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General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society

Science can be defined in several ways: as an idea or body of knowledge about the natural world gained through observation and experimentation; as an intellectual activity of studying the natural world through systematic processes; and as a personal and social activity done by humans to understand their environment. Early civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China made significant contributions to science through developments in fields such as astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, and medicine. The Scientific Revolution of the 16th-17th centuries transformed views of nature and society by improving scientific investigations and establishing the foundation for modern science.

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143 views32 pages

General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society

Science can be defined in several ways: as an idea or body of knowledge about the natural world gained through observation and experimentation; as an intellectual activity of studying the natural world through systematic processes; and as a personal and social activity done by humans to understand their environment. Early civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China made significant contributions to science through developments in fields such as astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, and medicine. The Scientific Revolution of the 16th-17th centuries transformed views of nature and society by improving scientific investigations and establishing the foundation for modern science.

Uploaded by

Rondina, Elvie Rose P.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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General Concepts

and Historical
Events in Science,
Technology, and
Society
How do we define Science???

Science as an idea.
It include ideas, theories, and all available systematic
explanations and observations about the natural and physical
world.
Science as an intellectual activity.
It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the
natural and physical world. This process of study involves
systematic observation and experimentation.
How do we define Science???
Science as a body of knowledge.
It is a subject or a discipline , a field of study or a body of
knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the
natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school
science.
Science as a personal and social activity.
This explains that science is both knowledge and activities
done by human beings to develop better understanding of the
world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive
in life.
Developments of Science in
the Earliest Civilization
Mesopotamia

•Sumer
• They developed their own system of writing called
“cuneiform”
• They developed an advanced way of constructing their
houses by using clay.
• Ziggurat
• They are the first civilization to use a wheel.
Cuneiform
Ziggurat
•Babylonians
•Development of Sundial
•Hittites
•Discovery and use of Iron
•Phoenicians
•Shipbuilding
•Clear glass
•Purple dye
Sundial
Phoenician Ship
Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Maya civilization
Known for their works in astronomy
knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological
cycles in planting and harvesting.
Calendar systems- planning their activities and in
observing their religious rituals and cultural
celebrations.
Chichen Itza
Maya civilization

• They built hydraulic system


• They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of
glittery paints made from a mineral called mica.
• They are also the first people to produce rubber products.
• Mayan Hieroglyphics
Created a number system based on the numeral 20.
Developed the concept of zero and positional value.
Mayan calendar
Mica
Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Inca civilization
Roads paved with stones
Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other
disasters
Irrigation system and technique for storing water to their
crops to grow in all types of land
Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and
prepare them for planting season
Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Inca civilization
The first suspension bridge
Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only
experts can interpret
Inca textiles were famous since cloth was one of the specially
prized artistic achievements
Quipu
Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Aztec civilization
Mandatory education
Chocolates
Antispasmodic medication
Aztec calendar
Technology in
agricultural
Chinampa farming in
which land was
divided into
rectangular
areas and
surrounded by
canals
Invention of the canoe
Canoe
Development of Science in Asia

India
Medicine (Ayurveda, alternative medicine)
Notable in the field of astronomy (360 days with 12 equal
parts of 30 days each)
Known for their mathematics (introduced a number of
trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as
algorithms of algebra.
Development of Science in Asia
China
Traditional medicines
Compass, paper making, gun powder, and printing tools
Made a significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar
eclipses, and comets
Contributed in the fields of mathematics and philosophy
Development of Science in Asia

Middle East countries


Algorithm, the term algebra is derived from al-jabr
Arabic numeral system (decimal point notation)
Modern chemistry
Discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and
the introduction of clinical pharmacology.
Development of Science in Africa
Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental
mathematical operations and other mathematical skills.
Geometry
Egypt is known to be the center of alchemy, which is known as
the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
Used three types of calendar: lunar, solar and stellar or a
combination of the three.
LESSON 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the


developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry transformed the views of the society
about nature.
The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to
reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of
life.
LESSON 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Scientific revolution was the golden age of people committed


to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying
moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful
death or condemnation from the religious institutions who
tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views.
LESSON 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Scientific Revolution is very significant in the development of


human beings, transformation of the society, and in the
formulation of scientific ideas.
It significantly improved the conduct of scientific
investigations, experiments, and observations.
LESSON 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

The scientific revolution also led to the creation of new


research fields in science and prompted the establishment of
a strong foundation for modern science.
In many ways, scientific revolution transformed the natural
world and the world of ideas.
Science ideas

Scientific
Revolution

Humans Society
Variables that Influence the Development of
Science Ideas, Science Discoveries, and
Technology
Scientist
Creativity
Science Ideas
Passion to
know
Science
Curiosity
Discoveries
Passion to
discover
Critical Technology
Thinking
References:
• Serafica, JP. J. et.al. (2018). Science Technology, and Society. 1st ed. Rex Book Store, Inc.
• Antonette G. Tegon-Geron, Grace R. Guaves, Erma de Mesa Maalihan, Nerriee E. Malaluan, Jose Aims (2018).
Science, Technology, and Society. 1st ed. Mutya Publishing House
• Perry, Marvin. (1984) History of the World. Houghton Mifflin
• Retrived from https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/how-the-maya-created-their-extraordinarily-
accurate-calendar-thousands-of
• Retrived from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa
• Most of the photos were taken from Wikipedia

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