11 SENIORHIGH

DAVAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, INC

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Module 1
FUNCTIONS

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Grade and Section:

LESSON 1: REPRESENTING REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS USING FUNCTIONS
Welcome to the first lesson of your General Mathematics. This lesson will give you the
practical application of functions in a real-life scenario including the piecewise function. When you
are in Grade 8, you already encountered relation and function. But in this module, let’s take into a
deeper sense on how this topic can be useful in our daily life. Are you all ready?

WHAT’S IN
Before we proceed in representing real-life scenarios using function, let’s go back to where
we started. What have you remembered about relations and functions?

A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs is
called the domain of the relation, and the set of all second elements is called the range.

A function is a relation or rule of correspondence between two elements (domain and

range) such that each element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.

To further understand function, let’s study the following. Given the following ordered pairs,
which relations are functions?
A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}

B = {(3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}

C = {(1,0), (0, 1, (-1,0), (0,-1)}

D = {(a,b), (b, c), (c,d), (a,d)}

You are right! The relations A and B are functions because each element in the domain
corresponds to a unique element in the range. Meanwhile, relations C and D are not functions
because they contain ordered pairs with the same domain [C = (0,1) and (0,-1), D = (a,b) and
(a,d)].
How about from the given table of values, which relation shows a function?

A
x 1 2 3 4 5 6

y 2 4 6 8 10 12

B
x 4 -3 1 2 5

y -5 -2 -2 -2 0

C
x 0 -1 4 2 -1

y 3 4 0 -1 1

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 1

 That’s right! A and B are functions since all the values of x correspond to exactly one value
of y. Unlike table C, where -1 corresponds to two values, 4 and 1. We can also identify a function
given a diagram. On the following mapping diagrams, which do you think represent functions?

You are correct! The relations A and C are functions because each element in the domain
corresponds to a unique element in the range. However, B is a mere relation and not a function
because there is a domain which corresponds to more than one range.

How about if the given are graphs of relations, can you identify which are functions? Do you
still remember the vertical line test? Let’s recall.
A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian
plane, and that a function passes the vertical line test.

A graph of a relation is a function if any vertical line drawn passing through the graph
intersects it at exactly one point.

Using the vertical line test, can you identify the graph/s of function?

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 Yes, that’s right! A and C are graphs of functions while B and D are not because they do not
pass the vertical line test. In Mathematics, we can represent functions in different ways. It can be
represented through words, tables, mappings, equations and graphs.

WHAT IS IT
Functions as representations of real-life situations Functions can often be used to model
real-life situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will lead to a better understanding of
various phenomena.

The above scenarios are all examples of relations that show function. Monogamous
marriage (e.g. Christian countries) is an example of function when there is faith and loyalty. Let's
say, June is the domain and Mae is the range. When there is faithfulness in their marriage, there
will be a one-to-one relationship - one domain to one range.

Nationality could also illustrate a function. We expect that at least a person has one
nationality. Let's say Kim is the domain and her nationality is the range, therefore there is a
one-to-one relationship. Since Kim was born and lives in the Philippines, she can never have
multiple nationalities except Filipino. (Remember: Under RA 9225 only those naturally-born
Filipinos who have become naturalized citizens of another country can have dual citizenship. This
is not applicable to Kim since she was born in the Philippines and never a citizen of another
country.)

Religion is also an example of function because a person can never have two religions.
Inside the classroom, three classmates said that they are Catholic. This shows a many-to-one
relationship. Classmates being the domain and religion being the range indicate that different
values of domain can have one value of range. One-to-one relationship was also illustrated by the
classmates who said that they are Born Again, Muslim and Iglesia ni Cristo - one student to one
religion.

Can you cite other real-life situations that show functions?

The Function Machine

Function can be illustrated as a machine where there is the input and the output. When you put an
object into a machine, you expect a product as output after the process is done by the machine.
For example, when you put an orange fruit into a juicer, you expect an orange juice as the output
and not a grape juice. Or you will never expect to have two kinds of juices - orange and grapes.

You have learned that function can be represented

by equations. Since output (y) is dependent on input
(x), we can say that y is a function of x. For example,
if a function machine always adds three (3) to
whatever you put in it. Therefore, we can derive an
equation of x + 3 = y or f(x) = x+ 3 where f(x) = y.

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Let’s try the following real-life situation.

A. If height (H) is a function of age (a), give a function H that can represent the height of a person
in an age, if every year the height is added by 2 inches.
Solution: Since every year the height is added by 2 inches, then the height function is 𝑯(𝒂) = 𝟐 + 𝒂

B. If distance (D) is a function of time (t), give a function D that can represent the distance a car
travels in t time, if every hour the car travels 60 kilometers.
Solution: Since every hour, the car travels 60 kilometers, therefore the distance function is given
by 𝑫(𝒕) = 𝟔𝟎t

C. Give a function B that can represent the amount of battery charge of a cellular phone in h hour,
if 12% of battery was lost every hour.
Solution: Since every hour losses 12% of the battery, then the amount of battery function is 𝑩(𝒉) =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟎.𝟏𝟐h

D. Squares of side x are cut from each corner of a 10 in x 8 in a rectangle, so that its sides can be
folded to make a box with no top. Define a function in terms of x that can represent the volume of
the box.
Solution: The length and width of the box are 10 - 2x and 8 - 2x, respectively. Its height is x. Thus,
the volume of the box can be represented by the function. 𝑽(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙)(𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙)(𝒙) = 𝟖𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 +
𝟒𝒙3

Piecewise Functions
There are functions that require more than one formula in order to obtain the given output.
There are instances when we need to describe situations in which a rule or relationship changes as
the input value crosses certain boundaries. In this case, we need to apply the piecewise function.

A piecewise function is a function in which more than one formula is used to define the
output. Each formula has its own domain, and the domain of the function is the union of all these
smaller domains. We notate this idea like this:

Look at these examples!

A. A user is charged ₱250.00 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 200 free text
messages. Messages in excess of 200 are charged ₱1.00 each. Represent the monthly cost for
text messaging using the function t(m), where m is the number of messages sent in a month.

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B. A certain chocolate bar costs ₱50.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 5 pieces they will
mark down the price to ₱48.00 per piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of
the number of chocolate bars bought.

C. The cost of hiring a catering service to serve food for a party is ₱250.00 per head for 50 persons
or less, ₱200.00 per head for 51 to 100 persons, and ₱150.00 per head for more than 100.
Represent the total cost as a piecewise function of the number of attendees to the party.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 5

____________________________________________________

DAVAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, INC

General Mathematics
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ___________________________________________________ Module #: _____________

Grade and Section: _________________________________________ Score: _______________

I - Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided
in each item.

______ 1. What do you call a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one
value in the range by some rules?
a. Function c. Domain
b. Range d. Independent
______ 2. Which of the following relations is/are function/s?
a. x = {(1,2), (3,4), (1,7), (5,1)} c. h = {(4,1), (2,3), (2, 6), (7, 2)}
b. g = {(3,2), (2,1), (8,2), (5,7)} d. y = {(2,9), (3,4), (9,2), (6,7)}
______ 3. In a relation, what do you call the set of x values or the input?
a. Piecewise c. Domain
b. Range d. Dependent
______ 4.What is the range of the function shown by the diagram?

a. R:{3, 2, 1} c. R:{3, 2, 1, a, b}
b. R:{a, b} d. R:{all real numbers}
______ 5. Which of the following tables represent a function?

______ 6. Which of the following real-life relationships represent a function?

a. The rule which assigns to each person the name of his aunt.
b. The rule which assigns to each person the name of his father.
c. The rule which assigns each cellular phone unit to its phone number.
d. The rule which assigns to each person a name of his pet.

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______ 7. Which of the following relations is NOT a function?
a. The rule which assigns a capital city to each province.
b. The rule which assigns a President to each country.
c. The rule which assigns religion to each person.
d. The rule which assigns tourist spots to each province.
______ 8. A person is earning ₱500.00 per day for doing a certain job. Which of the following
expresses the total salary S as a function of the number n of days that the person works?

For number 9 - 10 use the problem below. Johnny was paid a fixed rate of ₱ 100 a day for working
in a Computer Shop and an additional ₱5.00 for every typing job he made.

______ 9. How much would he pay for a 5 typing job he made for a day?
a. ₱55.00 c. ₱125.00
b. ₱175.50 d. ₱170.00
______ 10. Find the fare function f(x) where x represents the number of typing jobs he made for
the day.

For number 11 - 12 use the problem below. A jeepney ride in Lucena costs ₱ 9.00 for the first 4
kilometers, and each additional kilometer adds ₱0.75 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare F in terms of the distance d in kilometers.

______ 11.

______ 12.

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For number 13 - 15 use the problem below. Under a certain Law, the first ₱30,000.00 of earnings
are subjected to 12% tax, earning greater than ₱30,000.00 and up to ₱50,000.00 are subjected to
15% tax, and earnings greater than ₱50,000.00 are taxed at 20%. Write a piecewise function that
models this situation.

______ 13.

______ 14.

______ 15.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 8

____________________________________________________

DAVAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, INC

General Mathematics
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ___________________________________________________ Module #: _____________

Grade and Section: _________________________________________ Score: _______________

II - We said that for a relation to become a function, the value of the domain must
correspond to a single value of the range. Let’s read some of the conversations and
determine if they can be classified as function or not.

Scenario 1: June and Mae are in a long-time relationship until June realizes that he wants to marry
Mae.

Scenario 2: Kim is a naturally born Filipino but because of her eyes, many people are confused if
she is Chinese. Let’s see how she responds to her new classmates who are asking if she's
Chinese.

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Scenario 3: As part of their requirements in Statistics class, Andrei made a survey on the religion
of his classmates and here’s what he found out.
Andrei: Good morning classmates, as our requirement in Statistics may I know your religion. This
data will be part of my input in the survey that I am doing.
Ana 1: I am a Catholic. Kevin: I am also a Catholic.
Sam: I am a member of the Iglesia ni Cristo.
Joey: I am a Born Again Christian.
Lanie: My family is a Muslim.
Jen: We are a sacred Catholic Family.
Andrei: Thank you classmates for your responses.

Reflect on this!

1. From the above conversations, which scenario/s do you think can be classified as function?
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2. State the reason/s why or why not the above scenarios a function.

Scenario 1:
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Scenario 2:
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Scenario 3:
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GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 10

____________________________________________________

DAVAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, INC

General Mathematics
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ___________________________________________________ Module #: _____________

Grade and Section: _________________________________________ Score: _______________

III - Read each situation carefully to solve each problem. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of your paper.

Independent Practice 1

1. A person is earning ₱750.00 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary S as a function
of the number n of days that the person works.
Answer: S(n) = ___________
(Hint: Think of the operation needed in order to obtain the total salary?)

2. Xandria rides through a jeepney which charges ₱ 8.00 for the first 4 kilometers and an additional
₱0.50 for each additional kilometer. Express the jeepney fare (F) as a function of the number of
kilometers (d) that Xandria pays for the ride.
Answer: F(d) = __________
(Hint: Aside from the usual fare charge, don’t forget to include in the equation the additional fare
charge for the exceeding distance)

Independent Assessment 1

1. A computer shop charges ₱15.00 for every hour of computer rental. Represent your computer
rental fee (R) using the function R(t) where t is the number of hours you spent on the computer.
Answer:

2. Squares of side a are cut from each corner of a 8 in x 6 in rectangle, so that its sides can be
folded to make a box with no top. Represent a function in terms of a that can define the volume of
the box.
Answer:

Independent Practice 2

1. A tricycle ride costs ₱10.00 for the first 2 kilometers, and each additional kilometer adds ₱8.00 to
the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the tricycle fare in terms of the distance d in
kilometers.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 11

2. A parking fee at SM Lucena costs ₱25.00 for the first two hours and an extra ₱5.00 for each
hour of extension. If you park for more than twelve hours, you instead pay a flat rate of ₱100.00.
Represent your parking fee using the function p(t) where t is the number of hours you parked in the
mall.

Independent Assessment 2

1. A van rental charges ₱5,500.00 flat rate for a whole-day tour in CALABARZON of 5 passengers
and each additional passenger added ₱500.00 to the tour fare. Express a piecewise function to
show to represent the van rental in terms of number of passengers n.

Answer:

2. An internet company charges ₱500.00 for the first 30 GB used in a month. Every exceeding GB
will then cost ₱30.00 But if the customer reaches a total of 50 GB and above, a flat rate of
₱1,000.00 will be charged instead. Write a piecewise function C(g) that represents the charge
according to GB used?

Answer:

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 12

____________________________________________________

DAVAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, INC

General Mathematics
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ___________________________________________________ Module #: _____________

Grade and Section: _________________________________________ Score: _______________

IV - Read and analyze the following statements. If you think the statement suggests an
incorrect idea, rewrite it on the given space, otherwise leave it blank.

1. A relation is a set of ordered pairs where the first element is called the range while the second
element is the domain.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__

2. A function can be classified as one-to-one correspondence, one-to-many correspondence and

many-to-one correspondence.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__

3. In a function machine, the input represents the independent variable while the output is the
dependent variable.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__

V - In three to five sentences, write the significance of function in showing real-life

situations.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____

VI - In your own words, discuss when a piecewise function is being used.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 13

____________________________________________________

DAVAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, INC

General Mathematics
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ___________________________________________________ Module #: _____________

Grade and Section: _________________________________________ Score: _______________

VII - What I can do

At home or in your community, look for at least three (3) situations that could represent functions.
From the identified situations, write a sample problem and its corresponding function equation.

Example:

Situation: The budget for food is a function of the number of family members.

Problem: Reyes family has Php ₱1,500.00 food budget for each member of their family in a
month. Express the total food budget (B) as a function of the number of family members (n) in one
month.

Function: 𝐵(𝑥) = 1500x

Situation 1:

Situation 2:

Situation 3:

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 14

____________________________________________________

DAVAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, INC

General Mathematics
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ___________________________________________________ Module #: _____________

Grade and Section: _________________________________________ Score: _______________

VIII - Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on
the space provided in each item.

______ 1. Which of the following is not true about function?

a. Function is composed of two quantities where one depends on the other.
b. One-to-one correspondence is a function.
c. Many-to-one correspondence is a function.
d. One-to-many correspondence is a function.
______ 2. In a relation, what do you call the y values or the output?
a. Piecewise c. Domain
b. Range d. Independent
______ 3. Which of the following tables is NOT a representation of functions?

______ 4. In this table, what is the domain of the function?

______ 5. Which of the following relations is/are function/s?

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 15
 a. x = {(-1,2), (-3,4), (-1,7), (5,1)}
b. g = {(-3,2), (3,1), (-3,2), (5,7)}
c. h = {(6,1), (-2,3), (2, 6), (7, 2)}`
d. y = {(2,3), (3,2), (-2,3), (3, -2)}

______ 6. Which of the following relations is/are function/s?

a. the rule which assigns to each person the name of his brother
b. the rule which assigns the name of teachers you have
c. the rule which assigns a pen and the color of its ink
d. the rule which assigns each person a surname
______ 7. A person can encode 1000 words in every hour of typing. Which of the following
expresses the total words W as a function of the number n of hours that the person can encode?

______ 8. Judy is earning ₱300.00 per day for cleaning the house of Mrs. Perez and additional
₱25.00 for an hour of taking care of Mrs. Perez’s child. Express the total salary (S) of Judy
including the time (h) spent for taking care of the child.

______ 9. Which of the following functions define the volume of a cube?

______ 10. Eighty meters of fencing is available to enclose the rectangular garden of Mang Gustin.
Give a function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed in terms of x.

For number 11 - 12 use the problem below. A user is charged ₱400.00 monthly for a Sun and Text
mobile plan which includes 500 free text messages. Messages in excess of 500 are charged
₱1.00. Represent a monthly cost for the mobile plan using s(t) where t is the number of messages
sent in a month.

______ 11.

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______ 12.

For number 13 - 15 use the problem below. Cotta National High School GPTA officers want to give
t-shirts to all the students for the foundation day. They found a supplier that sells t-shirts for
₱200.00 per piece but can charge ₱18,000.00 for a bulk order of 100 shirts and ₱175.00 for each
excess t-shirt after that. Use a piecewise function to express the cost in terms of the number of
t-shirt purchase

______ 13.

______ 14.

______ 15.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 17

____________________________________________________

DAVAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, INC

General Mathematics
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ___________________________________________________ Module #: _____________

Grade and Section: _________________________________________ Score: _______________

IX - If you believe that you learned a lot from the module and you feel that you need more
activities, well this part is for you.

Read and analyze each situation carefully and apply your learnings on representing real-life
situations involving functions including piecewise.

1. Contaminated water is subjected to a cleaning process. The concentration of the pollutants is

initially 5 mg per liter of water. If the cleaning process can reduce the pollutant by 10% each hour,
define a function that can represent the concentration of pollutants in the water in terms of the
number of hours that the cleaning process has taken place.

2. During typhoon Ambo, PAGASA tracks the amount of accumulating rainfall. For the first three
hours of the typhoon, the rain fell at a constant rate of 25mm per hour. The typhoon slowed down
for an hour and started again at a constant rate of 20 mm per hour for the next two hours. Write a
piecewise function that models the amount of rainfall as a function of time.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS | PAGE 18