EXPERIMENT NO.

1
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the characteristics of SCR Using PSPICE simulation software and
obtain the values of latching and holding current.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-PSPICE Software.
DEVICES USED: SCR 2N1595
PROCEDURE:
 Make the connections as per the schematic and fix the value of V1 and V2 at min level.
 Set the value of gate current to 2mA by adjusting the values of V2 and R2
 Give a sinusoidal voltage of 30V at 50Hz and run the simulation for 20ms.
 Obtain the characteristics of SCR with anode to cathode voltage on x-axis and anode
current on y-axis and analyse (a) forward blocking mode; (b) forward conduction mode;
(c) reverse blocking mode
SCHEMATIC:

EXERCISE:
1. Find the value of latching current
2. Find the value of holding current
3. Find the value of forward breakover voltage
4. Find the value of reverse breakdown voltage
5. Repeat the tasks for different values of gate current.
EXPECTED OUTCOME

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the output and transfer characteristics of MOSFET Using PSPICE
simulation software.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-PSPICE Software.
DEVICES USED: MOSFET IRF150
PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown in the schematic
Output characteristics:
 From the datasheet, find the range of threshold voltage (Vgs)
 Fix the Vgs to its minimum value
 Vary the value of VDS from 0 to 25V with a step size of 0.1V and obtain the value of Id
 Obtain the curve with Id on y-axis and VDS on x-axis
 Repeat the steps 1 to 5 for different values of VGS with an increment of 0.5V until its
maximum value (which is mentioned in the datasheet).
Transfer characteristics:
 Fix the value of VDS to a constant value
 Vary VGS from its minimum value with a step size of 0.1V
 Plot the curve with Id on y-axis and VGS on x-axis
SCHEMATIC

EXERCISE:
1. Obtain the values of threshold voltage
2. Obtain the value of trans-conductance
3. Obtain the value of drain resistance
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
Output Characteristics
Transfer characteristics

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
OBJECTIVE: To simulate the RC firing circuit of SCR with PSPICE Simulation.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-PSPICE Software.
DEVICES USED: Diodes D1, D2-1N4002, SCR Q2-2N1595
SCHEMATIC

EXERCISE:
1. Determine the values of C1 and R2
2. Calculate and verify the range of R1 for firing angles from 0o to 180o
3. Obtain the plots of voltage across load resistance (RL) for firing angles of 45o and 120o
CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
OBJECTIVE: To simulate the UJT firing circuit of SCR.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-PSPICE Software.
DEVICES USED: UJT Q1- 2N2646, SCR Q2-2N1595
SCHEMATIC

Design Specifications:
V1=30VAC; 50Hz; V2=20VDC
EXERCISE:
1. Calculate the values of C, R2 and R3
2. Calculate and verify the range of R1 for firing angles from 0o to 180o
3. Obtain the plots of voltage across capacitor C (Vc) and voltage across load resistance
(RL) for firing angles of 45o and 120o.
CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
OBJECTIVE: To study the class-C commutation and verify the output waveforms using
PSPICE software.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-PSPICE Software.
DEVICES USED: SCR 2N1595.
THEORY: To turn-off the thyristor (SCR) a commutation circuit is required. Class-C
commutation is also called as Complementary commutation. As seen in schematic below, there
are two thyristors in parallel, one is main and another one is auxiliary. Initially, both the
thyristors are in OFF conditions and the voltage across capacitor is also zero. Now, as the gate
pulse is applied to the main thyristor, the current will start flowing from two paths, one is from
R1-T1 and second is R2-C-T1. Hence, the capacitor also starts charging to the peak value equal
to the input voltage with the polarity of plate B positive and plate A negative.
Now, as the gate pulse is applied to the Thyristor T2, it turns ON and a negative polarity of
current appear across the Thyristor T1 which cause T1 to get turn OFF. And, the capacitor
starts charging with the reverse polarity. Simply we can say that when T1 turns ON, it turns
OFF T2 and as T2 turns ON, it turns OFF T1. Application of this commutation technique is for
parallel inverter, current source inverter, etc.
NOMINAL VALUES: Vdc = 12V; C =…..; R1 =…..; R2 =….
SCHEMATIC:

EXERCISE:
1. Simulate the Class-C commutation circuit using PSPICE.
2. Obtain current waveform for both the thyristors T1 and T2.
3. Obtain voltage waveform across capacitor.
4. Evaluate the turn-off time for both the thyristors T1 and T2 using obtained waveforms.
CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT: 7
OBJECTIVE: To design the circuit parameters of buck and boost converters and verify the
results using PSPICE software.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-PSPICE Software.
DEVICES USED: Diode 1N4002, MOSFET IRF150.
THEORY: Buck Converter
The step-down dc–dc converter, commonly known as a buck converter, is shown in figure 1(a)
below. It consists of dc input voltage source VS , controlled switch S, diode D, filter inductor
L, filter capacitor C, and load resistance R. Typical waveforms in the converter are shown in
figure 1(b) below under assumption that the inductor current is always positive. The state of
the converter in which the inductor current is never zero for any period of time is called the
continuous conduction mode (CCM). It can be seen from the circuit that when the switch S is
commanded to the on state, the diode D is reverse biased. When the switch S is off, the diode
conducts to support an uninterrupted current in the inductor.

Figure 1(a) circuit diagram of buck converter and (b) output waveforms
SCHEMATIC:

Boost converter:
Figure 2(a) depicts a step-up or a PWM boost converter. It is comprised of dc input voltage
source VS, boost inductor L, controlled switch S, diode D, filter capacitor C, and load resistance
R. The converter waveforms in the CCM are presented in figure 2(b). When the switch S is in
the on state, the current in the boost inductor increases linearly. The diode D is off at the time.
When the switch S is turned off, the energy stored in the inductor is released through the diode
to the input RC circuit.

Figure 2 (a) circuit diagram of boost converter and (b) output waveforms.
SCHEMATIC:

Problem 1. In a step-down converter, consider all components to be ideal. Let vo = Vo be held

constant at 5V by controlling the switch duty ratio D. Calculate the minimum value of
inductance L required to keep the converter operation in a continuous conduction mode under
all conditions if Vs is 10-40 V, Po > 5W, fs = 50kHz. Also calculate minimum value of
capacitance so as to have output ripple voltage.
Problem 2. In a step-up converter, consider all components to be ideal. Let Vs be 8-16V, Vo =
24V, fs = 20kHz. Calculate minimum value of inductance that will keep the converter operating
in a continuous-conduction mode if Po > 5W. Also calculate minimum value of capacitance so
as to have output ripple voltage.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No. Parameters Buck Converter Boost Converter

1. Source Voltage
 2. Source Current

3. R-load

4. Switching frequency

5. Critical Inductance

6. Critical Capacitance

7. Output Voltage

8. Output Current

9. Output Ripple Voltage

10. Output Ripple Current

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8
OBJECTIVE: To study the operation of ac voltage controller.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:-PSPICE Software.
DEVICES USED: Diode MUR105, SCR 2N5171.
THEORY: - AC voltage controllers (ac line voltage controllers) are employed to vary the RMS
value of the alternating voltage applied to a load circuit. An ac voltage controller is a type of
thyristor power converter which is used to convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac input
supply to obtain a variable voltage ac output. The RMS value of the ac output voltage and the
ac power flow to the load is controlled by varying the firing angle ‘α’. The circuit diagram of
ac voltage controller is shown in Figure 1. The ac voltage controllers are classified into two
types based on the type of input ac supply applied to the circuit. Such as single phase ac voltage
controllers and three phase ac voltage controllers.

L Variable RMS AC
AC input voltage O output voltage
Vs, fs A
fs
D

AC Voltage controller

Figure 1
There are two different types of thyristor control used in practice to control the ac power
flow: on-off control and phase control. In on-off control technique, thyristors are used as
switches to connect the load circuit to the ac supply for a few cycles of the input ac supply and
then to disconnect it for few input cycles, thus it act as a high speed contactor. In phase control
technique, the thyristors are used as switches to connect the load circuit to the input ac supply,
for a part of every input cycle. That is the ac supply voltage is chopped using thyristors during
a part of each input cycle. The thyristor switch is turned on for a part of every half cycle, so
that input supply voltage appears across the load and then turned off during the remaining part
of input half cycle to disconnect the ac supply from the load. By controlling the phase angle or
the trigger angle or the firing angle ‘α’, the output RMS voltage across the load can be
controlled.
R-load:
The output waveform is shown in Figure 2 with R load. The RMS value of the output ac
voltage can be calculated as follows:
1/2
1  sin 2α  
Vo = Vs   π − α + 
π  2   (1)
where Vm = 2 × Vs
 Figure 2
RL-load:
The output waveform is shown in Figure 3 with RL load. The RMS value of the output ac
voltage can be calculated as follows:
1/ 2
1  sin 2α sin 2β 
Vo = Vs   β − α + −  (2)
π  2 2 

Figure 3
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Input RMS supply voltage Firing angle (α) Output VRMS(AC)

EXERCISES:
1. Perform the same experiments with antiparallel SCRs without diodes and comment.
2. Perform the same experiments with signal diodes (1N4500) and comment.
3. Find the RMS value of output waveform for different firing angles and verify the results
using mathematical equations.
CONCLUSION: -