INFORMATION SHEET 1.

3-A

THE POWER SUPPLY

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Define Power Supply

2. Enumerate the different types of power supply.
3. Identify the different parts of power supply and their functions
4. Distinguish the different voltages in every electrical bus.

Overview:

A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The term is most
commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to
another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical,
chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output
voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite
variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.

Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power
supply may obtain energy from:

 Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power

supplies that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage.
 Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells.
 Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators.
 Solar power.

A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral device

that is hardwired to its load. Examples of the latter case include the low voltage DC power
supplies that are part of desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.

Commonly specified power supply attributes include:

 The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load.

 How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions.
 How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power supplies
that employ portable energy sources).
Includes power cord, switch, and cooling fan. Supplies power at appropriate voltages to the
motherboard and internal disk drives. .

A. POWER SUPPLY TYPES

Power supplies for electronic devices can be broadly divided into linear and switching power
supplies. The linear supply is a relatively simple design that becomes increasingly bulky and
heavy for high current devices; voltage regulation in a linear supply can result in low efficiency.
A switched-mode supply of the same rating as a linear supply will be smaller, is usually more
efficient, but will be more complex.

a. SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLY

Interior view of an ATX switched-mode power supply:
A - bridge rectifier
B - Input filter capacitors
C - Transformer
D - output filter coil
E - output filter capacitor
 Power connectors included with various kinds of PCs
Introduction
Version Included connectors
date
original PC main power cables
PC 1981
4 pin peripheral cable
20 pin main power cable
ATX 1995 4 pin peripheral cable
floppy cable
20 pin main power cable
4 pin 12 volt cable
ATX12V 1.0 2000 6 pin auxiliary cable
4 pin peripheral cable
floppy cable
20 pin main power cable
4 pin 12 volt cable
6 pin auxiliary cable
ATX12V 1.3 2003
SATA cable
4 pin peripheral cable
floppy cable
24 pin main power cable
4 pin 12 volt cable
6 Pin PCI Express power cable
ATX12V 2.0 2003
SATA cable
4 pin peripheral cable
floppy cable
24 pin main power cable
8 pin 12 volt cable
EPS12V 6 Pin PCI Express power cable
2003
Entry Level PSU SATA cable
4 pin peripheral cable
floppy cable
24 pin main power cable
4 pin 12 volt cable
8 pin 12 volt cable
6 Pin PCI Express power cable
PCI Express 2.0 2007
8 Pin PCI Express power cable
SATA cable
4 pin peripheral cable
floppy cable
WIRING DIAGRAMS

AT power connector (Used on older AT style mainboards)

Color Pin Signal
P8.1 Power Good Orange
P8.2 +5 V Red
P8.3 +12 V Yellow
P8.4 −12 V Blue
P8.5 Ground Black
P8.6 Ground Black

P9.1 Ground Black

P9.2 Ground Black
P9.3 −5 V White
P9.4 +5 V Red
P9.5 +5 V Red
P9.6 +5 V Red

24-pin ATX12V 2.x power supply connector

(20-pin omits the last 4: 11, 12, 23 and 24)
Color Signal Pin Pin Signal Color
+3.3V Orange
Orange +3.3 V 1 13
+3.3 V sense Brown
Orange +3.3 V 2 14 −12 V Blue
Black Ground 3 15 Ground Black
Red +5 V 4 16 Power on Green
Black Ground 5 17 Ground Black
Red +5 V 6 18 Ground Black
Black Ground 7 19 Ground Black
Grey Power good 8 20 −5 V (optional) White
Purple +5 V standby 9 21 +5 V Red
Yellow +12 V 10 22 +5 V Red
Yellow +12 V 11 23 +5 V Red
Orange +3.3 V 12 24 Ground Black

A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) works on a different principle. AC mains input is directly
rectified without the use of a transformer, to obtain a DC voltage. This voltage is then sliced
into small pieces by a high-speed electronic switch. The size of these slices grows larger as
power output requirements increase.
The input power slicing occurs at a very high speed (typically 10 kHz — 1 MHz). High frequency
and high voltages in this first stage permit much smaller step down transformers than are in a
linear power supply

Modern switched-mode power supplies often include additional safety features such as the
crowbar circuit to help protect the device and the user from harm. [4] In the event that an
abnormal high current power draw is detected, the switched-mode supply can assume this is a
direct short and will shut itself down before damage is done. For decades PC computer power
supplies have also provided a power good signal to the motherboard which prevents operation
when abnormal supply voltages are present.

SMALL FACTS TO CONSIDER

REDUNDANT POWER SUPPLY.

 Life span is usually measured in mean time between failures (MTBF). Higher MTBF
ratings are preferable for longer device life and reliability.
 Power supplies may have passive or active power factor correction (PFC). Passive PFC is
a simple way of increasing the power factor by putting a coil in series with the primary
filter capacitors. Active PFC is more complex and can achieve higher PF, up to 99%.

 In computer power supplies that have more than one +12V power rail, it is preferable
for stability reasons to spread the power load over the 12V rails evenly to help avoid
overloading one of the rails on the power supply.

 When the computer is powered down but the power supply is still on, it can be started
remotely via Wake-on-LAN and Wake-on-Ring or locally via Keyboard Power ON (KBPO)
if the motherboard supports it.

 Most computer power supplies are a type of switched-mode power supply (SMPS).

 Most computer power supplies have short circuit protection, overpower (overload)
protection, overvoltage protection, undervoltage protection, overcurrent protection,
and over temperature protection.

 Some power supplies come with sleeved cables, which is aesthetically nicer, makes
wiring easier and cleaner and have less detrimental effect on airflow.

 There is a popular misconception that a greater power capacity (watt output capacity) is
always better. Since supplies are self-certified, a manufacturer's claims may be double
or more what is actually provided.[6][7] Although a too-large power supply will have an
extra margin of safety as far as not over-loading, a larger unit is often less efficient at
lower loads (under 20% of its total capability) and therefore will waste more electricity
 than a more appropriately sized unit. Additionally, computer power supplies generally
do not function properly if they are too lightly loaded. Under no-load conditions they
may shut down or malfunction.

 Another popular misconception is that the greater the total watt capacity is, the more
suitable the power supply becomes for higher-end graphics cards. The most important
factor for judging a PSUs suitability for certain graphics cards is the PSUs total 12V
output, as it is that voltage on which modern graphics cards operate.
 Power supplies do not always live up to what they are marketed. Most ordinary PSUs
have a life expectancy of 100.000 operating hours, with higher-end PSUs going up to
200.000 hours.

 Power supplies can feature magnetic amplifiers or double-forward converter circuit

design.

POWER SUPPLY CONNECTORS

Typically, power supplies have the following connectors:

 PC Main power connector (usually called P1): Is the

connector that goes to the motherboard to provide
it with power. The connector has 20 or 24 pins.
One of the pins belongs to the PS-ON wire (it is
usually green). This connector is the largest of all
the connectors. In older AT power supplies, this
connector was split in two: P8 and P9. If you have a
power supply with a 24-pin connector, you can
plug it into a motherboard with a 20-pin connector.
In cases where the motherboard has a 24-pin connector, some power supplies come
with two connectors (one with 20-pin and other with 4-pin) which can be used together
to form the 24-pin connector.

 ATX12V 4-pin power connector (also called the P4 power
connector). A second connector that goes to the motherboard
(in addition to the main 24-pin connector) to supply dedicated
power for the processor. For high-end motherboards and
processors, more power is required, therefore EPS12V has an
8 pin connector.
  4-pin Peripheral power connectors (usually called
Molex for its manufacturer): These are the other,
smaller connectors that go to the various disk drives of
the computer. Most of them have four wires: two
black, one red, and one yellow. Unlike the standard
mains electrical wire color-coding, each black wire is a
ground, the red wire is +5 V, and the yellow wire is +12
V. In some cases these are also used to provide
additional power to PCI cards such as FireWire 800
cards.
 4-pin Berg power connectors (usually called Mini-connector
or "mini-Molex"): This is one of the smallest connectors that
supplies the floppy drive with power. In some cases, it can
be used as an auxiliary connector for AGP video cards. Its
cable configuration is similar to the Peripheral connector.
  Auxiliary power connectors: There are several types of
auxiliary connectors designed to provide additional power if
it is needed.

 Serial ATA power connectors: a 5-pin connector for

components which use SATA power plugs. This connector
supplies power at three different voltages: +3.3, +5, and
+12 volts.

 6-pin Most modern computer power supplies include 6-

pin connectors which are generally used for PCI Express
graphics cards, but a newly introduced 8-pin connector
should be seen on the latest model power supplies. Each PCI Express 6-pin connector
can output a maximum of 75 W.

 A C14 IEC connector with an appropriate C13 cord is used to attach the power supply to
the local power grid.
 B. UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) takes its power from two or more sources simultaneously.
It is usually powered directly from the AC mains, while simultaneously charging a storage
battery.
 SELF-CHECK 1.3-A
A- Identification
Direction: Identify the standard voltage of the following wire. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
A.
1. Yellow
2. Blue
3. Red
4. White
5. Purple
6. Orange

B. Identify what is referred to in the following:

_____________ 1. 20 or 24 pins commonly known as P1.
_____________ 2. 4 pins connector intended for IDE or ATAPI.
_____________ 3. 4 pins connector intended for floppy drive.
_____________ 4. 4 pins connector that supply additional voltage for CPU
_____________ 5. type of power supply that has the ability to convert 60hz
frequency to a higher frequency rates.
TASK SHEET 1.3-A

Learning Outcome: Identify & Name the different parts of Computer Power Supply

Task: Identify & Name Parts of Computer Power Supply

Learning Objective: After reading Information Sheets 1.3-A, you must be able to Name and Identify
the different parts connected in the computer power supply.

Time Allotment: 30 minutes

Materials and equipment needed:

• Blank Template #1 (POWER SUPPLY IDENTITY)
• CBLM
• Computer Power Supply
• Pencil/Pen
• Bond Paper

Procedure:
1. Prepare all the materials needed and then using the Computer Power Unit located at the
Learning resource center.
2. Identify the components connected in the computer power supply.
3. Using the Blank Template #1 (Power Supply Identity). Then write down the required answer
on the space provided.
4. Call your facilitator who will guide you and check your work after doing this activity.
 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 1.3-A

CRITERIA YES NO
Did the trainee identify the model of the computer power supply?

Did the trainee compute the available voltage?

Was the form factor properly classified?

Did the trainee name and identified the appropriate available connectors?
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-B
CASE & MOTHERBOARD

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Discuss the importance of a system casing

2. Identify the motherboard and its form factor.

Overview

A computer is made up of many different components. Each part has a specific function. The
casing and the MOBO are considered important peripheral in the computer system. The
CASING protects the internal device. Likewise the MOBO or motherboard acts as the central
control of the entire connected device.

SYSTEM CASING  A computer case (also known as the computer chassis, cabinet, tower, box,
enclosure, housing or simply case) is the enclosure that contains the main components of a
computer. It has also been erroneously called the CPU, however this is an entirely different
component. The size and shape of a computer case is usually determined by the form factor of
the motherboard, since it is the largest and most central component of most computers

MOTHERBOARD

MOTHERBOARD  the heart and soul of the computer system. The motherboard is the central
control of the entire connected device in the computer system.
MOTHERBOARD FORM FACTOR
Notes
Form factor Originated Max. size
(Typical usage, Market adoption, etc)
Obsolete - see Industry Standard
Architecture. The IBM Personal Computer
8.5 × 11" XT was the successor to the original IBM
XT (eXtended Technology) IBM 1983 216 × 279 PC, its first home computer. As the
mm specifications were open, many clone
motherboards were produced and it
became a de facto standard.
Obsolete - see Industry Standard
12 × 11"–
Architecture. Created by IBM for the IBM
13"
Personal Computer/AT, an Intel 80286
AT (Advanced Technology) IBM 1984 305 ×
machine. Also known as Full AT, it was
279–330
popular during the era of the Intel 80386
mm
microprocessor. Superseded by ATX.
 8.5" ×
IBM's 1985 successor to the AT
10"–13"
motherboard. Functionally equivalent to
Baby-AT IBM 1985 216 mm ×
the AT, it became popular due to its
254-330
significantly smaller size.
mm
Created by Intel in 1995. As of 2007, it is
12" × 9.6" the most popular form factor for
ATX (Advance Technology
Intel 1996 305 mm × commodity motherboards. Typical size is
eXtended)
244 mm 9.6x12" although some companies extend
that to 10x12".
Created by the Server System
SSI CEB (Server System 12" × Infrastructure (SSI) forum. Derived from
Infrastructure Compact 10.5" the EEB and ATX specifications. This means
SSI
Electronics Bay 305 mm × that SSI CEB motherboards have the same
Specification 267 mm mounting holes and the same IO
connector area as ATX motherboards.
A smaller variant of the ATX form factor
9.6" × (about 25% shorter). Compatible with
9.6" most ATX cases, but has fewer slots than
microATX 1996
244 mm × ATX, for a smaller power supply unit. Very
244 mm popular for desktop and small form factor
computers as of 2007.
11.2" ×
8.2"
Mini-ATX Intel  
284 mm ×
208 mm
9.0" x 7.5" A subset of microATX developed by Intel in
228.6 × 1999. Allows more flexible motherboard
FlexATX Intel 1999
190.5 mm design, component positioning and shape.
max. Can be smaller than regular microATX.
6.7" ×
6.7" A small, highly-integrated form factor,
Mini-ITX VIA 2001 170 mm × designed for small devices such as thin
170 mm clients and set-top boxes.
max.
4.7" ×
4.7"
Nano-ITX VIA 2003  
120 mm ×
120 mm
Pico-ITX VIA 2007 100 mm ×  
72 mm
 max.
2.953"×
1.772"
Mobile-ITX VIA 2007  
75 mm ×
45 mm
12.8" ×
10.5"
BTX (Balanced Technology A standard proposed by Intel as a
Intel 2004 325 mm ×
Extended) successor to ATX in the early 2000s.
267 mm
max.
10.4" ×
10.5"
MicroBTX (or uBTX) Intel 2004 264 mm ×  
267 mm
max.
8.0" ×
10.5"
PicoBTX Intel 2004 203 mm ×  
267 mm
max.
200 mm ×
DTX AMD 2007 244 mm  
max.
200 mm ×
Mini-DTX AMD 2007 170 mm  
max.
66 x 85 Used in embedded systems and single
smartModule Digital-Logic
mm board computers. Requires a baseboard.
ETX (Embedded 95 x 114 Used in embedded systems and single
Kontron
Technology eXtended) mm board computers. Requires a baseboard.
Used in rackmount server systems.
Typically used for server-class type
12" × 13" motherboards with dual processors and
Extended ATX (EATX)  ? 305mm × too much circuitry for a standard ATX
330 mm motherboard. The mounting hole pattern
for the upper portion of the board
matches ATX.
LPX (Low Profile  ? 9" × 11"– Based on a design by Western Digital, it
eXtension) 13" allowed smaller cases than the AT
229 mm × standard, by putting the expansion card
279–330 slots on a Riser card.[1] Used in slimline
 retail PCs. LPX was never standardized and
mm
generally only used by large OEMs.
8"–9" ×
10"–11"
203–229
Mini-LPX  ? Used in slimline retail PCs
mm ×
254–279
mm
PC/104 Used in embedded systems
3.8" ×
PC/104 Consortium AT Bus architecture adapted to vibration-
3.6"
1992 tolerant header connectors
PC/104 Used in embedded systems
3.8" ×
PC104plus Consortium PCI Bus architecture adapted to vibration-
3.6"
1997 tolerant header connectors
PC/104 Used in embedded systems
3.8" ×
PCI/104Express Consortium PCI Express architecture adapted to
3.6"
2008 vibration-tolerant header connectors
8"–9" ×
10"-13.6"
A low-profile design released in 1997. It
NLX (New Low Profile 203–229
Intel 1999 also incorporated a riser for expansion
eXtension) mm ×
cards, and never became popular.
254–345
mm
TQ-
88 x 108 Used in embedded systems and IPCs.
UTX Components
mm Requires a baseboard.
2001
14" ×
16.75" A large design for servers and high-end
WTX Workstation
Intel 1998 355.6 mm workstations featuring multiple CPUs and
Technology Extended)
× 425.4 hard drives.
mm
95 x 114 Used in embedded systems - requires a
XTX 2005
mm baseboard.
 SELF CHECK 1.3-B
Identification:
Identify the correct measurement of the following MOBO form factor. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.

FORM FACTOR
1. ATX (Advance Technology eXtended)
2. microATX
3. Mini-ATX
4. FlexATX
5. Mini-ITX
6. Extended ATX (EATX)
7. LPX (Low Profile eXtension)
8. BTX (Balanced Technology Extended)
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-C
INTEGRATED COMPONENTS IN THE MOTHERBOARD

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Define the different integrated device in the motherboard.

2. Explain the different integrated device functions.

Overview

The motherboard today is considered to be an all in one package. Most of the components are
built in to the motherboard. As a computer technician personnel you must be familiarize and
understand the functions, importance as well as the characteristics of all the integrated
peripherals.

A. The CHIPSET mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the
system, including main memory. The NORTHBRIDGE, also known as the Memory Controller
Hub (MCH), is traditionally one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a PC
motherboard, the other being the Southbridge.

B. The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System
tasks are handled by operating system drivers.
C. Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for
graphics and sound.

Current Internal Buses

a) The northbridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express

b) PCI Express, for graphics cards (is a computer expansion card standard
designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP standards. Introduced by Intel in 2004,
PCIe is the latest standard for expansion cards that is available on mainstream personal
computers. PCIe is a technology under constant development and improvement. In 2004,
Intel introduced PCIe 1.0, with a data rate of 250 MB/s and a transfer rate of 2.5 GT/s. Later,
version 1.1 offered minor revisions to the specification. On 15 January 2007, the PCI-SIG
announced the availability of the PCI Express Base 2.0 specification. This doubled the data
rate of each lane from 250 to 500, and the transfer rate from 2.5 GT/s to 5 GT/s. PCIe 2.0 is
backward compatible with PCIe 1.1 as a physical interface slot and from within software, so
older cards will still be able to work in machines fitted with PCIe 2.0. The proposed PCIe 3.0
is scheduled for release around 2010.

PCI e x4 slot 64 pins

PCI e x16 slot 164 pins

PCI e x1 slot 36 pins

PCI e x16 slot 164 pins

PCI slot

PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: x4 , x16, x1 and x16), compared to a traditional 32-bit PCI
slot (bottom), as seen on DFI's LanParty nF4 SLI-DR.

c) PCI  a 32 bit expansion slot intended for 32 bit card. This slot was
develop by Intel last July 1993 with the speed of 133 MB/s.
Diagram showing the different key positions for 32-bit and 64-bit PCI cards

d) SATA,  is a storage-interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such
as hard disk drives and optical drives. The SATA was developed in 2003.

Obsolete

a) ATA (superseded by SATA)  is an interface standard for the connection

of storage devices such as hard disks, solid-state drives, and CD-ROM
drives in computers. Composed of 40 pins and 40 or 80 wires.
b) AGP (superseded by PCI Express)  also called Advanced or Accelerated
Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point
channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard,
primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
Developed in 1997 and replace by PCIe in 2004.
c) VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)
d) ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial
computers)  an 8 or 16 bit computer bus standard for IBM compatible
computers developed in 1981.

a. External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be
controlled directly by the southbridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards
attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.

a. USB  is a serial bus standard to connect devices to a host computer. USB was
designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized
 interface socket and to improve plug and play capabilities by allowing hot
swapping; that is, by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without
rebooting the computer or turning off the device.
b. FireWire  a high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data
transfer, frequently used by personal computers, as well as in digital audio,
digital video, automotive, and aeronautics applications.
c. eSATA

e. The DATA BUS controller  are pin connector intended for data bus. This may include

the 40 pins, PATA controller for HDD and CD/DVD, 34 pins

f. The POWER SUPPLY SOCKET  is a connector intended for power supply electrical bus
which supplies the necessary voltages needed by the connected components.
g. The CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CONNECTOR  Is a slot or socket intended for CPU or

microprocessors, basically the CPU connector can be categories into two: THE SLOT TYPE
& SOCKET TYPE CPU connector.

CPU CONNECTOR

EARLY SOCKETS

Prior to Intel's introduction of the proprietary Slot 1 in 1997, CPU sockets were de facto open
standards and were often used by multiple manufacturers.[1]

 DIP socket (40 contacts) - Intel 8086, Intel 8088

 PLCC socket (68 contacts) - Intel 80186[2] [3]
 PLCC socket - Intel 80286
 PLCC socket - Intel 80386
 Socket 1 - 80486
 Socket 2 - 80486
 Socket 3 - 80486 (3.3 V and 5 V) and compatibles
 Socket 4 - Intel Pentium 60/66 MHz
 Socket 5 - Intel Pentium 75-133 MHz; AMD K5; IDT WinChip C6, WinChip 2
 Socket 6 - Designed for the 80486, but little used
 Socket 7 - Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX; AMD K6; some Cyrix CPUs
AMD

DESKTOP

 Super Socket 7 - AMD K6-2, AMD K6-III; Rise mP6.

 Slot A - AMD Athlon
 Socket A (also known as "Socket 462", 462-contact PGA) - AMD socket supporting
Athlon, Duron, Athlon XP, Athlon XP-M, Athlon MP, Sempron, and Geode processors.
 Socket 754 (754-contact PGA) - AMD single-processor socket featuring single-channel
DDR-SDRAM. Supports AMD Athlon 64, Sempron, Turion 64 processors.
 Socket 939 (939-contact PGA) - AMD single-processor socket featuring dual-channel
DDR-SDRAM. Supports Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX to 1 GHz [4], Athlon 64 X2 to 4800+,
Opteron 100-series processors . Superseded by Socket AM2 about 2 years after launch.
 Socket 940 (940-contact PGA) - AMD single and multi-processor socket featuring
registered (ECC) DDR-SDRAM. Intended for Opteron servers, but also used for
"SledgeHammer" series Athlon 64 FX processors .
 Socket AM2 (940-contact PGA) - AMD single-processor socket featuring DDR2-SDRAM.
Replaces Socket 754 and Socket 939 [4] (some confused Socket AM2 with "Socket 940"
for server processors). Supports Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX, Opteron,
Sempron and Phenom processors.
 Socket AM2+ (940-contact PGA) - AMD socket for single processor systems. Features
support for DDR2 and HyperTransport 3 with separated power lanes. (Replaces Socket
AM2 , electrically compatible with Socket AM2). Supports Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2,
Athlon 64 FX, Opteron, and Phenom processors.
 Socket AM3 (938-contact PGA) - AMD socket for single processor systems. Features
support for DDR3 and HyperTransport 3 with separated power lanes. Replaces Socket
AM2+ with support for DDR3-SDRAM.

Mobile

 Socket 563 - AMD low-power mobile Athlon XP-M (563-contact µ-PGA, mostly mobile
parts).
 Socket 754
 Socket S1 - AMD socket for mobile platforms featuring DDR2-SDRAM. Replaces Socket
754 for mobile processors (638-contact PGA).
 Socket FS1 - future Fusion processors for notebook market with CPU and GPU
functionality (codenamed Swift), supporting DDR3 SDRAM, to be released in 2009.

Server

 Socket 940 - AMD single and multi-processor socket featuring DDR-SDRAM. Supports
AMD Opteron[4] (2xx and 8xx Series), Athlon 64 FX processors (940-contact PGA).
 Socket A
  Socket F (also known as "Socket 1207") - AMD multi-processor socket featuring DDR2-
SDRAM. Supports AMD Opteron[4](2xxx and 8xxx Series) and Athlon 64 FX processors.
Replaces Socket 940 (LGA 1207-contact), and partially compatible with Socket F+.
 Socket F+ - Future AMD multi-processor socket featuring higher speed HyperTransport
interconnect of up to 2.6 GHz. Replacing Socket F but socket F processors remained
supported for backward compatibility.
 Future processor which is in development under the Fusion project codename, will
employ Socket FS1 and two other sockets.
 Socket G34 - successor to socket F+, originally planned as Socket G3 paired with Socket
G3 Memory Extender for servers to expand memory.

INTEL

Desktop

 Slot 1 - Intel Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III

 Socket 370 - Intel Pentium III, Celeron; Cyrix III; VIA C3
 Socket 423 - Intel Pentium 4[5] and Celeron processors (Willamette core)
 Socket 478 - Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Celeron D, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition[5], Pentium
M
 Socket N (Northwood, Prescott, and Willamette cores)
 Socket B (LGA 1366 [6]) - a new socket for Intel CPUs incorporating the integrated
memory controller and Intel QuickPath Interconnect. Core i7 ,(Bloomfield) ,(Nehalem)
 Socket T (also known as Socket 775 or LGA 775) - Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D,
Pentium Extreme Edition, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, Celeron[5], Xeon 3000 series, Core
2 Quad (Northwood, Prescott, Conroe, Kentsfield, Cedar Mill , Wolfdale and Yorkfield
cores)

Mobile

 Socket 441 - Intel Atom

 Socket 479 - Intel Pentium M and Celeron M (Banias and Dothan cores)
 Socket 495 - Also known as PPGA-B495, used for Mobile P3 Coppermine and Celerons [7]
 Socket M - Intel Core Solo, Intel Core Duo and Intel Core 2 Duo (A little part of Merom
Cores and all Yohan Cores)
 Micro-FCBGA - Intel Mobile Celeron, Core 2 Duo (mobile), Core Duo, Core Solo, Celeron
M, Pentium III (mobile), Mobile Celeron
 Socket P - Intel-based; replaces Socket 479 and Socket M. Released May 9th, 2007.
(Merom and Penryn Cores)
 Socket 956 - Intel Core 2 Duo (Penryn core)
Server

 Socket 8 - Intel Pentium Pro

 Slot 2 - Intel Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III Xeon
 Socket 603 - Intel Xeon (Northwood and Willamette cores)
 Socket 604 - Intel Xeon
 PAC418 - Intel Itanium
 PAC611 - Intel Itanium 2, HP PA-RISC 8800 and 8900
 Socket J (also known as Socket 771 or LGA 771) - Intel Xeon (Woodcrest core)
 Socket N - Intel Dual-Core Xeon LV

Others

 Socket 463 (also known as Socket NexGen) - NexGen Nx586

 Socket 499 - Alpha 21164
 Slot B - Alpha 21264
 Slotkets - adapters for using socket processors in bus-compatible slot motherboards
 SELF CHECK 1.3-C
Multiple Choice:

Instruction: Select the best answer. Write the correct letter in your answer sheet.

1. The NORTHBRIDGE, also known as _____

a. Micro Controller Hub (MCH)
b. Micro Controller Architecture (MCA)
c. Front Side Bus
d. Back Side Bus
2. The socket T or LGA 775 is use by _____ CPU.
a. I3
b. AMD
c. Pentium D
d. Pentium 3
3. The PCI express x16 contains how many pins?
a. 64 pins
b. 128 pins
c. 164 pins
d. 36 pins
4. Contains boot firmware and power management program.
a. Northbridge chipset
b. Southbridge chipset
c. BIOS
d. Controller
5. A high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently used
by personal computers, as well as in digital audio, digital video, automotive, and
aeronautics applications.
a. USB
b. Firewire
c. SATA
d. Northbridge
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-D
COMPUTER SYSTEM PORTS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Define Ports
2. Identify the different PORTS.
3. Explain the functions of the different ports.

Overview

In computer hardware, a port serves as an interface between the computer and other
computers or peripheral devices. Physically, a port is a specialized outlet on a piece of
equipment to which a plug or cable connects. Electronically, the several conductors making up
the outlet provide a signal transfer between devices.

PORTS  are connector which can found at the back of the computer system unit which are
intended for external devices which can be identified by means of the number of pins…

a. EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER PORT

1. PS2 port  a 6 pins rounded port intended for PS2 keyboard and
mouse.
2. USB port  an external connector for USB device such as printer,
mouse, Hard Drive, Optical device, removable storage, camera and other device
with USB connector.
3. Serial Communication port  a 9 pins male connector intended for
serial mouse and external modem.
4. Ethernet port  an 8 pins modular connector intended for RJ45
connector.
5. Parallel port  (also known as LPT1) a 25 pins female port intended for
parallel printer.
6. Video Graphics Adapter Port  a 15 pins (3 lines) connector intended
for monitor
7. Game port  a 15 pins (2 lines) connector intended for game pad and
joystick.
8. Digital Video Integration Port  a connector which is composed of 24
pins for digital signal and 5 pins for analog monitor signal which is primarily used
for digital monitor.
9. Tip Ring Sleeve Port  a round connector intended for multimedia
device such as microphone, speaker and line-in devices.
 Such as …

USB

IEEE 1394 interface

Ethernet
port

Ethernet over twisted pair

using category 5 cable 8P8C

Serial port

RS-232
Parallel port

IEEE 1284

PS/2
connector

Mini-DIN connector
Deutsches Institut für
Normung (DIN)

Video
Graphics
Array
VGA
connector
D-sub 15

Digital Visual
Interface

DVI
TRS connector

(tip, ring, sleeve)

SCSI

DC connector

IEC connector IEC 60320

C14 chassis plug C13 line socket

A software port (usually just called a 'port') is a virtual/logical data connection that can be used
by programs to exchange data directly, instead of going through a file or other temporary
storage location. The most common of these are TCP and UDP ports which are used to
exchange data between computers on the Internet.
 SELF-CHECK 1.3-D

Direction: Supply the correct port name required for each question. Write your answer on your
answer sheet

Port Identity:

1. 6 pins rounded
2. 5 pins rounded
3. 15 pins, 3 lines (female)
4. 4 pins rectangular or flat
5. 8 pins modular
6. 25 pins 2 lines (female)
7. 29 pins (24 pins + 5 pins)
8. 9 pins (male)
9. Rounded jack connector
10. Bonus
 TASK SHEET 1.3-D

Learning Outcome: Identify & Name the different parts of Computer Motherboard

Task: Identify & Name Parts of Computer Motherboard

Learning Objective: After reading Information Sheet 1.3-B to Information Sheet 1.3-D, you must be
able to Name and Identify the different parts integrated in the computer motherboard

Time Allotment: 60 minutes

Materials and equipment needed:

• Blank Template #2 (MOTHERBOARD IDENTITY)
• CBLM
• Computer Motherboard
• Pencil/Pen
• Bond Paper

Procedure:
1. Prepare all the materials needed and then using the Computer Motherboard located at the
Learning resource center.
2. Identify the components connected in the computer motherboard
3. Using the Blank Template #2 (Motherboard Identity). Then write down the required answer
on the space provided.
4. Call your facilitator who will guide you and check your work after doing this activity.
 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 1.3-D

CRITERIA YES NO
Did the trainee identify the model of the motherboard?

Did the trainee identify the motherboard form factor?

Was the P1 connector properly classified?

Did the trainee identify the 12V extension connection?

Did the trainee identify and distinguish the CPU connector?

Did the trainee identify the Chipset?

Did the trainee identify the BIOS?

Did the trainee name and identified the appropriate available connectors?

Did the trainee identify the available ports?

 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-E

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Name the different parts of CPU give their functions.

2. Describe the different types of CPU packages.

Overview:

A central processing unit (CPU), also referred to as a central processor unit,[1] is the hardware
within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the
basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The term has been in use
in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. [2] The form, design, and implementation
of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation
remains much the same.

A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called multiprocessing. Some integrated
circuits (ICs) can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip; those ICs are called multi-core
processors.

Two typical components of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic
and logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and
decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

The abbreviation CPU is sometimes used incorrectly by people who are not computer
specialists to refer to the cased main part of a desktop computer containing the motherboard,
processor, disk drives, etc., i.e., not the display monitor or keyboard.

The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer
to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually cooled by
a heat sink and fan.
A. CPU COMPONENTS

a. The CPU core voltage (VCORE) is the power supply voltage supplied to the CPU (which is a
digital circuit), GPU, or other device containing a processing core.
b. A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the
average time to access memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores
copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations.

c. In computers, the front side bus (FSB) or system bus is the physical bi-directional data bus that carries all
electronic signal information between the central processing unit (CPU) and other devices within the
system such as random access memory (RAM), AGP video cards, PCI expansion cards, hard disks, the
memory containing the system BIOS, etc.

d. Some computers have an L2 or L3 memory cache external to the CPU connected via a back side bus. This
bus and the cache memory connected to it is faster than accessing the system RAM via the front side bus.

B. TYPES OF CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

We can categories the types of Central Processing Unit by means of its connector such as
SOCKET type, SLOT type or BUILT-IN type

Or
 By means of design it can be single core, dual core or even quad core

Or

By means of manufacturer may it can Intel, AMD, Apple or any other manufacturer.

The socket type CPU can be a PGA (Pin Grid Array) if the CPU (device) have pins present on
it but there is no pins on the SOCKET connector Unlike the LGA (Land Grid Array) on the
other hand the CPU has no pins, the CPU connector is the has a pins on it.

HOW THE CPU OPERATES?

Standard CPUs contain processing units that interpret and implement software instructions,
perform calculations and comparisons, make logical decisions (determining if a statement is
true or false based on the rules of Boolean algebra), temporarily store information for use by
another of the CPU's processing units, keep track of the current step in the execution of the
program, and allow the CPU to communicate with the rest of the computer.

The CPU is controlled by a list of software instructions, called a computer program. Software
instructions entering the CPU originate in some form of memory storage device such as a hard
disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, or magnetic tape. These instructions then pass into the computer's
main random access memory (RAM), where each instruction is given a unique address, or
memory location. The CPU can access specific pieces of data in RAM by specifying the address
of the data that it wants.

As a program is executed, data flow from RAM through an interface unit of wires called the bus,
which connects the CPU to RAM. The data are then decoded by a processing unit called the
instruction decoder that interprets and implements software instructions. From the instruction
decoder the data pass to the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), which performs calculations and
comparisons. Data may be stored by the ALU in temporary memory locations called registers
where it may be retrieved quickly. The ALU performs specific operations such as addition,
multiplication, and conditional tests on the data in its registers, sending the resulting data back
to RAM or storing it in another register for further use. During this process, a unit called the
program counter keeps track of each successive instruction to make sure that the program
instructions are followed by the CPU in the correct order.

A microprocessor consists of multiple internal function units.

 an arithmetic logic unit (ALU),

 a control unit,

 a memory interface,
  an interrupt or exception controller,

 an internal cache.

 More sophisticated microprocessors might also contain extra units that assist in floating-
point match calculations, program branching, or vector processing (see illustration).

A microprocessor consists of multiple independent function units. The memory interface fetches
instructions from, and writes data to, external memory. The control unit issues one or more
instructions to other function units. These units process the instructions in parallel to boost
performance.

The ALU performs all basic computational operations: arithmetic, logical, and comparisons.

The control unit orchestrates (arrange) the operation of the other units.

 It fetches instructions from the on-chip cache, decodes them, and then executes them.
Each instruction has the control unit direct the other function units through a sequence
of steps that carry out the instruction's intent. The execution path taken by the control
unit can depend upon status bits produced by the arithmetic logic unit or the floating-
point unit (FPU) after the instruction sequence completes.

The memory interface enables the microprocessor to maintain two-way communication with
off-chip semiconductor memory, which stores programs and data.

 This interface typically supports memory reads and writes in blocks of words (the
number of bits that the processor operates on at one time).

The interrupt or exception controller

  enables the microprocessor to respond to requests from the external environment or to
error conditions by allowing interruptions of the ongoing operation. An interrupt might
be an external peripheral requesting service, while an exception typically consists of a
floating-point math error or an unrecognized instruction. The interrupt controller can
prioritize and selectively handle these interrupts.

The internal cache

 is an on-chip memory storage area that holds recently used data values or instruction
sequences that are likely to be used again in the near future. Since this information is
already on-chip, it can be accessed rapidly, thereby accelerating the computation rate.

 Items not in the cache can take several or more extra operations to access, which
significantly degrades the computation rate.

Software writers often organize a program's code and data structures so that the most
frequently used elements often occupy the cache, thus maintaining a high level of
computational throughput.

The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardless of the physical form they take, is to
execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program.

There are four steps that nearly all von Neumann CPUs use in their operation:
 fetch,
 decode,
 execute,
 and writeback.

1. The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction (which is represented by a

number or sequence of numbers) from program memory.

 The location in program memory is determined by a program counter (PC), which

stores a number that identifies the current position in the program.

 In other words, the program counter keeps track of the CPU's place in the current
program.

 After an instruction is fetched, the PC is incremented by the length of the instruction

word in terms of memory units.[3]

 Often the instruction to be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory,
causing the CPU to stall while waiting for the instruction to be returned. This issue is
largely addressed in modern processors by caches and pipeline architectures
  The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory is used to determine what the
CPU is to do.

2. In the decode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance to
other portions of the CPU.

 The way in which the numerical instruction value is interpreted is defined by the
CPU's instruction set architecture (ISA).[4] Often, one group of numbers in the
instruction, called the opcode, indicates which operation to perform.

Block diagram of a simple CPU.

After the fetch and decode steps,

3. the execute step is performed.

 During this step, various portions of the CPU are connected so they can perform the
desired operation. If, for instance, an addition operation was requested, an
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) will be connected to a set of inputs and a set of outputs.
The inputs provide the numbers to be added, and the outputs will contain the final
sum. The ALU contains the circuitry to perform simple arithmetic and logical
operations on the inputs (like addition and bitwise operations). If the addition
operation produces a result too large for the CPU to handle, an arithmetic overflow
flag in a flags register may also be set (see the discussion of integer range below).
4. The final step, writeback, simply "writes back" the results of the execute step to
some form of memory. Very often the results are written to some internal CPU
register for quick access by subsequent instructions. In other cases results may be
written to slower, but cheaper and larger, main memory. Some types of instructions
manipulate the program counter rather than directly produce result data. These are
generally called "jumps" and facilitate behavior like loops, conditional program
execution (through the use of a conditional jump), and functions in programs.[5]
 SELF-CHECK 1.3-E

Enumeration:

Direction: Give what is asked for. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

A. 5 Parts of a CPU
B. 2 Type of CPU based on connector
C. 2 Types of CPU based on package
D. 4 basic operation of CPU
E. Two main types of CPU based on manufacturer.
 TASK SHEET 1.3-E

Learning Outcome: Discriminate & Identify related information about Central Processing Unit

Task: Discriminate & Identify CPU

Learning Objective: After reading Information Sheet 1.3-E, you must be able to Name and Identify
the different parts Central Processing Unit

Time Allotment: 30 minutes

Materials and equipment needed:

• Blank Template #3 (CPU IDENTITY)
• CBLM
• 2 pcs of Central Processing Unit
• Pencil/Pen
• Bond Paper

Procedure:
1. Prepare all the materials needed and then using the Computer Motherboard located at the
Learning resource center.
2. Identify the components based in marking indicated on CPU
3. Using the Blank Template #3 (CPU Identity). Then write down the required answer on the
space provided.
4. Call your facilitator who will guide you and check your work after doing this activity.
 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 1.3-E

CRITERIA YES NO
Did the trainee identify the model of the CPU?

Did the trainee identify the CPU manufacturer?

Did the trainee identify the CPU internal cache?

Did the trainee identify the CPU speed in terms of Frequency?

Did the trainee identify and distinguish the CPU connector?

Did the trainee identify the working voltage?

Did the trainee name normal CPU frequency without multiplier?

Did the trainee point out the multiplier?

 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-F

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Name the different types of RAM and memory.

2. Describe the different RAM specifications and give their functions

Overview:

Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access

device allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. In contrast, other data
storage media such as hard disks, CDs, DVDs and magnetic tape, as well as early primary
memory types such as drum memory, read and write data only in a predetermined order,
consecutively, because of mechanical design limitations. Therefore the time to access a given
data location varies significantly depending on its physical location.

Today, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits. Strictly speaking, modern
types of DRAM are not random access, as data is read in bursts, although the name DRAM /
RAM has stuck. However, many types of SRAM, ROM, OTP, and NOR flash are still random
access even in a strict sense. RAM is normally associated with volatile types of memory (such as
DRAM memory modules), where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. Many
other types of non-volatile memory are RAM as well, including most types of ROM and a type of
flash memory called NOR-Flash. The first RAM modules to come into the market were created
in 1951 and were sold until the late 1960s and early 1970s.

RAM Stores the current open applications, processes and the current running OS. RAM Stands
for Random Access Memory

A. TYPE OF MEMORY

1. VOLATILE MEMORY  (is computer memory that requires power to

maintain the stored information)

a. DRAM, is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a
separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. Since real capacitors leak
charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is
refreshed periodically
 e.g. DDR SDRAM  (double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random access
memory) is a class of memory integrated circuits used in computers. It achieves
nearly twice the bandwidth of the preceding "single data rate" SDRAM by double
pumping (transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the clock signal)
without increasing the clock frequency.

DDR1 SDRAM

Peak
Standard Memory Cycle I/O Bus Data transfers JEDEC standard Module
transfer
name clock time clock per second VDDQ voltage name
rate
100
DDR-200 100 MHz 10 ns[1] 200 Million 2.5±0.2 V PC-1600 1600 MB/s
MHz
133
DDR-266 133 MHz 7.5 ns 266 Million 2.5±0.2 V PC-2100 2100 MB/s
MHz
166
DDR-333 166 MHz 6 ns 333 Million 2.5±0.2 V PC-2700 2700 MB/s
MHz
200
DDR-400 200 MHz 5 ns 400 Million 2.6±0.1 V PC-3200 3200 MB/s
MHz

DDR2 SDRAM

Standard Memory Cycle I/O Bus Data transfers Module Peak transfer
Timings[2][3]
name clock time clock per second name rate
200 3-3-3
DDR2-400 100 MHz 10 ns 400 Million PC2-3200 3200 MB/s
MHz 4-4-4
266 PC2-4200 3-3-3
DDR2-533 133 MHz 7.5 ns 533 Million 4266 MB/s
MHz PC2-43001 4-4-4
333 PC2-5300 4-4-4
DDR2-667 166 MHz 6 ns 667 Million 5333 MB/s
MHz PC2-54001 5-5-5
4-4-4
400
DDR2-800 200 MHz 5 ns 800 Million PC2-6400 6400 MB/s 5-5-5
MHz
6-6-6
533 PC2-8500 6-6-6
DDR2-1066 266 MHz 3.75 ns 1066 Million 8533 MB/s
MHz PC2-86001 7-7-7

DDR3 SDRAM

Standard Memory Cycle I/O Bus Data Module Peak transfer

Timings
name clock time clock rate name rate
DDR3-800 100 MHz 10 ns 400 MHz 800 PC3-6400 6400 MB/s 5-5-5
 MT/s 6-6-6
6-6-6
1066
DDR3-1066 133 MHz 7.5 ns 533 MHz PC3-8500 8533 MB/s 7-7-7
MT/s
8-8-8
7-7-7
1333 8-8-8
DDR3-1333 166 MHz 6 ns 667 MHz PC3-10600 10667 MB/s
MT/s 9-9-9
10-10-10
8-8-8
1600 9-9-9
DDR3-1600 200 MHz 5 ns 800 MHz PC3-12800 12800 MB/s
MT/s 10-10-10
11-11-11

b. SRAM  (does not need to be periodically refreshed)

c. VRAM  (Video RAM) is the type of memory which is used to display high resolution
graphics.
d. SDRAM  refers to synchronous dynamic random access memory, a term that is
used to describe dynamic random access memory that has a synchronous interface
 DIP (Dual In line Package)

SIPP
(Single In-line Pin Package)

SIMM 30 pin
(Single In-line Memory Module)

(EDO) SIMM 72 pin

(Extended Data Out, Single In-line
Memory Module)

DIMM SDR (168-pin)

(Dual In-Line Memory Module)

DDR DIMM (184-pin).

(Double Data Rate Dual In-Line
Memory Module)

2. NON-VOLATILE  (is computer memory that can retain the stored

information even when not powered)

b. ROM –(Read Only Memory)  is a class of storage media used in computers and other
electronic devices. Because data stored in ROM cannot be modified
a. PROM  A programmable read-only memory (PROM) or field programmable read-
only memory (FPROM) is a form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is
locked by a fuse or antifuse. Such PROMs are used to store programs permanently
b. EPROM  Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, is a type of memory chip that
retains its data when its power supply is switched off
c. EEPROM  Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and is a type of non-
volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts
of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device
configuration.
d. Flash memory  computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
It is a technology that is primarily used in memory cards and USB flash drives for general
storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It is a
specific type of EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) that is
erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at
once
 SELF-CHECK 1.3-F

Direction: Match the questions on the Column A to type of memory on the Column B. Write the
letter of your choice on your answer sheet.

COLUMN A
COLUMN B
1. DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
2. EEPROM A. Volatile memory
B. Non-volatil
3. EPROM

4. Flash Memory
5. PROM
6. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

7. SRAM (static RAM)

8. VRAM (Video RAM)
 TASK SHEET 1.3-F

Learning Outcome: Identify & differentiate parts of Computer Memory

Task: Identify & differentiate parts of Computer Memory

Learning Objective: After reading Information Sheet 1.3-F you must be able to Identify and
differentiate parts Computer Memory

Time Allotment: 45 minutes

Materials and equipment needed:

• Blank Template #4 (MEMORY MODULE IDENTITY)
• CBLM
• Computer RAM
• Pencil/Pen
• Bond Paper

Procedure:
1. Prepare all the materials needed and then using the Computer RAM located at the Learning
resource center.
2. Identify the components connected in the computer RAM
3. Using the Blank Template #4 (MEMORY MODULE Identity). Then write down the required
answer on the space provided.
4. Call your facilitator who will guide you and check your work after doing this activity.
5.
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-G

VIDEO DISPLAY CONTROLLER

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Explain the functions of Visual Display Controller.

2. Identify the different parts of Video card and give their functions

Overview:

A Video Display Controller or VDC is an integrated circuit which is the main component in a
video signal generator, a device responsible for the production of a TV video signal in a
computing or game system. Some VDCs also generate an audio signal, but in that case it is not
their main function.

VDCs were most often used in the old home-computers of the 80s, but also in some early video
game systems.

The VDC is always the main component of the video signal generator logic, but sometimes there are also
other supporting chips used, such as RAM to hold the pixel data, ROM to hold character fonts, or
perhaps some discrete logic such as shift registers were necessary to build a complete system. In any
case, it's the VDC's responsibility to generate the timing of the necessary video signals, such as the
horizontal and vertical synchronisation signals, and the blanking interval signal.

Most often the VDC chip is completely integrated in the logic of the main computer system, (its
video RAM appears in the memory map of the main CPU), but sometimes it functions as a
coprocessor that can manipulate the video RAM contents independently

Produces the output for the visual display unit. This will either be built into the motherboard or
attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card.

A video card, also known as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card, is an
expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display. Some video cards
offer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 decoding,
FireWire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors.
9-pin VIVO for S-Video (TV-out), DVI for HDTV and DB-15 for VGA outputs.

COMPONENTS of VIDEO CARD

A modern video card consists of a printed circuit board on which the components are mounted.
These include:

a. Graphics processing unit (GPU)  A GPU is a dedicated processor optimized for

accelerating graphics. The processor is designed specifically to perform floating-point
calculations which are fundamental to 3D graphics rendering. The main attributes of the
GPU are the core clock frequency, which typically ranges from 250 to 850 MHz, and the
number of pipelines (vertex and fragment shaders), which translate a 3D image
characterized by vertices and lines into a 2D image formed by pixels.

b. Video BIOS  The video BIOS or firmware contains the basic program that governs the
video card's operations and provides the instructions that allow the computer and
software to interact with the card. It may contain information on the memory timing,
operating speeds and voltages of the graphics processor and RAM and other
information. It is sometimes possible to change the BIOS (e.g. to enable factory-locked
settings for higher performance) although this is typically only done by video card
overclockers, and has the potential to irreversibly damage the card.

c. Video memory

The memory capacity of most modern video cards range from 128 MB to 4.0 GB, though very
few cards actually go over 1.0 GB. [8]. Since video Type Memory clock rate (MHz) Bandwidth (GB/s)
memory needs to be accessed by the GPU and DDR 166 - 950 1.2 - 30.4
the display circuitry, it often uses special high DDR2 533 - 1000 8.5 - 16
speed or multi-port memory, such as VRAM, GDDR3 700 - 1800 5.6 - 54.4
WRAM, SGRAM, etc. Around 2003, the video GDDR4 1600 - 2400 64 - 156.6
memory was typically based on DDR technology. GDDR5 3000 - 3800 130 - 230
During and after that year, manufacturers moved
towards DDR2, GDDR3 and GDDR4 even GDDR5
utilized most notably by the ATI Radeon HD 4870. The effective memory clock rate in modern
cards are generally between 400 MHz and 3.8 GHz. Video memory may be used for storing
other data as well as the screen image, such as the Z-buffer, which manages the depth
coordinates in 3D graphics, textures, vertex buffers, and compiled shader programs.

d. Monitor Port  the connector intended for monitor or any display unit it can classified
as VGA (video graphic array, DVI (digital visual interface & S-Video [Separate Video (2
channel),[1] more commonly known as S-Video, Super-video and Y/C, is an analog video
transmission (no audio) that carries standard definition video typically at 480i or 576i
resolution. Video information is encoded on two channels: luma (luminance, intensity,
"Y") and chroma (colour, "C").])
 SELF-CHECK 1.3-G

Filling the blank. Fill in the correct answer on the following. Then write your answer on your
answer sheet.

1. A video card is also known as __________.

2. ________ is the video card processor.
3. ______ is the port in the video card which is intended for analog monitor.
4. ______ is an IC that contains the video card firmware or program that governs
video card operation.
5. ______ is the type of calculation which specifically perform by GPU.
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-H

INTERNAL STORAGE

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Describe an Internal Storage and give its functions

2. Identify the different type of internal storage.
3. Name the different connector of HDD and their capability

Overview:

Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology consisting of

computer components and recording media used to retain digital data. It is a core function and
fundamental component of computers. The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is what
manipulates data by performing computations. In practice, almost all computers use a storage
hierarchy, which puts fast but expensive and small storage options close to the CPU and slower
but larger and cheaper options farther away. Often the fast, volatile technologies (which lose
data when powered off) are referred to as "memory", while slower permanent technologies are
referred to as "storage", but these terms can also be used interchangeably. In the Von
Neumann architecture, the CPU consists of two main parts: control unit and arithmetic logic
unit (ALU). The former controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory; the latter
performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.

Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when
the computer has no power.

A. Hard disk - commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard

disk, or fixed disk drive,[1] is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally
encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.
Date invented September 13, 1956
Invented by An IBM team led by Rey Johnson

Latest News About Hard Drives.

 WD Caviar Green, SATA Hard Drives, 2 TB, 32 MB Cache, SATA 3 Gb/s is the latest and
the largest HDD as January 2009
 Seagate's Barracuda 7200.11 1.5TB hard drive is the latest Hard Drive develop by
Seagate Corporation

Connects to Host adapter (on PCs often integrated into motherboard) via one of:

A. PATA (IDE) interface

40 wire, 40 pins ribbon cable (5 MB/s transfer rate)

80 wire, 40 pins ribbon cable (33.3 MB/s transfer rate)

B. SATA interface is a storage-interface for connecting host bus adapters (most
commonly integrated into laptop computers and desktop motherboards) to mass
storage devices (such as hard disk drives and optical drives).

SATA 1.5 Gbit/s SATA 3 Gbit/s

Frequency 1.5 GHz 3 GHz

Bits/clock 1 1

8b/10b encoding 80% 80%

bits/Byte 8 8

Real speed 150 MB/s 300 MB/s

 B. SAS interface the data-transfer technology Serial
Attached SCSI (SAS) moves data to and from computer storage devices such as hard
drives and tape drives. The transfer rate of SAS is 3.0 Gbit/s at introduction, 6.0
Gbit/s avail Feb '09

Figure 2: Female SAS connector

C. SCSI interface (popular on servers)  Small Computer

System Interface, or SCSI (pronounced ['scuzzy][1]), is a set of standards for physically
connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. The
transfer rate of SCSI-1 is 5 MB/s while the Ultra-640 SCSI transfer rate is 640 MB/s
and the latest standard of SCSI, the iSCSI has the transfer rate of 300 MB/s[.

Two SCSI connectors.

 D. FC (Fiber Channel)  an interface (almost exclusively
found on servers) with gigabit-speed network technology primarily used for storage
networking. The storage networking is an architecture to attach remote computer
storage devices

a. (such as disk arrays (multiple disk drives) ,

b. tape libraries (which having a capacity of ranging from 20 terabytes[1] up
to more than 50 petabytes of data,,
c. and optical jukeboxes (is a robotic data storage device that can
automatically load and unload optical discs, such as Compact Disc, DVD,
Ultra Density Optical or Blu-ray disc and can provide terabytes of tertiary
storage) to servers

E. EIDE interface are interface standards for the

connection of storage devices such as hard disks, solid-state drives, and CD-ROM
drives in computers.
F. USB interface (for external/portable hard drives)  is a
serial bus standard to connect devices to a host computer. USB was designed to
allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket
and to improve plug and play capabilities by allowing hot swapping; that is, by
allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer
or turning off the device.

IEEE 1394 interface (for external/portable hard drives)  is a serial bus interface standard for
high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently used by
personal computers, as well as in digital audio, digital video, automotive, and aeronautics
applications. The interface is also known by the brand names of FireWire (Apple Inc.), i.LINK
(Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments). The firewire has a data rate of 400–3200 Mbit/s
 4-circuit (left) and 6-circuit (right) FireWire 400 alpha connectors

a pair of 6-circuit alpha connectors on the edge of an expansion card

G. Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but

containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format. The Solid State Drive -
is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. An
SSD emulates a hard disk drive interface, thus easily replacing it in most applications.
An SSD using SRAM or DRAM (instead of flash memory) is often called a RAM-drive.

Open casing of 2.5” traditional hard disk drive (left) and solid-state drive (center).

H. RAID array controller – (Redundant Array of Inexpensive

Disks)  a device to manage several hard disks, to achieve performance or reliability
improvement in what is called a RAID array. It is a device which manages the
physical disk drives and presents them to the computer as logical units. It almost
always implements hardware RAID, thus it is sometimes referred to as RAID
controller. It also often provides additional disk cache.

NEW INTERFACE FOR HARD DISK DRIVE

eSATA (external SATA)

Short for External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment eSATA is an extension to the Serial

ATA standard that enables SATA drives to be attached externally. Prior to eSATA, external hard
drives were connected via USB 2.0 or FireWire. While eSATA can provide faster transfer rates
than USB or FireWire, it requires its own power connector.

eSATA

THUNDERBOLT

Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface that allows the connection of

external peripheralsto a computer. Thunderbolt 1 and 2 use the same connector as Mini
DisplayPort (MDP), while Thunderbolt 3 uses USB Type-C. It was initially developed and
marketed under the name Light Peak,[1] and first sold as part of a consumer product on
February 24, 2011.[2]
Thunderbolt combines PCI Express (PCIe) and DisplayPort (DP) into one serial signal, and
additionally provides DC power, all in one cable. Up to six peripherals may be supported by one
connector through various topologies.
PCIe INTERFACE

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, or PCIe, is a physical interconnect for

motherboard expansion. Normally this is the connector slot you plug your graphics card,
network card, sound card, or for storage purposes, a RAID card into. PCIe was designed to
replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards and to allow for more flexibility for
expansion. Improvements include higher maximum bandwidth, lower I/O pin count and smaller
physical footprint, better performance-scaling, more detailed error detection and reporting,
and hot-plugging. The physical connector on the motherboard typically allows for up to 16 lanes
for data transfer. A PCIe device that is an x4 device can fit into a PCIe x4 slot up to an x16 slot
and still function. PCIe 1.0 allowed for 250MB/s per lane, PCIe 2.0 allows for 500MB/s per lane
and the newest PCIe 3.0 allows for 1GB/s per lane.
 

New 4TB PCIe SSD

develop by Intel
Corporation
 SELF-CHECK 1.3-H

Direction: Give what is asked. Write down the correct answer on your answer sheet.

1. 5 types of Hard Disk Drive based on connector.

2. 3 examples of internal storage
3. 2 types of HDD data bus.
4. 2 types of HDD base on package
5. 5 parts of HDD
 TASK SHEET 1.3-H

Learning Outcome: Identify & Name the different parts of Computer Hard Disk Drive

Task: Identify & Name Parts of Computer Hard Disk Drive

Learning Objective: After reading Information Sheet 1.3-H, you must be able to Name and Identify
the different parts integrated in the computer Hard Disk Drive

Time Allotment: 30 minutes

Materials and equipment needed:

• Blank Template #5 (HARD DISK DRIVE IDENTITY)
• CBLM
• Computer HARD DISK DRIVE
• Pencil/Pen
• Bond Paper

Procedure:
1. Prepare all the materials needed and then using the Computer Hard Disk Drive located at
the Learning resource center.
2. Identify the components connected in the computer Hard Disk Drive
3. Using the Blank Template #5 (Hard Disk Drive Identity). Then write down the required
answer on the space provided.
4. Call your facilitator who will guide you and check your work after doing this activity.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 1.3-H
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-I

REMOVABLE MEDIA DEVICES (COMPUTER STORAGE)

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. List the different types of removable media.

2. Compare the different capability of removable media.
3. Give the importance of removable media devices

Overview:

Removable media are data storage devices capable of computer system removal without
powering off the system. Removable media devices are used for backup, storage or
transportation of data.

Removable media is any type of storage device that can be removed from a computer while the
system is running. Examples of removable media include CDs, DVDs and Blu-Ray disks, as well
as diskettes and USB drives. Removable media makes it easy for a user to move data from one
computer to another.

In a storage context, the main advantage of removable disks is that they can deliver the fast
data backup and recovery times associated with storage area networks (SANs) while also
providing the portability of tape that may be required to meet corporate backup and recovery
requirements. The main drawback of removable media is that it's more expensive than tape.

A. CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable

media, suitable for music and data. It has two specific storage capacity 350MB for
mini-CD and the common 80 min CD which has the capacity of 700MB.
a. CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.
b. CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
B. DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable
media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much
information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for
data storage. It has two specific storage capacity 4.7GB for 120minutes and the dual
layer CD which has the capacity of 8.54GB.
C.
a. DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a
DVD.
 b. DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing
data to and from a DVD.
c. DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and
reading of data from a special type of DVD.
D. Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data
and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD. The blu-ray is
commonly used in play station 3 it has the capacity of 25Gb for single layer and 50GB for
dual layer BD disk.

a. BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.
b. BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray
disc.
E. HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format.
F. Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a
thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID
drivers.
G. Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk
storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
H. USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device
integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable.
Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of
gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).

USB SUPPORTS FOLLOWING DATA RATES:

 The Full Speed rate of 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) is the basic USB data rate defined by USB
1.1. All USB hubs support Full Speed.
 A Low Speed rate of 1.5 Mbit/s (187.5 kB/s) is defined by USB 1.0. It is very similar to full
speed operation except that each bit takes 8 times as long to transmit. It is intended
primarily to save cost in low-bandwidth Human Interface Devices (HID) such as
keyboards, mice, and joysticks.
 A High-Speed (USB 2.0) rate of 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) was introduced in 2001. All high-
speed devices are capable of falling back to full-speed operation if necessary.

 A SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) rate of 5.0 Gbit/s (625 MB/s). The USB 3.0 specification was
released by Intel and its partners in August 2008, according to early reports from CNET
news. Products using the 3.0 specification are expected to arrive in 2009 or 2010.

I. Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a

magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups.
 SELF-CHECK 1.3-I

Direction: Write True if the statement if True and Write False if the statement is Not-True.
Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. The CD (compact disk has 700MB storage capacity.

2. The maximum capacity for DVD is 8.54GB
3. The BD-ROM cannot read compact disc.
4. The USB 3.0 can read 625MB/s
5. The USB flash drive can only be connected on USB port.
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-J
OTHER PERIPHERALS WHICH CAN BE CONNECTED TO COMPUTER SYSTEM
Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Name other devices which can be connected to computer system.

2. Explain the capability of each device.

Overview:

There are other components or device in the computer systems which are considered to be a
auxiliary device, these are the device which are less beneficial or device which are used for
special purpose task. Device like light pen, joystick, gamepad, game controller, microphone,
webcam and other similar device are made for a special purpose.

Auxiliary device are important in the computer system if you are using it, but it is an additional
electrical current consumption in your electric or an additional cost for budget. In today
computer system specially the portable computer there are a lot of devices which are
commonly built-in in the system.

A. Light pen – A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive

wand used in conjunction with a computer’s CRT display.It allows the user to point
to displayed objects or draw on the screen in a similar way to atouchscreen but with
greater positional accuracy
B. TEXT INPUT DEVICES

1. Keyboard – a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred

to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key
layout is the QWERTY layout.

C. POINTING DEVICES

2. Mouse – a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its
supporting surface.
3. Optical Mouse – a newer technology that uses lasers, or more commonly LEDs to
track the surface under the mouse to determine motion of the mouse, to be
translated into mouse movements on the screen.
4. Trackball – a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a
socket that detects rotation about two axes.
 D. GAMING DEVICES

1. Joystick – a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots
around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
2. Gamepad – a general handheld game controller that relies on the digits (especially
thumbs) to provide input.
3. Game controller – a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming
purposes.

E. IMAGE, VIDEO INPUT DEVICES

1. Image scanner – a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text,
handwriting, or an object.
2. Webcam – a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can
be easily transferred over the internet.

F. AUDIO INPUT DEVICES

1. Microphone – an acoustic sensor that

provides input by converting sound into electrical signals.

G. AUDIO OUTPUT DEVICE

a. Speakers  A device that converts analog audio signals into the equivalent air
vibrations in order to make audible sound
b. Headset  Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single
speaker, with a way of holding them close to a user’s ears and a means of connecting
them to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio or CD player. They are also
known as earphones, earbuds, stereophones, headsets or, informally cans

SOUND CARD Also known as an audio card  is a computer expansion card that facilitates the
input and output of audio signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs.
Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications
such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation/education, and entertainment
(games)Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a
microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it
is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either
built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities.
A network interface controller (NIC) (also known as a network interface card,network
adapter, LAN adapter and by similar terms) is a computer hardwarecomponent that connects
a computer to a computer network.

VIDEO CARD  see video display controller

 SELF-CHECK 1.3-J

Direction: Fill in the correct answer on the following question. Write your answer on a ¼ sheet
of yellow paper.

1. ______ is also known as QWERTY.

2. _______ is a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around
one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
3. ________ is a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a
socket that detects rotation about two axes.
4. _______ is a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its
supporting surface.
5. _______ is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive wand
6. ________ is a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting,
or an object.
7. _________ is an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical
signals.
8. ___________ is also known as an audio card
9. ___________ is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to
a computer network.
10. ________ is an specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes.
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3-K
PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Define a printer
2. Identify different printing technology.
3. Describe the different types of printer.

Overview:
In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a representation of an electronic
document on physical media such as paper or transparency film. Many printers are local
peripherals connected directly to a nearby personal computer. Individual printers are often
designed to support both local and network connected users at the same time. Some printers
can print documents stored on memory cards or from digital
cameras and scanners.Multifunction printers (MFPs) include a scanner and can copy paper
documents or send afax; these are also called multi-function devices (MFD), or all-in-one (AIO)
printers. Most MFPs include printing, scanning, and copying among their many features.
Consumer and some commercial printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print
jobs; requiring virtually no setup time to achieve a hard copy of a given document. However,
printers are generally slow devices (30 pages per minute is considered fast, and many
inexpensive consumer printers are far slower than that), and the cost per page is actually
relatively high. However, this is offset by the on-demand convenience and project management
costs being more controllable compared to an out-sourced solution. Theprinting press remains
the machine of choice for high-volume, professional publishing. However, as printers have
improved in quality and performance, many jobs which used to be done by professional print
shops are now done by users on local printers; see desktop publishing. Local printers are also
increasingly taking over the process of photofinishing as digital photo printers become
commonplace.
The world's first computer printer was a 19th-century mechanically driven apparatus invented
by Charles Babbage for his difference engine.[1

PRINTER a printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable

text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media
such as paper or transparencies

MODERN PRINT TECHNOLOGY

1. Toner-based printers Toner-based printers work using the Xerographic

principle that is used in most photocopiers: by adhering toner to a light-sensitive
 print drum, then using static electricity to transfer the toner to the printing medium
to which it is fused with heat and pressure. The most common type of toner-based
printer is the laser printer, which uses precision lasers to cause toner adherence.
2. Liquid inkjet printers  Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized
droplets of liquid or molten material (ink) onto almost any sized page.
3. Solid ink printers  Solid Ink printers, also known as phase-change printers,
are a type of thermal transfer printer. They use solid sticks of CMYK (Cyan, Magenta,
Yellow and Black) colored ink (similar in consistency to candle wax), which are
melted and fed into a piezo crystal operated print-head. The printhead sprays the
ink on a rotating, oil coated drum. The paper then passes over the print drum, at
which time the image is transferred, or transfixed, to the page.
4. Dye-sublimation printers  A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is
a printer which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a
medium such as a plastic card, paper or canvas
5. Inkless printers

o Thermal printers  Thermal printers work by selectively heating regions of

special heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash
registers, ATMs, gasoline dispensers and some older inexpensive fax machines
o UV printers  Xerox is working on an inkless printer which will use a special
reusable paper coated with a few micrometres of UV light sensitive chemicals.
The printer will use a special UV light bar which will be able to write and erase
the paper. As of early 2007 this technology is still in development

Obsolete and special-purpose printing technologies

 Typewriter-derived printers  similar to electronic typewriter.

 Daisy wheel printers  Daisy-wheel printers operate in much the same fashion as a
typewriter. A hammer strikes a wheel with petals (the daisy wheel), each petal
containing a letter form at its tip
 Dot-matrix printers  is a type of impact printers that use a matrix of small pins to
create precise dots.
 Line printers Line printers, as the name implies, print an entire line of text at a time
 Pen-based plotters  A plotter is a vector graphics printing device which operates by
moving a pen over the surface of paper which is commonly used to print Computer
Aided Design projects.

OTHER PRINTERS

o Bar Code Printer  A barcode printer (or bar code printer) is a computer
peripheral for printing barcode labels or tags that can be attached to physical
objects
o Billboard / sign paint spray printers
 SELF-CHECK 1.3-K

Direction: Supply the correct answer on the following question. Write your answer on you
answer sheet.

1. CMYK stand for ________

2. ________ is a printer that operates by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or
molten material (ink) onto almost any sized page.
3. _____ is a printer that work using the Xerographic principle that is used in most
photocopiers:
4. ______ is a printer that work similar to electronic typewriter.
5. ______ is a type of impact printers that use a matrix of small pins to create precise
dots.