Name: Lisnawatie

SRN: 2019.C.11a.1015

UNIT 3 –SPEAKING
(Discussion for and against)

1. Work in two groups. Read the sentences below. Group A think of arguments in favor of
statements. Group B, think of arguments against the statements. Then join with the other
group to discuss the statements.
 Couples should have the right to know the sex of their baby.
Couples have a 50/50 chance of conceiving a boy or a girl through plain
old-fashioned intercourse. Yet there are some people who might want to stack the
odds in their favor, either for cultural reasons, for dreams of raising a son or a
daughter, or to balance out their families. Others do it to prevent their offspring
from inheriting sex-linked genetic diseases.
Whatever the reason, health experts worry that some parents will place
unrealistic hopes on a sex-determination technique and become disappointed
whether or not they succeed. The method could either fail to produce a baby of the
desired sex, or the right-gendered kid could grow up with traits that contradict
with parental expectations. In this case, ethicists worry about the welfare of the
child.
The Y chromosome apparently also enjoys an advantage over its
counterpart when the sperm is discharged as close as possible to the opening of
the cervix. This is achieved through rear entry intercourse (man enters woman
from behind).
Parents desiring a girl, on the other hand, are encouraged to have sex in the
missionary position (face to face, man on top) about two to four days before
ovulation so that by the time the egg comes, only the heartier, more resilient X
sperm will remain in the woman's reproductive tract.
 There should be an age limit for fertility treatment for women.
Female fertility may decline over time, but in vitro fertilization (IVF)
and donor eggs provide another option for women. This treatment with our
Las Vegas fertility doctors can safely extend the age limit for pregnancy. In
 fact, it allows women to conceive in their 40s and 50s. Best of all, it doesn’t
appear to carry many additional risks for women in this age group.
One study looked at women over age 50. The researchers found that
these women were no more likely to develop gestational diabetes or
experience premature labor than younger women. However, the women over
50 were slightly more likely to develop high blood pressure during pregnancy.
Proper monitoring and treatment were able to prevent or manage the problem
though.
A woman’s eggs are different than her uterus when it comes to aging.
While egg quality and quantity decrease with age, her uterus does not change
as much as time goes on. This means that a woman can carry a baby even after
she no longer has enough eggs to conceive.
There is a caveat though. Our Las Vegas fertility doctors don’t
encourage pregnancy for women of all ages. We generally use 52 as the age
limit for pregnancy. For patients that are using a gestational carrier we
generally follow the ASRM guidelines of 55 for individuals and a combined
age of 110 for couples. Helping a patient conceive beyond this age is
something our doctors will review on a case by case basis.
 The best age to have children is 20-25.
Technically, women can get pregnant and bear children from puberty
when they start getting their menstrual period to menopause when they stop
getting it. The average woman’s reproductive years are between ages 12 and
51.
Your fertility naturally declines as you get older, which could make it
harder for you to conceive. And starting a family later in life could pose
greater risks for pregnancy complications.
Experts say the best time to get pregnant is between your late 20s and early
25s. This age range is associated with the best outcomes for both you and your
baby. One study pinpointed the ideal age to give birth to a first child as 30.5.
Your age is just one factor that should go into your decision to get
pregnant. You also need to consider your emotional and financial readiness to
start a family. That timing is unique for each woman
  Schools should teach baby care.
The class should also educate students about the limitations that teen
parenting imposes on one's life. While going to prom and other school dances
is a given for many teenagers without a child, a young parent has to juggle
finding a babysitter, paying for the babysitter, and how to make sure she can
be reached at all times in case of an emergency. If she has an after-school job,
she may also then have to request time off from work - and there's no
guarantee she'll get the time requested. None of the pleasures of youth are
simple once there is a child to care for. That idea needs to be explained in
depth.
One of the most practical benefits of parenting classes are the vast
variety of life skills that they teach students. In order to be a competent parent,
most teenagers would need to learn a lot of skills in a relatively short amount
of time, and the sheer volume of things they need to comprehend can easily be
overwhelming. By going through the skills step by step in a classroom
environment, these necessary skills become much more manageable, and all
students can reap rewards from these newly learned skills, even those who do
not plan on having children.
2. Now read these sentences. Group B, think of arguments in favour. Group A, thinks of
arguments against.
 Mothers should be allowed to choose whatever or not to have a caesarean
The study suggests C-sections allow women with narrow pelvises to
give birth when they or their babies' lives might previously have been at risk -
and this means the genes for narrow pelvises are passed on to future
generations, leading to further Caesarean deliveries. But there are many other
factors involved in whether or not a woman will have a C-section.
An X-ray of the pelvis won't be able to predict if you can give birth
naturally. If you are short and have small feet, that doesn't mean your body is
too petite for a natural birth. Likewise, carrying a big baby doesn't mean you
will definitely need a Caesarean. If you have had a previous section, it doesn't
necessarily mean you can't try for a natural birth next time
 All fetuses should be tested for conditions such down’s syndrome and
spina bifida
 If you're pregnant, you'll be offered prenatal screening tests to check
for spina bifida and other birth defects. The tests aren't perfect. Some mothers
who have positive blood tests have babies without spina bifida. Even if the
results are negative, there's still a small chance that spina bifida is present.
Talk to your doctor about prenatal testing, its risks and how you might handle
the results. Spina bifida can be screened with maternal blood tests, but
typically the diagnosis is made with ultrasound.
Fetal ultrasound is the most accurate method to diagnose spina bifida
in your baby before delivery. Ultrasound can be performed during the first
trimester (11 to 14 weeks) and second trimester (18 to 22 weeks). Spina bifida
can be accurately diagnosed during the second trimester ultrasound scan.
Therefore, this examination is crucial to identify and rule out congenital
anomalies such as spina bifida. An advanced ultrasound also can detect signs
of spina bifida, such as an open spine or particular features in your baby's
brain that indicate spina bifida. In expert hands, ultrasound is also effective in
assessing severity.
If the prenatal ultrasound confirms the diagnosis of spina bifida, your
doctor may request amniocentesis. During amniocentesis, your doctor uses a
needle to remove a sample of fluid from the amniotic sac that surrounds the
baby.
This examination may be important to rule out genetic diseases,
despite the fact that spine bifida is rarely associated with genetic diseases.
Discuss the risks of amniocentesis, including a slight risk of loss of the
pregnancy, with your doctor.
 Women should be left to decide for themselves whether to breastfeed or
bottle-feed
Generally, it is a good idea for the new mom to meet with the baby's doctor
prior to the birth in order for all to get to know each other in a controlled, non-
rushed, quiet environment. This is a perfect opportunity to discuss your
concerns and wishes about feeding your baby. One important reason to have
the decision to breastfeed made before the delivery is that it can be very
difficult or even impossible to start using formula and then later try to switch
to breast milk. This is because the ability of the breasts to produce milk
diminishes soon after childbirth without the stimulation of breastfeeding.
 During your baby's first year of life, he/she will more than triple
his/her total body weight, and the vast majority of this weight gain will come
from the milk that he/she drinks. According to the American Academy of
Pediatrics, human milk is the preferred feeding for all infants. This includes
premature and sick newborns, with rare exceptions. Of course, breast milk
would appear to be the most ideal food for your newborn. Breast milk is the
food least likely to cause allergic reactions, it is inexpensive, it is readily
available at any hour of the day or night; babies accept the taste readily; and
the immunity factors in breast milk can help the baby fight off some
infections.
 Abortions should be allowed up to twenty week
This isn’t true, of course, but that doesn’t matter to those using it to
incite outrage. The point is to demonize procedures after 20 weeks, depicting
them as barbaric and tantamount to murder as a means of demonizing abortion
in general. This sort of rhetoric necessarily dehumanizes the women who
choose to get such procedures, reducing them to mere vessels — sites of
violence, not individuals with needs and feelings of their own. The only one
granted any degree of humanity here is the fetus.
The reality of abortion after 20 weeks is far too complicated to reduce
to some sort of abstract, incendiary ethical quandary. Only one percent of
procedures take place this far along, which makes sense — abortion is more
dangerous, more invasive, and far more expensive after this point. The choice
to end a pregnancy after 20 weeks is often one borne of desperate
circumstances: Many fatal fetal abnormalities can’t be detected until that
point, and women who terminate later for nonmedical reasons are more likely
to be young, unemployed, and to live far from abortion clinics; substance
abuse, depression, and intimate-partner violence can also be factors.