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Lesson 4 Measurement of Direction and Angles

This document discusses the fundamentals of surveying, including the measurement of horizontal and vertical angles using a transit or theodolite. It describes how to measure horizontal angles by setting up the transit over a point and sighting other points, as well as how to close the horizon by summing angles around a point to check for errors. The document also explains how to measure vertical angles as either angles of elevation or depression.

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John Andrei Porras
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180 views15 pages

Lesson 4 Measurement of Direction and Angles

This document discusses the fundamentals of surveying, including the measurement of horizontal and vertical angles using a transit or theodolite. It describes how to measure horizontal angles by setting up the transit over a point and sighting other points, as well as how to close the horizon by summing angles around a point to check for errors. The document also explains how to measure vertical angles as either angles of elevation or depression.

Uploaded by

John Andrei Porras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTALS

OF SURVEYING
CE010

E.G. Escondo
COURSE TOPICS (PRELIM)
I. Introduction to the Course
II. Types of Surveying
III. Measurement of Distance, Errors in measurement
IV. Pacing
V. Measurement of Directions and Angles
VI. Bearing and Azimuth
VII.Magnetic Declination
Measurement of
Directions and Angles
2 TYPES OF ANGLE MEASUREMENT

• Horizontal Angles
• Vertical Angles
MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLES

The most common operation performed with the engineer’s transit is the
measurement of a horizontal angle.

It consist of setting up and leveling the transit over a selected point, taking a
backsight on a point, and turning the telescope through an angle to foresight another
point.
MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLES
MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLES

The distant points (BS and FS) may be marked by a range pole or chaining pin stuck
in the ground.

Some surveyors use a nail in a wooden stake or a chalk mark on a concrete


pavement.

After which the angle is read at the A Vernier by means of a reading glass.
MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLES

Horizontal Angle on a
Field Notebook
Image Source: http://engineeringtraining.tpub.com/14069/css/Measuring-Vertical
-Angles-448.htm
LETS WATCH SOME VIDEOS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aYsAwXlZkg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA-l1DqRtjI
CLOSING THE HORIZON

The process of measuring horizontal angles about a point is termed closing the
horizon.

This provides an easy way of testing instrument readings and pointings since a
check is obtained if the sum of the angles equal to 360 degrees.

In order to fully understand the operation of a transit or theodolite the student


should first learn how to use the instrument in measuring angles about a point.
CLOSING THE HORIZON
MEASURING VERTICAL ANGLES

Along a vertical plane the difference in direction measured between two intersecting
lines is referred to as a vertical angle.

Such an angle may be above or below a horizontal plane through the point of
intersection and may lie only between zero and plus (or minus) 90 degrees.

Vertical angles are either angles of elevation or angles depression. These angles are
also sometimes referred to as positive or negative angles.
MEASURING VERTICAL ANGLES

Image Source: https://structural-analyser.com/domains/Surveying/chapter06/


ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

1. CLOSING THE HORIZON. In the figure, the horizontal angles about


point A were measured as follows: θ1 = 44°14’, θ2 = 58°59’, and θ3 =
256°50’. Determine the horizon misclosure and adjust the measured
angles by assuming that the error is the same for each angle.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

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