Lesson 6 Newton’s Law of Motion and Applications

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Motion draws our attention. Motion itself can

be beautiful, causing us to marvel at the forces
needed to achieve spectacular motion, such as that
of a dolphin jumping out of the water, or a pole
vaulter, or the flight of a bird or the orbit of a
satellite. The study of motion is Kinematics, but
kinematics only describes the way objects move
their velocity and their acceleration. Dynamics
considers the forces that affect the motion of
moving objects and systems. Newton's laws of
motion are the foundation of dynamics. These laws
provide an example of the breadth and simplicity of
principles under which nature functions. They are
also universal laws in that they apply to similar
situations on Earth as well as in space.
Image from Kachaa
Let’s CheckisYour
The bicyclist Knowledge
doing an exhibition.
Calculate the Net force and draw the resulting force
vector and with the correct net force. And for multiple choice, encircle the letter of
correct answer.
Resulting Vectors Balance/Unbalanced
100 N 50 N
1.
_______________ _______________
135 N
75 N ________________ _______________
2. 50 N

50 N
3.
25 N ______________ ________________

2. The moon has a smaller mass than the Earth. If you were able to travel to the moon your
weight would...
a.Increase b. Decrease c. Stay the same d. Vary with day and night
1. Which force always pulls downward on objects?
a. Support force b. Friction force c. Gravity d.Air resistance
Definition of Concepts:
Dynamics
 Study on the way in which force produces motion
Force
 Push or pull exerted on objects
 Represents an object’s interaction with the environment
o Kick a ball
o Sitting on a chair
o Pushing a cart
o Pushing a wall
 Can produce changes in motion
o Capable of changing an object’s state of motion
 Force may not necessarily produce a change in motion
 Force acts alone, the object on which it acts will change its state of
motion
a. Force causes an object at rest to start moving
b. Force causes a moving object to stop
c. Force causes a moving object to change its direction
Net force
 Vector sum or the resultant of all the forces acting on an object or a system
Balanced forces
 Equal in magnitude but act in opposite direction
 0 (zero) net force
Unbalanced forces
 Non-zero net force
 Net force producing an acceleration
 Can cause deformation to an object
o Change in size or shape of an object
Types or Classes of Force:

1. Contact Forces
 Arise because of physical contact between objects
a. Normal force
b. Frictional forces
c. Tension force
d. Applied force

2. Field Forces/Action-at-a-distance forces

 No physical contact between objects
a. Force of gravity
b. Electrical force between two charges
c. Magnetic force between two magnets
d. Nuclear force
e. Weak interaction force
A. Contact Forces
a. Normal force (FN)
o One component of the force that a surface exerts on an object with which
it is in contact
o Component perpendicular to the surface

FN

b. Frictional forces
o Resistance to motion that occurs whenever two materials, or media, are
in contact with each other
o Force parallel to the surface
o fs = static frictional force
o fk = kinetic frictional force

fs
fk a

a. Static Friction
 Frictional force is enough to prevent relative motion between surfaces in contact
 fs = μsFN
 Fnet = FN-fs
b. Sliding or Kinetic Friction
 Occurs when there is relative (sliding) motion at the interface of the surfaces in contact
 fk = μkFN
 Fnet = FN-fk
c. Rolling Friction
 Takes place when on surface rotates as it moves over another surface but does not slip
nor slide at the area of contact.
 Difficult to analyze

Sample Problems (Friction)

1. A sled is resting on a horizontal patch of snow, and the coefficient of static friction is
0.350. The sled and its rider have a total mass of 38.0 kg. What is the magnitude of
the maximum horizontal force that can be applied to the sled before it just begins to
move?
Given: μs = 0.350 fs = ?
m = 38 kg
Solution: fs = μsFN
fs = μs(mg)
fs = (0.350) (38.0 kg) (9.8 m/s2)
fs = 130.34 N
2. The coefficient of kinetic friction between a block of wood and a wooden floor is 0.15. If
the block has a mass of 0.6 kg, what is the frictional force when the block is made to
slide over the floor?
Given: μk = 0.15 fk = ?
m = 0.6 kg
Solution: fk = μkFN FN = W (no vertical movement)
 fk = μk (mg)
fk = (0.15) (0.6 kg) (9.8 m/s2)
fk = 0.88 N
3. Find the force of kinetic friction if the block of wood having a mass of 0.6 kg is made to
slide on a wooden plank whose ends are raised at an angle of 30°? (μk = 0.15)
Given: μk = 0.15 fk = ?
m = 0.6 kg
θ = 30°
Solution: fk = (μk) (Wy) FN = Wy
fk = μk (mg) (cos θ) FN = W cos θ
fk = (0.15) (0.6 kg) (9.8 m/s2) (cos 30°) FN = mg cos θ
fk = 0.76 N
c. Tension force (T)
o Force exerted on an object by flexible strings (or ropes or wires) and is
directed along the string
o Transmitted undiminished through the string
 Tension is the same everywhere in the string

Sample Problems; (Tension Forces)

1. A picture hangs motionless on a wall. If it has a mass of 5 kg, what are the tension
forces in the wires? (θ = 30)

T1 T2
T1y T2y
Θ θ
T1x T2x

W
Solution: ΣFy = Tsin θ + Tsinθ – W
T1 = T2 0 = 2Tsin45° - 49 N
W = mg
49N 2 sin 45
W = (5 kg) (9.8 m/s2) =
W = 49 N 2 sin 45 2 sin 45
T = 34.65 T1 = 34.65 N and T2 = 34.65 N
2. A 12 kg lantern is suspended from the ceiling by two vertical wires. What is the tension
in each wire?
Given: m = 12 kg
Solution:
W = mg W = T1 + T2 T1 = T2
W = (12) (9.8) W = 2T
W= 117. 6 N 117.6 N = 2T
T = 58.8 N T1 = 58.8 N and T2 = 58.8 N
d. Applied force (F)
o Force exerted on an object directly by another object or by any factor

B. Field Forces
a. Gravitational Force
o Influenced by the pull of gravity
o Universal Gravitation
 Every particle in the universe exerts an attractive force on every
other particle
Gm1 m2
 Fg = G = 6.67 x 10-11N·m2/kg2
d2
 Weight
 The gravitational force that the earth exerts on the object
 Always acts downward, toward the center of the earth
 W = mg

Free-Body Diagrams
 Vector diagrams which describe all forces acting on a particular body or object
 General Steps:
a. Sketch a space diagram and identify the forces acting on each body of the system.
b. Isolate the body for which the free-body diagram is to be constructed. Draw a set of
Cartesian axes with the origin at a point through which the forces act and with one of
axes along the direction of the body’s acceleration.
c. Draw properly oriente4d forces vectors on the diagram emanating from the origin of the
axes.
d. Resolve any forces that are not directed along the x and y axes into x and y components.
Examples of free body diagrams:

1.
FN

W FN w

2.
a
θ F FN
θ Fx
W θ
W FN Fy

3.
F
a θ Fx
FN Fy
θ
W
W FN

4.

Θ θ W θ

Fy
Fx

5.
Θ θ
T1 T2
T1 T2 T1y T2y
Θ θ
T1x T2x
W

W
6.
θ
T2
T2 T1 T2y
T1
θ
W T2x

What Have I Learned So Far?

Draw the free-body diagram for each given item. Then find the net force on each body.
a. A cat with weight of 50 N falls toward the ground.
b. An apple with 1-N weight rests on a table that exerts a normal force of 1-N.
c. A 100-N is pulled by a rope with a strength of 200 N at an angle of 30° across a surface with
a 5-N frictional force. The surface exerts an 80 N normal force.
Solution:

Self- enrichment: Projectile Motion

Find a small plastic object (such as food container) and slide it on a kitchen table by giving it
a gentle tap. Now, spray water on the table, simulating a light shower of rain. What happens
now when you give the object same-sized tap? Now add a few drops of (vegetable or olive) oil
on the surface of the water and give the same tap. What happens now? The latter situation is
particularly important for drivers to note, especially after a light rain shower. Why?

Newton’s Laws of Motion

a. Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Law of Inertia
 Inertia- Tendency of a body to maintain its state of being at rest unless or moving
uniformly in a straight line.
 A body will maintain its state of motion (at rest/having uniform motion along a straight
path) unless acted upon by external net force
 Aristotle- “The ball comes to stop because it seeks its natural state of motion—at rest.”
  Galileo and Newton- They would say that the ball stopped because of friction on the
surface of the table. Based on experiments, without this friction, the ball will
continuously move and no force is needed to keep it from moving.
 Example:
1. passengers in a vehicle move backward when the vehicle suddenly moves forward
(from being stationary)
Inertial frame of reference – a frame of reference in which Newton’s First Law is valid
2. an apple with weight of 1N rests on a table
A body is in a state of equilibrium when it is at rest or moving with a constant
velocity.
(For more info, visit www.physicsclassroom.com)
Self Enrichment: Force Standards
To investigate force standards and cause and effect, get two identical rubber bands. Hang one
rubber band vertically on a hook. Find a small household item that could be attached to the
rubber band using a paper clip, and use this item as a weight to investigate the stretch of the
rubber band. Measure the amount of stretch produced in the rubber band with one, two and
four of these (identical) items suspended from the rubber band. What is the relationship
between the number of items and the amount of stretch? How large a stretch would you expect
for the same number of items suspended from two rubber bands? What happens to the
amount of stretch of the rubber band (with the weights attached) if the weights are also pushed
to the side with a pencil?
2.Newton’s Second Law of Motion
 Law of Acceleration
 The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on
the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
F
 aα F = ma SI unit: 1 N= 1 kg●m/s2
m
Sample Problems (Second Law of Motion)
1. What force will give a 300-g mass an acceleration of 6 m/s2?
Given: m = 300 g = 0.3 kg F=?
a = 6 m/s2
Solution:
F = ma F = (0.3 kg) (6 m/s2) F = 1.8 N
2. What mass of an object will be accelerated at the rate of 16 m/s2 by a force of 120
newtons?
Given: F = 120 N m=?
a = 16 m/s2
Solution:
F 120N
m= m= m = 7.5 kg
a 16m / s 2
3. A force of 90 newtons is applied on a 1.75 kg object. What acceleration will be
produced on the object?
Given: F = 90 N a=?
m = 1.75 kg
Solution:
F 90N
a= a= a = 51.43 m/s2
m 1.75kg
3.Newton’s Third Law of Motion
 Law of Interaction
 For every force exerted by a body on a second body, the second body exerts an equal
and opposite force on the first.

Example: a ball resting on a table

The forces on the ball are the gravity pulling the book down (Action Force) and the table
pushing the book back up (Reaction Force).
What Have I Learned So Far?
Answer the following questions:
1. Observe the motion of your body while riding a bus. How can you tell if the bus is speeding
up or if it is slowing down?
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2. Consider a set of dinnerware placed on top of the dining table covered with a tablecloth.
What will happen to the set of dinnerware if you suddenly pull off the cloth from the table?
Explains why this happen?
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3. Is there a net force exerted on a moving body that has constant acceleration? Justify your
answer?
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4. The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.8 m/s2. On the moon, the acceleration due to
gravity is only as much as one-sixth of Earth’s. Compare the mass and weight of a 60-kg
person on earth and on moon.
Solution:

5. Identify the action and reaction force in the following situations and how does it relate to
Newton’s Third Law:
a. A diver dives off of a raft
b. A tennis racket hits a tennis ball
c. A rocket engine fires
d. Birds flying
e. RM leaning on the wall
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Summary

 Force is an interaction between bodies. It can be classified as contact or non contact. Some
examples of forces acting on a body are weight, tension, normal force, and friction.
 The weight is w of an object is defined as the force of gravity acting on an object’s mass.
 Normal force is the perpendicular force applied by surface to support the weight of an
object.
 The pulling force that acts along a stretched flexible connector, such as rope or cable is
called tension.
 Friction is a contact force between systems that opposes the motion or attempted motion
between
 Free-body diagrams are used to show how the forces are acting on a body.
 There are three laws of motion. Newton's first law states that the body will retain its state of
motion (whether at rest or moving at a constant rate) unless acted upon by a net force.
When a net force acts on an object, the acceleration of the body is proportional to and the
same direction as this net force and but inversely proportional to its mass as described by
Newton's second law. The third law of motion states that for every action, there is a reaction
that is of equal magnitude but toward the opposite direction.

Extend Your Knowledge:

Measurement: For more resources and activities on making consistent and accurate
measurements visit Diwa Learning Town website at http://bit.ly/diwa-GENPHYSICS2ED1.
Scalars and Vectors: Aside from scalars and vectors, quantities can also be classified in other
ways. Learn more about these through the given links here.
 https://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/background.html
 https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/metric-si/si-units.html
 https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=19474
 https://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html
Kinematic Equations: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/jerk.html
Uniformly Accelerated Motion: to learn more about Galileo and his contributions, visit the
following links:
 http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/galileo.html
 http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NaSci102/NatSci102/lectures/galileo.html
Nonuniform Circular motion:
 https://www.ied.edu.hk/apfslt/issue_2/kkwan/circular_motion.pdf
Law of Universal Gravitation is one of the factors in keeping celestial bodies in their respective
orbits as they undergo circular motion. Learn more:
 http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/circ/node7.html
 https://physics.info/gravitation/summary.shtml
Newton’s Laws of Motion: Galileo has an interesting life story about how he went beyond
traditional thinking. Learn more about his life by accessing the given link:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMM8vx9vDiE
An unbalanced force implies that there is no balance or that there is no equilibrium. Explore
the concept of equilibrium, especially in terms of forces by visiting the given links:
 http://tap.iop.org/mechanics/static/202/page_46254.html
 https://physics.info/statics/
 https://www.grcnasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/equilib.html