Lesson 8 - Area Computation
Lesson 8 - Area Computation
OF SURVEYING
CE010
E.G. Escondo
COURSE TOPICS (MIDTERMS)
I. Balancing the traverse
II. Area Computation
III. Curvature and Refraction; Elevation Determination
IV. Leveling
V. The Stadia Theory; Measurement by Stadia for Horizontal Distance
VI. Measurement by Stadia for Inclined Distance; Sources of Error in
Stadia Work
VII.Stadia Interval Factor
Area Computation
METHODS OF DETERMINING AREA
An important objective of most land surveys is the determination of the area of tracts
of land. The method of determining areas of land by plane surveying differs from that
by geodetic surveying
In plane surveying, the area is not the actual area of the land surface but is taken as
its projection upon a horizontal plane.
AREA BY TRIANGLES
(KNOWN BASE AND ALTITUDE)
1. The area of a triangle whose base and altitude are known or measured may be
computed by the following formula:
AREA BY TRIANGLES
(TWO SIDES AND INCLUDED ANGLE
MEASURED)
2. When the lengths of two sides and the included angle of any triangle are known, its
area is given by the following formula
AREA BY TRIANGLES
(TWO SIDES AND INCLUDED ANGLE
MEASURED)
3. The area of a triangle whose three sides are known can be computed by the formula
AREA BY COORDINATES
The method of coordinates is another useful method for computing the are of any
closed figure bounded by straight lines.
It is applicable for calculating areas of either small or large sizes of land.
AREA BY COORDINATES
EXAMPLE 1
Based on the illustrative example, the following three rules should provide a means of
computing the DMD for each course of a traverse.
Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the course.
Rule 2: The DMD of any other course is equal to the DMD of the preceding course, plus
the departure of the course itself.
Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the departure of that course,
but with the opposite sign.
AREA COMPUTATION (DMD)
AREA BY DMD METHOD
The use of the double meridian distance (DMD) is to determine the area
of closed traverse. This method is at adaption of the method of determining areas
by coordinates.
FORMULAS:
DOUBLE AREA = DMD (Adjusted Latitude)
AREA = (1/2)(∑NDA + ∑SDA)
AREA COMPUTATION (DPD)
DOUBLE PARALLEL DISTANCE
By using the latitudes of the successive courses instead of the departures,
parallel distances can also be computed in a manner similar to meridian distances.
Correspondingly, the following rules also provide a means of computing the
DPD for each course of a traverse.
Rule 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of the course.
Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD of the preceding course, plus the
latitude of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the course itself.
Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude of that course
but with the opposite sign.
AREA COMPUTATION
*AREA BY DPD METHOD*
The double parallel distance method of area computation is the similar to the
double meridian distance method.
FORMULAS:
DOUBLED AREA = DPD(Adjusted Departure)
AREA = (1/2)(∑EDA + ∑WDA)
EXAMPLE 4
In the figure and the accompanying tabulation are given
the adjusted latitudes and adjusted departures of a
closed traverse. Calculate the are by the DMD and DPD
method.
EXAMPLE 4
Computation of DMD (Refer to the rules of the computing DMD)
DMD ab = 47.27
DMD bc = 47.27 + 47.27 + 608.89 = 703.43
DMD cd = 703.43 + 608.89 + 786.78 = 2099.10
DMD de = 2099.10 + 786.78 + 218.32 = 3104.20
DMD ef = 3104 + 218.32 -1116.62 = 2205.90
DMD fa = 2205.90 – 1116.62 -544.64 = 544.64
Computation of double areas DOUBLE AREA = DMD X Adj Lat.
DA ab = 47.27 x 490.71 = 23 195.86
DA bc = 703.43 x 587.12 = 412997.82
DA cd = 2099.10 x (-327.41) = -687266.33
DA de = 4104.20 x (-1002.76) = -3112767.59
DA ef = 2205.90 x (-122.67) = -270597.75
DA fa = 544.64 x 375.01 = 204245.45
∑DA = -3430192.54
THEREFORE:
2 X AREA = -3430192.54
AREA = -1715096.27 SQ M(negative sign is disregarded)
EXAMPLE 4
AREA BY DOUBLE PARALLEL DISTANCE
Computation of DPD’s (Refer to rules for computing DPD)
DPD ab = 490.71
DPD bc = 490.71 + 490.71 + 587.12 = 1568.54
DPD cd = 1568.54 + 587.12 -327.41 = 1828.25
DPD de = 1828.25 – 327.41 -1002.76 = 498.08
DPD ef = 498.08 -1002.72-122.67 = -627.35
DPD fa = -627.35 – 122.67 + 375.01 = -375.01
Computation of Double Areas (DOUBLE AREA = DPD X ADJ. DEPARTURE)
DA ab = 490.71 x 47.27 = 2395.86
DA bc = 1568.54 x 608.89 = 955068.32
DA cd = 1828.25 x 786.78 = 1438430.54
DA de = 498.08 x 218.32 = 108740.83
DA ef = 627.35 x (-1116.62) = 700511.56
DA fa = 375.01 x (-544.64) = 204245.45
∑ DA = 3430192.56
THEREFORE:
2 X AREA = 3430192.56
AREA = 1715096.28 SQ.M.
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
SIMPSON’S 1/3 RULE
SIMPSON’S 1/3 RULE
SIMPSON’S 1/3 RULE
EXAMPLE 5
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE. A series of perpendicular offsets were taken from a transit line to
an irregular boundary. These offsets were taken 2.5 meters apart and were measured in
the following order: 0.0, 2.6, 4.2, 4.4, 3.8, 2.5, 4.5, 5.2, 1.6, and 5.0 meters. By the
trapezoidal rule find the area included between the transit line, the curve boundary, and
the end offsets.
EXAMPLE 6
SIMPSON’S ONE-THIRD RULE. From a transit line to the edge of a river a series of
perpendicular offsets are taken. These offsets are spaced 4.0 meters apart and were measured
in the following order: 0.5, 1.4, 2.5, 5.6, 8.5, 7.4, 3.8, 5.1, and 2.3 meters. By Simpson’s One-
Third Rule, compute the area included between the transit line, the river’s edge and the line
offsets.