Exercise #3: Calibration For EDMI: 1. 1.1. Primary Objectives Fulfilled
Exercise #3: Calibration For EDMI: 1. 1.1. Primary Objectives Fulfilled
Exercise #3: Calibration For EDMI: 1. 1.1. Primary Objectives Fulfilled
Exercise Number 3
ABSTRACT
Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument (EDMI) is one of the modern instruments used for the
purpose of surveying or distance measuring. It uses infrared (0.8-0.9 micrometer). It is used for the
purpose of measuring distances between two points accurately and using the results for map
plotting.
In this laboratory exercise, we learned about the basics of centering and calibrating an EDMI and
then using it to measure distances between two points. Moreover, by measuring the same distance
with tape we calculated Cyclic error, Reflector-instrument error, and Scale error.
1. OBJECTIVES
2. INTRODUCTION
The primary aim for this laboratory experiment was to find the cyclic, reflector-instrument and scale error for the given
EDMI. The process involved centering a calibrating the instrument and then measuring the distance between two points by
first using a tape and then using EDMI and then the readings were to be used for error calculations.
2.2. Theory and Concepts
∆ϕ = Phase Difference
λ = Wavelength
m = # of total wavelengths within distance 2D
K = Errors
2.2.2. Reflector - Corner Cube Prism
The corner reflector is a passive device used to directly
reflect radio waves back toward the emission source.
Therefore, the corner reflector is a useful device for radar
system calibration and Precise Distance Measurement
Surveying. In general, the corner reflector consists of
mutually intersected perpendicular plates, which reflect
parallel rays. It is set like that incident and reflected rays are
always parallel to each other. As we know in the case of a
reflected mirror, EM rays will lose their energy so the range
of instruments reduces that can create errors in measurement
Cyclic error appears due to phase difference. The reasons for cyclic error could be both instrumental and non
instrumental. It varies within λ/2 and remains constant.
ei = Di − ( Do + ∑ di), where
Di = distances measured using EDMI
D0 = constant distance (here, 20.00 m)
di = distances measured using tape
2.2.7 Reflector-instrument Error
It is a distance dependent error.Scale is caused due to change in modulation frequency and it varies with
distance. Contribution of scale error is only when longer distances.
Dk is known distance
Corrected Distance = Dm + n*Dm
3. EQUIPMENT/TOOLS/DATA USED
o EDMI
o Tape
o Reflector
o Tripod
o Staff
4. METHODOLOGY/EXPERIMENT
4.1. Procedure
a. Mount the instrument over the tripod and approximately level the setup.
b. Carryout the leveling process as described below:
▪ Centre the circular bubble by using two leveling screws at a time. Both screws should be
rotated either inwards or outwards at a time.
▪ Then keep the instrument approximately perpendicular to the previous position and use the other leveling screw to
center the bubble. Now the leveling operation is complete.
▪ Repeat operation (a) and (b), if required.
c. Connect batteries to the instrument as instructed and press the POWER (PWR) switch on the instrument to start
functioning
d. Open Trimble Access and select General survey. Select Instruments and carry out finer leveling of the instrument
with the help of electronic level appearing in computer display by using the principle of “three leveling screws”. e. Press
Accept to initialize the instrument.
f. From the instrument menu select Survey Basic and enter some entries related to pressure, temperature, etc. as required.
Enter appropriate values.
g. Sight the instrument approximately in the North direction and enter the HA reference 00 0’ 0”. Press ENTER. h.
Measure Instrument height with the help of measuring tape provided by Trimble and press F3. It will prompt to enter the
instrument height (IH). Type the height, for example IH = 1.434 and press ENTER. i. Note the reflector height (SH) from
graduations on it. Press F6; it will prompt for signal height (SH). Enter the signal height, for example S H = 1.50 and press
ENTER.
j. Sight the target/reflector and by pressing Measure button, measure Horizontal distance (HD), Vertical distance
(VD), Sloping distance (SD), Northing, Easting, etc. Ignore Northing, Easting for this experiment.
a. This will require accurate measurement of distances using tape on a flat ground and comparison of the same with
EDMI measured distances. Using these, one can estimate various calibration errors/correction. The order of corrections is
as follows: cyclic, reflector-instrument constant, scale.
b. Nonlinearity/Cyclic Error
▪ Assume the basic measuring unit as 10m (effective wavelength = λ/2).
▪ Set up the instrument at A.
▪ Divide the 30m line from A into 2 segments of 20m and 10m.
▪ Divide the last 10 m into 10 parts each of 1 m. Measure each part carefully using the tape (di) as well as the EDMI (Di).
Note that Diis to be measured from EDMI position (A).
▪ Carefully measure D0 with EDM (say 20.000 m).
▪ The error correction is given by the formula: ei = Di − ( Do + ∑ di), where
Di = distances measured using EDMI
D0 = constant distance (here, 20.00 m)
di = distances measured using tape
▪
c. Reflector-instrument Error
▪ Divide suitable distance D into n number of segments
▪ Use the same set of EDMI & reflector set for the entire set of measurements
▪ Measure the length of line (D) using EDMI and length of each of n segments.
▪ Reflector constant can be calculated by the formula:k = (D − ∑ di)/(n−1)
3
d. Scale Error
▪ If we know the length of a “calibrated line”, scale error can be found out. If the known
distance, Dk, is measured as Dm then the scale error can be calculated by the formula: It
is given by the formula = ( (Dk − Dm)/Dk ) ∗ 10^6=nppm
Dk is known distance
Corrected Distance = Dm + n*Dm
5.1 CALCULATIONS/MEASUREMENTS
5.1.Observation Table
D0 = 20 (Given)
e(i) = D(i) - (D0+����)
Average error = ��(��)/10
c(i) = - e(i) + ��(��)/10
Sta Tape EDMI D0+�� e(i) c(i)
ti Value Value ��
on
Cyclic Error: The above contains details required for the calculation of cyclic
error. Average Error = -(0.0121)/10
Avg Error = - 0.0121 m
Station d n m di
S.No. Reading of EDMI(rᵢ) dᵢ = rᵢ-rᵢ₋₁
0 3.003 -
1 4.003 1
2 5.005 1.002
3 6.008 1.003
4 7.006 0.998
5 8.003 0.997
6 9.007 1.004
7 10.004 0.997
8 11.007 1.003
9 12.003 0.006
10 13.008 1.005
Total = 10.005
Σd = 10.005
i
6. RESULTS
7. CONCLUSION
o https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104100/lectureA_2/junk/A_2_3_Classi_EDMI.htm o
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edm.aspx