General Mathematics

Quarter 1 – WEEK 2:
Solving Real- Life Problems
Involving Functions
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed to help learners gain understanding about rational
functions. It is composed of two lessons. The first lesson tackles about representing
real life situations using rational functions, and the second lesson will delve about
distinguishing rational function, rational equation and rational inequality. It is
assumed that the learners already grasp full understanding with functions which
was found on the previous modules.

The first part of this module covers varied situations that can be seen in real life such
as budgeting distance and concentration of medicine in the blood while the second
lesson will proceed to deeper portion or rational sentences. It is hoped that upon
exploring this learning kit you will find the eagerness and enthusiasm in completing
the task required. Best of luck!

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. represent real – life situations using rational functions
2. distinguishes rational function, rational equation and rational inequality

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. A truck that delivers essentials in remote areas can travel 85 kilometers.

Which of the following expresses the velocity v as a function of travel time t in
hours?
85
a. 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡
𝑡
b. 𝑣(𝑡) = 85
85
c. 𝑡(𝑣) = 𝑣
𝑣
d. 𝑡(𝑣) = 85

1
 2. If the truck in problem no. 1 was delayed by 4 hours due to the checkpoints
that it passed through what will be the time t as a function of velocity v in
km/hr?
85
a. 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡
+4
𝑡
b. 𝑣(𝑡) = 85+4
85
c. 𝑡(𝑣) = 𝑣
+4
𝑣
d. 𝑡(𝑣) = 85 + 4

3. As a cure to the epidemic that spread in the whole country the Department of
Health (DOH) released a new drug that is subject for experimentation,
2𝑡
supposed that 𝑐(𝑡) = (in mg/mL)represents the concentration of a drug in
𝑡+2
a patient’s blood stream in t hours, how concentrated is the drug after 2 hours
of administration?
a. 4mg/mL
b. 3mg/mL
c. 2mg/mL
d. 1mg/mL

4. If the distance from Manila to Lucena is approximately 140 kilometers, which

of the following pertains to the function (s), where s is the speed of travel that
describes the time it takes to drive from Manila to Baguio?
140
a. 𝑡(𝑠) = 𝑠
𝑠
b. 𝑡(𝑠) = 140
140
c. 𝑠(𝑡) =
𝑡
𝑡
d. 𝑠(𝑡) = 140

For numbers 5-6 use the problem below:

Due to the Enhanced Community Quarantine, Banawe Footspa temporarily stopped

its operation and to help the employees the owner decided to split evenly its total
revenue of ₱65,000.00

5. If the number of employees is represented by x, which function represents the

amount each received?
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 65000𝑥
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 65000
65000
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 65000

2
 6. If the owner held a fund raising activity that aimed to help the employees and
collected ₱5000.00 per employee, which of the following represents the total
amount an employee will receive?
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 65000𝑥 + 5000
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 65000 + 5000
65000
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = + 5000
𝑥
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 65000 + 5000

For numbers 7-8, refer to problem below:

Due to the inclement weather the plane slows down the regular flying rate which
results to additional 2 hours in covering a 4000-km distance to its regular time.

7. Write a function that expresses the time t as a function of regular rate r in

travelling.
4000
a. 𝑡(𝑟) = 𝑟
𝑟
b. 𝑡(𝑟) =
4000
4000+2
c. 𝑡(𝑟) =
𝑟
4000
d. 𝑡(𝑟) =
𝑟+2

8. What function expresses the time as a function of rate during inclement

weather in travelling?
4000
a. 𝑡(𝑟) = +2
𝑟
𝑟
b. 𝑡(𝑟) = 4000+2
4000+2
c. 𝑡(𝑟) =
𝑟
4000
d. 𝑡(𝑟) = 𝑟+2

9. Which of the following is a rational function?

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 7
4𝑥−10
b. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
𝑥+3
c. 𝑥 + 2 ≥ 𝑥−2
𝑥−8
d. 2𝑥
= 12

𝑥 2 −9
10. How will you classify 𝑦 = ?
𝑥+3
a. Rational Equation
b. Rational Inequality
c. Rational Function
d. Rational Expression

3
Lesson Representing Real – life
1 Situations Using Rational
Functions
Rational functions can model a number of real-life situations. One particular
example is the help that is extended by the government to the citizen during the time
of pandemic. Majority of our fellow citizens experienced hardship and required help
coming from the government. As a response, they provided a particular amount to a
certain percentage of the population that can be represented as rational function to
determine how much either in cash or kind an individual may receive. However, it is
not enough that only the government will take part to solve this crisis everyone can
be part of the solution if we played our role properly. Real-life situations that involve
rational functions is mostly seen in economics and science however other disciplines
also incorporate this concept. If you wonder how rational function can help you can
explore this module.

What is It

Definition of Rational Function

A rational function, r(x) is a function of the form

where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions and
The domain of r(x) is a set of real numbers such that q(x) is not zero.

The following are examples of rational functions:

𝑥 3 −1
1. 𝑟(𝑥) = , 𝑥 = −1 ; Both numerator and denominator are polynomial
𝑥+1
functions, denominator has restriction because it should not be equal to zero

1
2. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 ; The numerator 1 is a polynomial function with a
degree 0, the denominator is a polynomial function and it must not be equal
to 0

There are different scenarios or real-world relationships that can be modelled by

rational functions let us take the following examples:

4
 1. The Local Government Unit allotted a budget of ₱100,000.00 for the feeding
program in the Day Care Center. The amount will be divided equally to all the
pupils in the Day Care Center. Write an equation showing the relationship of
the allotted amount per pupil represented by f(x) versus the total number of
children represented by x

Showing the relationship in tabular form we will arrived at

No. of children (x) 10 20 50 100 200

Allocated amount per child ₱10,000 ₱5000 ₱2000 ₱1000 ₱500

Notice that as the number of children increase the amount allocated per child
decrease.
100000
In writing a representation we will arrived at 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥

2. Suppose a benefactor wants to supplement the budget allotted for each child
by donating additional ₱650.00 per child. If h(x) represents the new amount
allotted per child, construct a function representing the relationship.
Using the table we used earlier:

No. of children 10 20 50 100 200

(x)

Allocated ₱10,000.00 ₱5000.00 ₱2000.00 ₱1000.00 ₱500.00

amount per +₱650.00 +₱650.00 +₱650.00 +₱650.00 +₱650.00
child

100000
Thus, the representation of the rational function is 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
+ 750

3. A car is to travel a distance of 70 kilometers. Express the velocity (v) as a

function of travel time (t) in hours.
Let us first show the relationship using a table. Remember that as time increases in
travelling the velocity or the speed of a car will decrease

Time (hours) 1 2 3 5 10

Velocity 70 35 23.33 14 7
(km/hr)

10
Thus, the function 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡
can represent v as a function of t

5
 What’s More
Read each situation carefully to solve each problem. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of your paper.

Independent Practice 1

School is Cool

During the first quarter of the school year the officers –elect of the Supreme
Student Government decided to divide their budget evenly to the different
committees. If their budget is ₱35,000.00 construct a function M which would
give the amount of money each of the n number of committees would receive.

a. You may construct a table to aid you in determining the relationships

between quantities

Number of 2 4 6 8
Committees

Amount
allocated for
each
committee

b. Write the rational function that represents the situation

__________________________________________________________

Medicine Dosage
Let be the function that describes the concentration of a certain medication
in the bloodstream overtime t. If 4 hours have passed after the medicine
was intake, how concentrated is it in the blood?

a. What is the rational function that serves as the model?

_____________________________________________________

b. How are you going to determine the concentration of the medicine

given the rational function and the number of hours?

6
Lesson
Rational Functions,
2 Equations and Inequalities
It was defined in the previous lesson that rational functions are expressed as a ratio of two
polynomials P and Q. The value of rational functions is defined for all real numbers x, except
for the value of x that makes the denominator zero. There are different relationships
between rational expressions. It may involve inequality, equality and functions and that is
what we are going to dig deeper in this lesson

What’s New

Read and analyze the advertisement below

Wanted!!!

Call for Applicants for Contract of Service Workers

For the purpose of 2020 census of population and housing, Philippine
Statistics Authority is hiring enumerators.
Any male or female
Age - at least 18 years old and at most 45 years old
Educational Attainment – at least SHS graduate
Salary - ₱700.00 per day
Physically fit for field work
Interested applicants must submit application letter and Personal
Data Sheet (PDS) to PSA- Quezon

Questions
1. What is the advertisement all about?
___________________________________________________

2. What job is offered by PSA? ______________________________

3. Who can apply for the position?

_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. How will you translate the required age mathematically?
______________________________________________________________________

7
 5. Represent the salary (S) that will be received as a function of number of days
used for work (n).
_______________________________________________________________________
6. What are the mathematical symbols that you used in answering questions
numbers 4 and 5?
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Do you think the age requirement for the job is fair enough or is there a
bias? Why do you say so?
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Why do you think having a census is important?
_______________________________________________________________________

What is It

The job advertisement shows the need to conduct a census. Census is important
because it will serve as the basis for planning for the future such as public safety,
infrastructures like hospital and schools and improving homes in the neighborhood.
This also serves as the basis in predicting the number of people who need help in
times of crisis. However, in finding enumerators who will conduct the census, there
are different qualifications needed and some of those are the age requirement and
educational attainment to represent it mathematically the use of inequality symbol
was employed. However, the salary was also mentioned and to be able to represent
it equality symbol is used at section we will proceed to the next lesson which is about
rational functions, equations and inequality.
To determine the difference among rational function, rational equation and rational
inequality study the table below:

Rational Equation Rational Inequality Rational Function

Definition An equation An inequality A function of the

involving rational involving rational 𝑝(𝑥)
form 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥)
expression expressions
where p(x) and q(x)
are polynomial
functions and q(x)
is not the zero
function

8
 𝑥+4 1 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8
Example = >3 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑥−1 5 5 𝑥+4

Additional examples:
Determine whether the given sentence is a rational equation, a rational function, a
rational inequality or none of these.
𝑥+5
1. = 𝑦; This is an example of rational function because the symbol y
𝑥−1
is also a representation of function of x or f(x)

√2 √2
2. ≤ 3; None of these because is not a rational expression
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

What’s More

Independent Practice 1

Determine whether the given is a rational function, rational equation, rational

inequality or none of these.
1+𝑥
1. =4 _________________________________________
𝑥−2

2
2. 5𝑥 ≥ 2𝑥−1 __________________________________________

𝑥 2 −7
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 _________________________________________
𝑥+2

𝑥+2
4. 𝑥−2
= 𝑦 + 3; Hint y is represented by f(x) _______________________
𝑥+1
5. 2
< √𝑥 + 3 __________________________________________

Independent Assessment 1

Determine whether the given is a rational function, a rational equation, a rational

inequality or none of these
𝑥+5
1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 4. 𝑥−5
= 𝑥2
3 2𝑥 𝑥
2. 𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑥+1 5. 6𝑥 − 3 ≤ 2
3. √𝑥 + 5 = 2

9
 Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

For numbers 1-2 refer to problem below:

Due to Typhoon Rosing the bus slows down the regular trip rate which results
to additional 2 hours in covering a 140-km distance to its regular time.
1. Write a function that expresses the time t as a function of regular rate r in
travelling.
140
a. 𝑡(𝑟) =
𝑟
𝑟
b. 𝑡 (𝑟) = 140
140+2
c. 𝑡(𝑟) =
𝑟
140
d. 𝑡(𝑟) = 𝑟+2
2. What function expresses the time as a function of rate during the typhoon?
140
a. 𝑡(𝑟) = +2
𝑟
𝑟
b. 𝑡(𝑟) = +2
140
140+2
c. 𝑡(𝑟) = 𝑟
140
d. 𝑡(𝑟) = 𝑟+2
3. Which of the following is a rational function?
a. 𝑓 (𝑥) = √5
2𝑥−5
b. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥−1
𝑥+2
c. 𝑥 + 4 ≥ 𝑥−1
𝑥−8
d. 4𝑥
= 20
𝑥 2 −16
4. How will you classify 𝑦 = 𝑥+4
?
a. Rational Equation
b. Rational Inequality
c. Rational Function
d. Rational Expression
5. What symbol must be placed in the blank to make the sentence rational
2𝑥+5
equation: _____ = 8
a. f(x)
b. y
c. ≤
d. 3
6. Which of the following is considered rational inequality
a. √5 ≤ 5
𝑥+15
b. 𝑦 = 3
2𝑥+15
c. 8 ≥ 14
𝑥+5
d. 𝑥 + 2 ≈
4

7. Which of the following is considered rational equation?

a. 5x+ 8
𝑥 2 +25
b. 𝑥+5
√3𝑥+1
c. 6 = 𝑥+2
4𝑥+1
d. 3 = 2𝑥+2

2𝑥+3
8. In the equation: 2𝑥+2
= 𝑥 + 8, what symbol must be replaced with 8 to make
the equation rational function?
a. y
b. √5
c. ≤
d. 5x

√3𝑥 2 +3
9. What symbol is present in the equation 𝑦 = for not considering it as
2𝑥+2
rational function?
a. y
b. =
c. 2x+2
d. √3𝑥 2 + 3

10. A delivery track that will bring cargo will travel 80 kilometers. Which of the
following expresses the velocity v as a function of travel time t in hours?
80
a. 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡
𝑡
b. 𝑣(𝑡) = 80
80
c. 𝑡(𝑣) =
𝑣
𝑣
d. 𝑡(𝑣) = 80

11. If the truck in problem no. 1 was delayed by 4 hours due to the checkpoints
that it passed through what will be the time t as a function of velocity v in
km/hr?
80
a. 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡
+4
𝑡
b. 𝑣(𝑡) = 80+4
80
c. 𝑡(𝑣) = 𝑣
+4
𝑣
d. 𝑡(𝑣) = +4
80
 12. As a cure to the epidemic that spread in the whole country the Department of
Health (DOH) released a new drug that is subject for experimentation,
2𝑡
supposed that 𝑐(𝑡) = 𝑡+2 (in mg/mL)represents the concentration of a drug in
a patient’s blood stream in t hours, how concentrated is the drug after 4 hours
of administration?
a. 4.67mg/mL
b. 3.33mg/mL
c. 2.67mg/mL
d. 1.33mg/mL

13. If the distance from Manila to Batangas is approximately 109 kilometers,

which of the following pertains to the function (s), where s is the speed of travel
that describes the time it takes to drive from Manila to Batangas?
109
a. 𝑡(𝑠) = 𝑠
𝑠
b. 𝑡(𝑠) = 109
109
c. 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡
𝑡
d. 𝑠(𝑡) = 109

For numbers 14-15 use the problem below:

Due to the Enhanced Community Quarantine, Toy’s for Her and Him
temporarily stopped its operation and to help the employees the owner decided
to split evenly its total revenue of ₱45, 000.00

14. If the number of employees is represented by x , which function represents

the amount each received?
a. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 45000𝑥
b. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 45000
45000
c. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥
d. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 45000

15. If the owner held a fund-raising activity that aimed to help her employees and
collected ₱1500.00 per employee, which of the following represents the total
amount an employee will receive?
a. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 45000𝑥 + 1500
b. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 45000 + 1500
45000
c. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥
+ 1500
d. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 45000 + 1500
 Lesson
Solving Rational Equations
3 and Inequalities

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written for learners like you to determine a method
and set of steps for solving rational equations and inequalities. Learners like you can
also explore and develop new methods that you have synthesized and apply these
techniques for performing operations with rational expressions.

In this module, you will able to explain the appropriate methods in solving rational
equations and inequalities you used. You will also be able to check and explain
extraneous solutions.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Apply appropriate methods in solving rational equations and inequalities.
2. Solves rational equations and inequalities using algebraic techniques for
simplifying and manipulating of expressions.
3. Determine whether the solutions found are acceptable for the problem by
checking the solutions.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. A statement of equality between two expressions containing one or more
variables is
a. rational function
b. rational equation
c. rational inequality
d. irrational expression
2. A root obtained in the process of solving an equation, which is not a root of
the equation given to be solved is
a. extraneous solution
b. rational expression
c. least common denominator
d. quotient
3. It is an inequality which involves one or more rational expressions.
a. rational function
b. rational equation
c. rational inequality
d. irrational expression

4. The usual technique to solve rational equation is to multiply both sides of the
equation by its
a. greatest common factor
b. least common denominator
c. inverse factor
d. greatest common denominator
For items 5-9: Refer to the rational equation below.
𝑥 1 𝑥
+ =
3 4 2
5. What is the LCD of the denominator 3, 4 and 2?
a. 3
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12
6. What property will be used if you multiply the LCD on both sides of the
equation?
a. Distributive Property
b. Associative Property
c. Commutative Property
d. Additive Property
7. What will be the new form of the equation after applying the property and
simplifying?
a. 4𝑥 + 3 = 6𝑥
b. 3𝑥 + 4 = 2𝑥
c. 6𝑥 + 4 = 3𝑥
d. 12𝑥 + 3 = 12𝑥
8. What will be the solution on the given rational equation?
2
a. 3
3
b.
2
c. 2
d. 3
9. How will you check if your solution is correct?
a. by eliminating the rational expressions.
b. by dividing both sides of the equation by LCD.
c. by applying Commutative Property.
d. by substituting the answer or solution in the original equation.
10. If by solving a rational equation you obtain a number that makes an
expression in the equation undefined, then what will you do?
a. Accept even if it is untrue value.
 b. Do not reject since it will satisfy the equation in a long run.
c. The number is not a real solution then discard it.
d. Continue the solution even if it will give undefined answer.

What’s In
To simplify the rational expression you can do the following steps.

Steps in simplifying 𝑥−2

rational expression 𝑥2 + 4
1. Factor both the 𝑥−2 Write your previous
numerator and the (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) solution here for
denominator of the comparison.
fraction.
2. Cancel the common
factor.

3. Rewrite any 1
remaining 𝑥+2
expressions in the
numerator and
denominator.
2. To multiply rational expressions you can do the following steps.

Steps in multiplying 3𝑥+1

. 𝑥+1
𝑥 2 −1 3𝑥 2 +𝑥
rational expressions
1. Factor out all 3𝑥+1
. 𝑥+1 Write your previous
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 𝑥(3𝑥+1)
possible common solution here for
factors. comparison.
2. Multiply the (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
numerators and (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥)(3𝑥 + 1)
denominators.
3. Cancel out all
common factors.

4. Rewrite any 1
remaining 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
expressions in the
numerator and
denominator.
3. To add and subtract rational expressions with like denominators you can do the
following steps.
 Steps in addition or 5𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 + 4
+
subtraction of rational 𝑥−8 𝑥−8
expressions with like
denominators
1. Combine the Write your previous
fraction by adding solution here for
(or subtracting) the comparison.
5𝑥 − 1 + 3𝑥 + 4
numerators and
𝑥−8
keeping the
common
denominator.
2. Simplify the
numerator by
5𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4 − 1
distributing and
combining like 𝑥−8
terms.
3. Simplify or reduce
the expression if
you can. In this
8𝑥 + 3
case, the rational
expression is 𝑥−8
already in the
simplest form.
4. To add and subtract rational expressions with unlike denominators you can do
the following steps.

Steps in adding or
subtracting rational 6 2
−
expressions with 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
unlike denominators
1. Factor the Write your previous
denominator of each 6 2 solution here for
−
fraction to help find (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) comparison.
the LCD.
2. Find the least
common 𝐿𝐶𝐷: (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
denominator (LCD).
3. Find the “new”
6(𝑥 − 3) 2(𝑥 + 2)
numerator for each −
𝐿𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷
fraction.
4. Combine the
fraction by
6(𝑥 − 3) − 2(𝑥 + 2)
subtracting (or
𝐿𝐶𝐷
adding) the
numerators and
keeping the LCD.
 5. Simplify the
6𝑥 − 18 − 2𝑥 − 4
numerator by
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
distributing and
combining like
terms.
6. Reduce the rational
expression if you
can. In this case, 4𝑥 − 22
the rational (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
expression cannot
be simplified.

What is It
Rational equation is an equation containing at least one rational expression with a
polynomial in the numerator and denominator. It can be used to solve a variety of
problems that involve rates, times and work. Using rational expressions and
equations it can help us to answer questions about how to combine workers or
machines to complete a job on schedule.
Let us use the previous activity to discuss and deepen your knowledge and skills in
solving rational equation. The first thing to be in your mind in solving rational
equation is to eliminate all the fractions.

Let us solve
2 1 1
− =
𝑥2 −1 𝑥−1 2
Step 1. You need to find the Least Common Denominator (LCD).
The LCD of the given fractions is 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
Step 2. You need to multiply LCD to both sides of the equation to eliminate the
fractions. You can also apply cross multiplication if and only if you have one
fraction equal to one fraction, that is, if the fractions are proportional. In this case
you cannot use the cross multiplication unless you simplify the left equation into a
single fraction.
2 1 1
2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) [ 2 − = ]
𝑥 −1 𝑥−1 2

Step 3. You simplify the resulting equation using distributive property and then
combine all like terms.

2(2) − 2(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

4 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
Step 4. You need to solve the simplified equation to find the value/s of x. In this
case, we need to get the equation equal to zero and solve by factoring.
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
So possible solutions are -3 and 1.
Step 5. Finally, you can now check each solution by substituting in original equation
and reject any extraneous root/s (which do not satisfy the equation).
2 1 1
2
− =
𝑥 −1 𝑥−1 2
When 𝑥 = −3
2 1 1
2
− =
(−3) − 1 (−3) − 1 2
2 1 1
+ =
8 4 2
1 1
= ✓
2 2
When 𝑥 = 1
2 1 1
2
− =
(1) − 1 (1) − 1 2
2 1 1
− =
0 0 2
1
0= ☓
2
In this case, 𝑥 = −3 is the only solution. That’s why it is always important to check
all solutions in the original equations. You may find that they yield untrue
statements or produce undefined expressions.

Rational inequality is an inequality which contains one or more rational expressions.

It can be used in engineering and production quality assurance as well as in
businesses to control inventory, plan production lines, produce pricing models, and
for shipping/warehousing goods and materials.
Solving an inequality is much like solving rational equation except that there are
additional steps that focuses on illustrating the solution set of an inequality on a
number line.
Let us use problem number 2 in the previous activity to discuss and deepen your
knowledge and skills in solving rational inequality.
3𝑥 + 1
≥2
𝑥 −1
Step 1. Put the rational inequality in general form where > can be replaced by <,
≤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≥.
𝑅(𝑥)
>0
𝑄(𝑥)
3𝑥 + 1
−2 ≥0
𝑥−1
Step 2. Write the inequality into a single rational expression on the left-hand side.
3𝑥 + 1 − 2(𝑥 − 1)
≥0
𝑥−1

𝑥+3
≥0
𝑥−1
Note: Remember that one side must always be zero and the other side is always a
single fraction, so simplify the fractions if there is more than one fraction.
Step 3. Set the numerator and denominator equal to zero and solve. The values you
get are called critical values.

Numerator: 𝑥+3 = 0
𝑥 = −3
Denominator: 𝑥−1 = 0
𝑥=1
Step 4. Plot the critical values on a number line, breaking the number line into
intervals.

Step 5. Substitute critical values to the inequality to determine if the endpoints of

the intervals in the solution should be included or not.
3𝑥 + 1
≥2
𝑥−1
when 𝑥 = −3
3(−3) + 1
≥2
(−3) − 1
−8
≥2
−4
2 ≥ 2 ✓ ( 𝑥 = −3 is included in the solution)
when 𝑥 = 1
3(1) + 1
≥2
(1) − 1
4
≥2
0
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 ≥ 2 ☓ ( 𝑥 = 1 is not included in the solution)
See illustration below.
Step 6. Select test values in each interval and substitute those values into the
inequality.
3𝑥 + 1
≥2
𝑥−1

when 𝑥 = −5
3(−5) + 1
≥2
(−5) − 1
−14
≥2
−6
7
3
𝑜𝑟 2.33 ≥ 2 ( 𝑥 = −5 TRUE)

when 𝑥 = −1
3(−1) + 1
≥2
(−1) − 1
−2
≥2
−2
1 ≥2 ( 𝑥 = −1 FALSE)

when 𝑥 = 3
3(3) + 1
≥2
(3) − 1
10
≥2
2
5 ≥2 ( 𝑥 = 5 TRUE)

Note:
a. If the test value makes the inequality TRUE, then the entire interval is a solution
to the inequality.
b. If the test value makes the inequality FALSE, then the entire interval is not a
solution to the inequality.

Step 7. Use interval notation to write the final answer.

 (−∞, −3] ∪ (1, ∞)

What’s More

What did the bible verses 1John 4:7-21 is all about?

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Solve each problem below and choose the letter that corresponds to the solution to
each problem. Place the letter on the correct line in the answer to question.

𝑥+2 2𝑥−4
1. 3
= 2
A. -3
7 3 1
2. − 𝑥2 = C. -1 and 6
4𝑥 2𝑥 2
2𝑥 5 D. -5
3. 𝑥+1
+2𝑥
= 2 11
𝑥 2 −1 8
E. (2, 2
]
4. =
𝑥−3 𝑥−3 G. 4
1 𝑥 4
5. + = I. 3
𝑥−6 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 −8𝑥+12
5𝑥 L. (-4, 1)
6. < 4
𝑥−1
𝑥 2
N. -3 and 3
7. 𝑥−2
−7 = 𝑥−2 O. 2
8.
𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
≤0 S. -1
𝑥−1
V. (-∞, -4] ∪ (1, 3]
3𝑥+1
9. ≥5 Y. (-∞, -4) ∪ [1, 3)
𝑥−2
 Lesson
Representations of Rational
4 Functions

This lesson is about representations of rational function in different ways. We will

deal with the application of rational functions that may involve the number of
persons who can do a task in a certain amount of time. We can handle these
applications involving work in a manner similar to the method we used to solve
distance, speed, and time problems.

What’s In
Definition
𝑝(𝑥)
Rational function is written in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥). It should follow the
following conditions; namely:

1. Both p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions wherein it has no

negative and fractional exponents.
2. The denominator or q(x) should not be equal to 0.
3. The domain of all values of x where q(x) ≠ 0.

What is It

A. If every second, 4,193 rockets were launched, create a table of values showing
the total number of rockets launched in 5 seconds interval .
Solution:
Make a table of values with x-values at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30.

X 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Y 0 20,965 41,930 62,895 83,860 104,825 125,790

From the table, we can observe that the number of fireworks launched increases as
the time increases. We can use a graph to determine if the points of this function
follow a curve or a line.

B. Plot the points assigned in the table of values on a Cartesian plane. Determine
whether the function is a curve or a line.

Solution:
We can assign the following points on the table to plot in our Cartesian Plane.
A (0,0) B (5, 202965) C (10, 41930) D (15, 62895)
E (20, 83860) F (25, 104825) G (30, 125790)

By connecting the lines, we can clearly see that it follows a diagonal line.
 𝐴
B. Rate problems uses the formula 𝑅 = 𝑠 , where r= rate, A= amount, and s=
seconds. Considering the total amount of 125,801 rockets launched. We can
write an equation to compute for the exact number of rockets launched per
second.

Let y represents the number of rockets launched per second and x represent
the number in seconds. We will have,
125,801
𝑦=
𝑥

Observe that it is similar to the structure of our original formula. Note that
you will be using a formula depending on the classification of problems given
to you.

What’s More

In the following activities, read each situation carefully to solve each problem. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Practice Activity 1

Pueblo Por La Playa charges a ₱300,000.00 annual fee, then ₱700.00 for each day
you stay there. Find the average cost per day to stay in the resort. Graph the function
to show whether it forms a straight line or a curve.

a. To graph the function, we need formulate an equation best suited for our
problem.
Hint: Let the function be f(x). We can use the formula of getting an average.
 Note that ₱300,000.00 is a fixed price you need to pay plus the ₱700.00 per
day divided by the number of days (x).

𝑓 (𝑥) =

b. Construct a table values using x as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50.

Hint: Substitute the values to the formula. Complete the table.

X 10 20 30 40 50
f(x)

c. Graph the following points in the Cartesian plane.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
𝑝(𝑥)
1. It is in the form of f(x) = where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions and q(x)
𝑞(𝑥)
is not equal to zero.
a. Rational Equality
b. Rational Inequality
c. Rational Function
d. None of these

For questions 2 and 3, refer to this situation.

Martha has won 19 out of 28 tennis matches this season.
2. Which equation models suggest how many more games she needs to win to average
75% wins over loses?
19
a. 28+𝑥
= 0.75
19+𝑥
b. 28+𝑥
= 0.75

19
c. 28+𝑥
= 75

19+𝑥
d. 18+𝑥
= 75

3. In order to get a college tennis scholarship, Martha needs to bring her winning
average to 80%. What is the number of matches she needs to win given that she
already won 19 out of 28?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 17
d. 22

For questions 4-6, refer to this situation.

Joel is working on his chemistry project and he has 300mL of 12% acid solution.

4. If he needed to decrease the acidity of the solution, which of the following is correct
function that would show the new acidity of the solution given x mL of water added?
36
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 300+𝑥
0.36
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 300+𝑥
12
c. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 300+𝑥
0.12
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 300+𝑥

5. If Joel decided to decrease the acidity of the solution by adding 15 more than at
every interval, which table of values is correct?
X 1 2 3 4
a.
f(x) in % 11.43% 10.91% 10.43% 10%

X 1 2 3 4
b.
f(x) in % 0.1143% 0.1091% 0.1043% 0.10%

X 1 2 3 4
c. f(x) in % 3.81% 3.64% 3.48% 3.33%
 X 1 2 3 4
d. f(x) in % 3.81% 3.64% 3.48% 3.33%
6.
Which graph shows the decrease of acidity in Joel’s solution?

a. c.

b. d.

7. Which of the following is the correct table of values of the rational function
𝑋
𝑓 (𝑥) = ?
𝑋+1

x -1 0 1 x -1 0 1
a. c.
Un
Y 0 0.5 y -0.5 0 und
d

X -1 0 1
x -1 0 1
b. d.
Y 0.5 und 0.5 y -0.5 Und -0.5
 𝑋
8. Which of the following is the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥) = ?
𝑋+1

a. c.

b. d.

9. Which equations satisfies the table of values below?

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -1 Und 3 2 1.67

𝑥+1
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥+3
𝑥+3
b. 𝑦 =
𝑥+1

𝑥−3
c. 𝑦 =
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
d. 𝑦 = 𝑥+3

10. Which table of values satisfies the graph presented on the right side?

a. X -2 -1 0 1 2
Y 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

b.
X -2 -1 0 1 2
Y -2 -1 0 1 2

c. X -2 -1 0 1 2
Y 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2

d. X -2 -1 0 1 2
Y 2 1 0 -1 -2
Lesson
The Domain and Range of a
5 Rational Functions

In this module, you will know the answer to that real-life problem. But first, you will
have to learn the definition of the domain and range of a rational function.
Subsequently, along your study, you will learn how to find the domain and range
and apply your knowledge of it in solving real-life problems involving a rational
function.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define domain and range
2. find the domain and range of a rational function

What is It
Now, observe that there is a set of values that can be found in x (t, as used in the
preceding problem) that corresponds to a unique value in f(x) or in the latter case
r(t). In the graph, it can be seen that these x-values represent the points plotted along
the x-axis called abscissa. On the other hand, those values in the y-axis are called
ordinates. In a set of ordered pairs (1,6), (2,7), (3,8), (4,9), and (5,10), the points
(1,2,3,4,5) are the abscissa since they are on the x-axis while points (6,7,8,9,10) are
the ordinates since they are on the y-axis.

Corollary, the x-values are considered the independent variable (input) while the
y-values are considered the dependent variables (output) in forms such as the linear
form y=mx + b. This can be extended to quadratic, polynomial, and rational
functions. In functions, the symbol f(x) is used instead of y. So, y = f(x) and can be
read as “y equals f of x”.

In our study of rational function these x-values represent the domain and the y-
values represent the range of a rational function. In definition, the domain of a
function is the set of all values that the variable x can take while the range of a
function is the set of all values that y or f(x) can take. But how do we determine and
write the domain and range of a rational function?

If you can recall, we can write the domain and range using different forms. One of
these is by using the roster format. This method enumerates the lists of all values in
the set. For instance, in our recent table of values, the domain of the function r(t) are
(2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4). This can be simplified by using another method called set-builder
form or notation. So instead of writing all elements, for instance in numbers 10 to
20. you can say {x | x are even numbers from 10 to 20). The | is read as “such that.”
Assuming that you also include odd numbers in the domain from 10 to 20, then, you
can write the domain of the function D(x) as {x | x ϵ R, 10≤x≤20}, read as “x such
that x is an element of a real number wherein x is greater than or equal to 10 but
less than or equal to 20.” Another form of writing the domain and range is by interval
5
notation. In interval notation, assuming in a function f(x) = , the domain of this
𝑥−3
function can be written in the form, (-∞, 3) U (3, ∞). This means that the values of
the domain can take all real values of x except 3, otherwise the function is undefined.
Activity 2 – My Mobile Plan (Role Play)

Mr Quitain: Hello, this is Mr. Quitain of Glolibee Telecom.

You: Yes, what can I do for you?

Mr. Quitain: We just would like to offer you the newest smartphone which has 50x
zoom in its camera. It is our latest top-of-the-line product. In order to avail this, you
only have to pay ₱12,000.00 down-payment while the rest may be paid ₱1.799.00
monthly for 24 months.

You: So that would cost me ₱12000.00 + ₱1799.00(x) in 2 years. Let me think about
it.

Questions

1. If you are just a student would you ask your parents to buy you this top-of-the-
line smartphone? Why or why not?

2. How much would be the total cost of buying this type of smartphone in 24-monthly
installment?

1. How much do you think would be the average cost after you have already paid
for 12 months? When will be the average monthly cost be less than ₱2,500.00?

Discussion

The answers to questions 2 and 3 above can be mathematically explained using the
domain and range of a rational function. While your answer for question number 1,
other than having your own personal conviction, may depend on your answers on
questions 2 and 3. Why is that so?

First, let us find out the total cost f(x) of the new smartphone. This can be expressed
in the linear function:
f(x) = 12000 + 1799(x),
where x is the independent variable (month) while the 12000 is the constant (down-
payment). The f(x)=y is the dependent variable which in this case, it is the total cost.
Assuming that we have to pay the smartphone in 24 months then, the total cost
would be,
f(x) = 12000 + 1799(24)
=55176
So, you have to pay ₱55,176.00 in 2 years. This should be your answer in question
number 2. Wow, that is a lot of money!
Now to find the average cost, we have to divide the total cost by the number of months
you have used the phone service. Thus, we now have a rational function in the form:
12000 + 1799(𝑥)
f(x) = 𝑥

Using a table of values, we can see the average cost in 12 months:

Table 2

Fixed Average Cost

amount Monthly Payment Month (x) (y)
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 1 ₱13,799.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 2 ₱7,799.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 3 ₱5,799.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 4 ₱4,799.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 5 ₱4,199.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 6 ₱3,799.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 7 ₱3,513.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 8 ₱3,299.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 9 ₱3,132.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 10 ₱2,999.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 11 ₱2,890.00
₱12,000.00 ₱1799.00 12 ₱2,799.00

In table 2, the x-values (month) is the domain of the function while the y-values
(average cost) is the range of the function. The table shows that after 12 months your
average cost is ₱2,799.00. But take note you still have 12 more months to pay. And
when will be the average monthly cost be less than ₱2,500.00? To answer this
question, we will predict situations from this rational function using the inequality:
12000 + 1799(𝑥)
2500 > 𝑥
(2500) (x) > 12000 + 1799x
2500x -1799x > 120000

701x > 12000

x > 17.12 ≈ 17 month
Therefore, starting on the 17 th month you will be paying an average cost of less than
₱2,500.00. This real-life situation has shown you the applicability of the domain-
range of a rational function which you may apply in your daily life.
This discussion has illustrated how to determine the domain and range of rational
function by table of values and by listing elements in the domain and range using
what we call the roster method. We also substitute the values in the domain to find
the corresponding values in the range. Another method, the set-builder and interval
notation may be shown in the following examples:

Example 1:

Find the domain and range of the rational function

2𝑥−3
f(x) = 𝑥2

first, we equate the denominator x2 = 0, therefore x = 0

Domain: {x | x ϵ R, x ≠ 0} or simply {x ϵ R | x ≠ 0}, that is all values can take the

variable x except 0 because when the denominator becomes 0, f(x) will be undefined
(undef).

To find the range, we use f(x) = y so that,

2𝑥−3
y= 𝑥2

yx2 = 2x – 3
yx2 – 2x + 3 = 0 (ax2 + bx + c)
use b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 to get real solutions
let a = y, b = -2, c = 3
Therefore, (-2)2 - 4(y)(3) ≥ 0
4 – 12y ≥ 0

4 ≥ 12y
1/3 ≥ y

In summary, D(x) = {x ϵ R | x ≠ 0} and the Range is {y ϵ R | y ≤ 1/3}.

Example 2:

Find the domain and range of the rational function

𝑥−2
f(x) = 𝑥+2

first, we equate the denominator x + 2 = 0, therefore x = -2

Domain: {x | x ϵ R, x ≠ -2}, that is all values can take the variable x except -2 because
the denominator becomes 0 and f(x) will be undefined. The interval notation can also
be written as D (-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞).
To find the range, we use f(x) = y so that,
 𝑥−2
y= 𝑥+2

in solving this, you just multiply y and the denominator x + 2 so that it

becomes,

xy + 2y = x – 2
xy – x = -2y - 2
x(y - 1) = -2(y + 1)
−2(𝑦+1)
x= 𝑦−1

Equate y – 1 = 0
y=1

therefore, y ≠ 1, otherwise the denominator is zero.

Range: {y | y ϵ R, y ≠ 1}, that is all values can take the variable y except 1 because
the denominator becomes 0 and x will be undefined.

Example 3:
Find the domain of the rational function
3𝑥 2 −8𝑥−3
f(x) =
2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−4

first, we equate the denominator 2x2 + 7x – 4 = 0,

by factoring we have, (2x - 1) (x + 4) = 0
therefore x = ½, x = -4

Domain: {x ϵ R | x ≠ -4, 1/2}, that is all values can take the variable x except -4 and
1/2 because the denominator becomes 0 and f(x) will be undefined. The interval
notation can also be written as D(-∞, -4) U (-4, ½) U (1/2, ∞).

Example 4:
Find the domain and range of the rational function
𝑥 2−3𝑥−4
f(x) = 𝑥+1

first, we equate the denominator x + 1 = 0,

therefore x = -1
Domain: {x ϵ R | x ≠ -1}, that is all values can take the variable x except -1 because
the denominator becomes 0 and f(x) will be undefined. The interval notation can also
be written as D (-∞, -1) U (-1, ∞).

To find the range, we can factor first the

numerator.
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−4)
f(x) =
𝑥+1

You can cancel both (x + 1) of the

numerator and denominator so that what remain
is f(x) = (x – 4). Then we substitute x = -1 to find y.

y=x–4
y = -1 – 4
y = -5
Therefore, the Range: {y ϵ R | y ≠ -5}. In interval notation, (-∞, -5) U (-5, ∞).

What’s More
Independent Practice

Find the domain and range of the following rational function. Use any notation.
2
1. f(x) =
𝑥+1
3𝑥
2. f(x) =
𝑥+3
3− 𝑥
3. f(x) =
𝑥−7
2+𝑥
4. f(x) =
𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)
5. f(x) =
𝑥 2−1
Independent Assessment

Find the domain and range of the following rational function. Use any notation.
3
1. f(x) =
𝑥−1
2𝑥
2. f(x) =
𝑥−4
𝑥+3
3. f(x) =
5𝑥−5
2+𝑥
4. f(x) =
2𝑥
(𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3)
5. f(x) = 𝑥 2−9

Assessment
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle below the
letters that corresponds to your answer for each statement.

1. The abscissa of the point (-3, 5) is ________.

A. 0 C. 5
B. -3 D. 1

2. Point A is in Quadrant III. The ordinate in this point is _______.

A. both – and + C. positive (+)
B. negative (-) D. zero

3. The set of all possible input values (x) which produce a valid output (y) from
function is called _________
A. algebra C. domain
B. binomial D. range

4. The Range in a rational function is also the ______ variable?

A. constant C. fixed
B. dependent D. independent

5. In writing the domain/range of a rational function, the format (-∞, 1) U (1, ∞) is

called a/an ________
A. enumeration C. set-builder notation
B. roster form D. interval notation

6. In a set of ordered pairs (-5,-4), (-5,1), (-2,3), (2,1), (2,-4), the domain D =________
A. {-5,-2,2} C. {-5,-5,-2,2,2}
 B. {-4,1,3,1,-4} D. {1,2,3,4,5}

7. In a set of ordered pairs (-5,-4), (-5,1), (-2,3), (2,1), (2,-4), the range R = ________
A. {-4,1,3} C. {-4,1,3,1,-4}
B. {-5,-5,-2,2,2} D. {1,2,3,4,5}

8. Some values for the Domain of the rational function f(x) = 6x 2 - 5 are -2, -1, 0, 1,
and 2. Find the Range corresponding for each value. ________
A. {91,19,-5,19,91} C. {19,1,-5,1,19}
B. {-2,-1,0,1,2} D. {0,1,2,3,4}

3𝑥 2 −5
9. Some values for the Range of the rational function f(x) = are undefined, -2,
𝑥
and 10.75. Find the Domain corresponding to each value. ________
A. {0,-1,-4} C. {-2,-1,0}
B. {1,2,3} D. {0, 1, 4}

10. Find the domain and range of the function f(x) = 6𝑥 − 4. D ________ R _______
A. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ -4} R {y ϵ R| y ≠ 6}
B. D {x|x ϵ R} R {y|y ϵ R}
C. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ 0} R {y ϵ R| y ≠ 0}
D. D {x|x ϵ N} R {y|y ϵ N}

11. Find the domain and range of the function f (x) = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15. D ________ R
________
A. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ 4} R {y ϵ R| y ≠ -4}
B. D {x|x ϵ N} R {y|y ϵ N}
C. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ -5} R {y ϵ R| y ≠ -3}
D. D {x|x ϵ R} R {y|y ϵ R}

7+𝑥
12. Find the domain and range of the rational function f(x) = D ________ R
𝑥−5
________
A. D(-∞, 5) U (5, ∞) R(-∞, 1) U (1, ∞)
B. D(-∞, 7) U (7, ∞) R(-∞, -5) U (-5, ∞)
C. D(-∞, 5) U (5, ∞) R(-∞, -1) U (-1, ∞)
D. D(-∞, -7) U (-7, ∞) R(-∞, 5) U (5, ∞)

𝑥 2 −4𝑥+ 4
13. Find the domain and range of the rational function f(x) = 𝑥− 2
D ________
R ________
A. D(-∞, -1) U (-1, ∞) R(-∞, 4) U (4, ∞)
B. D(-∞, 5) U (5, ∞) R(-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞)
 C. D(-∞, 2) U (2, ∞) R(-∞, 0) U (0, ∞)
D. D(-∞, 2) U (2, ∞) R(-∞, 2) U (2, ∞)

14. Find the domain and range of this graph.

A. D(-∞, 0) U (0, ∞) R(-∞, 4) U (4, ∞)
B. D(-∞, 0) U (0, ∞) R(-∞, 1) U (1, ∞)
C. D(-∞, 0) U (0, ∞) R(-∞, -1/4) U (-1/4, ∞)
D. D(-∞, 1/4) U (1/4, ∞) R(-∞, 4) U (4, ∞)

15. The concentration of a drug in the bloodstream can be modeled by the function
30𝑡
C(t) = 𝑡 2+9,
, 0≤t≤5. Determine when the maximum amount of drug is in the body
and the amount at that time.
A. in 2 hrs. with 5 mg/L C. in 3 hrs. with 6 mg/L
B. in 3 hrs. with 5 mg/L D. in 4 hrs. with 4.8 mg/

References

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