barrel; 1 X 0.025 in.
0.025 in.
Step 3 The head reading is 17; 17 X 0.001 in.
0.017 in.
Step 4 The total measurement is
0.342 in.
■

2
5
2
Example 4.31 0

Read the measurement shown on the U.S. micrometer in Figure 4.25.

Step 1: 4 numbered divisions on the barrel; 4 X 0.100 in. 0.400 in.

Step 2: 2 small divisions on the barrel; 2 X 0.025 in. 0.050 in.
Step 3: The head reading is 21; 21 X 0.001 in. 0.021 in.
Step 4: The total measurement is 0.471 in.

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Practice test 4.5

A. Answer the following questions.
1. How many yards are there in 13.8 ft?

a. 6.9 yd b. 4.6 yd c. 5.3 yd d. 3.8 yd

2. How many inches are there in 2.5 yd?

a. 79 in. b. 80 in.

c. 76 in. d. 90 in.

3. How many meters are there in 10 km ?

a. 10,000 m b. 100,000 m

c. 1,000 m d. 100 m

4. How many millimeters are there in 20 m?

a. 200 mm b. 2,000 mm c. 20,000 mm d. 200,000 mm

5. How many tons are there in 10,000 lb?

a. 5 T b. 10 T c. 8 T d. 12 T

6. How many pounds are there in 160 oz?

a. 16 lb b. 10 lb c. 12 lb d. 14 lb

7. How many kilograms are there in 1,200 g?

a. 120 kg b. 0.12 kg c. 12 kg d. 1.2 kg

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8. How many milligrams are there in 0.07 g?

a. 0.7 mg b. 700 mg c. 70 mg d. 7 mg

9. How many centimeters are there in 0.5 dag?

a. 0.005 cg b. 500 cg c. 50 cg d. 0.05 cg

10. A physician prescribed a certain medicine in the form of a 350-mg

capsule. This is to be taken three times per day for seven days. How
many grams does the patient need to take in seven days?

a. 7.35 g b. 73.5 g c. 735 g d. 0.735 g

B. Answer the following questions.

1. How many gallons are there in 240 qt?

a. 90 gal b. 30 gal c. 60 gal d. 120 gal

2. How many fluid ounces are there in 5 pt?

a. 60 fl oz b. 40 fl oz

c. 70 fl oz d. 80 fl oz

3. How many cups are there in 3 gallons ?

a. 36 cups b. 48 cups

c. 24 cups d. 12 cups

4. How many liters are there in 4,000 mL?

a. 4 L b. 0.4 L c. 40 L d. 0.04 L

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5. How many liters are there in 1.2 kL?

a. 0.0012 L b. 1,200 L c. 120 L d. 0.012 L

6. How many milliliters are there in 0.04 daL?

a. 400 mL b. 4 mL c. 40 mL d. 0.4 mL

7. A physician prescribed 0.65 L of normal saline solution. How many

cubic centimeters were prescribed?

a. 65,000 cc b. 6,500 cc c. 65 cc d. 650 cc

8. How many hours are there in 4,320 sec?

a. 1.4 hr b. 1.1 hr c. 1.2 hr d. 1.3 hr

9. How many minutes are there in three days?

a. 2,160 min b. 432 min c. 4,320 min d. 1,080 min

10. How many weeks are there in two years? Round the answer to the
nearest whole number.

a. 52 weeks b. 104 weeks c. 98 weeks d. 110 weeks

The End

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