APPENDIX - 1

Judges Rules*

Memorandum approved by Her Majesty‘s Judges of the King‘s Bench

Division in 1912 and signed by Alverstone, L.C.J.

1. when a police officer is endeavoring to discover the author of a crime,

there is no objection to his putting questions in respect thereof to any
person or persons, whether suspected or not, from whom he thinks that
useful information can be obtained.
2. Whenever a police officer has made up his mind to charge a person
with a crime, he should first caution such person before asking any
questions or any further questions as the case may be.
3. Persons in custody should not be questioned without the usual caution
being first administered.
4. if the prisoner wishes to volunteer any statement, the usual caution
should be administered. It is desirable that the last two words of such
caution should be omitted, and that the caution should end with the
words ―be given in evidence.‖
In 1918 five rules were added. [1964] Crim.L.R.165. in 1964 new set of rules
was approved.[1964] 1 All.E.R.237. these rules are as follows:

1. When a police officer is trying to discover whether, or by whom, an

offence has been committed he is entitled to question any person,
whether suspected or not, from whom he thinks that useful
information may be obtained. This is so whether or not the person in
question has been taken into custody so long as he has not been
charged with the offence or informed that he may be prosecuted for it.
2. As soon as the police officer has evidence which would afford
reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person has committed an
offence, he shall caution that person or cause him to be cautioned
before putting to him any questions, or further questions, relating to
that offence.

The caution shall be in the following terms: ―You are not obliged to
say anything unless you wished to do so but what you say may be put
into writing and given in evidence‖

When after being cautioned a person is being questioned , or elects to

make a statement, a record shall be kept of the time and place at which
any such questioning or statement began and ended and of the persons
present.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* John Henry Wigmore, Evidence in Trials at Common Law, volume 3A,
Wolters Kluwer (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2008, p.847.

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3. a) Where a person is charged with or informed that he may be
prosecuted for an offence he shall be cautioned in the following terms:
―Do you wish to say anything? You are not obliged to say anything
unless you wished to do so but whatever you say will be taken down
in writing and may be given in evidence.‖
b) It is only in exceptional cases that questions relating to the offence
should be put to the accused person after he has been charged or
informed that he may be prosecuted . Such questions may be put
where they are necessary for the purpose of preventing or minimizing
harm or loss to some other person or to the public or for clearing up an
ambiguity in a previous answer or statement.
Before any such questions are put, the accused should be cautioned in
these terms: ―I wish to put some questions to you about the offence
with which you have been charged or about the offence for which you
may be prosecuted. You are not obliged to answer any of these
questions, but if you do the questions the answers will be taken down
in writing and may be given in evidence.‖

Any questions put and answers given relating to the offence must be
contemporaneously recorded in full and the record signed by that
person or if he refuses by the interrogating officer.
c) When such person is being questioned, or elects to make a
statement, a record shall be kept of the time and place at which any
questioning or statement began and ended and of the persons present.

4. All written statements made after caution shall be taken in the

following manner:
a) If a person says that he wants to make a statement he shall be told
that it is intended to make a written record of what he says.
b) Any person writing his own statement shall be allowed to do so
without any prompting as distinct from indicating to him what matters
are material.
c) The person making the statement, if he is going to write it himself,
shall be asked to write out and sign before writing what he wants to
say, the following: ―I make this statement of my own free will. I have
been told that I need not say anything unless I wish to do so and that
whatever I say may be given in evidence.‖
d) Whenever a police officer writes the statement, he shall take down
the exact words spoken by the person making the statement, without
putting any questions other than such may be needed to make the
statement coherent, intelligible and relevant to the material matters; he
shall not prompt him.
e)when the writing of a statement by a police officer is finished the
person making it shall be asked to read it and to make any corrections,
alterations or additions he wishes. When he has finished reading it he
shall be asked to write and sign or to make his mark on the following

xiv
 certificate at the end of the statement: ―I have read the above statement
and I have been told that I can correct, alter or add anything I wish.
This statement is true. I have made it of my own free will.‖
f) If the person who has made a statement refuses to read it or to write
the above mentioned certificate at the end of it or to sign it, the senior
police officer present shall record on the statement itself and in the
presence of the person making it, what has happened. If the person
making the statement cannot or refuses to read it, the officer who has
taken it down shall read it over to him and ask him whether he would
like to correct, alter or add anything and to put his signature or make
his mark at the end. The police officer shall then certify on the
statement itself what he has done.
5. If at any time after a person has been charged with, or has been
informed that he may be prosecuted for an offence a police officer
wishes to bring to the notice of that person any written statement made
by another person who in respect of the same offence has also been
charged or informed that he may be prosecuted, he shall hand to that
person a true copy of such written statement, but nothing shall be said
or done to invite any reply or comment. If that person says that he
would like to make a statement in reply, or starts to say something, he
shall at once be cautioned or further cautioned as prescribed by Rule
3(a).
6. persons other than police officers charged with the duty of
investigating offences or charging offenders shall, so far as may be
practicable, comply with these Rules.

xv
 Appendix - 2

Strength of Police in Kerala as on 01-11-2008

No Name of Post Sanctioned strength

1 DGP 1

2 ADGP 8

3 IGP 11

4 DIG 11

5 AIG/SP/CP/CMT 74

6 Dy.CMT AR 16

7 DY.SP 311

8 CI 514

9 SI 2069

10 ASI 1493

11 HCs 8582

12 PCs 31440

13 DVR HC/PC AR 2405

xvi
 INDEX OF CASES

1. A.G. for New South Wales v. Perpetual trustee Co.,

[1955]1 All E.R. 846 ........................................................ 49, 118, 144
2. A.K.Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27 ............... 127, 167
3. A.K.Roy v. State of West Bengal, A.I.R 1962 Cal. 135 (FB) ........ 201
4. A.K.Singh v. Uttarkhand Jan Morcha A.I.R 1999 SC 2193 ........ 257
5. A.K.Veeramani v.State of Kerala, 1974 KLT 630 ......................... 163
6. Abdul Razak v. Union, 1986 Cri.L.J. 2018 (Bom.) ....................... 101
7. Abhinandan Jha v. Dinesh Mishra, A.I.R 1968 SC 117 .. 98, 109, 115
8. Abraham v. Jutsun [1963] 2 All. E. R. 402 ..................................... 32
9. Afzal v. State of Haryana, A.I.R. 1996 SC 2326;
(1994)1 SCC 425 ................................................................... 172, 220
10. Akhtari Bai v. State of M.P., A.I.R. 2001 SC 1528 ............... 168, 171
11. Alexandrou v. Oxford [1993]4 All. E. R. 328 .................................. 48
12. Allen v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner
[1980] Crim.L.R 441 ...................................................................... 307
13. Almeida Sanchez v. U.S., 413 U.S. 266 ......................................... 313
14. Altemesh Rein v. Union of India, A.I.R. 1988 SC 1768 ................ 171
15. Anil Yadav v. State of Bihar, A.I.R 1981 SC 1008;
(1981)1 SCC 622 ........................................................................... 259
16. Antulay v. Nayak (1992)1 SCC 225 ............................................... 169
17. Anup Singh v. State of Himachal Pradesh A.I.R 1995 SC 1941 .. 226
18. Arizona v. Evans 131 L Ed 2d 34 (1995) ...................................... 290
19. Arvinder Singh Bagga v State of U.P.,
A.I.R. 1995 SC 117 ................................................................ 228, 256
20. Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 327 U.S.274 (1946); 90 L Ed. 667 ............ 315
21. Ashcroft v. Tennessee, 332 U.S. 143 (1944) ................................. 123

xvii
22. Ashok K. Johri v. State of U.P., (1997)6 SCC 642 ........................ 246
23. Attorney-General’s Reference(No 3 of 1999) [2001]2 A.C 91...... 305
24. Austin and another v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner
[2008]1 All. E. R 564 ............................................................... 94, 281
25. Ayyappankutty v. State of Kerala, 1986 KLT 383;
1987 Cri.L.J. 1593 (Ker.). ........................................................ 94, 174
26. B.S.S.V.V.V Maharaj v. State of U.P, 1999 Cri.L.J 3661 (SC) ..... 202
27. Babu Singh v. State of U.P. (1978)1 SCC 579 .............................. 170
28. Balraj Madhok v. Union of India, 1967 Cri.L.J. 865 (Del.) ......... 174
29. Basudev v. Rex. A.I.R.1949 All. 513 ............................................... 93
30. Bhagawan Singh and another v. State of U.P, (1992)3 SCC 249 . 254
31. Bhagawan Singh v. State of Punjab A.I.R 1992 SC 1689 .... 124, 136
32. Bhagawant singh v. Commissioner of Police, Delhi,
A.I.R 1983 SC 826 ........................................................................ 192
33. Bhim Singh v. State of J&K (1985)4 SCC 677 .............................. 234
34. Bimal Kanti Ghosh v. Chandrasekhar Rao,
1986 Cri.L.J. 689 (Ori.) ................................................................. 188
35. Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616, (1886) ................................ 285
36. Brooks v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner,
[2005]2 All. E. R. 489 ...................................................................... 48
37. Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S 278 (1936); 80 L Ed. 682 ............. 316
38. California v. Greenwood, 486 U.S. 35 (1988).............................. 313
39. Chandrasenan E.K.V. State of Kerala, ...................................... 8, 259
40. Chief settlement Commissioner, Punjab v. Om Prakash
A.I.R 1969 SC 33 ........................................................................... 142
41. Commissioner, Federal Police v. Propend Finance Pty. Ltd.
(1997)188 CLR 501 ......................................................................... 28
42. Common Cause, a Registered Society v. Union of India
A.I.R. 1996 SC 1619. ..................................................................... 170

xviii
43. Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 43;
29 L.Ed. 2d 564 (1971) ................................................................. 314
44. Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, 587 (1961) ..................... 283
45. D P P v. Hawkins [1988]3 All. E. R 673. ...................................... 281
46. D.K. Basu v. State of W. Bengal,
(1997)1 SCC 416 ..................................... 49, 147, 177, 235, 244, 258
47. D.K.Basu v. State of West Bengal, (1997)6 SCC 642 ................ 8, 127
48. Dagdu v. State of Maharashtra, (1977)3 SCC 68 ......................... 231
49. Dallison v. Caffrey [1965]1 Q B 348 ............................................. 280
50. Dani v. State of Kerala, 1993(1) KLT 408 ...................................... 30
51. Delhi Judicial Service Association, Tis Hazari Court v. State of
Gujarat, A.I.R.1991 SC 2176 ........................................ 220, 240, 246
52. Devi Dayal v. Emperor, A.I.R 1929 Lahore 720 ........................... 243
53. Dhananjay Sharma v. State of Haryana (1995)3 SCC 757 ......... 237
54. Dickerson v. United States, 147L.Ed.2d. 405 (2000);
520 U.S.428.................................................................................... 317
55. Dinesh Dalmia v. CBI, A.I.R. 2008 SC 78 ..................................... 36
56. Director of Enforcement v. Deepak Mahajan,
A.I.R 1994 SC 1775 ....................................................................... 245
57. Divine Retreat Centre v. State of Kerala(2008) 3 SCC 542 .......... 117
58. Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145,149 (1968) ........................... 292
59. Dunne v Clinton [1930] I R 366 .................................................... 262
60. Edwards v. Chief Constable of Aron and Somerset,
1992 (unreported) .......................................................................... 306
61. Emperor v. Mohammad Shah, A.I.R. 1946 Lah. 456 .................... 250
62. Emperor v. Thakuri, 41 Cri.L.J 778 (Oudh) ................................. 173
63. Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478; 12 L.Ed. 2d 977 (1964) ........ 316
64. Fisher v. Oldham Corporation, [1930] All.E.R. 96 ........................ 49

xix
65. Gerstein V. Pugh, 43 L Ed. 2d 54; 420 U.S. 103 .......................... 315
66. Gideon v. Wainright, 372 U.S. 335; 9 L.Ed. 2d 799 (1963) ......... 318
67. Gouri Shanker Sharma v. State of U.P.,
A.I.R 1990 SC 709 ................................................................. 225, 254
68. Govind v. State of Madhya Pradesh, A.I.R. 1975 SC 1378........... 168
69. H.N.Rishbud v. State of Delhi, A.I.R 1955 SC 196 ...................... 202
70. H.S.Bains v. State, (1980) 4 SCC 631............................................ 202
71. Habeeb Mohammad v. State of Hyderabad. A.I.R 1954 SC 51 .... 191
72. Hazara Singh v. State of Punjab (1971)1 SCC 529 ............. 131, 166
73. Hill v. Chief Constable of Western Yorkshire,
[1988] 2 All. E.R. 238 ...................................................................... 48
74. Holgate-Mohammed v. Duke (1984)1 All.E.R 1054 .................... 261
75. Hsu v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner,
[1997]2 All.E.R 762 ....................................................................... 307
76. Hussainara Khatoon II v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar,
A.I.R. 1979 SC 1369 ..................................................................... 169
77. Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Scretary, State of Bihar,
A.I.R. 1979 SC 1360 ...................................................................... 169
78. Hussainara khatoon v. State of Bihar (1980)1 SCC 81 ................. 168
79. Ibrahim Husen v. State, A.I.R. 1969 Goa 68.
80. Ignatious @ Jolly v. State of Kerala .............................................. 375
81. In re Dinanath Ganpathi Rai, A.I.R. 1940 Nag. 186 ..................... 103
82. In re Madhu Limaye A.I.R 1969 SC 1014 ............................ 121, 248
83. In re Winship,397 U.S. 358 (1970) ................................................ 292
84. Inder Singh v. State of Punjab (1995)3 SCC 702 .......................... 254
85. Jaffer Hussain Dastagir v. State of Maharashtra,
(1962)2 SCC 872 ........................................................................... 197
86. Jamatraj v. State of Maharahtra, A.I.R 1968 SC 180 ..................... 31

xx
87. Jamuna Chowdhary v. State of Bihar, (1974)3 SCC 744 ......... 8, 242
88. Jay Engineering Works and others v. State of Bengal,
A.I.R. 1968 Cal. 467 ........................................................................ 94
89. Jehan Singh v. Delhi Administration, A.I.R. 1974 SC 1146 ......... 114
90. Jit Singh Matto v. D.P.P, [1987] Crim.L.R.641 ............................ 303
91. Joginder Kumar v. State of U.P. A.I.R.1994 SC 1349
........................ 120, 122, 141, 166, 172, 181, 205, 207, 242, 245, 258
92. Johan Singh v. Delhi Administration, A.I.R 1974 SC 1146 ......... 245
93. Jones v. National Coal Board [1957] 2 All E.R.155 ................. 25, 26
94. Jwala Devi v. Bhoop Singh A.I.R 1989 SC 1441 ..................... 256
95. K.Chandrasekharan v. State of Kerala, 1998 Cri.L.J 2897 (SC) . 199
96. K.L.Subhayya v. State of Karnataka, A.I.R 1979 SC 711 ............. 250
97. Kali Ram v. State of H.P. 1973 SCC (cri.) 1048............................. 33
98. Kalinga Tubes Ltd. V. D.Suri, A.I.R 1953 Ori. 153 ...................... 249
99. Kamini Bala Talukdar v. State of Assam
1997 Cri.L.J 874 (Gau.) ................................................................ 240
100. Kaptan Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh A.I.R. 1997 SC 2485.... 80
101. Karnel Singh v. State of M.P., A.I.R. 1995 SC 2472.......................9
102. Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab, (1994) 3 SCC 569 ................... 218
103. Kashmira Singh v. State of Punjab. A.I.R. 1977 SC 2147 ............ 170
104. Kasthuri Lal v. State of U.P, A.I.R 1965 SC 1039 ........................ 235
105. Katz v. United States, 19 L.Ed. 2d. 576 (1967) ............................ 313
106. Kedra Pahadiya v. State of Bihar, A.I.R.1982 SC 1167 ............... 168
107. Kernal Singh v. State of M.P, (1995)5 SCC 518 ........................... 231
108. Kewal pati v. State of U.P (1995)3 SCC 600................................. 254
109. Kharak Singh v. State of U.P A.I.R. 1963 SC 1295 .............. 136, 167
110. Khatri (II) v. State of Bihar, (1981)1 SCC 627 ............................. 233
111. Khatri (VI) v. State of Bihar (1981) 2 SCC 493 ........................... 233

xxi
112. Khatri v. State of Bihar, A.I.R 1981 SC 928 ................................. 216
113. Khedat Mazdoor Chetna Sangath v. State of M.P.,
A.I.R. 1995 SC 31 .................................................................. 128, 171
114. King Emperor v. Kwaja Nazir Ahmad A.I.R. 1945 PC 18 .... 108, 114
115. Kishore Singh v. State of Rajasthan,
A.I.R 1981 SC 625 ......................................................... 127, 171, 226
116. Kuli Singh v. State, A.I.R 1978 Pat. 298 ........................................ 200
117. Kuruma v. R, [1955]1 All.E.R. 236 ............................................... 105
118. Kyllo v. United States, L.Ed. 2d. 94 (2001); 533 U.S. 27 .............. 313
119. Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 83 L Ed 888 (1939) ................................ 294
120. Linkletter v. Walker, 14 L.Ed. 2d. 601; 381 U.S. 618 (1965) ....... 288
121. M.V.Chuhan v. State, A.I.R. 1997 SC 3400 .................................. 169
122. M/s India Carat Pvt.Ltd.v State of Karnataka,
A.I.R 1989 SC 885 ......................................................................... 200
123. Madan Bala v. Suresh Kumar, A.I.R 1997 SC 3104 ..................... 135
124. Madhu Limaye v. Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Monghyr,
(1970)3 SCC 746 ............................................................................. 94
125. Mahabir Mandal v. State of Bihar, (1972)1 SCC 748 .................. 103
126. Malak Singh v. State of Punjab, A.I.R. 1981 SC 760 .................... 168
127. Mallory v. United States 354 U.S.449(1957)........................ 276, 277
128. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India,
A.I.R. 1978 SC 597 ........................................ 127, 137, 138, 167, 168
129. Manick Lal v. State, A.I.R. 1953 Cal. 341 ..................................... 189
130. Mansukhlal Vithaldas Chuhan v. State of Gujarat
A.I.R. 1997 SC 3400 ...................................................................... 169
131. Mapp v. Ohio 367 U.S. 643 (1961)............................... 152, 285, 286
132. Marbury v. Madison 2 L Ed. 60 (1803) ........................................ 273
133. Massachusetts v. Sheppard 468 U.S. 981(1984) .......................... 290

xxii
134. Matjog Dubey v. H.C.Bahri, A.I.R. 1956 SC 44 ........................... 105
135. Mc Nabb v. United States 318 U.S. 332 (1943) ............................ 274
136. Melicio Fernandes v. Mohan, A.I.R. 1966 Goa 23....................... 188
137. Meyer v. Nebraska, (1923) 262 U.S. 390 ...................................... 292
138. Michigan v. Thomas, 458 U.S. 259 (1982) ................................... 312
139. Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966) ..... 124, 147, 274, 275, 317
140. Mohammad Ali v. Sriram Swarup, 1965 (1) Cri.L.J. 413 (All.) ... 175
141. Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 89 L. Ed. 2d. 410 (1986) ................
142. Morris v. Beardmore, [1980]3 W.L.R 283 .................................... 187
143. Munna v. State of U.P., A.I.R. 1982 SC 806 ................................. 128
144. Munshi Singh Goutam v. State of M.P, A.I.R 2005 SC 402 .......... 254
145. N.P.Jharia v. State of M.P., A.I.R. 2007 SC 2677 .......................... 36
146. Nagendra Rao & Co. v. State of A.P A.I.R 1994 SC 2663......... 236
147. Nandini Sathpathy v P.L.Dani, (1978)2 SCC 424 ...... 102, 103, 126,
127,141, 137,147, 194, 228, 246
148. Navin Chandra Majithia v. State of Maharashtra,
A.I.R. 2000 SC 3275 .......................................................................... 9
149. New Jersey v. T.L.O. 469 U.S. 325 (1985) ................................... 313
150. New York v. Belton 453U.S. 454(1981) ........................................ 312
151. New York v. Quarles 467 U.S. 649, 81 L.Ed. 2d 550 (1984) ....... 275
152. Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, (1993)2 SCC 746 .................. 216,
218, 219, 220, 235, 238, 240, 254
153. Niloy Dutta v. District Magistrate, Sibsagar,
1991 Cri.L.J 2993 (Gau.) ........................................................ 88, 183
154. Niranjan Singh v. Prabhakar Rajaram Kharote,
A.I.R 1980 SC 785 ......................................................... 134, 220, 251
155. Nirmaljeet Singh Hoon v. The State of W.Bengal,
A.I.R. 1972 SC 2639 ...................................................... 109, 115, 116

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156. Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 81 L. Ed. 2d 377 (1984) .............. 275
157. Niyamat Ali v. State of U.P. 1987 Cri.L.J. 1881 ............................ 111
158. Noor Khan v. State of Rajasthan, A.I.R. 1964 SC 286 .................. 345
159. O’Hara v. Chief Constable, Royal Ulstar Constabulary,
[1977] 1 All E R129 ....................................................................... 180
160. Ohio v. Robinette, Boarder searches, Almeida Sanchez v. U.S
413 U.S. 266 (1973) ...................................................................... 313
161. Olmstead v. United States 277 US 438, 485 (1928) ............. 270, 313
162. Oregon v. Mathiason 429 U.S. 492; 50 L. Ed. 2d 714 (1977) ..... 276
163. Osman v. Ferguson [1992]4 All. E. R. 344 ..................................... 48
164. P.E.Arifa v. State of Kerala, 2006(1) Cri.L.J 59 (Ker.) ........ 205, 228
165. P.P.Unnikrishnan v. Puttiyottil Alikutty, A.I.R 2000 SC 2952...... 228
166. Pakala Narayana Sami v. Emperor, 1939 PC 47 .......................... 103
167. Papachristow v. City of Jackson Ville, 31 L Ed 2d 110 ................ 293
168. Paramjit Singh v. State of Punjab
A.I.R. 2008 SC 441 ........................................................ 125, 166, 214
169. Payton v. New York 445 U.S. 573 (1980) ..................................... 276
170. Pedro v. Dis, [1987]2 All. E.R.59 ................................................. 111
171. People v. Defore, 242 N.Y., 13, 21 (1926) ........................... 141, 289
172. Peoples Union for Democratic Rights v. State of Bihar
A.I.R 1987 SC 355. ........................................................................ 256
173. Picheswara Rao v. S.I.of police, 1997 Cri.L.J 1145 ...................... 136
174. Poovan v. S.I of Police, Aroor,
1993 (1) KLT 454 .......................... 111, 123, 205, 206, 242, 246, 248
175. Poulose v. State of Kerala, 1990 Cri.L.J 108 (Ker.) ............................
176. Prabhu Dayal Doerah v. The District Magistrate, Kamrup,
A.I.R. 1974 SC 183 ................................................................ 113, 253
177. Prahlad Panda v. Province of Orissa, 1950 Cri.L.J. 891 (Ori.) ... 174

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178. Prakash Singh v. Union of India, (2006)8 SCC 1 ..... 9, 329, 359, 377
179. Prathap Singh v. Director, Enforcement, FERA
A.I.R. 1985 SC 989 ................................................................ 105, 189
180. Prem chand v. State of Haryana A.I.R. 1989 SC 937 .................. 230
181. Prem Shanker Shukla v. State of Delhi Administration,
A.I.R 1980 SC 1535 ............................................................... 171, 223
182. Prema Bengar Swamy v. State of Maharashtra,
2004 Cri.L.J 1296 (Bom.) ............................................................. 235
183. President, Citizen for Democracy v. State of Assam,
A.I.R 1996 SC 2193 ............................................................... 123, 171
184. PUCL v. Ministry of Home Affairs, A.I.R 1985 Del. 268 .............. 239
185. PUDR v. Commissioner of Police, Delhi, (1989)1 SCALE 114 ... 238
186. PUDR v. Police Commissioner, Delhi Administration,
(1989) 4 SCC 730 .................................................................. 234, 256
187. Queen Empress v. Babu Lal, 1884 ILR 6 All. 509 ........................ 196
188. Queen Empress v. Mannu, ILR 19 All.390 (FB) .................. 190, 191
189. R v. Chalkley [1998]2 All.E.R. 155 ............................................... 304
190. R v. Chief Constable of Sussex, ex parte International Trader’s Ferry
Ltd. [1999]1 All.E.R 129 ........................................................... 279
191. R v. Chief Constable of the Devon and Cornwall Constabulary, ex p.
Central Electricity Generating Board.
[1981]3 All.E.R.826 at p. 839 ....................................................... 118
192. R v. Howell [1981]3 All. E. R. ...................................................... 280
193. R v. Keenan [1990]2 QB 54. ......................................................... 304
194. R v. Ladlow [1989]Crim.L.R 219 .................................................. 305
195. R v. Leatham, (1861)8 Cox.C.C.498.............................................. 310
196. R v. Liverpool Juvenile Court ex p., [1987]2 All. E. R 688........... 283
197. R v. Mcllkenny and others [1992]2 All.E.R ................................... 299

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198. R v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner
[1968]1 All.E.R.763 ......................................................... 47, 116, 118
199. R v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner, ex parte Blackburn
[1968]2 Q.B.118 ............................................................................ 279
200. R v. Paris, [1994] Crim.L.R. 361 ................................................... 283
201. R v. Samuel [1988]2 All. E. R 135......................................... 281, 304
202. R v. Shannon [2001]1 WLR 51 ...................................................... 304
203. R v. Sharp [1993] 3 All. E. R. 225 ................................................... 27
204. R v. Quinn [1990 Crim.L.R 581..................................................... 305
205. R. v. Voisin, [1918-19] All E. R. Rep.491. ........................... 295, 297
206. R.Gandhi v. Union of India, A.I.R 1989 Mad.205...............................
207. R.P.Kapoor v. State of Punjab, A.I.R 1960 SC 806 ...................... 253
208. Radha Kishan v. State of U.P., A.I.R. 1963 SC 822 .............. 105, 166
209. Raghbir Singh v. State of Bihar, A.I.R. 1987 SC 1369.................. 168
210. Raghubir Singh v. State of Haryana, (1980)3 SCC 70;
A.I.R 1980 SC 1087 ........................................................... 6, 222, 254
211. Raj Doe Sharma v. State of Bihar A.I.R. 1998 SC 3281 .............. 169
212. Raj Kumari v. SHO, Noida A.I.R 2003 SC 4693 ........................ 258
213. Ram Kumar v. Nain Singh, A.I.R. 1995 SC 1965.......................... 231
214. Ram Lal Narang v. State of Delhi Administration
(1979) 2 SCC 322 .......................................................................... 202
215. Ram Lal Yadav v. State of U.P, 1989 Cri.L.J 1013 (FB) .............. 119
216. Ram Lalwani v. State, 1981 Cri.L.J.97, 100 (Del.) ....................... 126
217. Ram Narayan Singh v. State of Delhi A.I.R 1953 SC 277 ......... 249
218. Rama Murthy v. State of Karnataka, A.I.R. 1997 SC 1739... 128, 171
219. Ramachandra Rao v. State of Karnataka (1978)1 SCC 579 ......... 170
220. Ramchander v. State of Haryana A.I.R. 1981 SC 1036 ............ 29, 30
221. Ramesh Thapper v. State of Madras, A.I.R. 1950 SC 124 .............. 93

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222. Ramprasad v. State of Maharashtra, A.I.R. 1999 SC 1969 .. 103, 203
223. Ratten v. The Queen (1974)3 CLR 510 ........................................... 27
224. Roberts v. Chief Constable of Cheshire Police,
[1999]1 WLR 662 .......................................................................... 306
225. Rochin v. California, 96 L.Ed.183 (1952); 342 U.S. 165 .............. 294
226. Roe v. Wade 35 L.Ed. 2d 147 (1973); 410 U.S. 113 ...................... 283
227. Rudul Shah v. State of Bihar, A.I.R 1983 SC 1056;
(1983)4 SCC 141 ........................................................... 216, 234, 235
228. Ruhabbuddin Sheik v. State of Gujarat,
A.I.R. 2007 SC 1914 ................................................................ 86, 140
229. S.N.Sharma v. Bipin Kumar Tiwary, A.I.R. 1970 SC 786 ............ 113
230. SAHELI v. Commissioner of Police, Delhi,
(1990)1 SCC 422 ................................................................... 139, 238
231. Samata Vedike v. State of Karnataka,
2003 Cri.L.J 1003 (Kant.) ............................................................. 240
232. Sampath Singh v. State of Haryana, (1993) 1 SCC 561 ................ 201
233. Sebastian M.Hongray v. Union of India, A.I.R 1984 SC 1026 ..... 216
234. Sewaki v. State of H.P., 1981 Cri.L.J. 919 (HP) ........................... 103
235. Shakil Abdul Gafar v. Vasnth Reghunath Dhoble
A.I.R. 2003 SC 4567 ...................................................................... 172
236. Sharda Singh v. State of U.P., 1999 Cri L J 1880 (All.) ............... 189
237. Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, A.I.R. 1983 SC 378 .......... 172
238. Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade v. State of Maharashtra
1973 SCC (cri.) 1033 ....................................................................... 35
239. Shrilekha Vidyarthi v. State of U.P.,(1991)1 SCC 212.................. 349
240. Silverthorne Lumbar Company v. United States,
251 U.S. 385 (1920) ...................................................................... 271
241. Sitaram Ahir v. Emperor, A.I.R. 944 Pat. 222 ............................... 104
242. Sivagami v. State of Tamil Nadu, 2001 Cri.L.J 4618 Mad. .......... 257

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243. Sohan Lal v. Emperor, A.I.R 1933 Oudh 305 ............................... 107
244. Solgabai Sunil Pawar v. State of Maharshtra,
1998 Cri. L.J. 1505......................................................................... 140
245. Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 .......................................... 312
246. State of Andhra Pradesh v. A.S.Peter A.I.R. 2008 SC 1052 ........... 36
247. State of Andhra Pradhesh v. Punati Ramulu,
A.I.R 1993 SC 2644 ....................................................................... 252
248. State of Bihar v. J.A.C. Saldhana, A.I.R. 1980 SC 326 .......... 98, 115
249. State of Bihar v. P.P.Sharma,
1992 Supple. (1) SCC 195 .............................................. 96, 112, 191
250. State of Bombay v. Kathikalu Oghad, (1962)3 SCR 10......... 104, 128
251. State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal, A.I.R. 1992 SC 604 ............ 113, 114
252. State of Himachal Pradesh v. Pirthi Chand, A.I.R. 1996 SC 977 .......
253. State of M.P v. Shyam Sunder Trivedi, (1995) 4 SCC 262 ............ 254
254. State of Madhya Pradesh v. Shyam Sunder Trivedi
1995 (4) SCC 262 .................................................................. 224, 238
255. State of Maharahtra v. Natwarlal Damodardas Soni,
A.I.R. 1980 SC 593 ................................................................ 105, 115
256. State of Maharashtra v. K.K.Subramoniam Ramaswamy,
A.I.R. 1977 SC 2091 ...................................................................... 193
257. State of Maharashtra v. Narasingrao Gangaram Pimple
A.I.R 1984 SC 63 ........................................................................... 227
258. State of Maharashtra v. P.K.Pathak, A.I.R. 1980 SC 1224 .......... 105
259. State of Maharashtra v. Prakash, A.I.R 1992 SC 1275 ................ 230
260. State of Punjab v. Baldeo Singh, A.I.R 1999 SC 2378 .................. 138
261. State of Punjab v. Jasbir Singh, (1996)1 SCC 288 ........................ 105
262. State of Punjab v. Wassan Singh, A.I.R. 1981 SC 697 .................. 105
263. State of Rajasthan v. Ani, A.I.R 1997 SC 1023 ............................... 31
264. State of Rajasthan v. Rehman A.I.R 1960 SC 210...................... 250

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265. State of U.P. v. Deoman Upadhyaya, A.I.R. 1960 SC 1125.......... 197
266. State of U.P. v. Mohammad Naim, [1964]2 S.C.R 363 ......... 145, 217
267. State of U.P. v. Niyamat Ali, A.I.R. 1987 SC 1632 ..................... 243
268. State of U.P. v. Ram Sagar Yadav A.I.R 1985 SC 416................. 226
269. State of West Bengal v. S.N.Basak, A.I.R. 1963 SC 447 ....... 114, 198
270. State of West Bengal v. Sampath Lal, A.I.R. 1985 SC 195 ............. 96
271. State of West Bengal v. Swapan Kumar Guha,
(1982)1 SCC 561 ................................................... 110, 112, 113, 114
272. State of West Bengal v. Mohammad Khalid, A.I.R 1995 SC 785 .. 192
273. State v. Bhawani Singh A.I.R 1968 Del. 208 ................................. 185
274. State v. Heera, A.I.R 1966 Raj. 233 ........................................ 98, 198
275. State v. Rehman, A.I.R 1960 SC 210 ............................................. 107
276. State v. Satyanarayan Mallik, A.I.R. 1965 Ori. 136 ...................... 189
277. State v. Yashpal, A.I.R. 1957 Punj.91................................................. .
278. Sube Singh v. State of Haryana, (2006)3 SCC 178 ....................... 258
279. Subodh Roy Chowdhary v. Emperor A.I.R 1925 Cal.278 ........... 243
280. Sudha Rashid v. Union of India (1995)1 SCALE 77 ................... 238
281. Superintendent of Central Prisons, Fatehgarh v. Ram Manohar Lohia,
A.I.R. 1960 SC 633 .......................................................................... 93
282. Tahasildar Singh v. State of U.P., A.I.R 1959 SC 1012 ................ 351
283. Tehan v. United States ex rel. Shott, 382 U.S.406, 416 (1966) ...... 55
284. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.1, (1968) .................................................. 288
285. Texas v. Johnson, 105 L.Ed. 2d 342 (1989); 491 U.S. 397 ........... 284
286. Tribhuwan Singh v Rex, A.I.R 1949 Oudh 74. ............................. 242
287. Tukkaram v. State of Maharashtra (1979)2 SCC 143 .................. 229
288. U.S. v. Leon, 82 L Ed 2d 677 (1984) ............................................ 290
289. United States v Calandra 38 L Ed 2d 561 (1974) ........................ 290

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290. Van Colle v. Chief Constable of Hertfordshire Police,
[2007] 3 All. E. R. 122 ..................................................................... 49
291. Vincent v. State of Kerala, 1993(1) KLT 777 (D.B) ....................... 31
292. Vineet Narain v. Union of India, A.I.R. 1998 SC 889 ..................... 98
293. Vishnu v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 1 SCC 283 .............. 134, 251
294. Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914) ............................... 286
295. Westover v. United States, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) .......................... 317
296. White v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner,
The Times 24 April, 1982 .............................................................. 307
297. Wiltshire v. Barret [1965]2 All.E.R 271 ....................................... 260
298. Wolf v. Colarado, 338 US 25 ...............................................................
299. Woolmington v. DPP, [1935] AC 462 ............................................. 34
300. Yuill v. Yuill, [1945]1 All.E.R.183 (C.A.)....................................... 27
301. Yusufalli v. State of Maharashtra, A.I.R 1968 SC 150 ................. 130
302. Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh v. State of Gujarat, A.I.R. 2004 SC 3114;
(2004)4 SCC 158 ............................................................................. 98
303. Zahiruddin v. Emperor, A.I.R 1947 PC 75 .................................... 192

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 STATUTES AND REPORTS

 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, U.N. General

Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979,
 Code of Criminal Procedure (France)
 Constitution of India
 Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001
 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994,
 Criminal Law Revision committee, 11th report on Evidence, cmnd.
4991 (1972)
 Criminal Procedure Code
 Dharamveera Committee Report, p.18, www.bprd.gov.in.
 Evidence Act. s.157
 ICCPR
 Indian Penal Code
 Indian Police Commission 1902- 03, Report, Government Central
Printing Office, Shimla, 1903, p.87
 International Convention Against Torture, article 2.
 Joint Committee Report
 Kerala Police Act , 1960
 Law Commission of India, Reports 41, 113, 135, 152, 154
 Lord Runciman Commission Report
 Malimath Committee Report
 National Police Commission, Third Report
 New York State Constitutional Convention Revised Record 559
(1938)
 PUCL Report on communal violence in Gujarat 2002.

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 Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure, Report (Cmnd.8092),
London, HMSO, 1981.
 Royal Commission on Police Powers and procedures, Report,
1929, Cmnd. 1728 (London: HMSO)
 Royal Commission on Police, Final report (Cmnd.1728), 1962,
 Royal Commission on the Police (G.B.), Final report, 1962 Cmnd.
1728, p.110
 Shah Commission Report, 1977
 Sreekrishna Commission Report on communal violence in Bombay
1993.
 Terrorism Act 2000,
 The Bill of Rights
 The Brixton Disorders, Report , Cmnd.8427 (1981), para 5.43
 The Fisher Report. SE 6.HMSO (1977)
 The Police Act 1861
 The Police Act, 1964
 The Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE Act), 1984
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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