The Ratios and Identities 1.

C H A P T E R

1 The Ratios and Identities

CONCEPT BOOSTER O
–ve angle
C
q

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Trigonometry (from Greek trigonon “triangle” + metron
D
“measure”) is a branch of mathematics that studies triangles
and the relationships of the lengths of their sides and the an- 3. System of measuring angles
gles between those sides. There are three systems of measuring angles such as
Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which (i) Sexagesimal system
describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical (ii) Centisimal system
phenomena, such as waves. This field, evolved during the (iii) Circular system
third century BC as a branch of geometry, was used exten- 4. In sexagesimal system, we have
sively for astronomical studies. It is also the foundation of the 1 right angle = 90o
practical art of surveying. 1o = 60¢
Trigonometry basics are often taught in school either as a 1¢ = 60≤
separate course or as part of a pre-calculus course. The trigo- 5. In centasimal system, we have
nometric functions are pervasive in parts of pure mathemat- 1 right angle = 100g
ics and applied mathematics such as Fourier analysis and the 1g = 100¢
wave equation, which are in turn essential to many branches 1¢ = 100≤
of science and technology. 6. In circular system, the unit of measurement is radian
Radian: One radian is the measure of an angle sub-
1.2 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES tended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal
1. Angle: The measurement of an angle is the amount of to the radius of the circle.
rotation from the initial side to the terminal side. Here, –AOB = 1 radian = 1e.
2. Sense of an Angle: The sense of an angle is +ve or B
–ve based on whether the initial side rotates in the anti-
clock-wise or clockwise direction to get the terminal 1°
A
side. O

Notes
O A
(i) When an angle is expressed in radians, the word ra-
dian is omitted.
Positive angle
1.2 Trigonometry Booster

1.3.3 Relation between the Trigonometrical

Ê 22 ˆ
(ii) Since 180 = p radian = Á
o
radian = 0.01746 Ratios of an Angle
Ë 7 ¥ 180 ˜¯
radian Step-I: (i) sin q ◊ cosec q =1
180∞ Ê 180 ˆ (ii) cos q ◊ sec q =1
(iii) 1 radian = =Á ¥ 7˜ = 57o16¢22¢
p Ë 22 ¯ (iii) tan q ◊ cot q =1
(iv) The angle between two consecutive digits is 30° sin q
Step-II: (i) tan q =
Êp ˆ cos q
ÁË radians˜¯
6 cos q
(ii) cot q =
(v) The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30° in one sin q
Ê 1ˆ Step-III: (i) sin q ◊ cosec q = 1
hour (i.e. Á ˜ in one minute)
Ë 2¯
(ii) cos q ◊ sec q = 1
(vi) The minute hand rotates through an angle of 6° in (iii) tan q ◊ cot q = 1
one minute.
(vii) The relation amongst three systems of measurement Step-IV: (i) sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
of an angle is (ii) sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q
D G 2R (iii) cosec2 q = 1 + cot2 q
= =
90∞ 100 p
Step-V: Ranges of odd power t-ratios
(viii) The number of radians in an angle subtended by an
(i) –1 £ sin2n + 1 q, cos2n + 1 q £ 1
Arc s
arc of a circle at the centre is , i.e., q = (ii) – < tan2n + 1 q, cot2n + 1 q <
Radius r
(iii) cosec2n + 1 q, sec2n + 1 q ≥ 1
cosec2n + 1 q, sec2n + 1 q £ –1
1.3 TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS where n ΠW
Step-VI: Ranges of even power t-ratios
1.3.1 Definitions of Trigonometric Ratios (i) 0 £ sin2n q, cos2n q £ 1
C (ii) 0 £ tan2n q, cot2n q <
h (iii) 1 £ cosec2n q, sec2n q <
p
where n ΠN
q
A b B 1.4 LIMITS OF THE VALUES OF
p h TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
1. sin q = 2. cosec q =
h p 1. –1 £ sin q £ 1
b h 2. –1 £ cos q £ 1
3. cos q = 4. sec q = 3. cosec q ≥ 1 and cosec q £ –1
h b
4. sec q ≥ 1 and sec q £ –1
p b 5. – < tan q <
5. tan q = 6. cot q =
b p 6. – < cot q <

1.3.2 Signs of Trigonometrical Ratios 1.5 SIGN OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

The signs of the trigonometrical ratios in different quadrants (E) Rotation
are remembered by the following chart.
90
sin and cosec are All t-ratios are
+ve and rest are +ve
–ve
180 0, 360
tan and cot are cos and sec are
+ve and rest are +ve and rest are
–ve –ve

It is also known as all, sin, tan, cos formula.

270
The Ratios and Identities 1.3

–270 of the T-ratio is determined by the All – Sin – Tan –

Cos formula.
2. If q be associated with an odd multiple of 90 by +ve
–180 0, –360 or –ve sign, then the T-ratios is altered in form (i.e.,
sine becomes cosine and cosine becomes sine, tan-
gent becomes cotangent and conversely, etc.) and the
sign of the ratio is determined as in the previous para-
–90 graph.
3. If the multiple of 90 is more than 4, then divide it by
4 and find out remainder. If remainder is 0, then the
1.6 T-RATIOS OF THE ANGLE (–q ), IN degree lies on right of x-axis, if remainder is 1, then
TERMS OF q, FOR ALL VALUES OF q the degree lies on the +ve y-axis, if remainder is 2,
1. (i) sin (–q) = –sin q then the degree lies on –ve of x-axis and if the re-
(ii) cos (–q) = cos q mainder is 3, then the degree lies on the –ve of y-axis
(iii) tan (–q) = –tan q respectively.
(iv) cosec (–q) = –cosec q
(v) sec (–q) = sec q
(vi) cot (–q) = –cot q
1.8 GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Graph of f(x) = sin x
1.7 T-RATIOS OF THE DIFFERENT ANGLES IN
Y
TERMS OF q, FOR ALL VALUES OF q
2. (i) sin (90 – q) = sin (90° ¥ 1 – q) = cos q y=1
(ii) sin (90 + q) = sin (90° ¥ 1 + q) = cos q X¢ X
(iii) sin (180 – q) = sin (90° ¥ 2 – q) = sin q 0 p
(iv) sin (180 + q) = sin (90° ¥ 2 + q) = –sin q y=1
(v) sin (270 – q) = sin (90° ¥ 3 – q) = –cos q
(vi) sin (270 + q) = sin (90° ¥ 3 + q) = –cos q Y¢
(vii) sin (360 – q) = sin (90° ¥ 4 – q) = –sin q
Characteristics of Sine Function
(viii) sin (360 + q) = sin (90° ¥ 4 + q) = sin q
1. It is an odd function, since sin (–x) = –sin x
3 (i) cos (90–q) = cos (90° ¥ 1 – q) = sin q
2. It is a periodic function with period 2p
(ii) cos (90 + q) = cos (90° ¥ 1 + q) = –sin q
p
(iii) cos (180 – q) = cos (90° ¥ 2 – q) = –cos q 3. sin x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1) , n Œ I
(iv) cos (180 + q) = cos (90° ¥ 2 + q) = –cos q 2
(v) cos (270 – q) = cos (90° ¥ 3 – q) = –sin q 4. sin x = 0 fi x = np, n Œ I
(vi) cos (270 + q) = cos (90° ¥ 3 + q) = –sin q p
5. sin x = –1 fi x = (4n - 1) , n Œ I
(vii) cos (360 – q) = cos (90° ¥ 4 – q) = cos q 2
(viii) cos (360 + q) = cos (90° ¥ 4 + q) = cos q. Graph of f(x) = cos x
4. (i) tan (90 –q) = tan (90° ¥ 1 – q) = cot q
Y
(ii) tan (90 + q) = tan (90° ¥ 1 + q) = –cot q
(iii) tan (180 – q) = tan (90° ¥ 2 – q) = –tan q
(iv) tan (180 + q) = tan (90° ¥ 2 + q) = tan q
(v) tan (270 – q) = tan (90° ¥ 3 – q) = cot q X¢ X
(vi) tan (270 + q) = tan (90° ¥ 3 + q) = –cot q O
(vii) tan (360 – q) = tan (90° ¥ 4 – q) = –tan q
(viii) tan (360 + q) = tan (90° ¥ 4 + q) = tan q Y¢

Note: All the above results can be remembered by the Characteristics of cosine function
following simple rule. 1. It is an even function, since cos (–x) = cos x
1. If q be measured with an even multiple of 90° by + or 2. It is a periodic function with period 2p.
Рsign, then the T-ratios remains unaltered (i.e., sine 3. cos x = 1 fi x = 2np, n ΠI
remains sine and cosine remains cosine, etc.) and p
4. cos x = 0 fi x = (2n + 1) , n ΠI
treating q as an acute angle, the quadrant in which the 2
associated angle lies, is determined and then the sign
5. cos x = –1 fi x = (2n + 1)p, n Œ I
1.4 Trigonometry Booster

3. Graph of f(x) = tan x Graph of f(x) = cosec x

Y Y

Y¢
X¢ X y=1
O
X¢ X
O
y = –1
Y¢
Characteristics of tangent function
1. It is an odd function, since tan (–x) = –tan x
2. It is a periodic function with period p Y¢
p Characteristics of co-secant function
3 tan x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1) , n ΠI 1. It is an odd function, since
4
4. tan x = 0 fi x = np, n Œ I cosec (–x) = –cosec x
2. It is a periodic function with period 2p
p
5. tan x = –1 fi x = (4n - 1) , n Œ I p
4 3. cosec x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1) , n ΠI
2
4. Graph of f(x) = cot x 4. cosec x can never be zero.
p
Y 5. sec x = –1 fi x = (4n - 1) , n Œ I
2
Cosecn
X¢ X
1.9 T-RATIOS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
O
1.11 Definition
The algebraic sum or difference of two or more angles is
Y¢ called a compound angle such as
Characteristics of cotangent function A + B, A – B, A + B + C, A + B – C, etc.
1. It is an odd function, since cot (–x) = –cot x
2. It is a periodic function with period 2p 1.9.1 The Addition Formula
p 1. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
3. cot x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1) , n ΠI
4 2. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
p tan A + tan B
4. cot x = 0 fi x = (2n + 1) , n ΠI 3. tan ( A + B) =
2 1 - tan A ◊ tan B
p
5. cot x = –1 fi x = (4n - 1) , n Œ I 1.9.2 Subtraction Formulae
4
Graph of f(x) = sec x 1. sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
Y 2. cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A - tan B
3. tan (A – B) =
1 + tan A tan B
y=1
X¢
O X 1.10 SOME IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS
y = –1
Deduction 1
sin (A + B) sin (A – B)
= sin2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – cos2 A
Y¢ Proof: We have sin (A + B) sin (A – B)
Characteristics of secant function = {sin A cos B + cos A sin B}
1. It is an even function, sec(–x) = sec x ¥ {sin A cos B – cos A sin B}
2. It is a periodic function with period 2p = {sin2 A cos2 B – cos2 A sin2 B}
3. sec x can never be zero. = {sin2 A (1 – sin2 B) – (1 – sin2 A) sin2 B}
4. sec x = 1 fi x = 2np, n ΠI = {sin2 A Рsin2 A sin2 B Рsin2 B Рsin2 A sin2 B
5. sec x = –1 fi x = (2n + 1)p, n Œ I = sin2 A – sin2 B
The Ratios and Identities 1.5

= (1 – cos2 A) – (1 – cos2 B) = sin A ◊ cos B ◊ cos C + sin B ◊ cos A ◊ cos C

= cos2 B – cos2 A + sin C ◊ cos A cos B – sin A ◊ sin B ◊ sin C
Deduction 2 = cos A ◊ cos B ◊ cos C [tan A + tan B + tan C]
cos (A + B) cos (A – B) –tan A ◊ tan B ◊ tan C]
= cos2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – sin2 A Deduction 6
Proof: We have, cos (A + B) cos (A – B) cos (A + B + C)
= {cos A cos B + sin A sin B} = cos A cos B cos C
¥ {cos A cos B – sin A sin B} ¥ [1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A]
= {cos2 A cos2 B – sin2 A sin2 B} Proof: We have, cos (A + B + C)
= {cos2 A (1 – sin2 B) – (1 – cos2 A) sin2 B} = cos (A + B) cos C – sin (A + B) sin C
= {cos2 A – cos2 A sin2 B – sin2 B + cos2 A sin2 B} = {cos A cos B – sin A sin B}cos C
= cos2 A – sin2 B –{sin A cos B + cos A sin B}sin C
Deduction-3 = cos A cos B cos C – sin A sin B cos C
cot A cot B - 1 {–sin A sin C cos B – cos A sin B sin C}
cot (A + B) = = cos A cos B cos C
cot B + cot A
¥ [1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A]
Proof: We have, cos (A + B)
Deduction 7
cos ( A + B)
= tan (A + B + C)
sin ( A + B ) sin (A + B + C )
cos A cos B - sin A sin B =
= cos (A + B + C )
sin A cos B + cos A sin B cos A cos B cos C
cos A cos B sin A sin B (tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C )
- =
sin A sin B sin A sin B cos A cos B cos C
= (1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A)
sin A cos B cos A sin B
+
sin A sin B sin A sin B Proof: We have, tan (A + B + C)
cot A cot B - 1 sin ( A + B + C )
= =
cot B + cot A cos ( A + B + C )
cos A cos B cos C {tan A + tan B
Deduction 4
+ tan C - tan A tan B tan C}
cot A cot B + 1 =
cot (A – B) = cos A cos B cos C {1 - tan A tan B
cot B - cot A
- tan B tan C - tan C tan A}
Proof: We have, cot (A – B)
cos ( A - B) 1.11 TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
=
sin ( A - B )
cos A cos B + sin A sin B 1.11.1 Transformation of Products into Sums or
= Differences
sin A cos B - cos A sin B
cos A cos B sin A sin B 1. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
+ 2. 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
sin A sin B sin A sin B
= 3. 2 cosA cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
sin A cos B cos A sin B
- 4. 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
sin A sin B sin A sin B
cot A cot B + 1 1.11.2 Transformations of Sums or Differences
=
cot B - cot A into Products
Deduction 5 C+D C-D
1. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
sin (A + B + C) 2 2
= cos A cos B cos C C+D C-D
2. sin C – sin B = 2 cos sin
(tan A + tan B + tan C – tan A tan B tan C) 2 2
Proof: We have sin (A + B + C) C+D C-D
3. cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
= sin (A + B) cos C + cos (A + B) sin C 2 2
= {sin A ◊ cos B + cos A ◊ sin B} cos C C+D C-D
4. cos C – tan D = – 2 sin sin
+ {cos A cos B – sin A sin B}sin C 2 2
1.6 Trigonometry Booster

1.12 MULTIPLE ANGLES Proof: We have, sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A

fi 4 sin3 A = 3 sin A – sin 3A
1.12.1 Definition 1
fi sin 3 A = (3 sin A - sin 3A)
An angle is of the form nA, n ΠZ, is called a multiple angle 4
of A. Such as 2A, 3A, 4A, etc. are each multiple angles of A. Deduction-4
1
1.12.2 Trigonometrical Ratios of 2A in Terms cos3 A = (cos 3A + 3 cos A)
4
of t-ratio of A Proof: We have, cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A
1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A fi 4 cos3A = cos 3A + 3 cos A
2. cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A
1
= 2 cos2 A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin 2 A fi cos3 A = (cos 3A + 3 cos A)
2 tan A 4
3. tan 2A = Deduction 5
1 - tan 2 A
1
1.12.3 T-ratios of Angle 2A sin A sin (60 – A) ◊ sin (60 + A) = sin 3A
4
2 tan A Proof: We have,
4. sin 2A = ,
1 + tan 2 A sin A ◊ sin (60° – A) ◊ sin (60° + A)
1 - tan 2 A = sin A ◊ (sin2 60° – sin2 A)
5. cos 2A =
1 + tan 2 A Ê3 ˆ
= sin A ◊ Á - sin 2 A˜
6. 1 – cos 2A = 2 sin2 A, Ë4 ¯
7. 1 + cos 2A = 2 cos2 A
8. tan A =
sin 2A
,
=
sin A
4
(
◊ 3 – 4 sin 2 A )
1 + cos 2A 1
1 - cos 2A = (3 sin A – 4 sin 3 A)
9. tan A = 4
sin 2A 1
= ¥ sin 3A
1.12.4 Trigonometrical Ratios of 3A in Terms of 4
t-ratio of A Deduction 6
10. sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin A 3 1
cos A ◊ cos (60 – A) . cos (60 + A) = cos 3A
11. cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A 4
3 tan A - tan 3 A Proof: We have,
12. tan 3A =
1 - 3 tan 2 A cos A ◊ cos (60° – A) ◊ cos (60° + A)
= cos A ◊ (cos2 60° – sin2 A)
1.13 SOME IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS
Ê1 ˆ
= cos A ◊ Á - 1 + cos 2 A˜
Deduction 1 Ë4 ¯
1
sin2 A = (1 – cos 2A) Ê 3 ˆ
2 = cos A ◊ Á - + cos 2 A˜
Ë 4 ¯
Proof: We have, cos A
1 1 = ◊ (- 3 + 4 cos 2 A)
sin2 A = (2 sin 2 A) = (1 - cos 2A) 4
2 2 1
Deduction 2 = ◊ (- 3 cos A + 4 cos3 A)
4
1 1
cos2 A = (1 + cos 2A) = ◊ (4 cos3 A – 3 cos A)
2 4
Proof: We have, cos2 A 1
= ¥ cos 3A
1 1 4
= (2 cos 2 A) = (1 + cos 2A)
2 2 Deduction 7
Deduction-3 tan A ◊ tan (60 – A) . tan (60 + A) = tan 3A
1 Proof: We have,
sin3 A = (3 sin A – sin 3A)
4 tan A ◊ tan (60° – A) ◊ tan (60° + A)
The Ratios and Identities 1.7

sin A ◊ sin (60° - A) ◊ sin (60° + A) = (3 sin A – 4 sin3 A)(1 – 2 sin2 A)

= + 2(4 cos3 A – 3 cos A) sin A cos A
cos A ◊ cos (60° - A) ◊ cos (60° + A)
= (3 sin A – 4 sin3 A)(1 – 2 sin2 A)
1
sin 3A + 2(4 cos2 A – 3) sin A cos2 A
= 4 = (3 sin A – 4 sin3 A)(1 – 2 sin2 A)
1
cos 3A + 2(1 – 4 sin2 A)(sin A – sin3 A)
4
sin 3A = (3 sin A – 4 sin3 A – 6 sin3 A + 8 sin5 A)
= + 2(sin A – 4 sin3 A – sin3 A + 4 sin5 A)
cos 3A
= 5 sin A – 20 sin3 A + 16 sin5 A
= tan 3 A
= 16 sin 5 A – 20 sin3 A + 5 sin A
Deduction 8 Deduction 12
sin 4A = 4 sin cos A – 8 cos A sin3 A cos 5A = 16 cos5 A – 20 cos3 A + 5 cos A
Proof: We have, sin 4A Proof: We have, cos 5A
= 2 sin 2A ◊ cos 2A = cos (3A + 2A)
= 2(2 sin A ◊ cos A)(1 – 2 sin2 A) = cos 3A cos 2A – sin 3A sin 2A
= 4 sin A ◊ cos A(1 – 2 sin2 A) = (4 cos3 A – 3 cos A)(2 cos2 A – 1)
= 4 sin A ◊ cos A – 8 sin3 A ◊ cos A – (3 sin A – 4 sin3 A)(2 sin A cos A)
Deduction 9 = 8 cos5 A – 6 cos3 A – 4 cos3 A
cos 4A = 1 – 8 sin2 A + 8 sin4 A + 3 cos A – (3 – 4 sin2 A) 2 cos A (1 – cos2 A)
Proof: We have, cos 4A = 8 cos5 A – 10 cos3 A + 3 cos A –
= cos 2 (2A) (4 cos2 A – 1) (2 cos A – 2 cos3 A)
= 1– 2 sin2 (2A) = 8 cos5 A – 10 cos3 A + 3 cos A – 8 cos3 A
= 1 – 2 (2 sin A ◊ cos A)2 + 2 cos A + 8 cos5 A – 2 cos3 A
= 1 – 8 sin2 A ◊ cos2 A = 16 cos5 A – 20 cos3 A + 5 cos A
= 1 – 8 sin2 A (1 – sin2 A) Deduction 13
= 1 – 8 sin2 A + 8 sin4 A sin 6A = (6 sin A – 32 sin3 A + 32 sin5 A) cos A
Deduction 10 Proof: We have, sin 6A
4 tan A - 4 tan 3 A = sin 2 (3A)
tan 4 A =
1 - 6 tan 2 A + tan 4 A = 2 sin 3A ◊ cos 3A
= 2(3 sin A – 4 sin3 A)(4 cos3 A – 3 cos A)
Proof: We have, tan 4A = 2(3 sin A – 4 sin3 A)(1 – 4 sin2 A) cos A
= tan 2 ◊ (2 A) = 2(3 sin A – 4 sin3 A – 12 sin3 A + 16 sin 5A) cos A
2 tan 2A = 2(3 sin A – 16 sin3 A + 16 sin5 A) cos A
=
1 + tan 2 2A = (6 sin A – 32 sin3 A + 32 sin5 A) cos A
4 tan A Deduction 14
1 - tan 2 A cos 6 A = 32 cos6 A – 48 cos4 A + 18 cos2 A – 1
= 2
Ê 2 tan A ˆ Proof: We have, cos 6A
1- Á
Ë 1 - tan 2 A ˜¯ = cos 2(3A)
= 2 cos2 (3A) – 1
4 tan A (1 - tan 2 A)
= = 2(4 cos3 A – 3 cos A)2 – 1
(1 – tan 2 A) 2 - 4 tan 2 A = 2(16 cos6 A – 24 cos4 A + 9 cos2 A) – 1
4 tan A - 4 tan 3 A = 32 cos6 A – 48 cos4 A + 18 cos2 A – 1
=
1 – 6 tan 2 A + tan 4 A
1.14 THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF
Deduction 11
f (x) = a cos x + b sin x + c
sin 5A = 16 sin5 A – 20 sin3 A + 5 sin A
We have, f (x) = a cos x + b sin x + c
Proof: We have, sin 5A Let a = r sin q and b = r cos q
= sin (3A + 2A) a
= sin 3A cos 2A + cos 3A ◊ sin 2A Then r = a 2 + b 2 and tan (q ) =
b
1.8 Trigonometry Booster

Now, f (x) = a cos x + b sin x + c 1.15.3 Values of sin 18°, cos 18° and tan 18°
= r(sin q cos x + cos q sin x)
Ê 5 - 1ˆ
= r sin (q + x) 1. sin (18°) = Á
Ë 4 ˜¯
As we know that, –1 £ sin (q + x) £ 1
fi –r + c £ r sin (q + x) + c £ r + c Proof : Let A = 18°
fi –r + c £ f (x) £ r + c fi 5A = 90°
fi 2A = 90° – 3A
fi - a 2 + b 2 + c £ f (x) £ a 2 + b 2 + c fi sin 2A = sin (90° – 3A) = cos 3A
Thus, the maximum value of fi 2 sin A cos A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A
fi 2 sin A = 4 cos2 A – 3
f (x) is a 2 + b2 + c
fi 2 sin A = 4 – 4 sin2A – 3 = 1 – 4 sin2A
and the minimum values of f (x) is - a 2 + b 2 + c . fi 4 sin2 A + 2 sin A – 1 = 0
- 2 ± 20 - 2 ± 2 5
1.15 SUB–MULTIPLE ANGLES fi sin A =
8
=
8
-1 ± 5
1.15.1 Definition fi sin A =
4
A
An angle is of the form , n Œ Z (π 0), is called a sub- 5 -1 - 5 -1
n fi sin A = ,
A A A A 4 4
multiple angle of A. Thus , , , , etc. are each a sub-
2 3 4 5 5 -1
multiple angle of A. fi sin (18°) = , since 18° lies on the first quad-
4
rant.
Ê Aˆ Ê Aˆ
1.15.2 T-ratios of angle ÁË 2 ˜¯ and ÁË ˜¯
3 1
2. cos 18° = 10 + 2 5
4
Ê Aˆ
2 tan Á ˜
Ê Aˆ Ê Aˆ Ë 2¯ Proof: We have, cos (18°)
1. sin A = 2 sin Á ˜ cos Á ˜ =
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ Ê Aˆ = 1 - sin 2 (18°)
1 + tan 2 Á ˜
Ë 2¯
2
Ê 5 - 1ˆ
2Ê
Aˆ Ê Aˆ = 1- Á
2. cos A = cos Á ˜ - sin 2 Á ˜
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ Ë 4 ˜¯

Ê Aˆ Ê 5 +1- 2 5ˆ
= 2 cos 2 Á ˜ - 1 = 1- Á ˜¯
Ë 2¯ Ë 16
Ê Aˆ Ê 16 - 5 - 1 + 2 5 ˆ
1 - tan 2 Á ˜
Ê Aˆ Ë 2¯ = Á ˜¯
= 1 - 2 sin 2 Á ˜ = Ë 16
Ë 2¯ Ê Aˆ
1 + tan 2 Á ˜ 1
Ë 2¯ = 10 + 2 5
Ê Aˆ 4
2 tan Á ˜
Ë 2¯ 5 -1
3. tan A = 3. tan 18° =
Ê Aˆ
1 - tan 2 Á ˜ 10 + 2 5
Ë 2¯
Proof: We have, tan (18°)
Ê Aˆ Ê Aˆ sin (18°)
4. sin A = 3 sin Á ˜ - 4 sin 3 Á ˜ =
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ cos (18°)
3 Ê Aˆ Ê Aˆ Ê 5 - 1ˆ
5. cos A = 4 cos Á ˜ - 3 cos Á ˜ ÁË ˜
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ 4 ¯
=
Ê Aˆ Ê Aˆ 10 + 2 5
3 tan Á ˜ - tan 3 Á ˜
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ 4
6. tan A =
Ê A ˆ Ê 5 -1 ˆ
1 - 3 tan 2 Á ˜ =Á
Ë 3¯ ˜
Ë 10 + 2 5 ¯
The Ratios and Identities 1.9

Notes: sin (36∞)

=
1 cos (36∞)
(i) sin 72° = cos 18° = 10 + 2 5
4 10 - 2 5
5 -1 = 4
(ii) cos 72° = sin 18° = 5 +1
4
4
10 - 2 5
1.15.4 Values of sin 36°, cos 36° and tan 36° =
( 5 + 1)
5 +1
1. cos 36° = ( 5 - 1) ¥ ( 10 - 2 5 )
4 =
4
Proof: We have, cos (36°)
= cos 2 (18°) Notes:
5 +1
= 1 – 2 sin2 (18°) (i) sin 54° = cos 36° =
4
2
Ê 5 - 1ˆ 1
= 1 - 2Á
Ë 4 ˜¯ (ii) cos 54° = sin 36° =
4
10 - 2 5

Ê 5 +1- 2 5ˆ
= 1 - 2Á ˜¯
Ë 16 1.15.5 Some Important Deductions
Ê8 - 5 -1+ 2 5ˆ
=Á ˜¯ Deduction 1
Ë 8
Ê 1 ˆ
Ê 2 + 2 5ˆ tan Á 7 ∞˜ = 6 - 4 - 3 + 2
=Á Ë 2 ¯
Ë ˜
8 ¯
1 - cos (2q )
Ê 5 + 1ˆ Proof: As we know that, tan q =
sin (2q )
=Á
Ë 4 ˜¯ 1
Put q = 7 ∞ , then
2
1
2. sin 36° = 10 - 2 5 Ê 1 ˆ 1 - cos (15°)
4 tan Á 7 ∞˜ =
Ë 2 ¯ sin (15°)
Proof: We have, sin (36°) = 1 - cos 2 (36°)
3 +1
1-
2
= 2 2
Ê 5 + 1ˆ
= 1- Á 3 -1
Ë 4 ˜¯
2 2
Ê 5 +1+ 2 5ˆ 2 2 - 3 -1
= 1- Á ˜¯ =
Ë 16 3 -1
Ê 16 - 5 - 1 - 2 5 ˆ (2 2 - 3 - 1)( 3 + 1)
= Á ˜¯ =
Ë 16 ( 3 - 1)( 3 + 1)
Ê 10 - 2 5 ˆ (2 2 - 3 - 1)( 3 + 1)
= Á =
Ë 16 ˜¯ 2
1 2 6 - 3 - 3 + 2 2 - 3 -1
= 10 - 2 5 =
4 2

1 2( 6 - 4 - 3 + 2)
3. tan 36° = ¥ ( 5 - 1) ¥ 10 - 2 5. =
4 2
Proof: We have tan (36°) = ( 6 - 4 - 3 + 2)
1.10 Trigonometry Booster

Deduction 2 1
since, 22 ∞ lies in the first quadrant.
Ê 1 ˆ 2
cot Á 7 °˜ = 6 + 4 + 3 + 2
Ë 2 ¯ Ê 1 ˆ 1
fi sin Á 22 ∞˜ = 2- 2
1 + cos (2q ) Ë 2 ¯ 2
Proof: As we know that, cot (q ) =
sin (2q )
1 Deduction 4
Put q = 7 ∞ , Ê 1 ˆ 1
2 cos Á 22 ∞˜ = 2+ 2
Ë 2 ¯ 2
Ê 1 ˆ
Now, cot Á 7 ∞˜
Ë 2 ¯ Proof: As we know that, 2 cos2 (q) = 1 – cos 2q
1
1 + cos (15∞) Put, q = 22 ∞ ,
= 2
sin (15∞)
Ê 1 ˆ
3 +1 fi 2 cos 2 Á 22 ∞˜ = 1 + cos (45∞)
1+ Ë 2 ¯
2 2
= Ê 1 ˆ
3 -1 =1+ Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
2 2
2 +1
2 2 + 3 +1 =
= 2
3 -1
Ê 1 ˆ 2 -1
(2 2 + 3 + 1)( 3 + 1) fi cos Á 22 ∞˜ = ±
= Ë 2 ¯ 2 2
( 3 - 1)( 3 + 1)
Ê 1 ˆ 2 +1
(2 6 + 3 + 3 + 2 2 + 3 + 1) fi cos Á 22 ∞˜ =
= Ë 2 ¯ 2 2
2 1
since, 22 ∞ lies in the first quadrant.
2( 6 + 4 + 3 + 2) 2
=
2 Ê 1 ˆ 1
Thus, cos Á 22 ∞˜ = 2+ 2
= ( 6 + 4 + 3 + 2) Ë 2 ¯ 2
Deduction 5
Deduction 3
Ê 1 ˆ
tan Á 22 ∞˜ = 2 - 1
Ê 1 ˆ 1 Ë 2 ¯
sin Á 22 ∞˜ = 2- 2
Ë 2 ¯ 2
1 - cos (2q )
Proof: As we know that, Proof: As we know that, tan q =
sin (2q )
2 sin2 (q) = 1 – cos 2q 1 Ê 1 ˆ 1 - cos (45∞)
1 Put q = 22 ∞, tan Á 22 ∞˜ =
Put, q = 22 ∞ , 2 Ë 2 ¯ sin (45∞)
2
1
1-
Ê 1 ˆ 2 = 2 -1
2 sin 2 Á 22 ∞˜ = 1 - cos (45∞) =
Ë 2 ¯ 1
Ê 1 ˆ 2
=1- Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ Deduction 6
2 -1 Ê 1 ˆ
= cot Á 22 ∞˜ = 2 + 1
2 Ë 2 ¯

Ê 1 ˆ 2 -1 Proof: As we know that,

fi sin Á 22 ∞˜ = ± 1 + cos (2q )
Ë 2 ¯ 2 2 cot (q ) =
sin (2q )
Ê 1 ˆ 2 -1 1
fi sin Á 22 ∞˜ = Put q = 22 ∞ ,
Ë 2 ¯ 2 2 2
The Ratios and Identities 1.11

Ê 1 ˆ 1 + cos (45∞) mentary angles and hence students are advised to go through
fi cot Á 22 ∞˜ = all the above formulae, starting from the Ist topic.
Ë 2 ¯ sin (45∞)
We have certain trigonometrical identities like, sin2 q +
1 cos2 q = 1 and sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q, etc. Such identities are iden-
1+
= 2 = 2 +1 tities in the sense that they hold for all values of the angles
1 which satisfy the given condition amongst them and they are
2 called Conditional Identities.
If A, B, C denote the angles of a triangle ABC, then the
Deduction 7 relation A + B + C = p enables us to establish many important
Ê 1 ˆ 1 identities involving trigonometric ratios of these angles.
sin Á112 ∞˜ = 2+ 2 (i) If A + B + C = p, then A + B = p – C,
Ë 2 ¯ 2
B + C = p – A and C + A = p – B
Ê 1 ˆ
Proof: We have, sin Á112 ∞˜ (ii) If A + B + C = p, then
Ë 2 ¯
sin (A + B) = sin (p – C) = sin C
Ê 1 ˆ similarly, sin (B – C) = sin (p – A) = sin A
= sin Á 90° ¥ 1 + 22 °˜
Ë 2 ¯ and sin (C + A) = sin (p – B) = sin B
Ê 1 ˆ (iii) If A + B + C = p, then
= cos Á 22 ∞˜ cos (A + B) = cos (p – C) = –cos C
Ë 2 ¯
Similarly, cos (B + C) = cos (p – A) = – cos A
1
= 2+ 2 and cos (C + A) = cos (p – B) = – cos B
2
(iv) If A + B + C = p, then
Deduction 8 tan (A + B) = tan (p – C) = –tan C
1 ˆ 1 Similarly, tan (B + C) = tan (p – A) = – tan A
Ê
cos Á112 ∞˜ = 2- 2 and tan (C + A) = tan (p – B) = – tan B
Ë 2 ¯ 2
A+ B p C B+C p A
(v) If A + B + C = p, then = - , = -
1
Proof: We have, cos ÊÁ112 ∞ˆ˜ C+A p B 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ë 2 ¯ and = -
2 2 2
Ê 1 ˆ Therefore,
= cos Á 90° ¥ 1 + 22 ∞˜
Ë 2 ¯ Ê A + Bˆ Êp Cˆ Ê Cˆ
sin Á ˜ = sin Á - ˜ = cos Á ˜
Ê 1 ˆ Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 2¯ Ë 2¯
= – sin Á 22 ∞˜
Ë 2 ¯ Ê A + Bˆ Êp Cˆ Ê Cˆ
cos Á = cos Á - ˜ = sin Á ˜
1 Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 2¯ Ë 2¯
=- 2+ 2
2 Ê A + Bˆ Êp Cˆ Ê Cˆ
tan Á = tan Á - ˜ = cot Á ˜
Deduction 9 Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 2¯ Ë 2¯
Ê 1 ˆ
tan Á112 ∞˜ = - ( 2 + 1) Note: Dear students, please recollect the following formu-
Ë 2 ¯
lae from basic trigonometry
Ê 1 ˆ Step I:
Proof: We have, tan Á112 ∞˜
Ë 2 ¯ (i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
1 ˆ (ii) cos 2A = 2 cos2 A – 1
Ê
= tan Á 90° ¥ 1 + 22 °˜ (iii) cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2 A
Ë 2 ¯
(iv) cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A
Ê 1 ˆ
= – cot Á 22 °˜ Step II:
Ë 2 ¯
(i) 1 + cos 2A = 2 cos2 A
= - ( 2 + 1) (ii) 1 – cos 2A = 2 sin 2 A
(iii) 1 + cos A = 2 cos2 (A/2)
1.16 CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITIES (iv) 1 – cos A = 2 sin2 (A/2)

Here, we shall deal with trigonometrical identities involving Step III:

two or more angles. In establishing such identities we will (i) cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) = 2 cos A cos B
be frequently using properties of supplementary and comple- (ii) cos (A – B) – cos (A + B) = 2 sin A sin B
1.12 Trigonometry Booster

Step IV: (i) to express each term as a difference of the two terms
directly or by manipulation and then addition, or
Ê C + Dˆ Ê C - Dˆ
(i) cos C + cos D = 2 cos Á ˜ cos Á (ii) to arrange the series in such a way that it follows some
Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
standard trigonometrical expansion.
Ê C + Dˆ Ê D - Cˆ
(ii) cos C – cos D = 2 sin Á sin Á 1.17.2 Different Types of the Summation of a
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
Trigonometrical Series
Ê C + Dˆ Ê C - Dˆ
(iii) sin C + sin D = 2 sin Á cos Á 1. A trigonometrical series involved with the terms of
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
sines or cosines.
Ê C + Dˆ Ê C - Dˆ Rule: Whenever angles are in AP and the trigonometri-
(iv) sin C – sin D = 2 cos Á sin Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯ cal terms involved with sines or cosines having power
1.
1. We must multiply each term by
Ê common diffrence of angles ˆ
1.17 TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES 2 sin Á
Ë ˜¯
2
1.17.1 Introduction 2. and then express each term as a difference of two
terms,
In this section, we are mainly concerned with different pro- 3. And finally add them.
cedures to find out the summation of trigonometrical series.
To find out the sum of different trigonometrical series, 1.17.3 A Trigonomeytrical Series Based on
first we observe the nature of the angles of the trigonomet- Method of Difference
rical terms. We must observe whether the angles form any
Rules:
sequence or not. If they form any sequences, then we must
1. Express each term of the series as a difference of two
check, what kind of sequence it is. We also observe the se-
expressions.
quence formed (if any) by the coefficients of terms of the
2. Finally adding them and we shall get the required
series. So, our main attempt will be
result.

E XERCISES
8. The minute hand of a watch is 35 cm long. How far
LEVEL I does its tip move in 18 minutes?
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) 9. At what distance does a man, whose height is 2 m sub-
tend an angle of 10°?
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES 1
10. Find the distance at which a globe 5 cm in diameter,
1. If the radius of the earth 4900 km, what is the length of 2
will subtend an angle of 6°.
its circumference?
2. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. 11. The radius of the earth being taken to 6400 km and the
Find the smallest angle in degrees and the greatest an- distance of the moon from the earth being 60 times the
gle in radians. radius of the earth. Find the radius of the moon which
3. The angles of a triangle are in AP and the number of subtends an angle of 16° at the earth.
degrees in the least is to the number of radians in the 12. The difference between the the acute angles of a right
greatest as 60 to p, find the angles in degrees. 2p
4. The number of sides in two regular polygons are 5 : 4 angled triangle is radians. Express the angles in
degrees. 3
and the difference between their angles is 9. Find the
number of sides of the polygon. 13. The angles of a quadrilateral are in AP and the greatest
5. The angles of a quadrilateral are in AP and the greatest angle is 120°. Find the angles in radians.
is double the least. Express the least angles in radians. 1
6. Find the angle between the hour hand and the minute 14. At what distance does a man 5 ft in height, subtend
an angle of 15≤? 2
hand in circular measure at half past 4.
7. Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 10 cm 15. Find the angle between the hour hand and minute-hand
subtending an angle of 30° at the centre. in circular measure at 4 o’clock.