Exercise #3: Calibration For EDMI: 1. 1.1. Primary Objectives Fulfilled

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GI|CE|IITK Exercise #3: Calibration for EDMI 11/9/2021

Exercise #3: Calibration for EDMI


Submission Date 11 September 2021

Exercise Number 3

Course Code CE331A

Course Title Geoinformatics

Student Name: Dhanya sagar

Student Roll Number 190282

Student email ID: dhanya@iitk.ac.in

ABSTRACT

Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument (EDMI) is one of the modern instruments used for the
purpose of surveying or distance measuring. It uses infrared (0.8-0.9 micrometer). It is used for the
purpose of measuring distances between two points accurately and using the results for map
plotting.
In this laboratory exercise, we learned about the basics of centering and calibrating an EDMI and
then using it to measure distances between two points. Moreover, by measuring the same distance
with tape we calculated Cyclic error, Reflector-instrument error, and Scale error.

1. OBJECTIVES

1.1. Primary Objectives Fulfilled

o Determined the Cyclic error, Reflector-instrument error and Scale error.

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Overview of Lab Exercise

The primary aim for this laboratory experiment was to find the cyclic, reflector-instrument and scale error for the given
EDMI. The process involved centering a calibrating the instrument and then measuring the distance between two points by
first using a tape and then using EDMI and then the readings were to be used for error calculations.
2.2. Theory and Concepts

2.2.1. Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument (EDMI)


An Electronic Distance Measurer (EDM) can be used to place objects or points in three dimensions in relation to the unit.
The EDM emits a beam of infrared light that is modulated at a controlled rate. During use, the light beam is emitted from
the EDM, reflected off a prism or target held at a point to be mapped, and bounced back to the EDM. The phase of the
returning beam is shifted from that of the emitted beam, and the shift is directly related to the amount of time it takes for
the light to return to the EDM. This shift is what allows the unit to determine the distance traveled by the light.
Distance

(D) = mλ/2 + (∆ϕ/2π).λ/2 + K, where

∆ϕ = Phase Difference
λ = Wavelength
m = # of total wavelengths within distance 2D
K = Errors
2.2.2. Reflector - Corner Cube Prism
The corner reflector is a passive device used to directly
reflect radio waves back toward the emission source.
Therefore, the corner reflector is a useful device for radar
system calibration and Precise Distance Measurement
Surveying. In general, the corner reflector consists of
mutually intersected perpendicular plates, which reflect
parallel rays. It is set like that incident and reflected rays are
always parallel to each other. As we know in the case of a
reflected mirror, EM rays will lose their energy so the range
of instruments reduces that can create errors in measurement

2.2.3: challenges that we face during surveying


1. instrument should be centered
2 instruments should be leveled
3 we should use reflector constant as when light travels through prism,it gets reflected by different amount of speed
Reflector constant K2
4 instrument constant k1(may be the instrument not centered properly)
K=K1+K2 in the above formula

2.2.4 important aspect


We should use a corner cube prism that makes use of multiple mirrors on the reflector to make sure that reflected wave is
in alignment with transmitted wave
It also ensures that coherent signal enters the prism and the signal that is reflected bak from the prism is also coherent 9.

2.2.5 :Accuracy of EDMI

Accuracy of an EDMI is given by,


Accuracy = ± (a mm + b ppm), where

a = Constant instrument error independent of the distance measured


b = distance related error
a is impt when ,easuring short distances , b is impt when measuring longer distances
2.2.6 Cyclic Error[varies with distance]

Cyclic error appears due to phase difference. The reasons for cyclic error could be both instrumental and non
instrumental. It varies within λ/2 and remains constant.

For nλ/2 cyclic error will be zero

ei = Di − ( Do + ∑ di), where
Di = distances measured using EDMI
D0 = constant distance (here, 20.00 m)
di = distances measured using tape
2.2.7 Reflector-instrument Error

Constant error which depends upon the instrument. It is given by


k = (D − ∑ di)/(n−1)

2.2.8 Scale Error [proportional to the distance]

It is a distance dependent error.Scale is caused due to change in modulation frequency and it varies with
distance. Contribution of scale error is only when longer distances.

It is given by the formula = ( (Dk − Dm)/Dk ) ∗ 10^6=nppm

Dk is known distance
Corrected Distance = Dm + n*Dm

3. EQUIPMENT/TOOLS/DATA USED

3.1. Equipments Used in this Experiment

o EDMI
o Tape
o Reflector
o Tripod
o Staff

4. METHODOLOGY/EXPERIMENT

4.1. Procedure

I. Setting up of the Instrument:

a. Mount the instrument over the tripod and approximately level the setup.
b. Carryout the leveling process as described below:
▪ Centre the circular bubble by using two leveling screws at a time. Both screws should be
rotated either inwards or outwards at a time.
▪ Then keep the instrument approximately perpendicular to the previous position and use the other leveling screw to
center the bubble. Now the leveling operation is complete.
▪ Repeat operation (a) and (b), if required.

c. Connect batteries to the instrument as instructed and press the POWER (PWR) switch on the instrument to start
functioning
d. Open Trimble Access and select General survey. Select Instruments and carry out finer leveling of the instrument
with the help of electronic level appearing in computer display by using the principle of “three leveling screws”. e. Press
Accept to initialize the instrument.
f. From the instrument menu select Survey Basic and enter some entries related to pressure, temperature, etc. as required.
Enter appropriate values.
g. Sight the instrument approximately in the North direction and enter the HA reference 00 0’ 0”. Press ENTER. h.
Measure Instrument height with the help of measuring tape provided by Trimble and press F3. It will prompt to enter the
instrument height (IH). Type the height, for example IH = 1.434 and press ENTER. i. Note the reflector height (SH) from
graduations on it. Press F6; it will prompt for signal height (SH). Enter the signal height, for example S H = 1.50 and press
ENTER.
j. Sight the target/reflector and by pressing Measure button, measure Horizontal distance (HD), Vertical distance
(VD), Sloping distance (SD), Northing, Easting, etc. Ignore Northing, Easting for this experiment.

II. Principle of Error Determination

a. This will require accurate measurement of distances using tape on a flat ground and comparison of the same with
EDMI measured distances. Using these, one can estimate various calibration errors/correction. The order of corrections is
as follows: cyclic, reflector-instrument constant, scale.

b. Nonlinearity/Cyclic Error
▪ Assume the basic measuring unit as 10m (effective wavelength = λ/2).
▪ Set up the instrument at A.
▪ Divide the 30m line from A into 2 segments of 20m and 10m.
▪ Divide the last 10 m into 10 parts each of 1 m. Measure each part carefully using the tape (di) as well as the EDMI (Di).
Note that Diis to be measured from EDMI position (A).
▪ Carefully measure D0 with EDM (say 20.000 m).
▪ The error correction is given by the formula: ei = Di − ( Do + ∑ di), where
Di = distances measured using EDMI
D0 = constant distance (here, 20.00 m)
di = distances measured using tape

c. Reflector-instrument Error
▪ Divide suitable distance D into n number of segments
▪ Use the same set of EDMI & reflector set for the entire set of measurements
▪ Measure the length of line (D) using EDMI and length of each of n segments.
▪ Reflector constant can be calculated by the formula:k = (D − ∑ di)/(n−1)
3
d. Scale Error
▪ If we know the length of a “calibrated line”, scale error can be found out. If the known
distance, Dk, is measured as Dm then the scale error can be calculated by the formula: It
is given by the formula = ( (Dk − Dm)/Dk ) ∗ 10^6=nppm

Dk is known distance
Corrected Distance = Dm + n*Dm

5.1 CALCULATIONS/MEASUREMENTS

5.1.Observation Table
D0 = 20 (Given)
e(i) = D(i) - (D0+����)
Average error = ��(��)/10
c(i) = - e(i) + ��(��)/10
Sta Tape EDMI D0+�� e(i) c(i)
ti Value Value ��
on

0 - 20.008 20 0.008 -0.0072

1 1 21.013 21 0.013 -0.0109

2 1 22.01 22 0.01 -0.0069

3 1 23.008 23 0.008 -0.0041

4 1 24.011 24 0.011 -0.006

5 1 25.015 25 0.015 -0.0085

6 1 26.013 26 0.013 -0.0052

7 1 27.009 27 0.009 -0.0053

8 1 28.015 28 0.015 -0.0048 9 1 29.008 29 0.008 0.003

10 1 30.011 30 0.011 0.0011 0.121/10 =


Total Error = 0.0121

Cyclic Error: The above contains details required for the calculation of cyclic
error. Average Error = -(0.0121)/10
Avg Error = - 0.0121 m

Zero error is independent of distance.


To calculate the zero error the distance D is divided in n number of segments. Now the length
of each segment is measured using EDMI.
Reflector constant is calculated as K = (D - Σd )/ (n – 1)
i
For measuring the distance of D = 30m we will put the EDMI at 17m and note the readings by
putting the reflector at points starting from 20m to 30m after each 1m

Observation Table II follows

Station d n m di
S.No. Reading of EDMI(rᵢ) dᵢ = rᵢ-rᵢ₋₁

0 3.003 -

1 4.003 1

2 5.005 1.002

3 6.008 1.003

4 7.006 0.998

5 8.003 0.997

6 9.007 1.004

7 10.004 0.997

8 11.007 1.003

9 12.003 0.006

10 13.008 1.005

Total = 10.005

Value of Reflector-Instrument error :


k = (D − ∑ di)/(n−1) = (10 - 10.005)/9
k = -0.0005 m

Σd = 10.005
i

K = (10 – 10.005)/ (10-1)


= -0.0005
Scale error: -
Scale error is distance-dependent and measured in ppm.
Scale error (ppm) = (D – D ) × 10 /D = h ppm
k m 6 k

So, the corrected distance = D + hD


m m

distance I.e., 10m (Distance measured by tape)


D is the measured distance (Distance measured by EDMI)
m

D = r – r = 13.008 - 3.003 = 10.005m


m 10 0
Scale error = (10 – 10.005) × 10 / 10 = -500ppm
pow 6

6. RESULTS

6.1. Values of different error

Cyclic Error: Average error = -0.0121 m

Reflector-instrument Error = -0.0005 m

Scale Error = -500 ppm

7. CONCLUSION

7.1. Takeaways from the lab experiment


o
Learned about centering and calibrating EDMI.
o
Learned about measuring distances using EDMi and reflector prism which could be further used
for mapping purposes.
o
Calculated various types of systematic errors.

8. Sources used as references in this report:

o https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104100/lectureA_2/junk/A_2_3_Classi_EDMI.htm o
https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/bca/bca-divisions/forensic-science/Pages/forensic-programs-crime-scene
edm.aspx

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