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Digital To Digital Conversion

This document outlines the objectives, outcomes, syllabus, and contents of the course "CS 223 Data and Mobile Communication". The course aims to teach fundamental concepts of data communication, digital transmission techniques, flow and error control methods, and basics of cellular telephony. Key topics covered include digital-to-digital conversion, analog-to-digital conversion, multiplexing techniques, networking models and devices. Digital transmission schemes such as line coding, block coding and scrambling are explained in detail.

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Sorab Khosla
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68 views30 pages

Digital To Digital Conversion

This document outlines the objectives, outcomes, syllabus, and contents of the course "CS 223 Data and Mobile Communication". The course aims to teach fundamental concepts of data communication, digital transmission techniques, flow and error control methods, and basics of cellular telephony. Key topics covered include digital-to-digital conversion, analog-to-digital conversion, multiplexing techniques, networking models and devices. Digital transmission schemes such as line coding, block coding and scrambling are explained in detail.

Uploaded by

Sorab Khosla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS 223 DATA AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION

S C HOOL OF C OMPU T E R E N GI N EE R ING A N D T E C HN OLOGY


CS 223 Data and Mobile Communication
Teaching Scheme Credits: 2 + 1 = 3
Theory: 3 Hrs / Week Practical: 2 Hrs / Week
Course Objectives:
1) To comprehend fundamentals of data communication
2) To study various analog and digital transmission techniques
3) To understand the flow and error control methods
4) To learn basics of cellular telephony

Course Outcomes:
1) Explain basic concepts of communication system
2) Identify characterizing features of transmission techniques
3) Apply an appropriate techniques to solve the flow and error control problems
4) Understand wireless communication and cellular architecture

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Syllabus
Digital Transmission

Digital Transmission: Digital-to-Digital conversion (line coding, block coding, scrambling), Analog-
to-Digital conversion(Pulse Code Modulation, Delta Modulation) Multiplexing techniques:
Frequency Division Multiplexing, Time Division Multiplexing, Network Model, Networking Devices

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Digital Transmission

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Contents

 Digital Transmission
 Digital-to-Digital conversion (line coding, block coding, scrambling)
 Analog-to-Digital conversion(Pulse Code Modulation, Delta Modulation)
 Multiplexing techniques: Frequency Division Multiplexing, Time Division
Multiplexing
 Network Model
 Networking Devices

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Digital to Digital Conversion
• It is used to represent digital data with digital signal,
techniques are:
• Line Coding : is always needed
• Block Coding : optional
• Scrambling : optional

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Line Coding
Process of converting digital data to digital signal

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Signal Element Vs Data Element

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Line coding Schemes

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Unipolar
• All the signal values remains on one side of time axis
• NRZ- Non Return to zero scheme
• signal level does not return to zero during symbol transmission
• Simple but costly technique of Line coding

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Polar
 Types of Polar scheme
 Non return to zero (NRZ)
 NRZ- L ( Level)
 NRZ-I (Inverted)
 RZ
 Manchester
 Differential Manchester

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Polar - NRZ – L and NRZ- I Scheme
 signal appears on the both sides of the axis.
 Implemented with two voltages.
 in NRZ-L, it uses positive voltage for one symbol and negative for other
 in NRZ-I, change or lack of change in polarity is determines the value of symbol

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Polar - RZ
 It uses 3 voltages levels to represent the signal
 Each symbol has transition in the middle of the bit
 Transition may be from low to high or high to low
 Signal transition is two per symbol
 Complex due to 3 voltage levels.

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Polar- Manchester
 Manchester coding
 Combination of RZ and NRZ – L
 Transition at the middle of bit provides synchronization
 One level for one and another for zero.

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Polar- Differential Manchester
 Differential Manchester coding
 Combination of RZ and NRZ – I
 Transition at the middle of bit provides synchronization
 If next bit is 0: transition
 If next bit is 1: No transition

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Bipolar
 It uses 3 voltage levels ---- +ve, -ve and zero
 voltage level at one symbol is zero and for other it alternates between + and -
 AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) 0 – encoded as zero, 1 – encoded as alternate +ve and –ve voltage
 Pseudoternary: 1 – encoded as zero voltage, 0 – encoded as alternate +ve and –ve voltages

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Multilevel Scheme
 Multilevel Schemes is used to increase data rate and reduce BW requirement
 we can combine 2 data element into a pattern of “m” element to cerate “ 2m “
symbols.
 Ex: mBnL---- pattern of m data elements is encoded as pattern of n signal
elements in which 2m < = Ln

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Multilevel Scheme
Ex1 : 2B1Q ---2 binary 1 quanternary ( data pattern of size 2 bits is encoded as one of the signal
element belonging to 4 levels m=2, n=1, and L= 4)

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Multiline Transmission: MLT – 3
 More number of transitions are forced in this scheme
 NRZ – I and Differential Manchester are classified as differential encoding schemes
but uses only 2 levels
 MLT – 3 uses 3 levels------- 0, +ve and –ve
 Rules for transition:

Next bit 0: No transition


Next bit 1: current level is not : 0 next level: 0
Next bit 1: current level is : 0 next level: opposite of
last nonzero level

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Category
Unipolar
LineScheme
codingBW(Average)
Schemes
NRZ
- Comparision
Characteristic
B=N/2 Costly, no self synchronization for long sequences of 1’s and
0’s, DC
Polar NRZ – L B=N/2 no self synchronization for long sequences of 1’s and 0’s, DC

NRZ – I B=N/2 no self synchronization for long sequence 0’s, DC

Biphase B=N self synchronization , no DC, High BW

Bipolar AMI B=N/2 no self synchronization for long sequence 0’s, DC


Multilevel 2B1Q B=N/4 no self synchronization for long same double bits

8B6T B=3N/4 self synchronization , no DC,


4D-PAM5 B=N/8 self synchronization , no DC,
Multiline MLT-3 B=N/3 no self synchronization for long sequence 0’s

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Block Coding
To maintain synchronization and in the process of error detection, it is essential to add redundant bits.

Block coding uses similar principal : mB/nB it replaces m bit group with n bit group

works in 3 steps :
1. Divide
2. Substitution
3. Combination

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Block Coding

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4B/5B method

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Mapping table

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4B/5B Substitution

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Scrambling
Scrambling is the technique used to create a sequence of bits with self clocking,
no low frequency and no wide bandwidth
 It is implemented run time during encoding process
 It replaces unfriendly bits with Violation code, Violation Code is easy to recognize
 It removes Unfriendly code

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Scrambling

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Scrambling

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References
 Reference Books:
1. William Stallings, "Data and Computer Communications", 6th Edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
2. William C. Y. Lee, " Mobile Cellular Telecommunications: Analog and Digital Systems", 2nd Edition, McGraw- Hill
Publications.

 Text Books:
1. Behrouz A. Forouzan, " Data Communications and Networking", 5th Edition, McGraw- Hill Publications.
2. Jochen H. Schiller, "Mobile Communications", 2nd Edition, Pearson Education.

 Supplementary Readings:
1. Prakash C. Gupta, ”Data Communication and Computer Network” , PHI, 4th Edition.

 Weblinks:
1. http://www.linktionary.com/re/datacomm.html
2. http://ocw.mit.edu

 MOOCs:
1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106105082/
2. https://www.coursera.org/learn/data-communication-network-services

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