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Laboratory Exercises

1 Introduction to Logic gates and Circuit

Design
Hernandez, John Patrick A.
EE-3104
Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the concept of Logic Gates and Logic Circuits
2. Introduced to basic circuit wiring and trouble shooting
3. Simulate basic circuit connection using Logic Devices
4. Knows and Understand the IC families and their pin configuration
5. Able to make a schematic diagram and simulate a result

1.1 Introduction
This experiment aims to introduce the basic circuit wiring and troubleshooting. The
behaviour of several basic logic gates will be tested and in this lab we will also connect
several logic gates to create a simple circuits.

1.2 Materials
Basic Logic Gates Connecting wire Wire Stripper
Breadboard (Optional) or Trainer Board Multimeter

Or

Logic Circuit Simulation Software

1.3 Theory
The basic logic gates are the building blocks of more complex logic circuits.
These logic gates perform the basic Boolean functions, such as AND, OR, NAND, NOR,
Inversion, Exclusive-OR, Exclusive-NOR. Fig.1.0 below shows the circuit symbol,
Boolean function, and truth. It is seen from the Fig that each gate has one or two binary
inputs, A and B, and one binary output, C. The small circle on the output of the circuit
symbols designates the logic complement. The AND, OR, NAND, and NOR gates can be
extended to have more than two inputs. A gate can be extended to have multiple inputs
if the binary operation it represents is commutative and associative. These basic logic
gates are implemented as small-scale integrated circuits (SSICs) or as part of more
complex medium scale (MSI) or very large-scale (VLSI) integrated circuits. Digital IC
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gates are classified not only by their logic operation, but also the specific logic-circuit
family to which they belong. Each logic family has its own basic electronic circuit upon
which more complex digital circuits and functions are developed. The following logic
families are the most frequently used. TTL Transistor-transistor logic ECL
Emitter-coupled logic MOS Metal-oxide semiconductor CMOS Complementary metal-
oxide semiconductor TTL and ECL are based upon bipolar transistors. TTL has a well
established popularity among logic families. ECL is used only in systems requiring high-
speed operation. MOS and CMOS, are based on field effect transistors. They are widely
used in large scale integrated circuits because of their high component density and
relatively low power consumption. CMOS logic consumes far less power than MOS
logic. There are various commercial Logic Design Laboratory Manual integrated circuit
chips available. TTL ICs are usually distinguished by numerical designation as the 5400
and 7400 series.

1.4 Procedure
We Will test in this experiment the different behaviour of Basic Logic gates,
including AND, inverters, XOR gates, OR gates, NOR gates, NAND gates. The gate is
implanted in an IC package. The Figure 1.1 and 1,2 shows the pinouts for these circuits.
The detailed specification of the TTL IC can be seen on their datasheet which is available for
download in their respected website
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Experiment 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

To know the basic connections to implement a logic circuits using various IC

74LS04 (inverter) gate.

1. Check the pinout for this chip on figure 1.2.

2. Insert the 7404 chip on the middle of the breadboard and it should be like the figure
1.1

Figure 1.1

3. By looking on the pinout, identify the power source (VCC) and ground (GND).
Connect the VCC on the + source and the GND to the – source.
4. The chip (7404) contains 6 inverter gates and each input and output has their own
corresponding pin number. From the pin configuration, choose the gate to be tested.
Connect a wire to both HIGH (1) and LOW (0) consecutively to the input pin of the
chosen gate.
5. To test the functionality of the gate, connect 330 ohm resistor to the output pin of the
chosen gate to any place outside the IC. Connect the Light Emitting Diode (LED) as
seen in figure 1.2.

6. Turn on the power supply. If the Input pin is connected to the LOW(0) voltage the
output LED should Light ON(1) otherwise if the input pin is connected to the HIGH(1)
the output LED should have no light (0)

330 Ω

LED
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Figure 1.2

7. Assume A is the input to the inverter (either 0 or 1) and that Y is the output.
Fill in Table 1.1 according to the logic behavior that you observe.

Note: First fill in the second column of the table using the readings from the
multimeter. Then determine the answers to the last column based upon these
readings. If the output is high (H), the multimeter will read approximately 4.4 volts;
when it is low (L), the multimeter will read about 0.15 volts. If you read a voltage
between these values, you have likely wired your circuit incorrectly.

Table. 1.1
Inverter logic behavior
A Y
Voltage Current Logic
0 1

1 0
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Fig. 1.3: Pinouts of the 7400 series TTL logic gates.

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Fig. 1.4: Pinouts of the 7400 series TTL logic gates.

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Findings and Conclusions

Figure 1. Inverter Gate with input set to 0 and output is 1

Figure 2. Inverter Gate with input set to 1 and output is 0

In conclusion we can see that an inverter gate just “inverts” the signal from
the input to the output. In this case, it is obvious that the output is opposite of the
signal from the input is sending, that is why it is called an inverter gate.
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Experiment 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Identify various ICs and their specification.
1. Repeat the same experiment with the other basic gates 74LS00 (NAND), 74LS02 (NOR),
74LS08 (AND), 74LS32 (OR), and 74LS86 (XOR).
***Note Refer to figure 1.2 and 1.3 for pin configuration, The pin configuration may
differ on every IC.

Complete the table below.

Table 1.2

NAND
A B
Voltage Current Logic
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

AND
A B
Voltage Current Logic
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

OR
A B
Voltage Current Logic
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NOR
A B
Voltage Current Logic
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
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XOR
A B
Voltage Current Logic
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

XNOR
A B
Voltage Current Logic
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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Findings and Conclusion:

Figure 1 (NAND Gate).

Figure 2 (AND Gate).

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Figure 3 (OR Gate).

Figure 4 (NOR Gate).

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Figure 5 (XOR Gate).

Figure 6 (XNOR Gate).

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After this experiment, I learned and fully understood the

function of logic gates in a particular logic circuit. This is also backed
up by the knowledge of solving logic gates using Boolean Algebra
which is taught to us by Sir Philip.
The knowledge of how logic gates works are very important
because they are used to make decisions so that certain electrical
outputs only turn on when the correct logic sequence has been applied.
Each logic gate has a name that helps to describe how different inputs
will determine the possible outputs.
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Laboratory Exercises

Experiment 3
Learning Objective
Able to make a schematic diagram and simulate a result

The logic gates can be connected to each other to form a combinational circuit with unique
functions. The experiment aims to introduce a procedure for wiring schematic diagrams.
Connect the circuit shown in figure 1.3

Fig. 1.5: Circuit A

Table 1.3 Circuit A logic behaviour

A B C OUTPUT
(F)
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
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.Findings and Conclusion

Figure 1 (A=0, B=0, C=0)

Figure 2 (A=0, B=0, C=1)

Figure 3 (A=0, B=1, C=0)

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Figure 4 (A=0, B=1, C=1)

Figure 5 (A=1, B=0, C=0)

Figure 6 (A=1, B=0, C=1)

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Figure 7 (A=1, B=1, C=0)

Figure 8 (A=1, B=1, C=1)

After this experiment, I further enhanced my knowledge in terms of logic circuit

analyzing and assess the results of a given schematic diagram. Additionally, this also helps
in improving my critical thinking skill which is a need in terms of analyzing these kinds of
circuits. My knowledge of using knowledge gate has expanded but I am still very much
willing to expand on it more. Knowing what the output of the circuit would be just by
looking at it is a very satisfying feeling and I practiced that in making these experiments.