Chapter 1: Functions and their Graphs

LESSON 1: FUNCTIONS

ABOUT THE LESSON:

In this lesson, students will learn about function, its importance as it continually
make theories about dependencies between quantities in nature and society, and as a
tool in constructions of mathematical models. Also, a special type of relation that gives a
single output number for every valid input number will be discussed. It is a one-to-one
and many-to-one relation. Functions can be polynomial (linear, quadratic, cubic, etc.,),
rational, piece-wise, exponential and logarithmic.

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. find the domain and range of a relation;

2. determine whether a relation is a function or a nonfunction;

3. determine whether an equation represents a function or a nonfunction; and

4. graph piece-wise function.

LEARNING OUTPUTS

LO1: Problem Sets/Activities/Exercises

LO2: Summative test/ Formative test

TIME ALLOTMENT

270 Minutes (4.5 hours)

Learning Activities:

“The In and Out Machine”

In our synchronous session, you will be tasked to think

of the possible output that the machines might release
upon inputting statements with either one unique or
many outputs. Share your answers by posting on the
sticky notes via google jamboard.

Source: line.17qq.com

Input the following statements in the machine:

1. The combination of red and yellow pigment.

2. Filipinos with their first step on the moon.
3. A number that is neither prime nor composite.
4. A list of composite number.
5. Jovian planets in the solar system.

Outputs:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
 5. ________________________________________________________________

DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING BY ANSWERING THE

FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Which of the following input statements when processed by the machine will
produce no output at all? Why?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Which of the following input statements when processed by the machine will
produce a unique or only one output? Why?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Which of the following input statements when processed by the machine will
produce a finite number of outputs? Why?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. Which of the following input statements when processed by the machine will
produce an infinite number of outputs? Why?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

RELATIONS VERSUS FUNCTIONS

What is a relation?
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a
second set of values (called the range). The elements of the domain can be imagined
as input to a machine that applies a rule to these inputs to generate one or more
outputs. A relation is also a set of ordered pairs (x,y).

What is a function?
A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value
in the range by some rule. The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a
machine that applies a rule so that each input corresponds to only one output. A
function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values.

Remember: All functions are relations but not all relations are functions.
EXAMPLE 1. Which of the following relations are functions?

(a) f = {(1,2), (2,2), (3,5), (4,5)}

(b) g = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,7)}
(c) h = {(1,3), (2,6), (3,9),…., (n,3n),…}

SOLUTION. The relations f and h are functions because no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-value, while g is not a function because (1,3) and (1,4) as
well as (2,5) and (2,6) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different y-values.

Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements
of the domains are mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the
relation or function is represented by the set of all the connections represented by the
arrows.

EXAMPLE 2. Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?

DEFINITIONS OF POLITICS
SOLUTION. The relations f and g are functions because each x corresponds to a
unique y . The relation h is not a function because there is at least one element in X for
which there is more than one corresponding y-value. For example, x = 7 corresponds to
y = 11 or 13. Similarity, x = 2 corresponds to both y = 17 or 19.

The function f shows a one to one correspondence between the elements in x and y.
That is, each element in x-values is paired with exactly one element in y-values making
it satisfy the definition of function a become a function itself.

The function g shows a one to many correspondence between the elements in x and y.
That is, a single element in y-values is being paired with numerous x-values.
Nevertheless, this relation is considered a function.

The function h shows many to one correspondence between the elements in x and y.
That is, a single element in x-values corresponds to more than one element in y-values.
Since the first value is paired with more than one value, this relation may no longer be
considered as a function.

THE VERTICAL TEST

Recall that a relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the
Cartesian plane, and that a function passes the vertical line test (i.e., a vertical line can
be drawn anywhere and intersect the graph in at most one point).

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

If a vertical line x = a intersects a graph twice, say at (a,b) and at (a,c), then the graph
cannot represent a function because two different y-values correspond to x = a.
The vertical line test is a graphical method of determining whether the curve in a plane
represents the graph of a function by visually examining the number of intersections of
the curve with vertical lines.
EXAMPLE 3. Which of the following graphs can be graphs of functions upon running a
vertical line test?

SOLUTION. Graphs (a), (b), (c) are graphs of functions while (d) and (e) are not
graph of a function because they do not pass the vertical line test.
Let us test your understanding!

ACTIVITY 1: Function or Not?

Directions: Determine whether the given represents a function or not a
function. Write F if function and NF if not function before the number.

____1. A = {(8,−4 ),(6,−2),(4,0 ),(2,2),(0,4 )}

____2. B = {(6,6 ),(4,4 ),(2,2),(−2,−2 ),(0,0 )}

____3. g(x) = 3x + 2

____4. Z = {(green, blue), (blue, orange), (red, peach)}

____5.

____6.
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION

The domain of a function is the set of values that we are allowed to plug into our
function. This set is the x values in a function such as f(x).

For a function f : X → Y the domain of f is the set X. This also corresponds to the set of
x-values when we describe a function as a set of ordered pairs (x, y). If only the rule y =
f(x) is given, then the domain is taken to be the set of all real x for which the function is
defined. For example, y = √x has domain; all real x ≥ 0. This is sometimes referred to as
the natural domain of the function.

The range of a function is the set of values that the function assumes. This set is the
values that the function shoots out after we plug an x value in. They are the y values.

For a function f : X → Y the range of f is the set of y-values such that y = f(x) for some x
in X. This corresponds to the set of y-values when we describe a function as a set of
ordered pairs (x, y). The function y = √x has range; all real y ≥ 0.

Suggested procedure in finding the domain and range of a function expressed as an

equation:

Finding the domain:

1. If y is a polynomial, the domain is the set of all real numbers.
2. If y is a rational expression and contains an expression d(x) in the denominator,
the domain is the set of all real numbers except those values of x that make d(x)
equal to 0.
n
3. If y contains a radical expression √ r( x) where n is even natural number, the
domain is the set of real numbers that make r(x) greater than or equal to 0.

Finding the range:

1. If x is a polynomial, the range is the set of all real numbers. Exclude all
restrictions in the defining equation (where y is in terms of (x), if there is any.
2. If x is a rational expression and contains an expression d(y) in the
denominator, the range is the set of all real numbers except those values of y
that make d(y) equal to 0.
 n
3. If y contains a radical expression √ r( y) where n is even natural number,
the range is the set of real numbers that make r(y) greater than or equal to 0.
EXAMPLE 1. Determine the domain and range of each of the following
function.
a.3x – y = 4
First , solve 3x –y = 4 for y in terms of x.
3x – y = 4
-y = -3x + 4
y = 3x – 4, Since y is a polynomial, the domain is
D = { x/x ∈ ℜ }
Next, solve 3x – y = 4 in terms of y.
3x –y = 4
3x = y + 4
Y 4
x = + , Since x is a polynomial without restriction, the
3 3
range is R = { y / y ∈ ℜ}

b. y = x2 – 4
The defining equation y = x2 – 4 is already expressed for y in terms of x. Since y
is a polynomial, its domain is D = { x/x ∈ ℜ }
To find the range, solve y = x2 – 4 for x in terms of y.
y = x2 – 4
x2 = y + 4

x= ±√ y+4 , for x to be real, the radicand y + 4 must be

greater than or equal to 0. That is, y + 4 ¿ 0 implies that y
¿−4

6 x−3
c. g ( x )=
3 x−4
We do have a fraction though and we know that we can never divide by 0.
Therefore, we will set the denominator of g(x) equal to 0 and solve for x. This
value(s) of x will be where our domain does not exist.
3x − 4 = 0
3x = 4
4
x=
3
 4
We just solved where our function is not defined. If we x = plug into our
3
function we get a 0 in the denominator. We can write our domain in either of the
following two ways:
4 4
D = (−∞, ) ∪ ( ,∞), or
3 3
4
D = {x | x ≠ }
3
To find the range of this function we will have to look at the graph.

It should be fairly apparent that there is a horizontal asymptote at y = 2. This can

also be calculated by dividing the coefficients of the leading terms of the
6
numerator and denominator. This leads to = 2. Thus, we can write our range in
3
the following two ways:
R = (−∞,2) ∪ (2 ,∞), or
R = {y | y ≠ 2 }
PIECEWISE FUNCTION

Sometimes an equation can’t be described by a single equation, and instead we have to

describe it using a combination of equations. Such functions are called piecewise
defined functions, and probably the easiest way to describe them is to look at a couple
of examples.

EXAMPLE 1. The function g is defined when:

The function g is a piecewise defined function. It is defined using three function that
we’re most comfortable with: x 2 – 1, x -1 and the constant function 3. Each of these
three functions is paired with an interval that appears on the right side of the same line
as the function: (-ꝏ, 0], and [0,4], and [4, ꝏ) respectively.

If you want to find g(x) for a specific number x, first locate which of the three intervals
that particular number x is in. Once you’ve decided on the correct interval, use the
function that interval is paired with to determine g(x).

If you want to find g(2), first check that 2 ∈ [0,4]. Therefore, we should use the equation
g(x) = x – 1, because x – 1 is the function that the interval [0,4] is paired with. It means
that g(2) = (2) – 1 =1.

To find g(5), notice that 5 ∈ [4, ꝏ). That means we should be looking at the third interval
used in the definition of g(x), and the function paired with that interval is the constant
function 3. Therefore, g(5) = 3.
Let’s look at one more number. Let’s find g(0). First, we have to decide which of the
three intervals used in the definition of g(x) contains the number 0. Notice that there’s
some ambiguity here because 0 is contained in both the interval (- ꝏ, 0], and [0,4].
Whenever there’s ambiguity, choose either of the intervals that are options. Either of the
functions that these intervals are paired with will give you the same result. That is, 0 2 – 1
= -1 is the same number as 0 – 1 = -1, so g(0) = -1.

Let us graph the piecewise defined function:

The graph of g(x) = x2 – 1 when x ∈ (-ꝏ, 0].

The graph of g(x) = x – 1, when x ∈ [0,4].

The graph of g(x) = 3, when x ∈ [4, ꝏ).

And finally, the graph of piecewise defined function:

Let us test your understanding!

ACTIVITY 2: Domain and Range

A. Directions: Solve for the domain and range of the following relations
then tell whether if the relation is a function or not a function. If unsure,
graph the relation to determine its range.

1
(a) y = x (c) y = x

(b) y = x2 (d) y= √x
B. Directions: Solve the following x-values by plugging it in the given piecewise
function. Graph the totality of the function then determine the domain and range.

2x x≤0
f ( x )=
{ 4
x−3
0˂x≥3
x˃3

a. x=-4
b. x = -2
c. x=0
d. x=3
e. x=5

Graph here:

SELF CHECK!

Assessment
IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Write F if the given relation is a function or NF if not.

_____1. A={(1,3), (4,9), (2,9), (4,7)}

_____2. B={(a,2), (b,2), (a,3)}
_____3. C={(x,a), (v,a), (y,a)}
_____4. D={(β,α), (µ,β), (µ,α)}
_____5. E={(1,β), (2,β), (3,β)}

_____6. ____7.

1
β A

α 2 £

_____8. _____9.

_____10.

PROBLEM SOLVING
Direction: Determine the domain and range of each of the following functions.

1. f(x) = x – 5
2. h(x) = 4 – x
 1
−
3. y = x
4. g(x) = 3x + 2
5. y = √ 5−2 x
ILLUSTRATION
Direction: Draw the graph of the piecewise defined functions and complete the table
value for it.

x + 2 if x ≤ 1
1. f(x)=
x2 if x > 1

If x + 2 if x ≤ 1

Domain(x) -3 -2 -1 0 1

Range(y)

If x2 if x > 1

Domain(x) 6 5 4 3 2

Range(y)

Graph here:

PROBLEM SOLVING
Directions: Solve the given problem.

A sales person selling books for a book company receives a monthly salary of Php
15,000. In addition, he is given a commission for sales he makes over 20 books per
month. The commission rate schedule is given below:
 Php20 per book for over 20 books up to 50 books sold per month
 Php30 per book for over 50 books sold per month

a. Write a piecewise function to represent the given problem.

b. Compute the salesperson’s monthly income if he sells:

 18 books in a month
 45 books in a month
 57 books in a month

References:

Calculator Suite - GeoGebra

1050-text-pdf.pdf