Senior High School

Physical Science
Quarter 1-Module 2
Week 3: Intermolecular Forces
Week 4 : Biological Macromolecules

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What this module is all about

This module covers the following MELCS (1) Describe the general
types of intermolecular forces, (2) Explain the effect of intermolecular on the
properties of substances, and (3) explain how the structures of biological
macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins
determine their properties and function.

Lesson 1 in this module will help the learner to understand that there
is a force of interaction other than intramolecular forces that exists between
molecules called as intermolecular forces. Students will also learn how these
forces affect the properties and structure of some substances and why this
substance exist as liquid and others not.

Lesson 2 emphasizes the importance of biological macromolecules in

our body which includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid.
The structures of these macromolecules will also be given emphasis since it
affects their properties and function.

What I Need to Know

After going through this module you are expected to:
1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-IIIc-d-
17)
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of
substances (S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)
3. Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their
properties and function. (S11/12PS-IIIe-22)

How to learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:

• Read the lesson carefully. Take your time.
• Follow instructions in doing the activities. Do it diligently.
• Be honest in doing the activities.
• Check your understanding by answering the post test at the end of the
module.
 Lesson
1 Intermolecular Forces

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in
your notebook.
What I Know
1. The following are intermolecular forces of attraction EXCEPT
A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
B. Dipole-dipole D. London Dispersion

2. It is the weakest intermolecular attraction which is formed due to temporary

dipole.
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London
Dispersion

3. Which of the following will most likely form a hydrogen bond?

A. HCl B. HI C. HF D. H2S

4. What type of intermolecular forces of attraction that holds Cl2 --- Cl2
molecules together?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. Hydrogen Bond D. London
Dispersion

5. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe Hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bond is…
A. a bond between hydrogen and the highly electronegative atoms N, O, F
B. a bond formed between a partial positive hydrogen in a polar molecule
and a slightly negative atom in another molecule
C. a very strong dipole-dipole interaction
D. the weakest form of intermolecular force

6. The following atoms participate in hydrogen bonding EXCEPT

A. C B. F C. O D. N

7. Dissolving sodium chloride in water results to what type of intermolecular

interaction?
A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion
C.
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8. What type of intermolecular force of attraction is present as indicated by the
arrow below?

H Cl H
A. Dipole-dipole Cl C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London dispersion

9. The type of intermolecular force which is a result of unequal sharing of

electrons resulting in a partially positive and partially negative end is
called_________
A. Dipole-dipole C. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion

10.Which intermolecular forces of attraction exist in H2S ----- H2S?

A. Dipole-dipole, London forces C. Ionic, London dispersion
B. Hydrogen bond, London dispersion D. London – London

11.The type of intermolecular forces of attraction that exist in all molecules is

A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion forces

12.Substance with __________ intermolecular forces will have _________

boiling point.
A. Stronger, lower C. Weaker, higher
B. Stronger, higher D. Weaker, the same

13.Which of the molecules has the highest boiling point?

A. HBr B. HCl C. HF D. HI

14.Which of following compounds should have the lowest boiling point?

A. HF B. H2O C. NH3 D. O2

15.Which of the following compounds most likely have the highest boiling
point?
A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. C5H12

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 What’s In

Have you ever wonder how sugar totally mixed up with water. What
happened to the particles of sugar? Where did it go? Is it gone? But you noticed
that the water taste sweet which means that sugar is still there.
Do you still remember your lessons in Grade 9 where you learned that
atoms chemically combined to form compound? The chemical attractions that
held the atoms together in a compound are referred as intramolecular forces.
These forces of attractions exist between atoms. In water for example, the atoms
of hydrogen chemically combined with the atoms of oxygen to form water
molecule.
There are three types of intramolecular forces namely: (1) Ionic bond
formed when there is transfer of electrons and is usually formed between a
metal and non-metal; (2) Covalent bond is a bond formed when there is sharing
of electron. This type of bond exists between two non-metal atoms. There are
two types of covalent bonds. A polar covalent bond (formed when there is
unequal sharing of electrons between two combining atoms, and non-polar
covalent bond (formed by equal sharing of electrons); and (3) metallic bond is
formed between positively charged atoms in which the free moving electrons
are shared forming a crystal lattice.
The forces of attraction that holds together sugar and water molecule in a
mixture is another type of attraction called intermolecular force. These forces
of attraction exist between molecules which hold them together.
Going through this module will help you understand the different
intermolecular forces of attraction that exists between molecules. You will also
learn from this module that the type of intermolecular forces present in the
substance is responsible for its properties.

What’s New

Activity 1. FIND ME
Find and encircle the words in the puzzle.

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 D I P O L E D I P O L E R A P A V
S U R F A C E T E N S I O N A R I
B R V I N T R A M O L E C U L A R
O P H Y D R O G E N B O N D R L S
I L O N D O N D I S P E R S I O N
L A P R N O N P O L A R B O N P B
I V A P O R P R E S S U R E R R F
N S M E L T I N G P O I N T T A O
G U T B R C O V A L E N T B O N D
P O N I C B O N D F O R W A R D C
O A N M E I O N D I P O L E S O E
I B V I S C O S I T Y S P O T M S
N C I N T E R M O L E C U L A R R
T T V I O N I C B O N D A L E S T

Boiling Point Intramolecular Non-polar

Covalent bond Ion-dipole Polar
Dipole-Dipole Ionic bond Surface Tension
Hydrogen Bond London Dispersion Vapor Pressure
Intermolecular Melting point Viscosity

What is It

Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules, atoms, or

ions. Intermolecular forces of attraction are weaker than intramolecular in terms
of energy involved however; intermolecular forces are responsible for the
properties of molecules. The intermolecular forces explain why substance exists
as solid, liquid or gas at room temperature. The following are the types of
intermolecular forces.
Ion-dipole Interaction
An ion-dipole interaction is the force of interaction that exists between
charged particles called ions and a polar molecule. When NaCl dissolves in
water, NaCl dissociates to form Na+ ion and Cl- ion. Since water is a polar
molecule, it has a partial positive end and partial negative end. Thus, the Na +
ion from the NaCl molecule will attract the partially negative end of the water

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molecule, while the Cl- ion of NaCl will also attract to the partially positive end
of the water molecule (Figure 1).
Ion-dipole

Fig. 1. Ion-dipole Interaction

Dipole-Dipole Interaction
Dipole- dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar
molecule like HCI. The unequal sharing of electrons between Hydrogen and
Chlorine atoms in HCl creating a partially positive pole in H and partially
negative pole in Cl and is referred as DIPOLE (Figure 2).

Hδ+Clδ-Hδ+Clδ-
Dipole-dipole

Fig. 2. Dipole-dipole interaction

In dipole-dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent dipoles attract
each other in way that the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end
of the other molecule.
Hydrogen Bond
The bond that exists between water molecules is Hydrogen bond (Fig.3).
It is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen which is a
polar molecule and a highly electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen and
Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element F, O, N causes
the hydrogen to become strongly positive.

Hδ+ Hδ+
Oδ- Oδ-
Hδ+ Hδ+

H-bond

Fig.3. Hydrogen bond in water

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 The ability of water to form H-bond relates to its ability as a universal
solvent. H-bond prevents the water from evaporating quickly into the
atmosphere. It also causes ice to float in water since at freezing temperature,
water molecules tend to form a crystal lattice as it expands.

London Dispersion Forces- is present in all molecules. It is the weakest

intermolecular force which is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar
molecule. The strength of the dispersion forces increases as the molecular
weight of the substance increases.
Activity 2
Unscramble the letter to tell what property is being described in the
statement.
1. Boiling point (Bilniog pniot) is the temperature at which the vapour
pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure (Chang, 2015).
2. Viscosity (Vcisitoy) measures how well the substance flow.
3. Surface tension (Sfrucae tnsioen) measures the toughness of the surface
of the liquid.
4. Melting point (Mltineg pniot) is the temperature at which a substance
changes from liquid to gas.
5. Vapor pressure (Vopar perussre) is the small amount of gas that can be
found above all liquid?

Activity 3. Let me FLOAT!!!

Materials:
 Glass
 Water
 Powdered pepper (paminta)
 Liquid detergent
 dropper
Procedure:
1. Fill the glass with about three-fourth full of water.
2. Sprinkle a pinch of powdered pepper (paminta) on the surface of the
water. Observe.
Did the pepper floats in water?
-Yes
Put a drop of liquid detergent on the surface of the water. Observe.

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 What happen to the pepper as you put a drop of liquid detergent to the
water?
-The pepper sinks to the bottom because the surface tension of the
water is too low to hold up the particles.

Chemical bond holds atom together in a molecule, this type of interaction

is called Intramolecular It is the interaction that exist within the molecule.
Intermolecular forces on the other hand, are the force of interaction that exists
between molecules. Though this type of interaction is weaker than
intramolecular force it greatly affects the properties of substance.
In the activity, when you sprinkle powdered pepper (paminta) on the top
of the water, it floats on the surface. When a drop of liquid detergent touches
the surface of the water, it breaks the surface tension of the water thereby
allowing the pepper to sink in the water.
Surface Tension – is a property of the surface of the water caused by the
cohesive forces (intermolecular forces) between molecules which allows liquid
to create a thin film on its surface.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the stronger the surface tension.
The H-bond in water produces a high surface tension in water; thus, allowing
the paper clip floats in water. Substance with weaker intermolecular forces will
have lower surface tension.
Boiling Point – is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a
liquid is equal to the external pressure (Chang, 2015).
Melting Point – is the temperature at which a substance begins to change
from solid to liquid.
In general, substance with stronger intermolecular force (IMF) will have
higher boiling point than substance with a weaker intermolecular forces. The
strong intermolecular force of the substance holds the molecules tightly thus
making the bond hard to evaporate and boil.
Viscosity – is the property of substance resistance to flow. In general,
stronger IMF means high viscosity.
Vapor pressure – is a measure of the tendency of a material to change
into the gaseous or vapor state, and it increases with temperature. A liquid with
weak intermolecular forces will evaporate easily thus, has a higher vapor
pressure while liquid with strong IMF will not easily evaporate thus will have
lower vapor pressure.

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 What’s More

Enrichment Activity: Do this…

1. Identify the possible intermolecular force attraction in the following:

a. NaCl ------ H2O ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION

b. NH3 ------ NH3 HYDROGEN BOND
c. H2S ------- H2S DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION
d. O2 ------- O2 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
e. HCl ------ HCl DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION
f. CH3OH ------ CH3OH HYDROGEN BOND
g. H2 ---------- H2 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
h. Na2S ------ HCl ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION
i. Br2 ------- Br2 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
j. H2O ----- H2O HYDROGEN BOND
2. Arrange the following compounds (H2O, H2S, Br2, NaCl) in increasing….

a. Boiling Points Br2,H2S,H2O,NaCl

b. Melting Points Br2,H2S,H2O,NaCl
c. Surface Tension Br2,H2S,H2O,NaCl
d. Vapor Pressure NaCl,H2O, H2S, Br2
e. Viscosity Br2,H2S,H2O,NaCl

What I Have Learned

Let’s summarize it!

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  Intramolecular forces are forces that holds atom together in a
molecule.
 Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules. Ion-dipole,
dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bond and London Forces or Van der Waals
Forces.
 Ion-dipole is the force of interaction that exists between charged
particles called ions and a polar molecule.
 Dipole-dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar
molecule. In dipole-dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent
dipoles attract each other in way that the positive end of one molecule
attracts the negative end of the other molecule.
 Hydrogen bond- is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction where
Hydrogen bond to highly electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen
and Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element
F, O, N causes the hydrogen to become strongly positive.
 London Dispersion Forces- is the weakest intermolecular force which
is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule.
 Intermolecular forces affect the properties of substance such as boiling
point, melting point, surface tension, vapor pressure, and viscosity. In
general, the stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling
point, melting point, surface tension and viscosity of the substance.
However, in terms of vapor pressure, the stronger the intermolecular
the substance has the lower its vapor pressure.
 It also follows that, the larger the molecule, the stronger the
intermolecular force it has.
 The relative strength of intermolecular forces is shown in figure 4
below:

London Dipole- Hydrogen Ion – dipole Ionic bond

Dispersion dipole bond interaction
Forces interaction

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES INTRAMOLECULAR

Weakest Strongest

What
Fig. 4. IRelative
Can Do strength of intermolecular force

In this activity will let you understand the effect of attractive forces to
viscosity of a substance.

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Materials Needed:
- a tablespoon of sample liquids (water, oil, condensed milk, chocolate
syrup)
- timer
Procedure:
1. Get one tablespoon of each liquid.
2. Get ready with the timer.
3. Pour liquid one at a time and record the time it takes the liquid to hit the
ground. Record your observation.
4. Repeat if needed.
Guide Questions:
1. Which liquid flow freely to the ground?
-Water
2. What would be the reason why some liquid some liquid flow freely while
others did not?
-Because they has low viscosity so they flows faster while the others has
high viscosity so that they flows slower.

Assessment

Name:____________________________ Date:_____________
Section:___________________________ Score:____________
Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in
your notebook.

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1. What type of bond exists between oxygen (O2) molecules?
C. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
D. Dipole-dipole D. London Dispersion

2. It is the weakest intermolecular attraction which is formed due to temporary

dipole.
A. Dipole-dipole B. ion-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London
Dispersion

3. Which of the following substances will exhibit dipole-dipole intermolecular

forces?
A. N2 B. CH3OH C. CO2 D. H2S
4. The following atoms participate in hydrogen bonding EXCEPT
A. C B. F C. O D. N

5. Dissolving sodium chloride in water results to what type of intermolecular

interaction?
A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion

6-10. Refer to the following option

A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London dispersion
C.
What type of intermolecular forces of attraction that exists between the
following molecules?
6. NH3 ------ NH3
7. Li2S ------- H2O
8. N2 ------ N2
9. HBr ----- HBr
10. H2 ----- H2
11.Which of the following intermolecular forces has the highest boiling point?
A. Dipole- Dipole C, Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen Bond D. London Dispersion

12. The type of intermolecular forces of attraction that exist in all molecules is
A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion forces

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13. Substance with _________ intermolecular forces will have _________
vapor pressure.
A. stronger, lower C. weaker, lower
B. stronger, higher D. weaker, the same

14.At which temperature would you expect water to have the greatest vapour
pressure?
A. 100o B. 75o C. 9o D. 0o

15.Which of the following compounds most likely have the lowest boiling
point?
A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. C5H12

Science - Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Lesson 1 (Intermolecular Forces)
Lesson 2 (Biological Macromolecules: Structures and Function)
First Edition, 2020
Published by the Department of Education – Division of Lanao del Norte
Schools Division Superintendent: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD,CESO V
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 Development Team of the Module
Writer/s: Leneth G. Udarbe
Vanessa Mae B. Martinez
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Leah Lyn A. Lingatong
Christy Joy A. Retanal
Reviewer/s: Emilie A. Franje
Illustrator and Layout Artist: Leneth G. Udarbe
Proofreader, In-House Content and Language Editors:
Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Co-Chairpersons: Alicia E. Anghay, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Jean S. Macasero., EPS-Science
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Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected] Books
 Rody Bayoang, Ma. Lourdes Coronacion. Physical Science for Senior High School.
Quezon City, Philippines. Education Resources Corporation.2016.

 Gian Karlo R. Dapul, Maria Kristina Salazar.” Teaching Guide for Senior High School
PHYSICAL SCIENCE. Quezon City, Philippines. Commission on Higher
Education.2016.

Answer Key

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