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 Primary Sources vs Secondary Source
Name: John Carlo P. Perfiñan, James Francis Villatuya, & Johnred Jordan Ratings:_________

Primary Sources
Secondary Source
Categories Memoirs of a General Santiago Alvarez a.k.a
Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo
Apoy

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July 25, 1872, Santiago Alvarez, a revolutionary November 9, 1912, Teodoro A. Agoncillo, a

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general and founder and honorary president of the renowned Filipino historian and national scientist,
first directorate of the Nacionalista Party, was born in was born in Lemery, Batangas.
Imus, Cavite. He was known as Kidlat ng Apoy

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(Lightning of Fire) because of his inflamed bravery Agoncillo started writing history from the so-called

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and dedication as commander in the battle of Filipino point of view, along with his contemporary

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Dalhican, Cavite. He was popularly acclaimed the historians Renato Constantino and Gregorio F. Zaide.
"Hero of the Battle of Dalahican".

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He became linguistic assistant at the Institute of
Author’s Background In 1902, he presided over the Junta Magna de la National Language and as an instructor at the Far
Comisión de la Paz (Great Council of the Peace Eastern University and the Manuel L. Quezon

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Commission). The Junta was created to accelerate the University and a faculty member of U.P., chairing the
rehabilitation of the country from the destruction Department of History from 1963 to 1969, until his

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caused by the war. retirement in 1977.

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co rc He died October 30, 1930, at age 58 in San Pablo Until his death on January 14, 1985, Agoncillo
City and was buried at the San Pablo municipal served as a member of the National Historical
cemetery. Institute.
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To retain History
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Objective of the Author

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 He Wrote his memoirs in 1927, at age of 55 years Teodoro Agoncillo published the revolt of the masses
old. Alvarez memoirs was serialized in thirty-six in 2002 but in other source it was written in 1947 and
installment, from July 24, 1927 to April 15, 1928, in published in 1956.
Date written or published the Tagalog weekly, Sampaguita. The volume
published by Ateneo comes in its original Tagalog.

March 24, 1897 – schedule meeting of the Magdalo November – when general blanco began his
and Magdiwang leaders. offensive.

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April 3 – the Supremo made a bid to recapture January 2 1897 – Bonifacio wrote from San
Noveleta. Francisco de Malabon to his uncle in law Mariano
Alvarez.

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March 27, 1897 – Eyewitnesses who had spied on

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proceedings revealed that a meeting had taken place January 1897 – the town fiesta in San Francisco de

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at the Tanza parish house and that the Supremo’s Malabon.
Mention of dates
decision regarding the election at the friar estate

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house were not respected. March 22 1897 – Aguinaldo birthday, when
simultaneously the battle raged and assembly
March 25 – the Spaniards charged the Filipino lines convened Tejaros.

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with all their fury and succeeded in driving out the
rebels with heavy losses. April 1897 – when the Spaniard captures the town.

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April 1897 – Demoralization set in, leading. December 1896 – Bonifacio left the Cavite with his

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co rc wife and two brothers Ciriaco and Procopio.
Mention of places Tejeros - the place where the assembly held on Cavite - it is the place where the Katipunan based
March 25, 1897 that attended by the two faction the that was divided into two faction: Magdalo and
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Magdalo and Magdiwang group of Katipunan that Magdiwang.
they were able to form a government to attain liberty
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in their own nation. Talisay Batangas - this place was under the Magdalo
government.
Cavite - The place where Katipuneros place their
government of Magdiwang and Magdalo group of Nasugbu,Tuwi and Look, Batangas - it is the
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Katipunan. placed where it is belonged to Magdiwang.

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 Imus - the place where the first assembly of the Noveleta - the capital of Magdiwang San Francis de
Magdiwang and Magdalo held. Malabon- it became the capital if Magdiwang when it
was moved by the General Blanco began hid
offensive against the enemy.

Kawit- The capital of Magdalo

Imus, Cavite - the place where Bonifacio was

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brought by the rebel leaders to the house of Juan

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Castañeda in the third invitation of the Magdiwang to
him.

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Tejeros- the place where the assembly of the

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Katipuneros faction into two: Magdalo and

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Magdiwang held on March 22, 1897.
Key Personalities Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras - Member of Magdiwang Council who preside the assembly at Tejeros in

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which he also signed the invitations for Magdiwang and Magdalo Council.

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Andres Bonifacio - The chairman of the convention of the assembly at Tejeros and the President Supremo of
the Most Venerable Katipunan of the Sons of the People. Who was belittle by the other officials on the

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position that he won that causee failure of the assembly.

Secretary of War Ariston Villanueva - one of the members of the Magdiwang Council that recieved

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confidential information that Mr. Daniel Tirona of the Magdalo faction was set to undermine the proceedings
co rc of the assembly.
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Mr. Severino de las Alas - he is the one who rose to speak about what discussion should be tackle such as
what Government should be established and how it should be established. He is also the one who is not
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satisfied to the explanation made by Bonifacio about the "K" on the sun flag.

Mr. Diego Mojica - the one who warned Bonifacio that the ballots was already filled out before at distribute
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to the main voters.

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 Mr. Antonio Montenegro- the one who spoke in defense of Mr. Severino de las Alas's stand.

Captain General Apoy - known also as "Santiago Alvarez", the author of the book and the one who won
during election in Tejeros in Captain General.

Emilio Aguinaldo - The one who won over Bonifacio in the position of Presidency.

Mr. Mariano Trias - won as Vice President over Bonifacio.

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Mr. Emiliano R de Dios - appointed as Secretary of War.

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Jose del Rosario - a lawyer that is being compared to Bonifacio for being much worthy in the position if
secretary of the interior.

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Mr. Daniel Tirona - the one who made Bonifacio angry at which Bonifacio dissolved the meetings.

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Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo - the Magdalo President.

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Sequencing of events I. March 25, 1897 I. Division of Katipunan Cavite

A. Magdiwang

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A. Assembly at Tejeros

Presided by: Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras B. Magdalo

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co rc (Magdiwang Council) Attendees: II. Election Independently of Magdiwang
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- Magdiwang Council (seated at the long presidential III. Magdalo Election of Positions
table)
IV. Conflict arises between the two factions of
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Katipunan that fells into disputes arising one group to

- Magdalo (Seated at the head table) - General Apoy
lorfcit over the other group.
(the author)
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V. Magdiwang group led to invite Andres Bonifacio

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 B. Discussion to visit Cavite to showcase all that had been
accomplished by the revolutionists in that area and to
- To strengthen the defenses in the areas under intervene in the conflict. Through this invitation
Magdiwang control Andres Bonifacio neglect the request.

- What kind of government they would establish VI. The Third Invitation for Andres Bonifacio in
which he agreed accompanied with his wife and two
- How government would established it? brothers.

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C. Elections Positions: VII. Esteban San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the
demonstration of the Magdiwang Rebels in Voveleta.
-President

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VII. The plans of the Katipunan became destructive

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-Vice-President because of conflict arises between the two factions.

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So that the leaders of the Magdiwang and Magdalo
-Minister of Finance decided to call a convention or assembly at Imus.

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-Minister of Welfare
IX. Assembly of Magdalo and Magdiwang in which
-Minister of justice the intention of the faction is to establish a

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-Captain General revolutionary government.

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X. Elections of New Officers for the new proposed
II. Meeting (none of the Magdalo Members came, establishment of revolutionary government by which

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not even the President who had initiated that would Andres Bonifacio was pointed as a candidate for the
presidency.
co rc have been a reconciliation meeting)

XI. The assembly was done without aby definite

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IV. Meeting at the Parish House in Tanza
understanding regarding the plans and election.
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XII. Quarrels and conflicts arises in both faction-

Attendees: Magdiwang and Magdalo.

XIII. Assembly was convened in the estate-house of

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-Only Magdalo members and Leaders

Tejeros, a Magdiwang territory which happenned on
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 V. March 27, 1897 March 22, 1897 same day of birthday if Bonifacio.

- Revelation of the Private Meeting of Magdalo on XIV. An argument about discussions became
Tanza Parish House. hotblooded that leads to have a break for cool off.

XV. Andres Bonifacio elected as the President of the

Supreme Council of Katipunan.

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XVI. Election proper held for the nine vacancy

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officers.

XVII. Emilio Aguinaldo won as president as cast by

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the ballots XIX. Conflicts between Tirona and

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Bonifacio arise leading to Bonifacio to get angry and

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adjourned the assembly.

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XVIII. Bonifacio did not get the position for
Presidency.

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Differences between the two accounts

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1. March 25, 1897- date when assembly at Tejeros 1. March 22, 1897- This was the date when assembly
happened. at Tejeros happened.

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co rc 2. In Alvarez Statement, it on my focused on the 2. In this book written by Agoncillo, it was clearly
Assembly events without detailed information about and detailed described the clothes wear by the
the place of the estate house of Tejeros. attendees and specifically the estate house of Tejeros.
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3. Lumbreros together with the Magdalo Members 3. It is stated that not all the Magdalo leaders were
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and Leaders seated at the long presidential table were able to attend because of the battle raging around the
Supremo Andres Bonifacio seated together with other locality.
Magdalo members, all of them of the Magdiwang
attended the Assembly. 4. In Agoncillo narration, there is conflict in which
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tempers ran high as the men insisted on their

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 4. While in Alvarez, there is no detailed and extreme different point of views.
emotions shuttered in First discussion of Bonifacio,
Montegre and De las Aslas 5. According to Agoncillo, there are 9 officers were
able to be elected by popular vote namely- President,
5. In Alvarez primary sources the chair proceed to V- President, Captain General, Director if War,
prepare for an election to the following positions (6): Director of Interior, Director of State, Director of
president, vice-president, minister of Finance, Finance, Director of Fomento, and Director of
minister if Welfare, Minister of Justice and Captain Justice.

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General

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6. Regarding in the ballots, there is no statement that
6. According to Alvarez Mr. Diego Mojica, the there is no deceptive that happened.
Magdiwang Secretary if the Treasury warned the

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Supremo that many of the ballots distributed were

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already filled out that the voters had not done this

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themselves.
Probable reason why the differences In the book of Santiago Alvarez, in which he is the The probable reason why differences occurs is due to

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primary source, there is a situation in which he keeps several eyewitnesses reports of the author. There is
his image as the Captain General in the story, even also time errors specifically on what truly day that is

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there is no statement that brought him in the happened when there is an assembly at Tejeros, that
secondary sources of Agoncillo. There is also is the responsible proof the human capability of

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differences of the time, date, number of positions mental short time memory.
defending on the credibility if the authors. Although

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co rc historians are capable in telling facts about the It is also can be observed in the narration of
history, it is also their own presentation of meaning to Agoncillo that the author imported too much
those facts that presenting relations, numbers and emotional baggage into the formulation of the history
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time. to leave to much room for impartiality. In this kind of
interpretation, it leads the characters of the history to
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It is also evident that the facts and the suggestion on change their true personality due to so much import
the historical descriptions, and explanations could be of the feelings.
biased based on the objective of the author.
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 The reason why the Tejeros meeting failed was because of the belittlement of Andres Bonifacio's educational
attainment that they thought he was not worthy for the position. It is ironic that even though they are fighting
Thematic motivation of authors for the liberty and welfare of the country to have an independent government, they, themselves are showing
(Why the Tejeros meeting failed?)
that they are not worthy of the positions to run because of their jealousy and being boastful of themselves.

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