(Electrical Equipment)

 Definition of Equipment
o In a wiring run, there are many locations at which wiring is
being sinterrupted. At these locations, many different types of
equipment or hardware are required to mechanically support
the electrical system or to complete the interrupted electrical
circuits.

 Material Standards
 These interruptions in the wiring system are
required wherever:
o All of the materials that are used in electrical systems must be
approved for the uses for which they’re intended. Safety must
1. Wires require a splice
be a concern to everyone who works with electricity, and it’s
2. Wires connect to loads
the responsibility of every electrician to ensure safety to the
3. Wires require a junction
consumer. Therefore, quality and safety standards have been
4. Wires connect to safety devices established that are used to gage approval of individual
5. Wires connect to control devices materials.
6. Wires connect at outlets for lighting fixtures or o Safety standards for electrical equipment and materials are
receptacles necessary to protect not only the public, but also those who
manufacture and install the equipment. The standards
o The materials that are used to mechanically support the include specifications that cover the main features of various
electrical system are called fittings, and the materials products with regard to safety and durability.
that are used to conduct or interrupt electricity are o Typical examples are the National Electrical
called devices. Devices don’t actually use electricity like Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standard for electric
an electrical load does. Therefore, a switch is an example heating equipment and the Certified Ballast Manufacturers
(CBM) standard for fluorescent lamp ballasts.
of a device, since it’s used to conduct or interrupt
o Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc. (UL) is a service
electricity.
organization that tests devices, systems, and materials in
o An electric light bulb is an example of a load, since it
order to gage compliance with accepted standards. The
actually uses electricity to perform a function. The term qualifying tests ensure the installer, as well as the final
equipment is a general term that covers all of the items in purchaser, that the materials will safely fulfill their intended
an electrical system, including the switch and light bulb. purposes.
 o The UL also publishes a List of Inspected Electrical Equipment, 1. ampacity – The current-carrying capacity of electrical
a publication that lists the products that meet the standards conductors, expressed in amperes.
of the UL and that comply with the National Electrical Code 2. appliance, fixed – An appliance that’s fastened or
(NEC), the counterpart of the Philippine Electrical Code in the otherwise secured at a specific location.
US. Products that have been listed by the UL bear the UL
3. appliance, portable – An appliance that can easily be
label. For very small items, the UL listing mark may be
moved from one place to another in normal use.
placed on the shipping carton or reel rather than on the item
4. appliance, stationary – An appliance that isn’t easily
itself.
moved from one place to another in normal use.
5. branch circuit – The circuit conductors between the
circuit breaker or fuse that protects the circuit and the
outlet or outlets.
6. cabinet – An enclosure that’s designed to be either
surface-mounted or flush-mounted and that’s provided
with a frame, mat, or trim in which swinging doors are
hung.
7. conduit body – A separate portion of a conduit or tubing
system that provides access (through a removable cover)
to the interior of the system and that’s located at a
junction of two or more sections of a system (or at a
terminal point of a system).
 COMMON WIRING TERMS 8. equipment – A general term that includes materials,
fittings, devices, appliances, and fixtures that are used
o It’s especially important that you become familiar with the as a part of, or in connection with, an electrical
terms that are used in wiring in order to fully understand installation.
the explanations in your study units and to interpret the 9. labeled – Equipment or materials to which has been
rules and regulations that are applicable in the field. attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an
Some of the more common terms that are used in wiring organization that is acceptable to the authority having
are listed here. jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation, that
maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled
 The following list contains some of the more common equipment or materials, and by whose labeling the
terms that apply to wiring: manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate
standards or performance in a specified manner.
 10. lighting outlet – An outlet that’s intended for the direct o Electrical boxes and cabinets are device-housing and
connection of a lamp holder, a lighting fixture, or a wire-housing structures. Electrical boxes and cabinets
pendant cord that terminates in a lampholder. don’t conduct electric current.
11.listed – Equipment, materials, or services included in a list
published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority
having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products
or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of
listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services,
and whose listing states that the equipment, material, or
services either meets appropriate designated standards or has
been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.
12. outlet – A point in a wiring system from which current is
taken to supply utilization equipment. o Electrical boxes and cabinets are device-housing and
13. receptacle – A contact device installed at an outlet for the wire-housing structures. Electrical boxes and cabinets
connection of a single attachment plug. A single receptacle don’t conduct electric current.
is a single contact device, with no other contact device. A o A device connects the wiring and conducts the electricity
multiple receptacle, more commonly called a duplex from place to place in a circuit.
receptacle, is a single device that contains two or more
receptacles.
14. receptacle outlet – An outlet in which one or more
receptacles are installed.
15. switchboard – An assembly of switches, fuse holders, and
circuit breakers. Usually installed on a free-standing
structure made up of panels of insulating material
mounted on a metal frame.
16. utilization equipment – Equipment that uses electrical
energy for mechanical, chemical, heating, lighting, or
similar purposes.

o A fitting or box connects the conduit or nonmetallic wire

 Outlet Boxes and Conduit Bodies sections and physically holds those parts of the wiring.
They can be grounded, but they don’t normally conduct
any current in the electric circuit.
 3. As pull boxes that provides access to pull conductors
more easily in conduit run.
 OUTLET BOXES

o Outlet boxes are available in the four general shapes:

octagonal, rectangular, square, and circular. Variations of each
Outlet Boxes and Conduit Bodies
basic configuration are also available. Device boxes are
available in metal and nonmetallic materials.

1. Rectangular shaped boxes

are usually used as device
boxes to support switches or
receptacle outlets.

o All metal boxes shall be grounded in accordance with the

provisions of Article 2.50 of the PEC. (Section 3.70.1.4)
o Outlet boxes may be made of metal, plastic, or fiberglass.
Metallic boxes are usually made of steel with a thickness
between No. 10 and No. 14 gage. The steel used in these boxes
is galvanized (coated with zinc). Metallic boxes are used with
either conduit or cable, while nonmetallic boxes are used only
with cable and nonmetallic conduit.
o Outlet boxes are generally required wherever a device or fixture
needs to be installed. They must also be used anywhere a
splice is made in the conductors.

Outlet boxes are used mainly for:

1. As splice boxes or junction boxes to house all wire

joints. 2. Octagonal shaped boxes are most often used as a splice box or a
2. As utility or device boxes to support devices or fixtures box to hold fixtures in ceilings.
through which the current flows to the electrical load.
 convenient location. Knockouts are machine-punched
pieces of metal; they’re cut out, but they aren’t actually
removed from the metal box. Knockouts are punched in
3. Square boxes are used in locations standard sizes, usually 1/2 inch and 3/4 inch.
where a larger volume is required to
hold the wiring. It may also be used in
Knockouts have different shapes and sizes. The most
place of device boxes or octagonal
boxes. common shapes of knockouts found in outlet boxes are
the circular and D-shaped knockouts.
The circular knockout will be used
whenever you’re going to install a
conduit or cable connector. Circular
KO’s are made for standard sizes of
conduit, such as 1/2-inch and 3/4-
inch. More than one size will often be
4. Round boxes are
found on the same outlet box.
commonly used for
ceiling work such as
mounting of fixtures.
This is because the
A knockout
round box has rounded
plug is used to
sides with no flat
fill in a
spots. That makes it
knockout
quite difficult to get a
that’s removed
good physical and
by mistake, or
electrical connection with a locknut or connector.
when the
wiring is to be
only
temporary. The pressure-type knockout plug is
convenient since it can be easily inserted when a mistake
Outlet boxes have knockouts
has been made.
that are spaced conveniently over
their areas. In order to attach a
conduit or cable, you simply
punch out a knockout at a
5. Nonmetallic boxes are typically made of fiberglass,  Outlet box fittings are classified in the following
thermoplastic, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). three groups:
These are the familiar orange plastic boxes
that are commonly seen in homes. 1. Clamps
2. Ground fittings
3. Fixture fittings

o Some outlet boxes have self-contained clamps, but if it

does not have one then cable or conduit connectors will
have to be used.

Nonmetallic boxes
shall be permitted only with open wiring on insulators,
concealed knob-and-tube wiring, nonmetallic-sheated
cable, and nonmetallic raceways. (Section 3.70.1.3)

Exception No. 1: Where internal bonding means are

provided between all entries, nonmetallic boxes shall be
permitted to be used with metal raceways or metal-
armored cables.

Exception No. 2: Where integral bonding means with a

provision for attaching an equipment grounding jumper
inside the box are provided between all threaded entries in
nonmetallic boxes listed for the purpose, nonmetallic boxes
shall be permitted to be used with metal raceways or
metal-armored cables. o A continuous grounding system is required in most wiring
circuits. In general, the grounding wires are simply tied
Fitting for Outlet Boxes together by a wire nut or a special ground crimp, with a
wire called a pigtail going to the metal outlet box.
 Flush Plates and Covers
After you’ve chosen a box type and its associated fittings for a
particular job, you’ll need to select a flush plate or box cover for the
box. The plate or cover must match the device or devices you’ll be
mounting in the box. Box covers are available to fit all types of round,
square, oblong, and octagonal boxes. The covers are made closed,
slotted, or with knockouts, and they have the same shapes as the
boxes on which they’re used.
A flush plate is a type of cover, but it’s used only with concealed
wiring to produce a neat covering on the outlet. Flush plates are
usually rectangular in shape and are flat, and they attach into
The pigtail wire may be made by you, or it may be tapped holes to fit flush against a wall. A flush plate can attach
purchased separately. In either case, the pigtail wire will directly to a box or a box cover.
go to a screw on the box or to a clip.

Fitting for Outlet Boxes

Fixture fittings may be purchased
as part of the box assembly, or
they may be purchased
separately and then assembled.
 The Volume of a Box
Conductors, fittings, and devices (such as switches) require a certain
amount of space or volume. Therefore, boxes are sized not only by their front
dimensions but also by their volume in cubic centimeters. The volume is
dependent on the depth of the box as well as the front dimensions, and the
various styles are available in an assortment of depths. The PEC requires
that the volume of a box must provide enough free space for all of the
conductors that are enclosed in the box.

Article 3.70.2.2 Number of Conductors in Outlet, Device, and Junction

Boxes, and Conduit Bodies

Boxes and conduit bodies shall be of sufficient size to provide free space for
all enclosed conductors. In no case shall the volume of the box, as
calculated in (a), be less than the fill calculation as calculated in (b).

(a) Box Volume Calculations. The volume of a wiring enclosure (box) shall
be the total volume of the assembled sections, and, where used, the space
provided by plaster rings, domed covers, extension rings, etc., that are
marked with their volume in cubic centimeter or are made from boxes the
dimension are listed in Table 3.70.2.2(a)

(1) Standard Boxes. The volumes of standard boxes that are not marked
with a cubic centimeter capacity shall be as given in Table 3.70.2.2(a).

(2) Other Boxes. Boxes 1,640 cm3 or less, other than those described in
Table 3.70.2.2(a), and nonmetallic boxes shall be durably and legibly
marked by the manufacturer with their cubic centimeter capacity. Boxes
described in Table 3.70.2.2(a) that have a larger cubic centimeter capacity
than is designated in the table shall be permitted to have their cubic
centimeter capacity marked as required by this section.
 100 x 32 square 295 12 10 9 8 7 6 3

100 x 40 square 345 14 12 10 9 8 7 4

100 x 55 square 495 20 17 15 13 12 10 6

120 x 32 square 420 17 14 12 11 10 8 5

120 x 40 square 480 19 16 14 13 11 9 5

120 x 55 square 690 28 24 21 18 16 14 8

Table 3.70.2.2(a) Metal Boxes

Maximum Number of Conductors*

Box Dimension in Minimum Conductor Size, mm2 (mm dia.)

millimeters, Trade Capacity
0.7 Table 3.70.2.2(a) Metal Boxes
Size, or Type (cm3) 1.25 2.0 3.5 5.5 8.0
5
(1.2) (1.6) (2.0) (2.6) (3.2) Maximum Number of Conductors*
(1.0)
Box Dimension in Conductor Size, mm2 (mm dia.)
Minimum
100 x 32 round or millimeters, Trade
200 8 7 6 5 5 4 Size, or Type
Capacity (cm3)
octagonal
0.75 1.25 2.0 3.5 5.5 8.0

100 x 40 round or (1.0) (1.2) (1.6) (2.0) (2.6) (3.2)

250 10 8 7 6 6 5
octagonal
80 x 50 x 40 device 120 5 4 3 3 3 2
100 x 55 round or
350 14 12 10 9 8 7
octagonal 80 x 50 x 50 device 160 6 5 5 4 4 3
80 x 50 x 60 device 170 7 6 5 4 4 3 5 5 (1.6 (2.0 (2.6 (3.2
(1.0) (1.2) ) ) ) )
80 x 50 x 65 device 200 8 7 6 5 5 4 95 x 50 x 65 masonry
box/gang 230 9 8 7 6 5 4
80 x 50 x 70 device 230 9 8 7 6 5 4
95 x 50 x 90 masonry
80 x 50 x 90 device 295 12 10 9 8 7 6 box/gang 345 14 12 10 9 8 7

100 x 55 x 40
165 6 5 5 4 4 3 FS-Minimum internal
device
depth 45 single 220 9 7 6 6 5 4
cover/gang
100 x 55 x 48
device 210 8 7 6 5 5 4
FD-Minimum
100 x 55 x 55 internal depth 60 295 12 10 9 8 7 6
device 235 9 8 7 6 5 4
single cover/gang

FS-Minimum internal
depth 45 multiple 295 12 10 9 8 7 6
cover/gang

FD-Minimum
internal depth 60 390 16 10 12 10 9 8
multiple cover/gang

* Where no volume allowances are required by Sections 3.70.2.2(b)(2) throu

3.70.2.2(b)(5).

Table 3.70.2.2(a) Metal Boxes

Article 3.70.2.2 Number of Conductors in Outlet, Device, and Junction

Box Dimension in Minimum Maximum Number of Conductors*
millimeters, Trade Size, or Capacity Boxes, and Conduit Bodies
Type (cm3)
Conductor Size, mm2 (mm dia.) (b) Box Fill Calculations. The volumes in paragraphs (1) through (5),
as applicable, shall be added together. No allowance shall be required for
0.7 1.2 2.0 3.5 5.5 8.0 small fittings such as locknuts and bushings.
 (1) Conductor Fill. Each conductor that originates outside the box Table 3.70.2.2(b)
and terminates or is spliced within the box shall be counted once, and each Volume Allowance Required per Conductor
conductor that passes through the box without a splice or termination shall
be counted once. The conductor fill, in cubic centimeter shall be computed Size of Conductor Free Space Within Box for
using Table 3.70.2.2(b). A conductor, no part of which leaves the box shall
mm2 (mm dia.) Each Conductor (cm3)
not be counted.
0.75 (1.0) 24
Exception: An equipment grounding conductor or conductors or not over 1.25 (1.2) 28
four fixture wires smaller that 2.0 mm2 (1.6 mm dia.), or both, shall be 2.0 (1.6) 32
permitted to be omitted from the calculations where they enter a box from a 3.5 (2.0) 36
domed fixture or similar canopy and terminate within that box.
5.5 (2.6) 40
(2) Clamp Fill. Where one or more internal cable clamps, wether 8.0 (3.2) 50
factory or field supplied, are present in the box, a single volume allowance in 14 82
accordance with Table 3.70.2.2(b) shall be made based on the largest
conductor present in the box. No allowance shall be required for a cable
connector with its clamping mechanism outside the box.

(3) Support Fittings Fill. Where one or more fixture studs or hickeys
are present in the box, a single volume allowance in accordance with Table
3.70.2.2(b) shall be made for each type of fitting based on the largest
conductor present in the box. The Volume of a Box

(4) Device or Equipment Fill. For each yoke or strap containing one Section 3.70.2.2 can be summarized into 7 points:
or more devices or equipment, a double volume allowance in accordance
with Table 3.70.2.2(b) shall be made for each yoke or strap based on the 1. Count each circuit conductor that enters the box and
largest conductor connected to a device(s) or equipment supported by that doesn’t pass through the box as one.
yoke or strap.
2. Count as one any wire that runs through the box
(5) Equipment Grounding Conductor Fill. Where one or more without a splice or tap.
equipment grounding conductors or equipment bonding jumpers enters a
3. Each switch, receptacle, or similar device counts as two.
box, a single volume allowance in accordance with Table 3.70.2.2(b) shall be
made based on the largest equipment grounding conductor or equipment 4. Don’t count any wires, such as a receptacle ground, that
bonding jumper present in the box. Where an additional set of equipment originate and end in the same box.
grounding conductors, as permitted by Section 2.50.7.17(d), is present in
the box, an additional volume allowance shall be made on the largest 5. One or more bare grounding wires count as one.
equipment grounding conductor in the additional set.
 6. All the fixture studs, hickeys, and cable clamps count as The location where a box is placed depends on the use for which the
one, no matter how many there actually are. box is intended. Since round, square, and octagonal boxes are
normally used for mounting lighting fixtures, they’re required
7. Don’t count conductors from a fixture as wires in the wherever these fixtures are needed. Rectangular device boxes are
box. normally used to mount light switches and receptacles.
Example 1: A 80 mm by 50 mm device box with internal cable clamps
Special Boxes
may be used to wire a toggle switch with two 3-wire type NM cables.
Determine the minimum allowable size of the box. The cables consist o Special boxes are cast
of two 2.0 mm2 (1.6 mm) wires and a grounding wire.
boxes, masonry boxes
Solution: Both the cable clamps and the toggle switch are counted as and floor boxes, and
conductors to make the box selection easier. The following are the they’re used to mount
total number of “conductors” in this box: devices.

• Four insulated wires count as 4

• Two grounding wires count as 1

• The internal cable clamps count as 1 o FS boxes and FD

boxes are cast boxes for devices. They have threaded
Solution: Both the cable clamps and the toggle switch are counted as hubs that are used to connect conduit or connectors
conductors to make the box selection easier. The following are the (instead of locknuts and connectors).
total number of “conductors” in this box:
o Masonry boxes are constructed in standard lengths that
• The toggle switch counts as 2 correspond to the widths of
standard size bricks and
• The total number of conductors is 4 + 1 + 1 + 2, or 8 cinder blocks. Masonry
boxes usually have
The total is 64 cm3 + 160 cm3 , or 224 cm3
knockouts only for conduit
In actual practice, the next larger size box would be used. For fittings and are available in
example, a 100 mm x 40 mm octagonal outlet box with a volume of several sizes and depths
250 cm3 would be suitable. It’s a good idea to use a larger box than
what’s immediately needed, with an eye toward any changes in the
future.
 o Floor Boxes are special outlet assemblies that are When more than one conduit enters a pull box, the length of the
constructed with self leveling screws. They’re available sides of the pull box must be increased by at least the sum of
in watertight and concrete-tight models. the diameters of the additional conduit.

Also, the distance between conduits that contain the same wire
Straight and Right Angle Pull Boxes
must be at least six times the diameter of the larger conduit.

o The PEC limits the number of bends between outlets in

a run of conduit to not exceed 360 degrees (including
the bends located immediately at the outlet or fitting) to
permit easy pulling and removal of wires without
damaging them.
o If the pulls are too long, a conductor could be
stretched until the actual cross-sectional area of the
conductor isn’t correct. Pull boxes may be installed in
conduits to reduce the number of bends in conduit.
o A straight-pull box for wire size 22.00 mm2 (5.2 mm
dia.) and all larger diameters must be at least eight
times the size of the largest-diameter conduit
entering it.

Example: What would be the length of a straight-pull box that’s

used with 76 mm diameter conduit?
Example: The pull box shown in the figure has two 3-
Solution: 8 × 76 mm = 608 mm inch conduits and four 2-inch conduits entering it.
Because the same number and size of
The pull box should have a length of no less than 600 mm. If the conduits are entering each side, the sides A and B will
wires in the conduit are very large, practical considerations may be the same length.
dictate using longer pull boxes.  The length of sides A and B can’t be less than six times the largest
conduit diameter plus the
Placing a right-angle pull box in a conduit run will reduce the diameters of each smaller conduit.
amount of conduit to be bent and provide a place to help the wire 6 × 3 in. = 18 in.
along. The distance between the side where the conduit enters and 2 in. + 2 in. = 4 in.
the opposite side shouldn’t be less than six times the diameter of 18 in. + 4 in.
the largest conduit entering the box. Total = 22 in.
  The distance C between the centers of the two nearest 2-inch  Conduit bodies shall have a csa not less than twice the csa of the
conduits can’t be less than: largest conduit or tubing to which it is attached. (Section 3.70.2.2c1)
6 × 2 in. = 12 in.  Moreover, only those conduit bodies that are durably and legibly
marked by the manufacturer with their cubic centimeter capacity
 If the pull box is square and the two conduits are the same distance shall be permitted to contain splices, taps or devices. (Section
from the corner, the distance D must be no less than: 3.70.2.2c2)
0.707 × 12 in. = 8.484 in., or approximately 8.5 in.  For conduit bodies that are connected to 19 mm diameter or larger
conduit that contains 22.00 mm2 (5.2 mm dia.) or larger conductors,
the following rules should apply:
CONDUIT BODIES
Conduit bodies are special fittings that are used in a conduit
system to provide access to the system interior. The access is provided at a In a straight run, the length of a conduit body must be at least eight
junction of the sections of the system or at a terminal point. Since they have times the trade size diameter of the attached conduit. If 25 mm diameter
removable covers, they can be used for the same purposes as pull boxes. conduit is being used with the type C conduit body shown below, then the
length of the conduit body (L) must be at least 200 mm.
 mm2 (mm dia.) 1 2 3 4
If the conduit body is used for making
angle bends (such as the type LB), then the 2.0 (1.6) – 5.5
Not Specified -- -- --
following minimum distances must be met: (2.6)

8.0 (3.2) 40 -- -- --

14 50 -- -- --

22 75 -- -- --

30 90 -- -- --

38 115 -- -- --

50 140 140 180 --

L1 = six times the inside diameter of the conduit

L2 = the distance given in Table 3.73.1.6(b) for the given size of conductor as 60 150 150 190 --
listed in the “one wire per terminal” column.
165 165
L3 = six times the inside diameter of the conduit. 80 200 --
(12) (12)

180 190 215

100 --
(25) (38) (12)

Table 3.73.1.6(b)

Minimum Wire-Bending Space at Terminals, in Millimeters

Wire Size Wires per Teminal

 Wires per Teminal  Bending space at terminals shall be measured in a straight line from
Wire Size
end of the lug or wire connector in a direction perpendicular to the
mm2 (mm dia.) enclosure wall.
1 2 3 4
 For the removal and lay-in wire terminals intended for only one wire,
bending space shall be permitted to be reduced by the number of
215 215 230
125 250 millimeters shown in parentheses.
(50) (50) (25)
 Most conduit bodies (such as types LL, LR, and RL) don’t have covers
opposite conduit entrances. In that case, distance L2 must also be at
250 250 280 least six times the trade diameter of the conduit.
150 380
(75) (50) (12)
OUTLET BOXES AND CONDUIT BODIES
330 330 350 380
200 Article 3.70.2.3 Conductors Entering Boxes, Conduit Bodies, or Fittings
(75) (75) (75) (75)
 Conductors entering boxes, conduit bodies, or fittings shall comply
350 350 380 400 with (a) through (d).
250
(75) (75) (75) (75)
(a) Openings to be Closed. Openings through which conductors shall enter
shall be adequately closed.
380 400 455 480
325
(75) (75) (75) (75) (b) Metal Boxes and Conduit Bodies. Where metal boxes or conduit bodies
are installed with open wiring or concealed knob-and-tube wiring,
430 480 560 610 conductors shall enter through insulating bushings or, in dry locations,
400
(75) (75) (75) (75) through insulating support and firmly secured to the box or conduit body.

(c) Nonmetallic Boxes. Nonmetallic boxes shall be suitable for the lowest
500 510 -- -- --
temperature-rated conductor entering the box. Where nonmetallic boxes are
used with open wiring or concealed-knob-tube wiring, the conductors shall
600 560 -- -- -- enter the box through individual holes. Where flexible tubing is used to
encase the conductors, the tubing shall extend from the last insulating
725 610 -- -- -- support to no less than 6.4 mm inside the box. Where nonmetallic-sheated
cable is used, the cable assembly, including the sheat, shall extend into the
850 610 -- -- -- box no less than 6.4 mm through a nonmetallic-sheated cable knockout
opening. In all instances, all permitted wiring methods shall be secured to
the boxes.

Article 3.70.2.4 Unused Openings

  Unused cable or raceway openings in boxes and conduit bodies shall 8. What is meant by the acronym UL in the electrical industry?
be effectively closed to afford protection substantially equivalent to
9. ___________ is an appliance that isn’t easily moved from one place to
that of the wall of the box or conduit body. Metal plugs or plates used
another in normal use.
with nonmetallic boxes or conduit bodies shall be recessed at least
6.4 mm from the outer surface of the box. 10. ___________ is an enclosure that’s designed to be either surface-
mounted or flush-mounted and that’s provided with a frame, mat, or
trim in which swinging doors are hung.
Article 3.70.2.15 Conduit Bodies, Junction, pull, and Outlet Boxes to
11. ___________ is an appliance that can easily be moved from one place
be Accessible
to another in normal use.
 Conduit bodies, junction, pull, and outlet boxes shall be installed so
12.___________ is a separate portion of a conduit or tubing system that
that the wiring contained in them can be rendered accessible without
provides access (through a removable cover) to the interior of the
removing any part of the building or, in underground circuits, without
system and that’s located at a junction of two or more sections of a
excavating sidewalks, paving, earth, or other substance that is to be
system (or at a terminal point of a system).
used to establish the finished grade.
 Exception: listed boxes shall be permitted where covered by gravel, 13. ___________ is a point in a wiring system from which current is taken
light aggregate, or noncohesive granulated soil if their location is to supply utilization equipment.
effectively identified and accessible for excavation.
14. ___________ is an assembly of switches, fuse holders, and circuit
breakers. Usually installed on a free-standing structure made up of
panels of insulating material mounted on a metal frame.

15. ___________ is a contact device installed at an outlet for the

connection of a single attachment plug.

16. ___________ is an outlet in which one or more receptacles are

SELF CHECK NO. 8 installed.

At the end of every module, you’ll be asked to check your 17.(For items 17 – 19) Enumerate the 3 main uses of outlet boxes.
understanding of what you’ve just learned by completing a “Self
20. What section in the PEC states that round boxes shall not be used
Check.” Writing the answers to these questions will help you review
where conduits or connectors requiring the use of locknuts or bushings
what you’ve learned so far. Please complete Self Check 8 now.
are to be connected to the side of the box?
1. (For items 1 – 6) Enumerate the 6 locations where wiring is required
to be interrupted.

7. What is meant by the acronym NEMA in the electrical industry?

 Module 5: Electrical Equipment

Panels, Panelboards and Enclosures

 A panel board or load center is a single panel or group of panel units

designed for assembly in the form of a single panel, including buses
and automatic over current devices, and equipped with or without
switches for the control of light, heat, or power circuits; designed to
be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall,
partition, or other support; and accessible only from the front.
 You’re probably familiar with the service entrance panel in your  The panel box is made of sheet metal that’s no thinner than No. 16
home. Actually, it’s a panelboard, because it contains bus bars and gage. The metal is usually galvanized and covered with paint or some
protective devices such as fuses or circuit breakers. The term “panel” other corrosion-proof coating.
generally refers to only the cabinet itself.
 A cabinet is an enclosure that is designed for either surface mounting
or flush mounting and is provided with a frame, mat, or trim in which
a swinging door or doors are or can be hung to provide easy access to
the equipment it contains.
 A typical panelboard consists of an enclosure, interior, and trim. It may
have a main circuit breaker, but, if a main circuit breaker is provided
separately, a main lug only type panelboard can be used. Branch
circuit breakers are plug into the interior to provide circuit protection
and control for branch circuits.

 A panelboard can be either a surface type or a flush type. The flush

type is often preferable because it takes up space inside a wall rather
than protruding into a room.
  The surface type, however, is easier to wire and rewire, since it’s used
with exposed wiring.
 Some panelboards may require multiple conductors to be connected
to a terminal. You can also refer to Table 3.73.1.6(b) to determine the
In a panelboard, spaces are required between the side walls of the panel and gutter width when multiple connections are to be made to a terminal.
the terminals within the panel. These spaces are called gutters. Gutters are
needed to hold the conductors that run from terminal to terminal within the PANELS, PANELBOARDS, AND ENCLOSURES
panel, and also to provide bending space for the conductors that enter the
panel.

 The amount of gutter width that’s required for bending space is

specified in Table 3.73.1.6(b) and is illustrated in the figure at the left.
  A typical NEMA enclosure might be rated to provide protection
against environmental hazards such as water, dust, oil or coolant or
atmospheres containing corrosive agents such as acetylene or
gasoline.
 NEMA enclosure ratings are similar to International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) Ingress Protection (IP) Codes, but cannot directly
be mapped.

PANELS, PANELBOARDS, AND ENCLOSURES

Panelboard Enclosure Types

 An enclosure is a surrounding case constructed to provide a degree of

protection to personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment and to provide a degree of protection to the enclosed
equipment against specified environmental conditions.
 An enclosed panelboard is an assembly of buses and connections,
over current devices, and control apparatus with or without switches,
or other equipment, installed in a suitable cabinet, cutout box, or
enclosure suitable for a panelboard application.
 The suitability of an enclosure for environmental conditions for which
it has been investigated is indicated by an enclosure type designation.
Listed enclosures are marked inside or outside the panelboard
enclosure. This marking helps inspection authorities to judge whether
an enclosure is suitable for a specific environment as mentioned in
Section 110.3(A)(1) of the NEC. Enclosure type designations are  In Non-Hazardous Locations, the specific enclosure Types, their
coordinated with requirements in Section 110.28 of the NEC. applications, and the environmental conditions they are
 The National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA) defines designed to protect against, when completely and properly
standards for various grades of electrical enclosures (including installed, are as follows:
panelboards) typically used in industrial and commercial
applications. Each is rated to protect against designated Type Intended Use and Description
environmental conditions.
 Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnelobjects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection
1 against access to hazardous parts and to provide a degree of protection of the to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, slee
equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt). provides an additional level of protection against corrosion and that will b
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel
against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degr
2 inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt); and to provide
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a d
a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid f
ingress of water (dripping and light splashing). objects (falling dirt); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harm
3RX
the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); that will be
Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of by the external formation of ice on the enclosure that provides an additio
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection against corrosion; and that will be undamaged by the external
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign ice on the enclosure.
3
objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect
to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); and Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degr
that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure. protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a d
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid f
Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree 3SX
of objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, slee
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign provides an additional level of protection against corrosion; and for which
3R
objects (falling dirt); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effectsmechanism(s)
on remain operable when ice laden.
the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); and that will be
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure. Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degr
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a d
Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid f
4
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, slee
3S splashing water, and hose directed water); and that will be undamaged b
objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect
formation of ice on the enclosure.
to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); and
for which the external mechanism(s) remain operable when ice laden.
Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degr
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a d
Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree 4Xof
3X protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid f
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of
objects (windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect to
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign
effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow, sp
 water, and hose directed water); that provides an additional level of protection against
Enclosures constructed (with knockouts) for indoor use to provide a degr
corrosion; and that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a d
enclosure. protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid f
12K
objects (falling dirt and circulating dust, lint, fibers, and flyings); and to p
Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personneldegree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due
against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment ingress of water (dripping and light splashing).
inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and settling
5
airborne dust, lint, fibers, and flyings); and to provide a degree of protection with Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to
respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the
light splashing). inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt an
13 dust, lint, fibers, and flyings); to provide a degree of protection with respe
Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light s
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of and to provide a degree of protection against the spraying, splashing, and
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign oil and non-corrosive coolants.
6 objects (falling dirt); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on
the equipment due to the ingress of water (hose directed water and the entry of water
during occasional temporary submersion at a limited depth); and that will be
 In Hazardous Locations, when completely and properly
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
installed and maintained, Type 7 and Type 10 enclosures are
designed to contain an internal explosion without causing an
Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of external hazard. Type 8 enclosures are designed to prevent
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of combustion through the use of oil-immersed equipment. Type
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign 9 enclosures are designed to prevent the ignition of combustible
objects (falling dirt); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects ondust.
6P
the equipment due to the ingress of water (hose directed water and the entry of water
during prolonged submersion at a limited depth); that provides an additional level of
Type
protection against corrosion and that will be undamaged by the external formation Intended
of Use and Description
ice on the enclosure.

Enclosures constructed (without knockouts) for indoor use to provide a degree of Enclosures constructed for indoor use in hazardous (classified) locations
7
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of classified as Class I, Division 1, Groups A, B, C, or D as defined in NFPA 7
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign
12
objects (falling dirt and circulating dust, lint, fibers, and flyings); and to provide a
degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the
ingress of water (dripping and light splashing).
 Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use in hazardous  The service disconnecting means shall not be installed in
8 (classified) locations classified as Class I, Division 1, Groups A, B, C, and D as bathrooms.
defined in NFPA 70.  The location of the service entrance is usually specified by the
power company, which may also have restrictions on the type
and minimum size of service-disconnect switches or
Enclosures constructed for indoor use in hazardous (classified) locations panelboards that are used.
9
classified as Class II, Division 1, Groups E, F, or G as defined in NFPA 70.  For example, the Manila Electric Company (Meralco) requires
to provide a service disconnecting means in the service
entrance poles if the distance of the protective device to
Enclosures constructed to meet the requirements of the Mine Safety and customer’s unit is greater than 15 meters.
10
Health Administration, 30 CFR, Part 18.

Service Entrance Panelboards

 A service entrance panelboard is mounted in a readily

accessible location close to the point at which the service
entrance conductors enter the building (Section 2.30.6.1a). The
service disconnect can be mounted either inside or outside the
building. Usually, the disconnect is the main breaker in the
panel.
  Because of those restrictions, the panelboard may not always be
placed near the major loads, which are usually located in the kitchen
and laundry room. An alternative to installing many small, long
individual cables is to locate a distribution center near the loads and
feed it with one large feeder cable.

Multiple Metering Equipment with Subservice Panel

 In the construction of apartment buildings, multitenant office

buildings, and small shopping centers, it’s sometimes necessary to
install all of the meters in one location. Therefore, multiple metering
units are used.
 In situations where no main protective device is required, these units
consist of between two and six meters
 The PEC states that there shall be no more than six disconnects per
service grouped in any one location (Section 2.30.6.2).
 However, if you should require seven or more meters, you must install
a main breaker to serve as a disconnect for all of the meters

Service Entrance Panelboards

 However, if you should require seven or more meters, you must install
a main breaker to serve as a disconnect for all of the meters
Switchboards

 When you need to provide power to industrial plants, large office

buildings, and malls, it isn’t feasible to install a 120/240V system as
the primary power. This kind of system would be very costly in
kilowatts and the amount of equipment needed.
 A switchboard allows you to consolidate a lot of equipment into one
cabinet, thereby saving space and installation time.
 There’s no need to install a circuit transformer cabinet because
switchboards come complete with this already inside
SELF CHECK NO. 1 17.What section in the PEC states that a service entrance panelboard
should be mounted in a readily accessible location close to the point
At the end of every module, you’ll be asked to check your at which the service entrance conductors enter the building?
understanding of what you’ve just learned by completing a “Self
Check.” Writing the answers to these questions will help you review 18.Meralco requires to provide a service disconnecting means in the
what you’ve learned so far. Please complete Self Check 1 now. service entrance poles if the distance of the protective device to
customer’s unit is greater than _____ meters.
1. (For items 1 – 9) Enumerate the 9 types of conduit bodies.
19. What section of the PEC states that there shall be no more than six
10.What is another name for a panelboard? disconnects per service grouped in any one location?
11. ___________ are spaces between the side walls of the panel and the 20. The PEC states that service disconnecting means in a dwelling shall
terminals within the panel. not be installed in ___________.
12.___________ is a surrounding case constructed to provide a degree of
protection to personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment and to provide a degree of protection to the enclosed
equipment against specified environmental conditions.

13.What is meant by the acronym IEC in the electrical industry?

14.___________ is an assembly of buses and connections, over current

devices, and control apparatus with or without switches, or other
equipment, installed in a suitable cabinet, cutout box, or enclosure
suitable for a panelboard application.

15. ___________ are enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor

use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to
hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment
inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling
dirt); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects
on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); and
that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the
enclosure.

16.___________ are enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a

degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts
and to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the
enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt).
Control, Protective and Convenience Devices

Electrical devices are pieces of equipment that electrical current flows

through. However, the current isn’t actually utilized in the devices. The
location of a device depends on the function performed by the device.

This function may be any one of the following:

• To control the current to a load

• To protect a circuit or a load

• To connect a load to the wiring system

SWITCHES
Single Pole Switch
Poles and Throws

 The action of a switch is described by the number of poles and throws

that it contains. A pole is a current-carrying line that’s controlled by
the switch, and a throw is a switch position. So, the OFF position of a
switch isn’t counted as a throw since the switch doesn’t complete the
circuit and won’t allow current to flow.
 In general, switches will control one, two, or three current-carrying
lines. The switches that control these lines are called single-pole
 One very simple type of switch is the single-pole, single-throw
switches, double-pole switches, or triple-pole switches, respectively.
(SPST) switch. This switch has a movable blade that makes or
These lines are usually the hot lines, but there are also limited
breaks contact with a fixed terminal. A single-pole switch can
applications in which the switch may be used to control the neutral
control lights from only one place.
wire as well.
 In the same way, switches may have one, two, or three positions for
switching current to different circuits. These switches are called
single throw switches, double-throw switches, or triple-throw
switches, respectively. Switches are usually described by both the
number of poles they control and the number of throws they contain,
which allows you to determine exactly how the switch functions in a
circuit.
Three-Way Switch Four-Way Switch

 When you want to control a light from two different places, you  When a light is to be controlled from more than two places, one or
must use two three-way switches. more four-way switches are used in combination with two three-way
 A three-way switch is an SPDT switch that can be identified by its switches.
three terminals and plain handle.  A four-way switch is an DPDT switch that does not have also
 Unlike single-pole, single-throw switches, three-way switches don’t markings on its handles. The four-way switch appears identical to
have ON or OFF positions marked on their handles. Instead, one the three-way switch except that it has one more terminal.
terminal is usually a marked as 0 and the other two terminals are  Four-way switches are basically two three-way switches combined.
marked 1 and 3. Terminal 1 and 3 serves as common terminals while terminals 2 and
 The typical wiring of a two location lamp control using 2 three- 4 are traveler terminals
way switches is shown in the figure in the right.  The typical wiring of a three location lamp control using 2 three-way
switch and a four-way switch is shown in the figure in the right. If
the wiring between switches is incorrect, no harm
is done except that the light won’t light.
 The ordinary toggle switch is the most common type of switch. The handle
is moved up to close the circuit and down to open the circuit.

The toggle or snap switches just described are designed to be mounted in

any standard device box.

TOGGLE SWITCHES

Manually Operated Switches

TOGGLE SWITCHES

DESPARD SWITCHES
  Canopy switches are control devices found right at the electrical load
being controlled.
 Canopy or miniature switches are generally used to control only one
load, and usually have current ratings between 0.5A and 6.0 A.

PUSHBUTTON SWITCHES

 The despard switch is a special type of switch. Because of its small

size, up to three switches may be mounted in one standard device
box.
 Also, a switch and two receptacles (or a switch and a pilot light) may
be mounted in the same box.

CANOPY SWITCHES

 Besides its regular use for residences as a control for door bells and
chimes, there are many commercial and industrial uses for the
pushbutton switch.
 For example, a pushbutton switch may be used in a hospital to notify
a nurse on duty that a patient requires some service.
 A switch used for this application will usually remain in contact until
the nurse triggers a release button.

ENCLOSED SWITCHES

 Canopy switches are the small or miniature switches that you see
mounted in electrical appliances and light fixtures.
  Pull switches were quite popular in the past, but their use is
now diminishing, and they’re largely being replaced by wall
switches.
 Pull switches are commonly located in basements, attics,
garages, and closets.

DIMMER SWITCHES

 Air-break switches that are enclosed in metal boxes and that

have external operating handles are classified as enclosed
switches.
 These switches are also called knife switches or disconnect
switches. They’re made with voltage ratings of 250 V and 600
V, and with current ratings from 30A to 600 A.
 Knife switches have been largely replaced by circuit breakers
in residential installations, but they’re still widely used in
commercial or industrial applications.
 An enclosed switch may be used as a main disconnect switch  A dimmer switch controls the brightness of a particular lighting
for a main service. circuit, but it’s also used to turn the circuit on and off.
 Enclosed switches with fuses are also often used to control  There are many types of dimmer switches, such as rheostats,
home water pumps in rural areas. autotransformers, and electronic switches.

PULL SWITCHES Automatically Operated Switches

There are seven nonelectrical parameters for controlling the
automatic operation of switches.
1. Distance (limit)
2. Level (float)
3. Temperature
4. Light
5. Pressure
6. Time
7. Motion
LIMIT SWITCHES

FLOAT SWITCHES

 A limit switch are switches that are controlled by a moving solid

object.
 Float switches or liquid level switches are very similar to limit
switches, except that they’re controlled by hardware that floats
on a liquid, like the water valve float in a toilet.

 The switch that turns on and off the light of a refrigerator as

the door moves through its shut distance, is an example of a
limit switch.

 The most common application of the use of a float switch is on

the control of water tanks.
  The bimetallic thermostat uses metal as its medium, while hydraulic
and gas-filled thermostats use liquid and gas, respectively, as their
mediums of expansion.
TEMPERATURE SWITCHES

LIGHT SENSITIVE SWITCHES(PHOTO SWITCH)

 Light-sensitive switches respond to changes in light levels. You may

also hear them referred to as photocells, photoelectric switches,
 Temperature-operated switches are usually called thermostats.
electric eyes, or photoelectric relays.
 There are three principles of operation by which most
 Many people use light-operated switches as protective devices while
thermostats function, and all depend on the expansion and
they’re away from home for either short or long periods of time.
contraction of a solid, liquid, or gas.
 With a few such switches installed in a home, it will appear that
somebody is still at home turning on the lights.
PRESSURE OPERATED SWITCHES PRESSURE OPERATED SWITCHES

 Pressure-operated switches will include vacuum switches. A

vacuum is defined as the absence of pressure.
SWITCHES

 You would normally find pressure switches in applications where

fluids (liquids or gases) are under pressure, and where the TIME-DEPENDENT SWITCHES
equipment is to be turned on or off at some preset operating
pressure or at a pressure level beyond which it would be unsafe to
operate.
  Time-dependent switches are usually called timers or time
switches. There are two basic types of time-dependent switches:
the interval timer and the clock-type timer.
 The interval timer is perhaps the simplest type of time switch. This
type of timer is usually activated by turning a knob to the desired
setting.
 This action winds a spring, which immediately proceeds to return
the knob or pointer to its original position.
 The spring works through a gear train that measures a fairly
accurate time interval until the knob has returned to its original
position.
 Generally, contacts are closed when the knob is turned, and  Motion detectors act as an automatic switch that, upon sensing
remain closed until the knob reaches its original position. motion, typically close a lighting circuit and turn on exterior lights.
 When the knob reaches its original position, the contacts are These detectors are commonly used around homes and garages for
opened. safety and convenience.
 It’s common for a combined motion detector and lamp holder unit to
be installed on the exterior of a residence so that motion in the
backyard causes the light to be switched on.

Switch Locations

 All switches shall be located so that they may be operated from a

readily accesible place. They shall be installed so that the center of
the grip of the operating handle of the switch, when in its highest
position, will not be more than 2,000 mm above the floor or working
platform. (Section 3.80.1.8a) Well position light switches, likewise are
located within 150 mm of the door frame

Switch Ratings
 The clock-type timer finds considerably greater application in lighting
control than the interval timer. In effect, this is a clock which may be  Switches, like other electrical equipment, must be applied within
set to close a switch at a certain time and to open it at a certain time. their ratings. Most switches are approved for use at currents up to 10
 Unlike a conventional clock, the clock-type timer switch generally has A (amperes) at voltages up to 125 V (volts). In this case, for voltages
a 24-hour cycle. Its widest use is in the operation of lights in store up to 250 V, the reduced current rating would be 5 A. The switch
windows and signs. rating is marked on each switch
  A switch that’s marked “10A125V-5A250V T” will have heavier
contacts to withstand the high inrush current of incandescent lamps.
A switch with such a rating is called a T-rated switch. T-rated
switches are also available with mercury contacts. The letter “T” in
the name stands for the tungsten from which incandescent filaments
are made. 5.
 A switch that’s marked “10A125V-5A250V AC” is a general-use
alternating current (AC) switch. These switches can be used up to their
full current rating to control lamps that are fed from an AC source.
Quiet operation is another advantage of the general-use AC switch.
6.

Switch Contacts and Arcing

 Switch contacts as it closes and opens a circuit may be subjected to

arcing. In high voltage applications, electric arcing may result to
serious physical injuries to personnel and even electric fires.
Precautions must be always taken in operating switch contacts. 7.

SELF CHECK NO. 10

At the end of
every module, you’ll be asked to check your understanding of what
you’ve just learned by completing a “Self Check.” Writing the answers 8.
to these questions will help you review what you’ve learned so far.
Please complete Self Check 10 now.

1. (For items 1 – 3) Enumerate the 3 functions of electrical devices.

4. A _______ is a current-carrying line that’s controlled by the switch

(For items 5 – 10) Identify what device is being represented by the symbols. 9.
  An overload is an overcurrent that is confined to normal current
paths. There is no insulation breakdown. Overloads are either
sustained or temporary.
 Sustained overloads are commonly caused by installing excessive
equipment such as additional lighting fixtures. They are also caused
10. by overloading mechanical equipment and by equipment breakdown
such as failed bearings. If not disconnected within established time
11. (For items 11 – 13) Enumerate at least 3 kinds of manually operated limits, sustained overloads eventually overheat circuit components
switch. causing thermal damage to insulation and other system components.
 Temporary overloads occurs frequently. They may be caused by
14.(For items 14 – 20) Identify the 7 nonelectrical parameters for temporary equipment overload such as a machine tool taking too
controlling the automatic operation of switches. deep of a cut, or may result from starting inductive loads, such as
PROTECTIVE DEVICES motors. Since temporary overloads are, by definition, harmless,
overcurrent protective devices should not open the circuit.
 All electrical systems require protective devices. The most common  A short-circuit is a current flowing outside its normal path. It is
protective devices are fuses, circuit breakers, and ground-fault circuit caused by a breakdown of insulation or by a faulty equipment
interrupters (GFCIs). The function of these devices is to protect connections. In a short circuit, current by-passes the normal load.
electrical wiring and equipment by stopping the flow of current Short-circuit currents may vary from fractions of an ampere to
whenever the current becomes abnormally high as the result of a 200,000 amperes or more. Short-circuits are divided into bolted
short circuit, overload or ground fault. faults, arcing faults, and ground faults.
 When current flows through a conductor, it generates heat that’s  Bolted fault is a short-circuit that has no electrical resistance at the
proportional to the square of the current flowing in the conductor. point of the fault. It results from a firm mechanical connection
This means that if the current is doubled, the amount of heat is between two conductors, or a conductors and ground. Bolted faults
increased to four times the original amount. An overload or short are characterized by a lack of arcing. Examples of bolted faults are a
circuit causes increased current, which will generate sufficient heat to heavy wrench lying across two bare bus bars, or a crossed-phase
cause rapid deterioration of conductors’ insulation (or even a fire). condition due to in-correct wiring.
 When excessive current flows, the weakest part of the conducting  Arcing fault is a short-circuit that arcs at the point of fault. The arc
circuit will break first and open the circuit. A protective device is impedance (resistance) tends to reduce the short-circuit current.
installed in each circuit to deliberately provide such a weak point. Arcing faults may turn into bolted faults by welding of the faulted
 A protective device must be matched to the current-carrying capacity, components. Arcing faults may be phase-to-phase or phase-to-
or ampacity, of the conductor. Ampacity represents the amount of ground.
current a specific size and type of conductor can carry.  Ground fault is a short-circuit caused by insulation breakdown
 An overcurrent is any current that exceeds the ampere rating of between a phase conductor and a grounded object or conductor.
conductors, equipment, or devices under conditions of use. The term
“overcurrent” includes both overloads and short-circuits.
 Effects of Short-circuits Fuses

If not removed quickly, the large currents associated with short-circuits

may have 3 profound effects on an electrical system:

1. Heating

2. Magnetic stress

3. Arcing

PROTECTIVE DEVICES

 Is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device

to provide over current protection, of either the load or source
circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts
when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in
which it is connected.
 Short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device failure are
the prime reasons for excessive current. Fuses are rated according
to operating current and voltage, interrupting current, time delay
and temperature.

Fuse Current and Voltage Ratings

  Current and voltage ratings are based on the root-mean-square maximum interrupting currents that have been standardized at
(RMS) values of the AC sine wave. The RMS is equivalent to the 10,000 A, 50,000 A, 100,000 A, and 200,000 A.
current or voltage found in a DC circuit of the same rating.  The current that the fuse actually allows to flow into the faulted
 The standard ampere rating for fuses shall be considered 15, 20, circuit is called the let-through current. The let-through current
25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, occurs while the fuse element is melting and then arcing as the
200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1 000, 1 element separates. The time it takes to melt and arc is called the
200, 1 600, 2 000, 2 500, 3 000, 4 000, 5 000, and 6 000 clearing time or interruption time.
amperes. The use of fuses with non-standard ampere ratings shall  Standards have been established that state that current-limiting
be permitted. (Section 2.40.1.6a) fuses must start to melt within 90 electrical degrees (one quarter-
 Many circuit variables must be considered when you’re calculating cycle) and clear or interrupt the circuit within 180 electrical
the correct fuse size. If a circuit is calculated for an in-between degrees (one half-cycle).
size of fuse, then the next larger standard size of fuse may be  UL follows a criteria in including fuse products that pass its
used. For example, if a circuit is calculated for a 215 A fuse (an in- standards in their listing. Listed products applied in accordance
between fuse size) you would have to go to the next larger with their listing are considered to meet the requirements of
standard fuse size. Section 110.10 of the NEC.
 Temperature has the same heating effect on a fuse that it does on
a conductor. In both cases, the ampacity is rated at a standard
ambient temperature. The ampacity is derated for temperatures PROTECTIVE DEVICES
above the standard temperature.
 Time must also be considered in conjunction with many of the
fuse parameters being discussed. The various current ratings of a
fuse are generally based on specific time periods, depending on the INTERRUPTIN AC AVAIL
UL FUSE OVERLOAD
type and class of fuse. This is particularly true for time-delay fuses G RATING VOLTAG E
CLAS CHARACTERISTI
that must be able to withstand currents that are higher than the E AMPE
S CS (AMPERES)
rated current (overload currents) for minimum periods of time. RATING RATIN
 Time is extremely important when a short-circuit occurs in a
circuit, as the circuit must be opened in a very short increment of 200 –
time. 6,000

601 –
L TIME-DELAY 200,000 600
4,000
Fuse Interrupting-Current Ratings
200 –
 The interrupting current in a circuit is the amount of current that 2,000
could be delivered to the circuit if a severe fault or short circuit
should develop. Current-limiting fuses are designed to withstand
RK1 TIME-DELAY 200,000 250 0.1 –
 600 RENEWABLE 250
H FUSES FAST- 10,000 1 – 60
ACTING 600
250
RK1 FAST-ACTING 200,000 1 – 600
600

Fuse Categories and Classifications

250
RK5 TIME-DELAY 200,000 0.1 – 600There are four basic categories of low-voltage fuses.
600
1. Plug fuses are found in some branch circuits.
300 1 – 1,200
T FAST-ACTING 200,000 2. Cartridge fuses are used in feeder and branch circuits to
600 1 – 1,200 protect power and lighting equipment.

3. Supplementary fuses are used to protect electrical

J TIME-DELAY 200,000 600 1 – 600
appliance and electronic equipment circuits.

J FAST-ACTING 200,000 600 1 – 600 4. Special-purpose fuses are used for specific, nonstandard
protection of electrical components and equipment.
0.1 – 30
Plug Fuses
CC TIME-DELAY 200,000 600
0.25 – 30

CC FAST-ACTING 200,000 600 0.1

CD TIME-DELAY 200,000 600 35 – 60

G TIME-DELAY 100,000 480 0.5 – 60

250
K5 FAST-ACTING 50,000 1 – 600
600  Both plug and cartridge fuses are used in residential wiring. Plug
fuses have two types of bases, the Edison Base (Type T fuses) and the
Rejection Base (Type S fuses), also known as a "tamper-proof base".
 The Edison Base Type T fuse works with the typical socket used in the  This feature permits you to select a fuse that’s much closer to the
fuse box seen in older homes and the fuse base looks like a light bulb actual load current. The high-current element is designed to blow on
base. a very high over current, such as a short circuit. When this element
melts, the spring pulls the elements apart and breaks the circuit.
 The main element (which doesn’t have to respond to such overloads)
can be made larger and with less resistance. Therefore, it can operate
cooler and with a lower voltage drop.
 Dual-element fuses have been developed to permit operation with a
temporary overload, a condition that often exists when equipment is
first energized (especially equipment with motors).

Cartridge Fuses
 A Rejection Base Type S fuse actually consists of two components, an
adapter base that screws and locks into the Edison socket in the fuse
box, and the fuse itself.
 Each different amperage rating of a Type S fuse has a matching
socket base adapter with a different sized thread that prevents
mismatching (rejection base). It stops a person from putting a 20 Amp
rated fuse in a 15 Amp circuit.

 Cartridge fuses are often used as main service fuses and large-
appliance fuses when the current exceeds 30 A and are typically
found in industrial applications. Cartridge fuses come in ferrule or
blade type.

 The dual-element fuse (also called a time-delay, time-lag, or slow-blow

fuse) has two elements within one enclosure
 Cartridge Fuses

Supplementary Fuses

 Cartridge fuses operate on the principle of internal heating. The  There are three types of supplementary fuses: micro fuses, miniature
conducting element, which is called the link, is connected between the fuses, and miscellaneous fuses. These types are used in individual
two ferrules. The ferrules make electrical contact when the fuse is pieces of electrical and electronic equipment and for the protection of
plugged into a mating fuse holder, or cutout. individual circuits or components.
 Cartridge fuses operate on the principle of internal heating. The
conducting element, which is called the link, is connected between the
two ferrules. The ferrules make electrical contact when the fuse is
plugged into a mating fuse holder, or cutout.
 Cartridge fuses (which are common in nonresidential use) are made
in three classifications: 250 V, 300 V, and 600 V. The use of the
different classifications varies depending on the maximum voltage
rating of the circuit in which they’re used.
 The knife-blade fuse is made only in sizes larger than 60 A. The size of
the fuse changes with the voltage and current ratings, which prevents
the substitution of a fuse with a much different rating in a circuit.

 The smallest type of supplementary fuse is the micro fuse or

subminiature fuse, which is available in a variety of shapes. The micro
fuse is available in ratings up to a maximum current rating of 10 A
and a maximum voltage rating of 125 V.
  A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch
 A miniature fuse is tubular in shape and resembles a small ferrule- designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by
contact fuse. In general, the length of a miniature fuse is between 20 overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
mm and 25 mm, and the diameter is about 6 mm. The miniature fuse condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
is available in voltage ratings up to 250 V. electrical flow.
 A miscellaneous supplementary fuse has a minimum diameter of 10  A circuit breaker has three positions: ON, OFF, and tripped. When an
mm and a minimum length of 140 mm. Such fuses are available in overload occurs, the circuit breaker handle moves to the tripped
voltage ratings up to 600 V and are designed so that they can’t be position. The circuit breaker can be closed by pushing its handle to its
installed in fuse holders intended for class H, J, K, L, R, or T fuses. OFF position and then to its ON position. This action resets the
breaker and allows you to complete the circuit.
 On occasion, since heat is the primary actor that will trip the breaker,
Circuit Breakers a short period of time must be allowed to let the breaker cool. No
more than about 10 seconds is usually necessary. If the overload has
 The most common device for protecting conductors from excessive been removed, the circuit breaker will remain closed.
current is the circuit breaker. Modern homes are generally equipped
with circuit breakers rather than fuses. The circuit breaker is, in
effect, an automatic switch that opens itself when the current through
it exceeds its rating. It’s unlike the fuse in that it’s usually not
damaged when it opens, or trips.
  Molded-case circuit breakers are utilized to open/close low-voltage
circuits and protect wiring by automatically closing circuits when
 When heated sufficiently from an overcurrent, a bimetallic strip will overloading or short-circuiting occurs.
cause a circuit breaker to trip. To turn a tripped circuit breaker on,
the handle must first be placed in the OFF position and then moved
to the ON position.
 All of the operating characteristics that apply to fuses also apply to
circuit breakers. Due to this fact, circuit breakers are also available in
different sizes, types, and classes. An understanding of fuse operation
will aid in your understanding of circuit breakers.

Circuit breakers are manufactured into different type according to its

function. Some of these types are:

 Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB)

 Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
 Air Circuit Breakers (ACB)
 Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)
 Ground-Fault Current-Interrupter (GFCI)  Generally used in a load center, panelboard, or similar device,
 Arc-Fault Current-Interrupter (AFCI) industrial miniature circuit breakers are a specific type of circuit
breaker, used to switch and protect the lowest common
distribution voltage in an electrical system.
  RCCBs are designed operate within 25-40 milliseconds at leakage
of 30 milliamperes.

 Air circuit breaker is designed to overcome the defects and

safeguard the machine before it breakdowns. The main feature of
an ACB is to dampen or quench the arcing during overloading.

 A Ground-Fault Current-Interrupter (GFCI) is designed to protect

persons against electric shock. It operates on the principles of
monitoring the unbalanced current between the ungrounded and
the grounded neutral conductor.

 The Residual Current Circuit Breaker is commonly used to open a

circuit automatically in the case of current in balances due to an
earth leakage fault between phase, neutral and earth, greater or
equal to 10, 30, 100, 300 or 500mA.
 Such an imbalance may indicate current leakage through the body
of a person who is grounded and accidentally touching the
energized part of the circuit.
 An Arc-Fault Current-Interrupter (AFCI) is a device intended to
open the circuit when it detects the current waveform
characteristics that are unique to an arcing fault.
The PEC requires that all single phase, 15 and 20 A branch circuits
supplying outlets installed in dwelling unit bedroomsshall be
protected by a listed AFCI. (Section 2.10.1.12b)

Installing Circuit Breakers

Circuit Breaker
  Receptacles, or convenience outlets, are provided for the quick
connection of electrical equipment to the wiring system and the
source of power. Many different types of receptacles are
manufactured, but the duplex receptacle, which provides two
outlets, is the most common one.
 Wires are terminated to receptacles either through screw
terminals or pressure terminals referred to as stab locks. A
stripping gage is included on the duplex receptacle to aid in
removing the correct amount of insulation.
 If a wire must be removed, a screwdriver is placed in the slot to
release the pressure terminal and to permit the wire to be
withdrawn. The pressure terminal is usually designed to accept
only two sizes of solid copper wire, such as No. 12 and No. 14.
 Either the screw terminals or the pressure terminals may be used
with solid copper wires, but only the screw terminals can be used
with stranded copper wires.

Wiring Receptacle Convenience Outlets

Receptacle Convenience Outlet

 Ordinary receptacle outlet has 1 terminal (L) for the hot wire from
circuit breaker and 1 terminal (N) for the neutral wire from the
neutral bus bar when installed in a line-to-neutral circuits. If you
are wiring line-to-line circuits, however, the second hot wire is
terminated at the neutral terminal (N) of the outlet.
  Electricity wants to flow to ground through easiest path. Since
you are standing on wet surface that is touching ground,
electricity can jump from power tool and race through your body
to ground. This faulted circuit will kill instantly.

 Three prong receptacle outlets has a third terminal (G) where the
ground wire is terminated. The ground terminal is usually labeled
with the symbol like the figure in the right.  The GFCI instantly detects open circuit, and cuts power so
electricity is stopped. The PEC requires that outdoor plugs,
kitchen plugs and bathroom plugs should be GFCI protected.
GFCI Receptacle Convenience Outlet

 Ground fault outlet detects grounded circuit that can potentially

electrocute you. For example, when you plug-in extension cord
to use power tool while standing in water or wet grass, there will
always be danger of ground fault.
 purchased. This indicates that GFCI is wired differently than
ordinary outlet.
 If you want more outlets and switches protected by same GFCI,
then attach wires to Load screws, as illustrate below.

Wiring GFCI Receptacle Convenience Outlet

 There will be locations in the circuit where you do not want it to be

GFCI protected such as outlets where major appliances are
connected. This is because a properly grounded 3 prong outlet
provides protection for both people and the appliance should a short
circuit develop between a live wire and the cabinet. Highly inductive
loads like large motors or even fluorescent lamps or fixtures on the
same circuit can cause nuisance tripping of GFCIs which needless to
say is not desirable for something like a refrigerator.
 If you do NOT want GFCI protection on subsequent outlets and
switches, then attach wires to Line screws, as illustrated below.

 GFCI outlet is different than an ordinary outlet. There are two set
of screws on GFCI outlet, same as ordinary outlet except each
screw is independent and not connected by metal. So all 4 GFCI
screws are independent. In the back of GFCI device identifies Line
screws and Load screws. Load screws are usually covered with
yellow tape when device is fresh out of box.
 Hot and neutral wires or the two hot conductors from breaker box
attach to Line screws. At this point, anything plugged into the
GFCI outlet is protected from fault. Both outlets are GFCI
protected at this point, and Load screws are not used. Load
screws are usually covered with yellow tape when device is
 and phase characteristics. The National Electrical Manufacturers
Association lists the NEMA configuration standards for the various
sets of plug and receptacle characteristics. If an L precedes the NEMA
designation, the plug or receptacle is constructed with locking prongs
and is called a twist-lock receptacle.

CONVENIENCE DEVICES

 All devices connected to Line screws are NOT GFCI-protected. This is

true for switches and outlets.This technique lets installer put GFCI in
bathroom, but other outlets in bedroom are not protected for
example. There should be a maximum 12 boxes per circuit. A circuit
consists of all boxes on 1 circuit breaker.

Receptacle Configurations

 Receptacles and plugs are also used in circuits with higher voltage
and current ratings, and also in circuits that supply one-phase or
three-phase voltages. Since electrical equipment is designed for use at
a particular combination of voltage, current, and phase, the plug for
the equipment can’t be inserted into a receptacle that supplies a
different combination of voltage, current, and phase.
 For this reason, the manufacturers of electrical devices have
standardized prong configurations for each set of voltage, current,
Receptacle Configurations

 Twist-lock receptacles are used to prevent a plug from being easily

pulled or vibrated from a receptacle, such as near a swimming pool or
on critical hospital equipment.

Receptacle Location
 A convenient recommended height for a the installation of a duplex
receptacle is 300 mm above the floor, because the outlet is more
accessible and small-appliance cords will drag less. In a kitchen,  Receptacles will usually be equally spaced. However, the spacing
bathroom, laundry room, or garage, a good height for installation is may be changed somewhat for convenience in probable placement
1,200 mm above the floor. This results in the receptacles being about of furniture. The receptacles that are installed for countertops in
300 mm above a countertop or work bench. kitchens and dining rooms should be installed so that no wall
space (measured horizontally) is more than 600 mm from a
 The PEC requires electricians to provide enough receptacles so that
receptacle outlet. (Section 2.10.3a2)
no point in a room is more than 1,800 mm from a receptacle. (Section
2.10.3a1) This means that the distance between receptacles is always
less than 3,600 mm, which is convenient because the cord length on
most appliances is about 1,800 mm. Any wall space that’s greater
than 600 mm should be counted when receptacles are located.
(Section 2.10.3a2)
 Sliding panels (such as sliding glass doors leading to patios) also
should be counted as wall space. When sliding doors are used, special
floor receptacles may be needed, but they must be within 450 mm of
the wall to be counted in the wall receptacle requirement. (Section
2.10.3a3) For commercial applications, receptacles must be provided
as needed which means that they can be much closer or farther apart
than 3,600 mm.

 Other locations that the PEC requires to have at least one

receptacle outlets are in island counter spaces (Section 2.10.3c2)
and peninsular counter spaces (Section 2.10.3c3), bathrooms
(Section 2.10.3d), front and back of a one-family dwelling and each
unit of a two family dwelling that is at grade level (Section 2.10.3e),
laundry areas (Section 2.10.3f), unfinished basement and garages
(Section 2.10.3g), and hallways 3,000 mm or more in length
(Section 2.10.3h).
  Weatherproof receptacles should be installed at convenient
locations outdoors to service decorative lighting and power tools.
They should be kept at least 450 mm above ground level.
 Special receptacles with key locks can be used in areas where
vandalism is a problem. For extra convenience, they can be
controlled by wall-mounted switches.

The PEC also requires that GFCI protected receptacle outlets be installed in
dwelling units (Section 2.10.1.8a) at:

1. Bathrooms,
2. Garages and also accessory buildings that have a
floor located at or below grade level not intended
as habitable rooms and limited to storage areas,
work areas, and areas of similar use

The PEC also requires that GFCI protected receptacle outlets be installed in
dwelling units (Section 2.10.1.8a) at:

1. Outdoors,
2. Crawl spaces below grade level,
3. Unfinished basements
4. Kitchens, and
5. Wet bar sinks
SELF CHECK NO. 2

At the end of every module, you’ll be asked to check your

understanding of what you’ve just learned by completing a “Self
Check.” Writing the answers to these questions will help you review
what you’ve learned so far. Please complete Self Check 2 now.

1. (For items 1 – 7) Enumerate the 7 dwelling locations that the PEC

requires to have GFCI protected receptacle outlets.

8. ___________ represents the amount of current a specific size and type

of conductor can carry.

9. _________ is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial

device to provide over current protection, of either the load or source
circuit.

10. (For items 10 – 13) Give the 4 prime reasons for excessive current.

14. Since heat is the primary actor that will trip a breaker, a short period
of _____ seconds must be allowed to let the breaker cool before it can be
reset.

15. Pressure terminals on receptacle outlets are often referred to as

___________.

16. What section in the PEC states that receptacles shall be installed so
that no point along the floor line in any wall space is more than 1,800
mm from an outlet in that space?

17.What is meant by the acronym RCCB in electrical circuits?

18. What is meant by the acronym AFCI in electrical circuits?

19.What is the tripping time required for RCCBs?

20.What section in the PEC states all 15A and 20A circuits in a dwelling
bedroom shall be AFCI protected?
Lighting Receptacle

Light bulbs or lamps could theoretically be directly and permanently wired

into a circuit, but it would be extremely inconvenient. For this reason, lamps
are designed with built-in plugs that are called bases. In turn, light fixtures
have built-in receptacles called sockets that mate with the bases of the
lamps.

 The body of the lamp holder might be made of plastic or porcelain.

It’s often used in cellars, and garages, where a bare lamp can be
tolerated. It’s also available without a pull-chain switch.
Lamp Holder

 Another type of lamp holder is the brass-shell socket, which is

 A lamp holder is an assembly that contains a socket. Every named according to the type of switch it contains: keyless, key,
lampholder have a socket, which is the part that makes contact with turn-knob, pull chain, or push-through.
the lamp base.
 In addition to the socket, a lamp holder assembly contains protective
and insulating materials around the socket, as well as hardware to
support the assembly.
 Lamp Holder for Fluorescent Lamps

 Special lamp holders are used for exterior use and in wet places  Fluorescent lamp holders have four electrical contacts, two at
such as the weatherproof lamp holder that’s called a pigtail socket each end of the lamp. This is accomplished in the standard line of
by electricians. lamps by the use of a miniature bipin for T-8 and T-12 bulbs and
 It has short leads that are sealed into a lamp holder made of mogul bipin for T-17 bulbs. In circline lamps, the cathodes are
either rubber or a composition material. This isn’t a permanent connected to a four-pin base located between the junction of the
type of lamp holder, and it’s usually used only for construction two ends of the lamp.
sites or temporary lighting purposes.  High Output and Very High Output lamps have recessed double
contact (RDC) type bases. Slimline (Instant Start) lamps require
only two electrical contacts, one at each lamp end and have single
Lamp Holder Classification pin bases.

 Electricians use many types of lamp holders, particularly in

incandescent lamps. Incandescent lamp holders are divided into four
classifications that indicate the lamp base that the socket will fit.
These classifications are:

1. Candelabra

2. Intermediate

3. Medium

4. Mogul base
Light Fixtures and Luminaires • Semi-recessed: Housing is partially set into the ceiling or wall

 A light fixture, light fitting, or luminaire is an electrical device • Portable: Fixture can be moved and plugged into a standard
used to create artificial light by use of an electric lamp. A fixture’s outlet
components consist of one or more lamps and one or more of the
following:

• Lamp holders or sockets to connect the lamps to the

power supply

• Ballasts to control the current supplied to discharge

lamps

• Reflectors to direct light in the desired direction.

• Diffusing or shielding components (for example: louvers,

diffusers, and lenses) to distribute light evenly across a
surface or to reduce glare

• Housings (usually metal) to contain all the fixture’s

wiring, equipment, and other components

• Fixtures require an electrical connection to a power source;

permanent lighting may be directly wired, and moveable lamps have a
plug. Light fixtures may also have other features, such as reflectors Examples of Light Fixtures
for directing the light, an aperture (with or without a lens), an outer
shell or housing for lamp alignment and protection, and an electrical
ballast or power supply.

• Light fixtures are commonly named based on the way they’re

mounted. Some of the following mounting types are:

• Pendant: Suspended by a wire, rod, or chain from the ceiling

• Sconce or wall bracket: Mounted to a wall

• Surface-mounted: Entirely visible and mounted either to the

ceiling surface or wall surface
Light Fixture for Ceiling
• Recessed: Housing is set into the ceiling or wall
 Street Light Fixture Spot Light Fixture
Light Fixture for Walls Pin Light Fixture

PEC Requirements for Lighting Systems

There are two commonly encountered safety concerns related to the

installation of lighting fixtures. These can be avoided simply by reading and
following the installation instructions supplied with a lighting fixture.

1. Use proper wattage lamps. The most common significant

fire hazard involves installing lamps of a wattage greater
than the recommended fixture wattage.

Bollard Light Fixture Light Fixture for Fence 2. Install fixtures away from insulation. The second type of
hazard results when recessed lighting fixtures are
installed too close to a dwelling’s thermal insulation.
This hazard often occurs because the fixture wasn’t
rated for the type of insulation used.

The PEC states that fixtures must be labeled as suitable for their intended
location and purpose. The following lists some of the labels that may be
found on a lighting fixture. Section 4.10 of the PEC lists requirements
concerning the specific locations where you would install these and other
lighting fixtures.
 Electrical Loads and Control Diagrams

ELECTRICAL LOADS

An electrical load is the part or component in a circuit that converts

electricity into light, heat, or mechanical motion. Examples of loads are a
light bulb, resistor, or motor. If an electric circuit has a well-defined output
terminal, the circuit connected to this terminal (or its input impedance) is
the load.

There are three main types of electrical loads: resistive, inductive, and  Inductive loads are electrical loads which pulls a large amount of
capacitive loads. current (an in-rush current) when first energized. After a few cycles or
seconds the current "settles down" to the full-load running current.
 The time required for the current to "settle down" depends on the
frequency or/and the inductance value of the inductive load.

 Inductive loads draw real power (W) and inductive reactive power
(VAR) from the source.

 The real power does useful work, such as provide light or create
torque to do work.

 The inductive reactive power, on the other hand, is required for the
loads to work (ex. creates magnetic field for induction motors), but it
increases the current the source must provide.

 Generally, inductive loads use magnetic fields. Examples of inductive

 Resistive loads are characterized by not having any significant in- loads are motors, solenoids, and relays. If it moves, it's probably an
rush current during start-up. When a resistive load is energized, inductive load.
the current rises instantly to it's steady-state value, without first
 Inductive loads can cause blowback voltage. Circuits should be
rising to a higher value.
protected from this by diodes. Blowback is caused by a surge of
 It is an electrical load in which voltage and current are converted
voltage created by the collapsing magnetic field in an inductor.
to energy in the form of heat examples of which is an electrical
heater and an incandescent bulb. Resistive loads draw real power
(W) from the source.
  The critical electric load is that part of theelectrical load which
requires continuous quality electric power.  Examples include
facilities such as hospitals, dry docks, shipyards, and those facilities
with computers or electronic equipment, as found in data processing
and communications centers.
 Electrical loads are also classified according the duration it utilizes
electrical energy. Electrical loads can be operated either with
continuous duty, intermittent duty, periodic duty, short-time duty, or
varying duty.
 Continuous duty loads are electrical loads that operates at a
 At low frequencies (say <= 10 MHz), a capacitive load is a capacitor. A substantially constant load for an indefinitely long time.
capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal  Intermittent duty loads on the other hand, operates at alternate
electrical component used to store electric charge that can be intervals of (1) load and no load; or (2) load and rest; or (3) load, no
converted to energy when discharged. load, and rest.
 At high frequencies (say >= 1 GHz), all things have a capacitive  Periodic duty loads has intermittent operation in which the load
nature. The higher the frequency, the worst is the capacitive leak. An conditions are regularly recurrent.
unintentional capacitive load would be the wire or conductor to  Short-time duty loads operates at a substantially constant load for a
another wire or conductor or ground. A capacitive load means just short and definitely specified time.
that the load acts like a capacitor load as opposed to a inductor or  Varying duty loads has operation at loads, and for intervals of time,
resistive load. both of which may be subjected to wide variation.
 Capacitive reactive power is opposite in polarity than inductive
reactive power. Simply stated, when an inductor AND a capacitor are
in a circuit, the capacitor acts a source and provides reactive power to
Types of Lamps and Their Uses
the inductor, which decreases the reactive power the source must
provide.  One of the first loads a dwelling or structure has are lamps. It is used
In residential and commercial applications loads are categorized as either: to provide artificial lighting inside or outside the structure to ensure
safe and comfortable vision during nightime. There are many different
1. primary load types of light bulbs around, and they were all designed with a certain
use in mind.
2. essential operating load  As an electrician, in order to work on lighting projects, you’ll need to
3. vital operations load, and understand lighting blueprints and specifications, and you’ll also
have to deal with lighting designers. Learning all you can about lamps
4. critical loads and lighting will make it easier to read these documents and
communicate with designers. A basic knowledge of the different lamp
types available will also allow you to make on-site decisions when
complications or obstructions arise.
 Often times, electricians will be asked to lay out lighting fixtures in  Incandescent bulbs produce a steady warm, light that is good for
general-use areas in buildings, such as mechanical areas, basements, most household applications. A standard incandescent bulb can last
and stairways and in more specialized areas, such as lobbies, hospital for 700-1000 hours, and can be used with a dimmer.
rooms, executive offices, and parking lots.  Soft white bulbs use a special coating inside the glass bulb to better
 There are three general categories of electric lamps: incandescent, diffuse the light; but the light color is not changed.
fluorescent, and high-intensity discharge (HID). Incandescent light
sources are heat-based light, while fluorescent and HID sources
produce light with the excitation of gaseous elements and are called
 A bulb’s shape is identified by a letter and number. The letter
discharge lamps.
indicates the basic bulb shape, and the number indicates the
maximum diameter of the bulb in eighths of an inch. For example, a
G-40 bulb is globular in shape with a maximum overall diameter of 5
inches (40 ÷ 8 inches).

• The bulb designation “A” stands for arbitrary, which is

the familiar household bulb shape.
• The bulb designation “T” stands for tubular, a shape
used in painting lights and showcase lights.
• The bulb designation “F” stands for flame, a shape used
in ornamental chandeliers and wall sconces.
• The bulb designation “C” stands for candelabra, a shape
used generally for Christmas tree decorations.
• The bulb designation PAR stands for parabolic
 Incandescent bulbs are the standard bulbs that most people are aluminized reflector.
familiar with. Incandescent bulbs work by using electricity to heat a • The bulb designation R stands for reflector. (Both PAR
tungsten filament in the bulb until it glows. The filament is either in a and R lamps are used in track lighting and black-baffled
vacuum or in a mixture of argon/nitrogen gas. down lights.)
 Most of the energy consumed by the bulb is given off as heat, causing
its Lumens per Watt performance to be low. Because of the filament's
high temperature, the tungsten tends to evaporate and collect on the
sides of the bulb.
 The inherent imperfections in the filament causes it to become
thinner unevenly. When a bulb is turned on, the sudden surge of
energy can cause the thin areas to heat up much faster than the rest
of the filament, which in turn causes the filament to break and the
bulb to burn out.
  The approximate nominal lamp bell diameter in inches can be found
by dividing the PAR size by 8. For example, a PAR30 lamp is
approximately 3.75 inches in diameter.
 Similarly, the diameter in millimeters can be found by multiplying the
PAR size by 3.125. For example, a PAR16 lamp is approximately
50 mm in diameter.

Nominal Diameter Nominal Diameter

Designation
(inch) (millimeter)

PAR 64 8 200

 A parabolic aluminized reflector lamp (also PAR light, PAR can, or PAR 56 7 175
simply PAR) is a type of electric lamp that is widely used in
commercial, residential, and transportation illumination. PAR 46 5¾ 145
 A PAR lamp is a type of halogen or LED light bulb wherein the lens
and reflector are internal parts of the lamp.
PAR 38 4¾ 120
 The gas within PAR lamp bulbs rebuilds the filament and creates a
bulb that is longer-lasting than many other types of halogen lighting.
PAR 36 4½ 115
 PAR lamps are sturdy enough to be exposed to various types of
weather without needing any fixtures for protection.
PAR 30 3¾ 95
PAR 20 2½ 65

PAR 16 2 50

Standard Power Ratings

Designation
(Watts)

1,000

PAR 64 500  Halogen bulbs are a variation of incandescent bulb technology. These
bulbs work by passing electricity through a tungsten filament, which
is enclosed in a tube containing halogen gas.
250
 This halogen gas causes a chemical reaction to take place which
removes the tungsten from the wall of the glass and deposits it back
500 onto the filament. This extends the life of the bulb.
 In order for the chemical reaction to take place, the filament needs to
be hotter than what is needed for incandescent bulbs. The good news
PAR 56 300 is that a hotter filament produces a brilliant white light and is more
efficient (more lumens per watt).
200  The bad news is that a hotter filament means that the tungsten is
evaporating that much faster. Therefore a denser, more expensive fill
gas (krypton), and a higher pressure, are used to slow down the
150 evaporation.
 This means that a thicker, but smaller glass bulb (envelope) is
needed, which translates to a higher cost. Due to the smaller glass
PAR 38 100
envelope (bulb), the halogen bulb gets much hotter than other bulbs.
A 300 watt bulb can reach over 300 degrees C.
75  Therefore attention must be paid to where halogen bulbs are used, so
that they don't accidentally come in contact with flammable
materials, or burn those passing by.
 Care must be taken not to touch the glass part of the bulb with our
fingers. The oils from our fingers will weaken the glass and shorten
the bulb’s life. Many times this causes the bulb to burst when the
filament finally burns out.

 Since the incandescent lamp is a simple electrical device, there’s

seldom any difficulty in diagnosing and servicing incandescent
lighting systems. Often, service complaints can be traced to loose
socket connections or a failure to plug in or turn on the power
correctly. If you inspect the lamp socket, wiring, and power supply
and make any necessary repairs during lamp replacement or fixture
cleaning, no other maintenance should be required.
 A voltmeter or multimeter is sometimes useful to check the socket
voltage; if a test socket isn’t available, the ohmmeter portion of the
multimeter may be used to check filament continuity. A 120 V
general-service lamp will produce a reading from less than 1 ohm to
about 25 ohms or so when it’s cold, depending on the lamp wattage.
Table 2 summarizes some typical lamp problems and their service
approaches.

 Fluorescent bulbs work by passing a current through a tube filled with

argon gas and mercury. This produces ultraviolet radiation that
bombards the phosphorous coating causing it to emit light.
 Bulb life is very long which last up to 10,000 to 20,000 hours.
Fluorescent bulbs are also very efficient, producing very little heat.
 Fluorescent bulbs are ideal for lighting large areas where little detail
work will be done (e.g. basements, storage lockers, etc.).
 With the new type bulbs, and style of fixtures coming out,
fluorescents can be used in most places around the home. Most
fluorescent bulb cannot be used with dimmers.
 The bulb shape and size of a fluorescent lamp are expressed by
means of a code consisting of the letter "T" (which designates that the
bulb is "tubular" in shape) followed by a number which expreses the
diameter of the bulb in eighths of an inch.
 Curvalumes are U-shaped fluorescent types with T-8 and T-12 bulbs.
 They vary in diameter from T-2 (1/4 inch) to T-12 (1 1/2 inches). In
The width of U shaped types are measured for the distance between
nominal overall length, fluorescent lamps range from 6 to 96 inches,
the ends. The overall length is measured from the face of the bases to
which is always measured from back of lampholder to back of
the outside of the glass bend.
lampholder.

 Circline lamps, which are circular, are available in four sizes: 6 1/2
inches, 8 inches, 12 inches and 16 inches outside diameter.
  In a fluorescent lamp, the voltage must be regulated because the
current in the gas discharge causes resistance to decrease in the
tube. The AC voltage will cause the current to climb on its own. If this
current isn’t controlled, it can cause the blow out of various
components.
 There are primarily two types of ballasts - magnetic and electronic.

 Magnetic ballasts are made of wire coiled so as to create a magnetic

field which makes it an inductive load. It is manufacture either pre-
heat start or rapid start.
 A pre-heat start ballast provides a pre-heat current to the filaments
prior to ignition. During the pre-determined pre-heat interval the
voltage across the lamp drops long enough for the cathodes to reach
proper temperature before the lamp ignites.

 Note that fluorescent bulbs need components called ballasts to

provide the right amount of voltage. The ballast works mainly as a
regulator. They consume, transform, and control electrical power for
various types of electric-discharge lamps, providing the necessary
circuit conditions for starting and operating them.There are primarily
two types - magnetic and electronic.
  Prior to the development of electronic ballasts an external starter
(glow switch) was typically used. Starters are sort of small mechanical
timers, needed to cause a stream of electrons to flow across the tube
and ionize the mercury vapor.
 It functions by sending a delayed shot of high-voltage electricity to the
gas within the fluorescent bulb.  The delay allows the gas to become
ionized so that it can conduct electricity. 
 The gas in the fluorescent tube has a high resistance when not lit, so
it takes a high voltage to start it glowing. The "starter" stores energy
and releases it all at once, causing a high voltage.
 Once the tube is glowing its resistance is lower, so it can continue to
run without the starter.

Typical Wiring Diagram of a Fluorescent Lamp with a Pre-Heat Start Ballast

and Glow Switch

 Rapid-start ballasts also supply a pre-heat current to the cathodes

whenever the power is on. The pre-heat and open circuit voltage is
supplied to the lamp simultaneously.
 The open circuit voltage is not sufficient to bring about ionization
when the cathodes are cold, but as they heat up, the increasing
 electron emission reduces the starting voltage requirement to the
point where the lamp will ignite.
 A proper rapid start ballast and lamp design will minimize the loss of
emission mix from the filament over the life of the lamp.
 This type of ballast circuit is recommended for most applications
because it reduces the sputter that results with instant start and pre-
heat designs. A general claim can be made that lamps will last longer
on a rapid start circuit than any other.

 Electronic ballasts (also known as instant start ballasts) solve some of

the flickering and humming problems associated with magnetic
Typical Wiring Diagram of a Fluorescent Lamp with a Rapid-Start Ballast
ballast, and are more efficient, but cost more to purchase.
 This type of ballast ignites the lamp by applying high voltage to the
lamp starting it “instantly”. There is no heating of the cathodes prior
to start-up.
 This is done through the electronic circuitry of the ballast specifically
designed for the purpose. The process of starting the lamp in this
mode creates “sputtering” of the emission mix from the filament to the
lamp wall.
 For this reason instant start ballasts are generally recommended for
applications where the lamps run continuously.

Typical Wiring Diagram of a Fluorescent Lamp with a Instart Start

(Electronic) Ballast

 Magnetic ballasts are not energy efficient and they generate flicker
and humming sounds noticeable in the fluorescent lamp. When the
power switch is turn on, the fluorescent lamp will flicker for a few
times before it can give a steady light.
 Generally, there are three different types of compact fluorescent lamp
systems:

1. Integrated systems contain a lamp, base, and ballast in one unit. This
entire unit is disposed of at the end of its life.

2. Modular systems contain a ballast in a screw-in base with a

replaceable lamp. When the lamp is at the end of its life, a new lamp
 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) are a modern type of light bulbs, is inserted while the base is reused.
that work like fluorescent bulbs, but in a much smaller package.
 Similar to regular fluorescent bulbs, they produce little heat and are 3. Dedicated systems contain a ballast and lamp socket wired as part of
very efficient. They are available to fit screw type base fittings and pin the lighting fixture. These fixtures are dedicated to compact
type (snap-in). fluorescent lamps only.
 Most CFLs either consist of a number of short glass sticks, or two or
three small tubular loops. Sometimes, they are enclosed in a glass
bowl, made to look similar to a regular incandescent bulb.
 Most CFLs cannot be used with dimmers. They normally last up to
10,000 hours.
 All compact fluorescent lamp bases have 2 or 4 pins. The 2 pin lamps
are designed for preheat operation, with lamps having an internal
starter.
Approximate Equivalents to Incandescent bulbs

(in reference with light output)

CFL Incandescent
 40 Watts  HID lamps produce light by striking an electrical arc across tungsten
7–10 Watts
electrodes housed inside a specially designed inner glass tube. This
tube is filled with both gas and metals. The gas aids in the starting of
15-18 Watts 60 Watts
the lamps. Then, the metals produce the light once they are heated to
a point of evaporation.
20 Watts 75 Watts  HID lamps are typically used not only when energy efficiency and/or
long life are desired, but also when high levels of light are required
100 Watts over large areas. Such areas include gymnasiums, large public areas,
20-25 Watts
outdoor activity areas, roadways, pathways, and parking lots.

32 Watts 150 Watts

 High Pressure Sodium (HPS), Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor and Self-
Ballasted Mercury Lamps are all high intensity discharge lamps (HID).
With the exception of self-ballasted lamps, auxiliary equipment such
as ballasts and starters must be provided for proper starting and
operation of each type bulb. Compared to fluorescent and
incandescent lamps, HID lamps produce a large quantity of light from
a relatively small bulb.

 Standard high-pressure sodium lamps have the highest efficacy of all

HID lamps, but they produce a yellowish light. High-pressure sodium
lamps that produce a whiter light are now available, but efficiency is
somewhat sacrificed.
 Low-pressure sodium lamps have the highest efficacy of all
commercially available lighting sources. Even though they emit a  Metal halide lamps are less efficient but produce a whiter, more
yellow light, a low-pressure sodium lamp shouldn't be confused with natural light. Colored metal halide lamps are also available. Lately,
a standard high-pressure sodium lamp. metal halide is successfully being used in residential environments.
 Low-pressure sodium lamps operate much like a fluorescent lamp
and require a ballast. There is a brief warm-up period for the lamp to
reach full brightness.
 With a color rendering index (CRI) of 0, low-pressure sodium lamps
are used where color rendition is not important but energy efficiency
is. They're commonly used for outdoor, roadway, parking lot, and
pathway lighting.

 A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric

arc through vaporized mercury to produce light.
 The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc
tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb.
 The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor; in either
case, the outer bulb provides thermal insulation, protection from the
 ultraviolet radiation the light produces, and a convenient mounting
for the fused quartz arc tube.
CONTROL DIAGRAMS
 Mercury vapor lamps has high luminous efficacies of 35 to 65
lumens/watt. Their other advantages are a long bulb lifetime in the  Control diagrams are drawings that illustrate how control devices are
range of 24,000 hours and a high intensity, clear white light output. connected together to energize or de-energize electrical loads in some
 For these reasons, they are used for large area overhead lighting, predetermined manner or sequence. Most of the symbols found on a
such as in factories, warehouses, and sports arenas as well as for control drawing will represent control devices, although you’ll find
streetlights. Clear mercury lamps produce white light with a bluish- some symbols that represent protective devices and the electrical
green tint due to mercury's combination of spectral lines. [ loads themselves.
 If you plan to work on any type of automated electrical equipment,
you’ll need to learn how to read control diagrams or drawings. Even if
you only do residential work, the ability to interpret control diagrams
will enable you to better understand how many major household
appliances function.

 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are bulbs without a filament, that are low
in power consumption and have a long life span. LEDs are just
starting to rival conventional.
 LED’s are becoming more and more popular because of its high light
output and low power consumptions. LED lamps however must be
produced in large scale to compare to the light output given by a
single incandescent bulb.
 Nevertheless, technology is advancing everyday, and it will not be long
until the LED bulb will be the bulb of choice for most applications in
the home and work place.
 A control diagram for a complex automated machine is shown in
figures at the left. These diagram is typical of those used by industrial
electricians every day.
Each diagram is followed by the sequence of operation for the particular
machine and notes on some of the switches.

Control diagrams usually follows these drawing practices:

1. The numbers down each side of each diagram are reference numbers
for the rungs of the “ladder.”

2. Relay coils, solenoids, and timers are located near the right side of the
diagram, and their functions are listed to the right of the ladder.

 These devices are actually the loads of the control circuit itself. Each
rung of the ladder must have a load, or the rung would be a short
circuit.

Schematic Symbols

Schematic symbols circuit symbols are used for drawing schematic

diagram. The symbols represent electrical and electronic components.

Table of Electrical Symbols

Ladder Diagrams

 The method of expressing the language of control symbols is a line

diagram, also referred to as a ladder diagram. Line diagrams are
made up of two circuits, the control circuit and the power circuit.
 Ladder Diagrams  Take for example the circuit on the right. Here, the lamp (load) is
located on the right-hand side of the rung, and so is the ground
are specialized schematics commonly used to document industrial control connection for the power source.
logic systems.
 This is no accident or coincidence; rather, it is a purposeful element
of good design practice.
 Suppose that wire #1 were to accidently come in contact with ground,
the insulation of that wire having been rubbed off so that the bare
conductor came in contact with grounded, metal conduit. Our circuit
would now function like this:
 With both sides of the lamp connected to ground, the lamp will be
"shorted out" and unable to receive power to light up. If the switch
were to close, there would be a short-circuit, immediately blowing the
They are called "ladder" diagrams because they resemble a ladder, with two fuse.
vertical rails (supply power) and as many "rungs" (horizontal lines) as there
are control circuits to represent.

 In ladder diagrams, the load device (lamp, relay coil, solenoid coil,
etc.) is almost always drawn at the right-hand side of the rung.
While it doesn't matter electrically where the relay coil is located
within the rung, it does matter which end of the ladder's power
supply is grounded, for reliable operation.

 However, consider what would happen to the circuit with the same
fault (wire #1 coming in contact with ground), except this time we'll
swap the positions of switch and fuse (L2 is still grounded):
 This time the accidental grounding of wire #1 will force power to the
lamp while the switch will have no effect.
 It is much safer to have a system that blows a fuse in the event of a
ground fault than to have a system that uncontrollably energizes
lamps, relays, or solenoids in the event of the same fault.
 7. INDUCE POWER AND COMMISSION THE INSTALLED SYSTEM.
Performing power test to the installed circuit will conclude whether it is
WIRING ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS functional or not. When the intended function of the system was not met,
In wiring electrical circuits, a good electrician/installer should follow the then the installer will have to perform troubleshooting.
following standard operating procedures:

1. NEVER WIRE WITHOUT A WIRING DIAGRAM. If there is no diagram

provided do not attempt to wire a circuit even if you are all ready familiar or
have wired the same circuit before. It is always safe to have a guide in wiring
electrical circuits.

2. PROCURE ALL NEEDED DEVICES BASED ON THE WIRING DIAGRAM.

It is very important to know how to read different electrical symbols to be
able to interpret what devices are required in the installation of the circuit.

3. CHECK ALL THE DEVICES FOR FAULTS AND FUNCTIONALITY. Most Example:
circuit troubles are caused by installing faulty or non-functional devices. It
is a mortal sin in the electrical field to by-pass this procedure to ensure
reliability of the installed circuit.

4. ADD WIRING NUMBERS TO THE WIRING DIAGRAM. Wiring numbers

will help you locate terminal nodes and guide you to a much easier
installation. Most devices has wiring numbers tagged on their terminals but
it is always a wise move to assign one on those devices that does not have
wiring numbers.

5. INSTALL THE CIRCUIT AS GUIDED BY THE WIRING NUMBERS PUT

IN THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. It is also helpful to check terminal nodes in
the circuit diagram once it is terminated in the installation so you can have
an accounting of what you have all ready accomplished. This will also avoid
repetition or neglect of termination.

6. CHECK THE INSTALLED SYSTEM FOR CIRCUIT RESISTANCE.

Checking the circuit’s resistance will tell the installer of whether the
installed system has a short-circuit. If the circuit’s resistance is lower than
that of the expected total resistance of all the loads connected to it, the
circuit is most probably shorted.
Create the schematic circuit representation of the electrical plan on the left.
Self Check No. 3: 16.What do you mean by the acronym LED-SSL in the lamp technology?

NAME: _____________________________________DATE:________________ 17.What do you mean by the acronym CRI in the lamp technology?

18.(For items 18 – 20) Identify three different types of compact

At the end of every module, you’ll be asked to check your understanding of what you’ve just fluorescent lamp systems
learned by completing a “Self Check.” Writing the answers to these questions will help you review
what you’ve learned so far. Please complete Self Check 3 now.

1. An E-27 lamp base is also called a _______________ screw base.

2. What type of loads deliver real power?

3. If a coil having negligible resistance is connected to AC line, the

current __________ the voltage by 90 degrees.

4. The unit of inductance is expressed in term of _____________.

5. Reactive power is expressed in terms of ___________.

6. The filament of incandescent bulbs is made of __________ element.

7. The bulb designation “A” stands for __________.

8. What do you mean by a G-40 lamp?

9. What do you mean by the acronym PAR in lamp technology?

10. What is the nominal diameter in millimeters of a PAR36 lamp?

11. ___________ lamps are fluorescent lamps that are circular in shape.

12. ___________ lamps are fluorescent lamps that are U-shaped.

13. ___________ is another name for a fluorescent starter.

14. ___________ is the white coating placed in the bulb envelopes of

fluorescent tubes and some incandescent bulbs

15.What is the efficacy of a mercury vapor lamp?