Group 4:

1. Salsabila Inarotussofa (1903046081)

2. Titik Syahida (1903046093)
3. Mohamad Irfan Sahroni (1903046095)
4. Likha Malikhatul Khusna (1903046098)
5. Mutiara Farahdiva Anisa (1903046105)
6. Mochammad Fariz Hisyam (1903046109)
7. Jihanasia Bornin Javati (1903046113)

Summary: Language in Use

Language in Use

Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
those forms. The advantage of learning language through pragmatics is that someone can talk
about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of
actions that they are performing when they speak. While, the big disadvantage is that all these
very human concepts are extremely difficult to analyze consistently and objectively.
The example of pragmatics is as follows: two friends that having a conversation may
imply and infer some things without providing any clear linguistic evidence that we can point to
as the explicit source of 'the meaning' of what was communicated. Dialog with the logo “[i]” is
just such a problematic case. I heard the speakers, I knew what they said, but I had no idea what
was communicated.
[i] A: So—did you?
B: Hey—who wouldn't?
Thus, pragmatics is appealing because it's about how people make sense of each other
linguistically, but it can be a frustrating area of study because it requires us to make sense of
people and what they have in mind.
Source: Yule, George. (1996). Pragmatics. New York. Oxford University Press.

Natural and Conventional Signs

 The philosopher and religious thinker, named St. Augustine, distinguishes signs into two
parts: Natural Signs and Conventional Signs. It is to support the view that there is an inbuilt
interpretative component to the entire meaning process. Natural Signs are the sign which apart
from any intention or desire of using them as signs, where it does not lead to the knowledge of
something else yet. Natural Signs is the signs that comes from nature. For example: dark clouds
on the sky signs of rain, flags signify nations is different, foot print is a sign of someone that
walking in a direction, smoke indicates the fire, etc. While, Conventional Signs are the signs
which living beings mutually exchange in order to show the feelings of their minds, perceptions,
or thoughts. For example: the whistle of a policeman directing traffics, and the whistle of the
referee in a soccer game. Their sounds exactly same, but they convey different meanings due to
the difference of contexts in which the signal occurs.
Source: Meier-Oeser, Stephan. (2011). Medieval Semiotics. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, Summer 2011.
(http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/semiotics-medieval/)

Linguistic Signs
Linguistic sign is word. Based on a basic component in the scheme, an
object, which acquires its meaning that is expressed by a linguistic sign (Word).
The same structure and the same three components constitute this Stoic concept:
Meaning (Thought), Sounds (Linguistic Signs/Word), and the Object. According
to the Stoics, two of these elements (Sounds and Object) are a material
form, and one of them (Meaning) is a non-material form. Every
linguistic sign is spontaneous. What is meant by spontaneity is
inadvertence, arbitrariness, and does not contain reasonableness
- regularity in the formation character. Linguistic sign is a
predication of a certain type of designated objectivity. The
linguistic sign of an object is not its natural/original feature. When we express something about
anything, it does not mean that we somehow naturally influence it. The sign is only a predicate
of objectivity.
Source: Amaglobeli, Givi. 2012. Semantic Triangle and Linguistic Sign. Scientific Journal in
Humanities

Utterance and Sentence

Utterance is any stretch of talk by one person before and after there is silence on the part
of that person. An utterance is used by a particular speaker on a particular occasion of a language
piece, such as a sequence of sentences, a single phrase, even a single word. Examples:
(1) ‘Hello’ (Yes / No)
(2) ‘Pxgotmgt’ (Yes / No)

Sentence is neither a physical event nor a physical object. It is conceived abstractly a

string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language. A sentence can be thought
of as the ideal string of words behind various realizations in utterances and inscriptions.
Examples:
(1) Syahida waters the plants every morning. (Yes / No)
(2) Waters Syahida every plants morning. (Yes / No)

The difference between utterance and sentence are: anything written between single
quotation marks represents an utterance, and anything italicized represents a sentence or
(similarly abstract) part of a sentence, such as a phrase or a word. Examples:
(1) ‘Help’ represents an utterance.
(2) The steeples have been struck by lightning represents a sentence.
(3) ‘The steeples have been struck by lightning’ represents an utterance.
(4) John represents a word conceived as part of a sentence.
Source: R. Hurford, James, Brendan Heasley, and Michael B. Smith. 2007. Semantics: A
Coursebook Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.

Prosody
Prosody is the study of all language elements that contribute toward acoustic and
rhythmic effects. Prosody includes some terminologies like tone, pitch accent, stress, and
intonation. Tone is a particular pitch or change of pitch constituting an element in the intonation
of a phrase or sentence. Pitch accent is the prominence that given to a syllable or word by means
of raised pitch or change of pitch. The English type of pitch accent is associated with stress
positions in words and phrase, which are the more abstract feature of language structure than
their phonetic realizations as pitch accents. Stress is the intensity of utterance that given to a
speech sound, syllable, or word producing relative loudness. The stress positions in words,
phrases, and sentences are the structural locations to which pitch accents are assigned. Intonation
is the rhythms and melodies which are assigned to language constituents. For Example:
(1) If MUsic be the food of love, play ON
(2) DOWN the LANE came MEN in PITboots
Source: Gibbon, Dafydd. 2017. Prosody: Rhythms and Melodies of Speech. Bielefeld University
of Germany

Non-Verbal Communication
 Non-verbal communication has substantial primacy. Studies of precisely how verbal and
non-verbal signs intermingle and modify each other in our multiform speech communities must
be further considered conjointly by linguists and other semioticians. Some authors have
discussed or proposed the terms vocal vs. non-vocal as an alternative to the verbal and non-
verbal dichotomy. The explanation is below:
1. Verbal – Vocal communication comprises messages of a spoken natural language.
2. Non-verbal – Vocal communication comprises the field of para-linguistics and some other
non-linguistic uses of the human voice (e.g., screaming, laughing, etc.).
3. Verbal – Non-vocal communication is carried.
4. Non-verbal - Non-vocal communication comprises the somatic signs in time and space dealt
with in this section.

In addition, Gesture is bodily communication by means of hands, arms, and a lesser

degree of the head. Body Language is bodily communication by posture, body motion, and the
orientation that will be subsumed under the designation of body language. Kinesics is a
systematic study of the relationship between nonlinguistic body motions (such as blushes,
shrugs, or eye movement) and communication.
Source: Sebeok, Thomas. 2001. Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics, Second Edition. University
of Toronto Press