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Trigonometric Function

The document discusses trigonometric functions and identities. It defines the six primary trigonometric functions - sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant - using a right triangle. It provides formulas for calculating each function based on the sides of the triangle. The document also covers important trigonometric identities including Pythagorean, even/odd, periodic and sum/difference identities.

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Ana May Baniel
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543 views4 pages

Trigonometric Function

The document discusses trigonometric functions and identities. It defines the six primary trigonometric functions - sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant - using a right triangle. It provides formulas for calculating each function based on the sides of the triangle. The document also covers important trigonometric identities including Pythagorean, even/odd, periodic and sum/difference identities.

Uploaded by

Ana May Baniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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There are a number of trigonometric formulas and identities which denotes the relation between the

functions and help to find the angles of the triangle. All these trigonometric functions with their
formula are explained here elaborately, to make them understand to the readers.
Also, you will come across the table for where the value of these ratios is mentioned for some
particular degrees. And based on this table you will be able to solve many trigonometric examples
and problems.

Six Trigonometric Functions


The angles of sine, cosine, and tangent are the primary classification of functions of trigonometry.
And the three functions which are cotangent, secant and cosecant can be derived from the primary
functions. Basically, the other three functions are often used as compare to the primary
trigonometric functions. Consider the following diagram as a reference for an explanation of these
three primary functions. This diagram can be referred to as the sin-cos-tan triangle. We usually
define the trigonometry with the help of the right-angled triangle.

Sine Function
Sine function of an angle is the ratio between the opposite side length to that of the hypotenuse.
From the above diagram, the value of sin will be:

• Sin a =Opposite/Hypotenuse = CB/CA

Cos Function
Cos of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse. From
the above diagram, the cos function will be derived as follows.

• Cos a = Adjacent/Hypotenuse = AB/CA

Tan Function
The tangent function is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to that of the adjacent side. It
should be noted that the tan can also be represented in terms of sine and cos as their ratio. From
the diagram taken above, the tan function will be the following.

• Tan a = Opposite/Adjacent = CB/BA


Also, in terms of sine and cos, tan can be represented as:
Tan a = sin a/cos a

Secant, Cosecant and Cotangent Functions


Secant, cosecant (csc) and cotangent are the three additional functions which are derived from the
primary functions of sine, cos, and tan. The reciprocal of sine, cos, and tan are cosecant (csc),
secant (sec), and cotangent (cot) respectively. The formula of each of these functions are given as:

• Sec a = 1/(cos a) = Hypotenuse/Adjacent = CA/AB


• Cosec a = 1/(sin a) = Hypotenuse/Opposite = CA/CB
• cot a = 1/(tan a) = Adjacent/Opposite = BA/CB
Note: Inverse trigonometric functions are used to obtain an angle from any of the
angle’s trigonometric ratios. Basically, inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and
cosecant functions are represented as arcsine, arccosine, arctangent, arc cotangent, arc secant, and
arc cosecant.

Formulas
Let us discuss the formulas given in the table below for functions of trigonometric ratios(sine,
cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant) for a right-angled triangle.

Formulas for Angle θ Reciprocal Identities

sin θ = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse sin θ = 1/cosec θ

cos θ = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse cos θ = 1/sec θ

tan θ = Opposite Side/Adjacent tan θ = 1/cot θ


cot θ = Adjacent Side/Opposite cot θ = 1/tan θ

sec θ = Hypotenuse/Adjacent Side sec θ = 1/cos θ

cosec θ = Hypotenuse/Opposite cosec θ = 1/sin θ

Identities
Below are the identities related to trig functions.

Even and Odd functions


The cos and sec functions are even functions; the rest other functions are odd functions.
sin(-x) = -sin x
cos(-x) = cos x
tan(-x) = – tan x
cot(-x) = -cot x
csc(-x) = -csc x
sec(-x) = sec x

Periodic Functions
The trig functions are the periodic functions. The smallest periodic cycle is 2π but for tangent and
the cotangent it is π.
sin(x+2nπ) = sin x
cos(x+2nπ) = cos x
tan(x+nπ) = tan x
cot(x+nπ) = cot x
csc(x+2nπ) = csc x
sec(x+2nπ) = sec x
Where n is any integer.

Pythagorean Identities
When the Pythagoras theorem is expressed in the form of trigonometry functions, it is said to be
Pythagorean identity. There are majorly three identities:

• sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 [Very Important]


• 1+tan2 x = sec2 x
• cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x
These three identities are of great importance in Mathematics, as most of the trigonometry
questions are prepared in exams based on them. Therefore, students should memorise these
identities to solve such problems easily.

Sum and Difference Identities


• sin(x+y) = sin(x).cos(y)+cos(x).sin(y)
• sin(x–y) = sin(x).cos(y)–cos(x).sin(y)
• cos(x+y) = cosx.cosy–sinx.siny
• cos(x–y) = cosx.cosy+sinx.siny
• tan(x+y) = [tan(x)+tan(y)]/[1-tan(x)tan(y)]
• tan(x-y) = [tan(x)-tan(y)]/[1+tan(x)tan(y)]

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