Production

Engineering I
Chapter 2
Inflow Performance Relationship
(IPR)

Petroleum Engineering Department

The University of Tulsa

TU PE 3073, Chapter 2

Darcy’s Law

 What is
Darcy’s Law?

 In 1856 Darcy (1803

– 1858) performed
experiments for the
design of sand
filters for water
purification in
France
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Darcy’s Experiment

Sand

P + dP P
q A
m
Viscous Fluid
dx

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Darcy’s Law…

 After several experiments Darcy

concluded that:
A dP
q is proportion al to
m dx
kA dP
q
m dx
where k is defined as the permeability of the porous
media
 In 1933 it was proposed to measure
permeability in a unit called Darcy
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Darcy’s Law…

 The unit of k can be obtained by:

qm dx
k
A dP

L3 MLt 1 t 2 L2
k   2 2 2 L  L2
t t L L ML

 The permeability k has the unit of area

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Darcy’s Law…

 The definition of 1 Darcy is the

permeability of a porous media that will
allow the flow of 1 cm3/s of a fluid with 1
cp viscosity when the pressure gradient is
1 atm/cm and the flow area is 1 cm2
qm dx
k
A dP
cm 3 cp cm
1 Darcy  1 2
 9.869  10 13 m 2
s cm atm
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Darcy’s Law…

 The value of 1 Darcy by definition is then:

1 D  9.869  1013 m 2

 How big is 1 Darcy?

 Human hair thickness is about 60 mm =
6x10-5 m. Its cross sectional area is

d 2  6  10  5 
2

Ahair  
4 4
 28.27  10  10 m 2  2865 Darcy
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Darcy’s Law…

kA dP
q
m dx
q – Liquid flow rate
A – Cross sectional area
m – Liquid viscosity
dP/dx – pressure gradient

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Flow

 Example of application of Darcy’s Law

 Obtain relationship between the steady
state flow rate and the pressure at the
perforations for a well in a reservoir with a
radius re
 Assumption:
 Pressure at the edge of the reservoir, re, is
constant and equal to Pe
 Fluid is incompressible

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Pe

Pwf
r
rw dr r re

h A q
Reservoir Flow…

kA dP
q A  2 r h
m dx

2 k h dP
q r
m dr

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Flow…

2 k h dP
q r
m dr

 This is an ordinary differential equation (ODE) that

can be solved to obtain pressure as a function of
the radial distance
 To properly solve this ODE we must impose a
boundary condition

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Flow…

 For incompressible, single phase flow

dr 2 k h
 r  qm  dP

2 k h
lnr   PC
qm

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Flow…

 The constant of integration C can be

determined using the boundary condition

2 k h
lnr   PC
qm

P = Pwf at r = rw

2 k h
C  lnrw   Pwf
qm
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Reservoir Flow…

 Then the final pressure profile inside the

porous media is obtained as
2 k h 2 k h
lnr   PC C  lnrw   Pwf
qm qm

2 k h 2 k h
lnr   P Pwf  lnrw 
qm qm

2 k h
qm
 
P  Pwf  lnr   lnrw 

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Flow…

 Pressure profile inside the porous media:

2 k h
qm
 
P  Pwf  lnr   lnrw 

qm  r 
P r   Pwf  ln 
2 k h  rw 

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Flow…

 Finally
qm  r 
P r   Pwf  ln 
2 k h  rw 

psig bpd cp

141.2qm  r 
P r   Pwf  ln 
kh  rw 
mD ft
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Flow…

141.2qm  r 
P r   Pwf  ln 
kh  rw 
 For reservoir with constant boundary
pressure:

141.2qm  re 
P r   Pe  ln 
kh r

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Flow…

 The radial pressure gradient in the porous

media is:
psi/ft bpd cp

dP 141.2qm 1

dr kh r
mD ft

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Parameter Study
141.2qm  re 
6000 P r   Pe  ln 
kh r
5000
Pressure (psig)

4000

3000 Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig

Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
2000
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Permeability 500 mD
Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
1000 Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir radius 1000 ft
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Radial Position (ft)
Parameter Study…Pressure Derivative

dP 141.2qm 1
1400 
dr kh r
1200
Pressure Gradient (psi/ft)

1000
Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
800 Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
Flowrate 2000 bpd
600 Permeability 500 mD
Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
400 Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir radius 1000 ft
200

0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Radial Position (ft)

Parameter Study…Pressure Profile

141.2qm  re 
6000 P r   Pe  ln 
Pe kh r
5000
Pressure (psig)

4000
Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
3000
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Permeability 500 mD
2000
Pwfi Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir radius 1000 ft
1000

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Radial Position (ft)
Parameter Study…Pressure Change
near Wellbore
141.2qm  re 
3500 Well Centerline P r   Pe  ln 
kh r
3000
Sand Face
2500
Pressure (psig)

2000
Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
1500
Pwfi Flowrate 2000 bpd
Permeability 500 mD
1000
Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
Well Diameter 9 in
500 Reservoir Radius 1000 ft
rw
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Radial Position (ft)

Parameter Study…Flowrate
141.2qm  re 
6000 P r   Pe  ln 
q = 1000 bpd kh r
5000 1500
Pressure (psig)

4000
2000

3000 2500
Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
2000 Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
Permeability 500 mD
Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
1000 Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir Radius 1000 ft
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Radial Position (ft)
Parameter Study…Reservoir Pressure

141.2qm  re 
P r   Pe 
7000
ln 
Pe = 6000 psig kh r
6000 5500

5000
Pressure (psig)

4000

3000 5000
Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
4500 Flowrate 2000 bpd
2000 Permeability 500 mD
Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
1000 Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir radius 1000 ft
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Radial Position (ft)

Parameter Study…Fluid Viscosity

141.2qm  re 
P r   Pe 
6000
m = 4 cp ln 
6
kh r
5000
Pressure (psig)

4000

8
3000
10 Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
2000
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Permeability 500 mD
Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
1000 Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir Radius 1000 ft
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Radial Position (ft)
Parameter Study…Permeability

141.2qm  re 
6000 P r   Pe  ln 
k = 800 mD kh r
600
5000
Pressure (psig)

4000

500
3000
400 Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
2000
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
1000 Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir Radius 1000 ft
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Radial Position (ft)

Parameter Study…Reservoir Thickness

141.2qm  re 
P r   Pe 
6000
h = 30 ft ln 
15 kh r
5000
Pressure (psig)

4000

10
3000
8 Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
2000
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
Permeability 500 mD
1000 Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir Radius 1000 ft
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Radial Position (ft)
Parameter Study…Radius

141.2qm  re 
P r   Pe 
6000
500 re = 1000 ft ln 
kh r
5000
Pressure (psig)

4000
2000
3000
4000 Reservoir Pressure 5000 psig
2000
Flowrate 2000 bpd
Fluid Viscosity 8 cp
Permeability 500 mD
1000 Well Diameter 9 in
Reservoir Thickness 10 ft
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Radial Position (ft)

Flow of Undersaturated Oil

 Transient
 Value and rate all change with time
 Steady-state
 Pe = constant
 Pseudosteady-state
 Pe = Pe(t)

Pe
  constant
t

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Pressure

 For steady-state flow, reservoir volumetric

average pressure is located at about 61% of the
drainage radius, re

141.2qm  0.61re 
P r  0.61re   PR  Pwf  ln 
kh  w 
r

q

kh PR  Pwf  

kh PR  Pwf 
 0.61re   r  
141.2m ln  141.2m ln e   0.5
 w 
r   rw  
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Reservoir Pressure…

 For pseudosteady-state flow, reservoir volumetric

average pressure is located at about 47.2% of the
drainage radius, re

141.2qm  0.472re 
P r  0.472re   PR  Pwf  ln 
kh  rw 

q

kh PR  Pwf  

kh PR  Pwf 
 0.472re   r  
141.2m ln  141.2m ln e   0.75
 rw    rw  
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Single Phase IPR

 Relationship between pressure drop across

reservoir and produced flow rate
mD ft psi
bpd

q
  re 
kh

P R  Pwfi 
141.2m ln   0.75
  rw  
cp

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Single Phase IPR…

 The IPR can be written as:


q  J PR  Pwfi 
kh
J
  re  
141.2m ln   0.75
  rw  
Where J is called productivity Index and has unit of
stb/d/psi
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
 Single Phase IPR…

qmax is also called absolute open flow (AOF)

Pwfi

q  J PR  Pwfi 
dq
J
dPwfi

qmax  JPR

q
qmax
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Well Draining Irregular Patterns

 re  1  4re2 
ln   0.75  ln 
3/ 2 2 
 w
r 2  4e rw 

q

kh PR  Pwf 
 1  4 A 
141.2m  ln 
2 
 2  g C A rw  
 g = 1.78 – Euler’s constant

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Well Draining Irregular Patterns…

 CA values

Single Phase IPR…

 The incompressible single phase or

straight line IPR is valid when the fluids
flowing inside the reservoir are in single
phase incompressible conditions
 Pwf above saturation pressure
 High water cut
 Very low GOR

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Single Phase IPR…

 The single phase productivity index J can

be calculated from
 Reservoir and fluid properties or
 Well test data

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-1

 Given:
k = 20 mD
h = 60 ft
m = 10 cp
re = 600 ft
rw = 3.5 in.
PR = 1250 psig
 Calculate:
PI and AOF (J and qmax)
Plot IPR

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-1: Solution

 Given: kh
J
k = 20 mD  r  
141.2 m ln e   0.75
h = 60 ft   rw  
m = 10 cp 20  60

re = 600 ft   600  
141.2  10ln   0.75
rw = 3.5 in.   3.5 / 12  
PR = 1250 psig  0.1235 stb / d / psi

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-1: Solution…

 Given:
k = 20 mD
h = 60 ft

q  0.1235 PR  Pwfi 
m = 10 cp
re = 600 ft qmax  0.1235 1250
rw = 3.5 in.  154.4 stb / d
PR = 1250 psig

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

 Example 2-1: Solution…

Pwfi
PR = 1250 psig
1250

q  0.1235 PR  Pwfi 
qmax  0.1235 1250
 154.4 stb / d

q
154.4
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-2

 Given:
PR = 1250 psig
Well test:
q = 600 stb/d at Pwf = 900 psig
 Calculate:
PI and AOF (J and qmax)
Plot IPR

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-2: Solution

 Given:
PR = 1250 psig
Well test:
q = 600 stb/d at Pwf = 900 psig


q  J PR  Pwfi 
600  J 1250  900
600
J  1.71 stb / d / psi
1250  900

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-2: Solution…

 Given:
PR = 1250 psig
Well test:
q = 600 stb/d at Pwf = 900 psig


q  J PR  Pwfi 
qmax  1.711250  0  2137.5 stb / d

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-2: Solution…

Pwfi
PR = 1250 psig
1250

q  1.71 PR  Pwfi 
qmax  2137.5 stb / d

q
2137.5

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-3

 Well test results:

 30 stb/d @ Pwf = 1000 psig
 60 stb/d @ Pwf = 800 psig
 Calculate:
 PR, J and qmax

(Assuming linear IPR)

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-3: Solution

 Well test results:

 30 stb/d @ Pwf = 1000 psig
 60 stb/d @ Pwf = 800 psig

30 = J (PR – 1000)

q  J PR  Pwfi 
60 = J (PR – 800)
2
PR  800  P  1200 psig
PR  1000 R

J  0.15 stb / d / psi

qmax  JPR  0.15  1200  180 stb / d
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-3: Solution…

1400
PR = 1200 psig
1200
30 stb/d @ Pwf = 1000 psig
1000
60 stb/d @ Pwf = 800 psig
Pwf (psig)

800

600

400
qmax = 180 stb/d
200

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
q (bpd)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Linear IPR…

 Is the linear IPR concept valid for all

conditions?
 Do we generally produce fluids in
single phase flow?

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Multiphase IPR

 Not all of the production wells are in

conditions where the linear IPR is valid
 Usually inside the reservoir there is a mixture
of fluids that will become multiphase when
the pressure is lower than the bubble point
 The fluids are not incompressible, their
properties change with pressure
 The relative permeability of the reservoir to a
specific fluid is function of the fluid saturation

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Darcy’s Law

Sand 100% Saturated with Fluid

P + dP P
q A
m
Viscous Fluid
dx

kA dP
q
m dx
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Darcy’s Law…

Sand Partially Saturated with Fluid

P + dP P
q A
m
Viscous Fluid
dx

k f A dP
q
m dx
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Permeability

6
Absolute Permeability – k
5
Permeability (mD)

1
Critical Saturation

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Fluid Saturation (Fraction)

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Permeability…

 The relative permeability is defined as the

ratio of the permeability to a fluid over the
rock absolute permeability

kf
k rf 
k
k f A dP k rf dP
q  kA
m dx m dx

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Relative Permeability

0.8
Relative Permeability

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Fluid Saturation (Fraction)

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Multiphase IPR…

 The pressure distribution inside the reservoir is a

function of the radial position
 Fluid saturation is also a function of the radial position
 The relative permeability to a specific fluid is function
of the saturation distribution or radial position
 The rock permeability can also be a function of
position

P  P r , , z , t  S f  S f r , , z , t  
k f  k f S f ,k 
k  k r , , z  krf  krf r , , z , t 

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Multiphase IPR…

 Also for a real fluid, the fluid properties (compressibility,

viscosity) are function of pressure
 Darcy’s Law is valid for the actual fluid flowrate or velocity
occuring at the pressure and temperature conditions inside
the porous media
 Since the fluid is compressible, the flowrate is not the
same that is measured at surface conditions
 Therefore, IPR needs to be related to the liquid flowrate at
specific surface or standard conditions
 This is done by use of the fluid formation volume factor

q  Boqsc
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Multiphase IPR…

k f dP
qA
m f dx

q  Boqsc

kf dP
qsc  A
Bo m f dx

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Multiphase IPR…

 For radial flow:

kf dP
qsc  A
Bo m f dr

A  2 r h

2 r k f h dP
qsc 
Bo m f dr

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Multiphase IPR…

 Fluid properties are function of pressure

 Saturation or relative permeability is
function of position
dr 2 h dP
 k f r  q scf  Bo m f
dP
Bm
q scf  2 h
o f
dr
 kfr
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Multiphase IPR…

 As the pressure inside the reservoir

goes below the bubble point value, gas
goes out of solution. This reduces the
oil saturation and relative permeability,
and increases oil viscosity. The oil
productivity is reduced, since the
driving force is spent moving both liquid
and gas phases
 The constant Productivity Index concept
is no longer valid
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Single Phase and Multiphase IPRs

2 h
1400 eP

 re  Pwf
q dp
1200
m ln 
1000
 rw 
dP
Pwf (psig)

800
 Bo m f
600 q f  2 h
sc
dr
400  kfr
200

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
q (bpd)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Multiphase IPR…

 IPR under multiphase flow conditions can not

be easily calculated
 The most accurate method is by solving the
equations governing the flow in the porous
media through a reservoir simulator
 The IPR is so important to Production
Engineers that simplified or empirical methods
to estimate it are necessary
 The most common correlations are Vogel,
Fetkovich and the one proposed by the Bureau
of Mines engineers
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR

 Vogel (1968) used a numerical reservoir

simulator to generate the IPR. He studied
several cases for a specific condition:
 Mechanism of production – Solution Gas Drive
 No water production
 Reservoir pressure below bubble point –
Saturated conditions
 He changed several other conditions such as
reservoir pressure, fluid and rock properties
 Then he plotted the results of the simulation
for those cases

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…

3500

3000

2500
Pressure (psig)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Flowrate (bpd)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…

 As expected, all IPR’s showed a curved

shape
 He then tried to find a “common” shape
to describe all the IPR’s by
normalization
 Pressure was normalized (divided) by
reservoir pressure and flowrate by
maximum flowrate
 The result was not a perfect correlation,
but the points were clustered along a
curved line
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Vogel IPR…
Pwf 1.2
PR
1
Pressure (Dimensionless)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
q 1.2
Flowrate (Dimensionless) qmax
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…

 A linear relationship is clearly not

applicable
 Vogel tried a quadratic form

2
q  Pwf   Pwf 
 a  b   c 
qmax  PR   PR 

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…
Pwf 1.2

PR 2
q  Pwf   Pwf 
 a  b   c 
Pressure (Dimensionless)
1

0.8
qmax  PR   PR 

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
q
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
qmax
Flowrate (Dimensionless)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…

2
q  Pwf   Pwf 
 a  b   c 
qmax  PR   PR 
 The following conditions must be met by
this expression
q  qmax for Pwf  0

q0 for Pwf  PR

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

 Vogel IPR…

 From these conditions we can get

a 1
c   1  b 
 The proposed expression becomes
2
 Pwf  P 
  1  b  wf
q
 1  b 
qmax  PR   PR 

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…
2
 Pwf  P 
  1  b  wf
q
 1  b 
1 qmax  PR   PR 
0.2
Pressure (Dimensionless)

0.8 b=-1 0.4

0.6
-0.8
0.6 -0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.4
0

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Flowrate (Dimensionless)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Vogel IPR…

2
 Pwf  P 
  1  b  wf
q
 1  b 
qmax  PR   PR 

1  b  0

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…

 Vogel used his numerical results from

the simulations to get the best value of b
that would fit his data

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…
Pwf 1
PR
b   0.2
Pressure (Dimensionless)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
q 1
Flowrate (Dimensionless) qmax
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…
Pwf 1 2
q  Pwf  P 
PR  1  0.2   0.8 wf 
qmax  PR   PR 
Pressure (Dimensionless)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
q
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Flowrate (Dimensionless)
qmax
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Vogel IPR…

 Vogel IPR can be obtained only from well tests

while the linear IPR can be determined from
well tests or rock and fluid properties
 Although the method was developed for
solution gas drive reservoirs, the equation is
generally accepted and used for other drive
mechanism as well
 It is found to give excellent results for any well
with a reservoir pressure below the oil bubble
point, i.e. saturation reservoir.

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…

 The best value for b according to

Vogel’s numerical results is -0.2
 Fetkovich following a more analytical
approach proposed an IPR with a b
value of 0
 Several other investigators obtained
different values for b

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel IPR…

IPR b
Linear -1
Wiggins (Water-Multiphase) -0.72
Wiggins (Oil) -0.52
Vogel -0.2
Klins (Quadratic) -0.1225
Fetkovich 0
 Caution: When using a quadratic type IPR
the equation must follow:
2
 Pwf  P 
  1  b  wf
q
 1  b 
qmax  PR   PR 
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Vogel Type IPR

2
 Pwf  P 
  1  b  wf
1 q
 1  b 
qmax  PR   PR 
Dimensionless Pressure

0.8
Klins
Linear
0.6 Fetkovich
Wiggins - Water
Wiggins - oil
0.4 Vogel

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Dimensionless Flowrate
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Example 2-4

 Given:
Saturated Reservoir
PR = 1500 psig
Test
qo = 200 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psig

 Determine:
Vogel IPR (b = - 0.2)

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-4: Solution

2
q  Pwf  P 
 1  0.2   0.8 wf 
qmax  PR   PR 

2
200  1400   1400 
 1  0.2   0.8 
qmax  1500   1500 

qmax  1717.56 stb / d

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-4: Solution…

1600

1400

1200
Pressure (psig)

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Flowrate (bpd)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-5

 Well test
 100 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psig
 PR = 2000 psig
 We know the reservoir is saturated
 Calculate and plot the Vogel IPR
 Calculate and plot linear IPR
 What can you say of the use of linear
IPR for saturated reservoir?

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-5 – Solution: Vogel

2
q  Pwf  P 
 1  0.2   0.8 wf 
qmax  PR   PR 
2
100  1400   1400 
 1  0.2   0.8 
qmax  2000   2000 

qmax  213.7 stb / d

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-5 – Solution: Linear


q  J PR  Pwf 
100  J 2000  1400
1
J stb / d / psi
6
2000
qmax  J PR   333.33 stb / d
6

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-5 – Comparison

2000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psig)

1600
Over predicting
region for linear IPR
1200 Slightly under
predicting region
for linear IPR
800

400

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Oil Flowrate (bpd)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-6

 Well test
 100 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psig
 PR = 2000 psig
 We know the reservoir is saturated
 Calculate and plot the Vogel, Fetkovich,
Klins, Wiggins and the linear IPR
 Compare the results

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-6 – Solution
2
 1400   1400 
  1  b 
100
 1  b 
qmax  2000   2000 

IPR b qmax
Linear -1 333
Wiggins -0.52 250
Vogel -0.2 214
Klins -0.1225 206
Fetkovich 0 196
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Example 2-6 – Solution

2000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psig)

1600

Linear
1200
Wiggins

800 Vogel

Klins
400
Fetkovich

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Oil Flowrate (bpd)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2
Productivity Index

 The value of the productivity index J needs to

be redefined for the case of the saturated IPR.
The value of J is given by:
 dq 
J  
 dP 
 wf 
 For saturated reservoir we have
2
 Pwf  P 
  1  b  wf
q
 1  b 
qmax  PR   PR 

qmax  Pwf 
J  2 1  b   b 
PR  PR 
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Productivity Index…

 In particular, the values of J* and J0 are

defined as:
 dq   dq 
J   J0  
 dP   dP 
 wf  Pwf  PR  wf  Pwf  0
 For saturated reservoir we have

J 
2  b qmax J0 
 bq max
PR PR

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

Productivity Index for Saturated IPR

1600
J 
2  b qmax
1400 PR
1200
Pressure (psig)

1000

800

 bq max
600
J0 
400 PR
200

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Flowrate (bpd)
TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2

IPR

 The linear IPR is valid for single phase flow of

fluids in the reservoir. It is not valid for
compressible flow.
 For saturated reservoirs, the linear IPR is no
longer valid and correlations should be used.
 The Vogel IPR concept is valid when the flow
of fluids in the reservoir is always in two-
phase flow – Saturated Reservoir.
 Vogel type correlations although developed
for solution gas drive reservoirs have been
applied successfully in fields producing with
other mechanisms.

TU PE 3073 Production Engineering I, Chapter 2