L01.

1 (Matrices and its Definition)

A matrix is a collection of numbers arranged in a fixed number of rows and

columns
Here is an example of a matrix

Matrices are normally denoted by capital letters while its elements are
denoted by small letters. It is normally enclosed by square brackets.
In the above example matrix A,the elements are A11, A12,A21 and A22
That is, elements are 3,4 2 1

rows are the horizontal elements

columns are the vertical elements

The above matrix A has two rows and two columns

The size or order of a matrix is given by (m x n) m is the number of rows, n is

the number of columns.

-the size of order of the matrix is 2x2

Elements are usually denoted by small letters and subscripts ij Example: A11
is the element in row 1 and column 2, A12 is the element in row 1 and column
2 and so on.

A11 = 2 since A11 is in row 1 and column 1

A23 = 5 since A23 is in row 2 and column3
Aij = i is the row where the element is located
j is the column where the element is located

A(i,j)= indicates the position of a certain element

= i s the row where the element is located
= j is the column where the element is located

Example A (1,2) = 7 since element 7 is located in row 1 and column 2

L01.2 (Matrices: Special type of matrices)

Special type of matrices

1. Row matrix = a type of matrix consisting of only one row. The number of
columns does not matter.

2. Column matrix = a type of matrix consisting of only one column The

number of rows does not matter.

This is also called as column vector

3. Zero matrix = a type of matrix where all the element are zero.

4. Null matrix = a type of matrix when there is no element present. That is A[ ]

is considered as matrix.

5. Rectangular matrix = a type of matrix that consists ‘m’ number of rows

and ‘n’ number of columns (mxn)
6. Square matrix = a type of rectangular matrix where the number of rows
equals the number columns.

7. Identity matrix = a type of matrix where the main diagonal elements are
all equal to ‘1’ and the rest of the elements are zero.

8. Diagonal matrix = a type of matrix the main diagonal are of any values but
all remaining elements are all equal to zero.

9. Symmetrix matrix = a type of matrix where the transpose of a given matrix

is the same or itself That is AT= A or A’= A
Superscript T or ‘ indicates transpose of a matrix.

10. Skew - Symmetric matrix = happens when AT = -A or A’= -A

11. Upper Triangular matrix = the upper part from the main diagonal has
any values while the remaining elements are zero.
That is:

12. Lower triangular matrix = the lower part from the main diagonal has any
values while the remaining elements are zero.

L01.3 (Matrix Algebra: Matrix Equality)

Matrix equality
Two matrices are said to be equal if and only if the order and elements
of two matrices are equal.
Matrix A will only be equal to matrix B if and only of they have the same
elements.

And same order or size

L01.4 (Matrix Algebra: Addition and Subtraction of Matrices)

Addition and Subtraction of matrices

-this process involves an element-to-element operation.
If the operation involved is subtraction, that is the same process

Note: you can only use subtraction and addition if they have the same order
or size.
A(mxn) can only be added to B(mxn)
A:(2x2) can be added to B(2x2)
A:(3x2) can be added to B:(3x2)

If A has an order 4x2, B is 4x3; A+B or A-B is not Possible or no silution.

 L01.5 Matrix Algebra: Multiplication of matrices by a scalar

Scalar is also known as constant. If a scalar is multiplied to ah given

matrix, EACH element inside the matrix is multiplied by that scalar.

That is,
 L01.6 Matrix Vector Multiplication

Matrix-vector Multiplication
Vector is another term used if there is only one row or column.

Row Vector - means the matrix consists of one row only regardless of the
number of column.
Example: [1 2 3 4 5] => (1x5)matrix

Column Vector - means the matrix consists of consists of one column only
regardless of the number of rows.

Example :

Let us say

Find C=AB

Solution:
Check first the size of the given matrix.

This must be equal at all times that is, the column of the first matrix
must be equal to the row of the second matrix.
If it is not equal, multiplication is not possible.
 The size or order of the product of the two matrices is equal to row of
the first matrix and the column of the second matrix.

Multiply each row of matrix A by column vector B

That is;
Note: The procedure is applicable to any size of matrix and vector as long as
the number of first matrix is the same to the number of rows of the second
matrix. If this is not satisfied, the multiplication process is not possible.

L01.7 Matrix-vector multiplication using FALK’ SCHEME

Find C= AB using Falk’ scheme

L01. Matrix-Matrix Multiplication
Note: This procedure is applicable to large size of matrices
Note: this procedure is applicable to large size of matrices
 L01.9 Matrix-Matrix Multiplication using Falk’ Scheme

Note:
The procedure is just the same for all the rows and columns
That is;
Multiply row 1 of A to column 1 of B
Multiply row 2 of A to column 1 of B
Multiply row 1 of A to column 2 of B
Multiply row 2 of A to column 2 of B
Multiply row 1 of A to column 3 of B
Multiply row 2 of A to column 3 of B
 L01.10 Minors, Cofactors and Adjoint of a Matrix

Minors of each element can be obtained and is labeled as M11 for Minors of
A11, M12 for minors of A12 and so on…

To solve for the minors of a certain element, we need to cross out the row and
column where that particular element lies or belongs and get the determinant
of the remaining elements.

For example: given matrix A above

 NOTE: This procedure is applicable to large size or order of a matrix

Cofactors of a matrix - usually denoted by C for Cofactor of element Cij

where i=row, j=column

Where:
i= the row where the element is located
j= the column where the element is located
NOTE: this procedure is applicable to any size of a matrix

NOTE; This solution is applicable to any size or order of a matrix

Adjoint of a matrix
Denoted by adj(A) where A is a given matrix

===>

Where T indicates transpose of matrix (refer to

your transpose of a matrix for better understanding)

The transpose of a matrix simply interchange your rows and columns (row1
becomes column 1) and so on.. Cij here is known as the Cofactor of Aij .

That is, C11---cofactor of A11

C33---cofactor of A33

L01.13 Transpose of a Matrix

Transpose of matrix- denoted by superscript T

-given matrix A, transpose of matrix A, is given by AT. In some books A
is given by A’ (AT or A’)

Note: this process is applicable to any size or order of a matrix

 L01.12 Determinant of Matrix

Determinant of matrix
-denoted by det(A) or lAl
-applicable only to square matrix
-can be used in many different applications

How to find the determinant?

Determinant of a 3x3 matrix

To find the determinant we need to choose a reference row or column

(normally choose row 1)
Determinant of 4x4 matrix
Use cofactor method to solve for the determinant of each 3x3 matrix on all
terms.

L01.13 Inverse of a Matrix

Inverse of a matrix is denoted by A-1 where AxA-1=I

I is known as the identity matrix

where adj(A) is the adjoint of matrix A ,lAl= determinant of

matrix A