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How Do They Form: Internal Parts of Volcano

A volcano is a vent or opening in the Earth's crust that allows hot magma, rock, ash, and gases to escape. They form when plates collide and one slides under the other, melting the rock from the heat of the mantle. The Philippines has many volcanoes due to collisions between the Pacific and Philippine plates. A volcano has external parts like the summit, slope and base, and internal parts like the crater and caldera. There are different types of volcanoes classified by their activity, and different styles of eruption depending on factors like the magma's composition and temperature. Geothermal energy is generated from hot water and steam extracted from deep underground and used to spin turbines and generate electricity.

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59 views6 pages

How Do They Form: Internal Parts of Volcano

A volcano is a vent or opening in the Earth's crust that allows hot magma, rock, ash, and gases to escape. They form when plates collide and one slides under the other, melting the rock from the heat of the mantle. The Philippines has many volcanoes due to collisions between the Pacific and Philippine plates. A volcano has external parts like the summit, slope and base, and internal parts like the crater and caldera. There are different types of volcanoes classified by their activity, and different styles of eruption depending on factors like the magma's composition and temperature. Geothermal energy is generated from hot water and steam extracted from deep underground and used to spin turbines and generate electricity.

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What is a volcano?

A vent, hill or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous material have been
ejected. These are also craters, depressions, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre-
existing material or by accumulation of ejected materials.
HOW DO THEY FORM?
The crust, according to the plate tectonics theory, is divided into several plates that move
above a hot, viscous mantle underneath. When these plates collide and one of them goes under
the other, the heat coming from the mantle will cause these rocks to melt.

Philippines is one of the country with several volcanoes because the Pacific Plate collides with
the Philippine Plate.

External Parts of Volcano

Summit
Slope
Base

Internal Parts of VolcanoAL PARTS OF VOLCANOIN


A crater is a funnel-shaped opening at the top of the volcano while a caldera is formed when a
part of the wall collapses following an explosive eruption.
A volcano can have one crater, like Mayon Volcano, or more than one, like Taal Volcano
that has 47 craters.

Types of Volcano:
1. Active volcanoes are those that have erupted over last 10, 000 years and still continue to
erupt

2. Inactive Volcano
An extinct volcano is “dead” — it hasn't erupted in the past 10,000 years and is
not expected to ever erupt again.
Volcano with no record of eruptions are considered as extinct or inactive

Scientists who are experts in studying volcanoes are called volcanologists. The agency
that monitors the volcanic activities in the Philippines is the Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS).

FACTOR Viscosity is the property of the material’s resistance to flow. It is


also described as the liquid’s thickness and stickiness. The more viscous and thicker the
material is, the greater is its resistance to flow. For instance, syrup is more viscous than water.  

Factors Affecting Volcanoes’ Eruptive style:


1. The magma’s temperature
- the higher the temperature of magma is, the lower is its viscosity. As lave flows, it
cools and begins to harden, its ability to flow decreases and eventually it stops.
2. The amount of dissolve gases it contains
- amount of gas contained in magma affect its viscosity. Other factors being equal,
gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma tends to increase its ability to flow. In
near-surface environments, the loss of gases makes magma more viscous, forming
a dome or a columnar.
3. Its chemical composition
- magma with high silica content are more viscous than those with low silica content.
The magma that contains less silica is relatively fluid and travels far before
solidifying.

Types of Volcanic Eruption :


1. Phreatic or Hydrothermal
- is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. It is short-
lived,characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a large eruption.
2. Phreatomagmatic
--OIs a violent eruption due to contact between water and magma. As a result, a large
column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastics called
base surges are observed.
3. Strombolian
- a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava, just like the Irazu
volcano in Costa Rica
4. Vulcanian
- Characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with
pyroclastic flow and ashfall teprhra like that of Paricutin Volcano of Mexico.
5. Plinian
- excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics, just like Pinatubo
volcano in Zambales.

a. Phreatic b. Phreatomagmatic
c.Strombolian d.Vulcanian

E. Plinian

Volcanic Cones :
Volcanic Cones:

1. Shield Cone- formed by accumulation of lava that oozes out form the
volcano. Since non-viscous lava can flow freely, a broad, slightly domed
structure that resembles a warrior’s shield is formed.
2. Cinder Cone -built from eject lava fragments. They have steep slope, wider crater
and are the most abundant of the three volcano types
3. Composite Cone-large, nearly perfect slope structure formed from alternate
solidification of both lava and pyroclastics deposits.

Geothermal Energy
---the earth is believed to be extremely hot from within. This heat from the Earth’s
interior is source of energy called geothermal energy.

How is Geothermal Energy Generated?


Geothermal energy is generated in two ways:
1.Geothermal power plants
2. Geothermal heat pumps

The following Steps are followed to generate electricity in a geothermal power plant.
1. Wells are drilled deep into the earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface.
2. When the water reaches the surface, the drop in pressure causes the water to turn
into steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces
electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses back to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the earth to begin the process again

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