Coren Write Up
Coren Write Up
Coren Write Up
Voltage regulators are significant in power industry. Supply from the power
authority need to be regulated from the production section to the utilization point in
order to achieve smooth running of electrical appliances. In power production the
intent is to achieve better efficiency to both producers and the users of electrical
energy. The equipment should be protected from over voltage, under voltage an
surges to avoid frequent tripping of its circuit. Since there is no official definition
of power conditioners, there are some devices marketed as power conditioners that
do not provide automatic voltage regulation. An automatic voltage regulator
(AVR) often called power conditioners or stabilizers.
This project work presents the means for which stabilizer could maintained at the
load point. This project proposes using of simple block to construct a stabilizer in
order to improve the mains voltage, and consequently, decreasing the error in
voltage regulation for the customer mains.
I.0 INTRODUCTION
Most of the important international standards define power quality as the physical
characteristics of the electrical supply provided under normal operating conditions
that do not disrupt or disturb the customer’s processes. Therefore, a power quality
problem exists if any voltage, current or frequency deviation results in a failure or
in a bad operation of customer’s equipment.
However, it is important to notice that the quality of power supply implies
basically voltage quality and supply reliability. A voltage quality problem relates
to any failure of equipment due to deviations of the line voltage from its nominal
characteristics, and the supply reliability is characterized by its adequacy (ability to
supply the load), security (ability to withstand sudden disturbances such as system
faults) and availability (focusing especially on long interruptions).
Power quality problems are common in most of commercial, industrial and utility
networks. Natural phenomena, such as lightning are the most frequent cause of
power quality problems.[1]
The project work is aimed at the developing a circuit diagram that can regulate
voltage between 160Vac and 240Vac with an output deviation of ±10%, and hence
the construction and implementation of the circuit.
The voltage stabiliser is divided into four sections namely;
i. Transformer Stage
ii. Power Stage
iii. Control Stage
iv. Switching Stage.
CHAPTER TWO
The earliest discovery that paved the way for the development of the transformer
was the development of electromagnetic induction - the relationship between
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" and magnetic flux. This was independently
discovered by Michael Faraday (English) and Joseph Henry (American) in 1831.
Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments and thus receive
credit for the discovery. This discovery provided the basis of Faraday Law – still in
used today as a basic law of electromagnetism relating to the operating principles
of transformers, inductors, and many types of electric motors and generators.
The development of any country has been found to be largely hinged on the
availability of the distributed and regulated power supply. But since power goes
through the generation, transmission and distribution stages, during the course of
these, variation occurs in the supplied power supply especially in developing
countries like Nigeria.
All consumer appliances are designed to function within the specified tolerance
range but during under-voltage condition, the equipment malfunctions or refuse
work while in over-voltage condition, the equipment is liable to damage. Usually
under voltage condition is prevalent to that of overvoltage in Nigeria. This is where
the need for a voltage stabiliser is required so as to improve the situation.
Voltage stabiliser came into use not by normal design or plan but as a means of
address electrical crisis situations such as high voltage, spike, surge etc as mention
in the previous chapter. This crisis rarely occurs in develop countries like Britain,
U.S.A, Germany etc because their generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity is such that it devoid variation in voltage.
3.0 METHODOLOGY
TABLE 3.1
210-260 A 220-230
190-209 B 210-225
135-159 C 203-215
120-134 D 200-212
The table above shows the maximum and minimum voltage interval in each tap of
the transformer and corresponding output voltage.
Fig.3.1 Autotransformer
To calculate the voltage at each tap of the transformer, some conditions were taken
into considerations which are;
Let the maximum allowable voltage at each tap give out the maximum allowable
output which is 220V, the following ratio can be obtained for each tap.
For Tap A
220 =1.0000
220
For Tap B
180 =0.8182
220
For Tap C
135 =0.6136
220
For Tap D
120 =0.5455
220
Thus to determine the voltage at each tap, the turn ratio at every tap is multiplied
by the required voltage which is 220V.
For Tap A
For Tap B
For Tap C
0.6136 × 220 = 135V
For Tap D
E = 4.44 F ɸ N
Where E= emf
F= frequency
ɸ= flux = β x A
A= area of core = Length (L) x Breadth (B)
β= flux density
To get the area, we have the length and breadth to be 6.3cm and 4.4cm
respectively.
A = 27.72 x 10-4 m
From the B-H curve of cast steel, saturation is attained at 1.1, so β = 1.1
Therefore; ɸ = 1.1 x 27.72 x 10-4 = 3.049 x 10-3
With all the parameters, the number of turns for the transformer can be calculated
using the transformer equation given;
E = 4.44 x F x N x ɸ
N= 220 = 325Turns
4.44 x 50 x 3.049 x 10-3
If 0.677V = 1 Turn
At 210V input, the number of turns that will produce 220V will be;
If 0.677V = 1 Turn
At 190V input, the number of turns that will produce 220V will be;
At 160V input, the number of turns that will produce 220V will be;
If 0.677V = 1 Turn
If 0.677V = 1 Turn
And P = IV
When the input voltage is between 120V and 134V, relay 1 will activate and
normally close (NO) contact will be connected to point E where the number of
turns is 473, that will produce an output of 220V. By the time the input voltage
goes up and falls in between the range of 135V and 159V, relay 2 will be energized
and connect to point D where the number of turns is 451, and the output will also
be 220V. The same thing happens when the input voltage falls in between the
range of other tapping of the transformer.
3.4 DESIGN OF THE CONTROL CIRCUIT
A separate turns of coil was incorporated into the main transformer to power the
control circuit and as well as to isolate the control circuit from the ac mains.
3.5 BILL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND EVALUATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Finally, the voltage stabiliser was tested by varied input voltage from 100V to
260V and the results gotten are as shown in table below;
TABLE 4.0
4.5 Recommendations
Below are some of the recommendation for this project (5KVA voltage stabiliser)
(i) Maintenance
Maintenance is a means of preventing the breakdown of equipment or effective
repair after failure. The maintenance of the project (Voltage Stabiliser) is viewed
from two perspectives viz;
i User’s preventive maintenance
ii Technical/Engineering maintenance
During the course of the project, after construction, we then power the project then
it sparks and there was no output. We then unscrew the project and start to test
each stage and found out that the control circuit is bad, the comparators have
blown so the control circuit cannot compare voltages so as to select the appropriate
tapping on the transformer. We then replaced the blown comparator and then
remove the shorted part before connecting it to mains again.
The table below shows some common faults, possible cause and recommended
solution;
TABLE 4.1
CHAPTER FIVE
5.2 CONCLUSION
The 5KVA voltage stabiliser designed and constructed to eliminate the problems
created by interruption in the supply voltage. The practical performance of the
system followed designed expectation. The operation of this project will appeal to
the users due to the fact that they will always know the mains voltage levels. Thus,
the unit automatically switches OFF a connected appliance whenever any fault of
undervoltage or overvoltage occurs. The current capacity of the relay enables the
project to be suitable with any appliance provided the current rating of the relay is
greater than the load current. Hence, the usefulness of this project is inevitable.
REFERENCES
1. Allan, D.J. , Jan. 1991, "Power Transformers – The Second Century". Power
Engineering Journal http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?
arnumber=61984. 978-3-8007-3115-2. http://d-nb.info/990964361.