INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY

ICT

• Those technologies which enable society to create, collect, consolidate, communicate,

manage and process information in multimedia and various digital formats for different
purposes by using telecommunications technologies.
• composed of 3 technologies (information technology, technology, and communication
technology)

COMPUTER SYSTEM

• Basic, complete and functional hardware and software setup with everything needed to
implement computing performance.

COMPUTER

• Programmable electronic device that has the ability to manipulate data and information.
• In computer, binary digits/system (0 (off) and 1 (on)) represents information and data.

DATA

• Raw fact that has no meaning at all and needs to be processed by the computer.
• In digital format
• Has special signal and will transfer to electrical signal to the memory.
• For every character inputted (kunware pumindot sa keyboard ng “A”), there is 8-bits/ 1
byte.

INFORMATION

• Processed/organized data used for decision-making.

5 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. First Generation – Vacuum-Tube Type
2. Second Generation – Transistor Type
3. Third Generation – Integrated Circuit Type
4. Fourth Generation – VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) Type
5. Fifth Generation – ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuit) Type
 TYPES OF COMPUTER

1. Personal Computer (PC) – can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer

designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that
enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use PCs for word
processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database
management applications. At home, the most popular use for the PCs is for playing
games and surfing the internet.

Although PCs are designed as single-user systems, these systems are normally linked
together to form a network. In terms of power, nowadays high-end models of the
Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end
workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and DELL.

2. Workstation – is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop

publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require a
moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.

Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, large amount
of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also
have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a
diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive.

Common OS for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, workstations are
also single0user computers. However, workstations are typically linked together to form
a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems (has more
microprocessor than PCs).

3. Handheld Computer (compact computer: mobile devices, ect.)

4. Mainframe - (mostly used by companies like Lazada and Shopee which accommodate
simultaneous users)
5. Supercomputer (mostly for research and is the fastest type of computer)

LOOKING INSIDE COMPUTER SYSTEM

Parts of Computer System

a.) Hardware

• The tangible part of computer system.

• The mechanical device

b.) Software

• Also called as program

• Tell the computer what to do

c.) Peopleware

• People operating the computer and the most important part of computer system

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
 4. Storage
5. Communication

E.g. voice (in analog form) – mic (input) – process – speaker (output, in digital form)

5 TYPES OF HARDWARE DEVICES

a.) Input Devices

• Accept data as analog signal to be converted to digital signal that is understood by the
computer
• Allow users to interact
• Keyboard, mouse, etc.

b.) Process Devices

• Convert inputted data into information

c.) Output Devices

• Monitor, speaker, etc.

d.) Storage Devices

• CPU and Memory (3 Types of Memory: Primary Memory (Random Access

Memory or RAM) – temporary storage of data before processing and information after
processing, Read – Only Memory or ROM, and Cache Memory)

e.) Communication Devices

• Allow computer to communicate to other computer for transfer of data or information

(LAN cord, which allows computer to connect to the WIFI, WIFI adapter, etc.)

MEMORY

a.) RAM

• You can multitask because of RAM

• Input “A” → Move to RAM
• A volatile memory (only works when there is electricity and the computer is on)
• Working memory of the computer

b.) ROM

• Load OS (Operating System) to RAM

c.) Cache Memory

CPU

• Memory unit/ Storage unit

• Central unit
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

• Since RAM is volatile, secondary storage devices are used to hold data permanently,
which you can delete whenever you want, and serve as back-up.
 • 3 Types of Secondary Storage Devices: Magnetic Disk (HDD, SSD, floppy disk, ect.),
Optical Disk- uses laser to access data (CD, DVD, Blu-ray, ect.) and Flash Disk (flash
drive, pen drive, SD card)

SOFTWARE CONCEPTS
SOFTWARE

• Is any set of machine- readable instructions that directs a computer’s processor to

perform specific operations. Software is a general term. It can refer to all computer
instructions in general, or to any specific set of computer instructions. It is inclusive of
both machine instructions and source code.
• Is a program itself
• Directs or instructs the hardware to perform its task
• Serves as intermediary between peopleware and hardware
• Application is the software itself

3 KINDS OF SOFTWARE THAT IS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET

a.) System Software

• Designed to operate the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to provide
a platform for running application software
• Its different functionalities are reading data and receiving information, translating data
and instructions, controlling all the peripheral devices, and processing and generating
output
• designed for computer itself
• Runs on the background
• Manage the computer system
• Application software and computer Program Language is dependent in it but System
software is independent

b.) Application Software

• Set of one or more programs designed to permit the user to perform coordinated functions,
tasks, or activities.
• It cannot run by itself and is dependent on system software.
• Designed for the users to use
• Some examples are word processor, spreadsheet design and management system,
aeronautical flight simulator, console game, drawing, painting, illustrating system or
library management system.

c.) Computer Programming Language

• A program that allows the users to create a new system software

TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

a.) BIOS (Basic Input-Output System)

• Also known as SYSTEM BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS

 • The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware
components, and to load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory
device
• Load the OS from RAM
• BIOS-ROM (non-volatile instruction)

b.) OS (Operating System)

• Is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides

common services for computer programs. The OS is an essential component of the
system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating
system to function
• Master control program
• The one managing the CPU

c.) Utility Software

• Designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer

• Usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure (including the computer hardware, os,
application software and data storage) operates
• Used to maintain the computer
• Anti-virus applications

d.) Device Driver

• In computing, it is a program that operates or controls particular type of device that is

attached to the computer.
• It typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communication
subsystem to which the hardware connects.
• It allows hardware devices to be recognized by the computer.
• Para madetect ng device driver yung mga devices na nakakabit sa computer

e.) Language Processor

• A program that processes programs written in a programming language is called language

processor
• Part of a language processor is a language translator which translates the program from
the source language into machine code, assembly language, or some other language. The
machine code can be for an actual computer or for a virtual computer.
• Processes language written in an programming language
• Machine Language – has language translator which translates the program from source
language into machine code, assembly language or some other language
• Assembly Language – the language that is known by the computer

THE OS
Operating System

• Master control program of computer system

• The one managing the CPU

Functionality of OS

• Process Management
• Memory Management
• Input-Output Management
 • File Management (kung bakit nakakapagdelete or ayos ng files)
• Security (gives security to your computer)
• Error Detection (provides report if there is an error within the computer)

Specific Purpose Application (Application Software)

• Specific purpose application software is very specific in its use. Engineering programs
often fall under this category – there is a program that does slope stability analysis and
nothing else, for instance. Specific purpose software may also be created in house and
tailored to the specific needs of the computer.
• Application
• Entertainment
• Educational
• Productivity
• Graphics Application
• Enterprise

Developer Tool

• A programming tool or software development tool is a program or application that

software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs
and applications. The term usually refers to relatively simple programs, that can be
combined together to accomplish a task, much as one might use multiple hand tools to fic
a physical object

TYPES OF APPLICATION BASED ON ITS OWNERSHIP

• Proprietary Software (Non-free Software or Closed-Source Software) – a computer

software licensed under exclusive legal right of the copyright holder with the intent that
the licensee is given the right to use the software only under certain conditions, and
restricted from other uses, such as modification, haring, studying, redistribution. Usually
the source code of proprietary software is not made available.

Some examples are Microdoft Windows, Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Photoshop, Google
Earth, Mac OS X, Skype, WinRAR, Java, and some versions of UNIX (kailangang
bayaran muna bago magamit).

• Shareware –a type of proprietary software which is provided to users for a certain

limited trial basis and pursuant to a license which restricts any commercial benefit, use or
exploitation of the software.

The idea behind shareware is to give potential users the opportunity to try out the
program on a limited basis for a limited time and judge its usefulness before purchasing a
license for the full version of the software (trial/demo version).

• OSS (Open-Source Software) – Its source code is made available with license in which
the copyright holder provide the rights to study, change and distribute the software to
anyone and for any purpose, It is developed in a collaborative public manner. Open-
source software is computer software that is released under a license in which the
copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software
and its source code to anyone and for any purpose.

Some examples are Linux OS, Android, Mozilla Firefox, some version of Unix, and
Open Office.