1.

1 Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

Definition of Terms

Science- the word came from the Latin "scientia," meaning "knowledge." It
refers to the systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing
knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation,
or both.
According to famous American science historian, John Heilbron (2003), " Modern
science is a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for natural phenomena to be
described by principles and laws. he also explained that science required invention
to devise techniques, abstractions, apparatuses, and organizations to describe these
natural regularities and their law-like descriptions.
Technology- it is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to
produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world
problems. it came from the Greek word techne, meaning 'art, skill, or cunning of
hand.'
Society- is composed of a group of people living together in a more or less
ordered community.

Wolpert (2005) made an interesting comparison between science and technology

that is helpful in the study of their interaction with society, Wolpert explained that
reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value. It is meant simply to
explain how nature and the universe work and that the obligation of the scientists,
besides studying the nature of the universe, is to explain the possible uses and
applications of such scientific knowledge. Along this line, Wolpert made it clear
that science is not the same as technology. Scientists are not responsible for the
application of knowledge in technology. He further explained that the very nature
of science is that it is not possible to predict scientific discoveries and how these
discoveries may be applied. While scientists are not responsible for the reliable
conduct of the scientific inquiry and its honest interpretation and
dissemination, technological applications of science are influenced by other
sectors such as politics and governance, religion, and business.
Nowadays, advancements in science and technology have become pervasive. They
are manifested in the activities that humans pursue and the tools they use every
day. The beauty of this is that an advancement builds upon itself. As such, humans
today live more productive and more exciting lives than their predecessors.
However, the dynamism and immensity of scientific and technological progress
also pose challenges and drawbacks to the way humans live. The introduction of
machines tremendously cut the need for the human workforce and gave rise to the
question of whether machines will eventually replace humans. The invention of
drugs that cured the previously incurable diseases introduced new strains of
bacteria and viruses that are resistant to the very same drugs that once fought them-
take an antibiotic-resistant strain of gonorrhea as an example. The rise of social
media drastically changed the way humans communicate, interact, and share
information; however, this tends to put people's privacy at risk. Indeed, science and
technology have served a predominantly double-edged function.

As problems in science and technology continue to rise and become more

observable, the need to pay attention to their interactions with various aspects of
human life, e.g. social, political, and economic, becomes even more
necessary. How the different aspects of society shape and influence the
progression and further developments of science and technology in the area of
concern of a relatively new academic discipline called Science, Technology, and
Society.

Science and Technology and Society is a relatively young field that previously
independent and older disciplines, such as the history of science, philosophy of
science, and sociology of science. As an academic field, STS, according to
Harvard University's Kennedy School (2018) traces its roots from the interwar
period and the start of the cold war. It was during the period when historians and
scientists found interest in the interconnections of scientific knowledge,
technological systems, and society. The rise of STS as an academic field resulted
from the recognition that many schools today do not really prepare students to
respond critically, reflectively, and proactively to the challenges posed by science
and technology in the contemporary world.

Summary

In summary, we had discussed the concepts of science, technology, and society.

Also, we mentioned that STS applies methods from history, philosophy, and
sociology to study the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge
their value and place in society. As an interdisciplinary field, the emergence of
STS was a result of the question about science and technology's dynamic
interaction with various aspects of society and was thus viewed as a socially
embedded enterprise, Thus, STS seeks to bridge the gap between traditionally
exclusive cultures-humanities and natural science-so that humans will be able to
better confront the moral, ethical, and existential dilemmas brought about by the
continued developments in science and technology.

1.1.1 Ethical Dilemmas

What is Dilemma?
It is a situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting
options neither of which is acceptable.

What are Ethical Dilemmas?

Ethical/Moral Dilemmas -are situations where persons, who are called "moral
agents" in ethics, are forced to choose between two or more conflicting options,
neither of which resolves the situation in a morally acceptable manner.

Three Conditions that must be Present in Moral Dilemmas

1. The person or agent of moral action is obliged to make a decision about which
course of action is best. (Moral agents = people)
2. There must be different courses of action to choose from.
3. No matter what course of action is taken, some moral principles are always
compromised. (Pros and Cons)

Ten Emerging Ethical Dilemmas

1. Helix- a digital app store designed to read genomes.

2. BlessU-2 Popper- first robot priest and monk
3. Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition- a software being developed to assess
your reactions to anything such as shopping and playing games.
4. Ransomware- a way of holding data hostage through the backing and
requiring a ransom to be paid.
5. Textalyzer- a device that analyzes whether a driver was using his or her phone
during an accident.
6. Social Credit System- a system of scoring citizens through their actions by
placing them under constant surveillance.
7. Google Clips- a hands-free camera that lets the user capture every moment
effortlessly.
 8. Sentencing Software- a mysterious algorithm designed to and courts in
sentencing decisions.
9. Friendbot- an app that stores the deceased's digital footprint so one can still
chat with them.
10.Citizen App- an app that notifies users of ongoing crimes or major events in a
specific area.

Even though several items in the list sound unfamiliar to many, they can be a
useful springboard in the study of science and technology. The list points to the
ever-growing challenges, questions, and issues that need to be addressed and
resolved when science and technology, and humanity intertwine. However,
methods of critiquing these emerging ethical dilemmas may come from similar
methods used in previous critiques of science and technology issues. For example,
one can use methods used in critiquing the rise of clinical trials of gene therapy in
the 1990s. Today's approach of critiquing emerging science and technology issues,
such as the ones listed above, may be influenced by how scientists and non-
scientists evaluated the positive and negative purpose, one can continue to
specifically draw from the tenets of philosophy, and sociology in making informed
and critical judgments of the ethical and moral values of these innovations in
science and technology.

Summary

In modern times, there are different technological advancements in all forms and
sizes may it be inside the home, the workplace, the learning place, or simply on the
streets. It is not completely impossible for a person in the world to own at least one
technological device. However, despite its usefulness and beneficial
characteristics, there are still problems faced by technological advancement. To be
more specific, these problems are ethical in nature that involve not only the
machine but also mankind. It is not impossible for technology and humanity to
cross paths because as one would argue, technology has become a necessity for
people. At the end of the day, ethics should still be enforced in the field of
technology so as ensure the safety and morality of these technologies to people.

1.1.2 Social Implications of Dilemmas

What is Social Implication?

The social implications of an event or action are the results, on society or part of
society, of the event or the action. The idea of social implications can also be
extended to a law or a policy, that is, a planned set of repeated actions.
For further information on the topic, I would like you to first click the link below
on " Emerging Ethical Dilemmas in Science and Technology and Their
Implications."
The link enumerates examples of dilemmas and their social implications.

1. Personalized genetic tests/personalized medicine

Within the last 10 years, the creation of fast, low-cost genetic sequencing has given
the public direct access to genome sequencing and analysis, with little or no
guidance from physicians or genetic counselors on how to process the information.
What are the potential privacy issues, and how do we protect this very personal and
private information? Are we headed toward a new era of therapeutic intervention
to increase the quality of life or a new era of eugenics?

2. Hacking into medical devices

Implanted medical devices, such as pacemakers, are susceptible to hackers.

Barnaby Jack, of security vendor IOActive, recently demonstrated the vulnerability
of a pacemaker by breaching the security of the wireless device from his laptop
and reprogramming it to deliver an 830-volt shock. How do we make sure these
devices are secure?

3. Driverless Zipcars

In three states -- Nevada, Florida, and California -- it is now legal for Google to
operate its driverless cars. Google's goal is to create a fully automated vehicle that
is safer and more effective than a human-operated vehicle, and the company plans
to marry this idea with the concept of the Zipcar. The ethics of automation and
equality of access for people of different income levels are just a taste of the
difficult ethical, legal, and policy questions that will need to be addressed.

4. 3-D printing

Scientists are attempting to use 3-D printing to create everything from architectural
models to human organs, but we could be looking at a future in which we can print
personalized pharmaceuticals or home-printed guns and explosives. For now, 3-D
printing is largely the realm of artists and designers, but we can easily envision a
future in which 3-D printers are affordable and patterns abound for products both
benign and malicious, and that cut out the manufacturing sector completely.
 5. Adaptation to climate change

The differential susceptibility of people around the world to climate change

warrants an ethical discussion. We need to identify effective and safe ways to help
people deal with the effects of climate change, as well as learn to manage and
manipulate wild species and nature in order to preserve biodiversity. Some of these
adaptation strategies might be highly technical (e.g. building sea walls to stem off
sea-level rise), but others are social and cultural (e.g., changing agricultural
practices).

6. Low-quality and counterfeit pharmaceuticals

Until recently, detecting low-quality and counterfeit pharmaceuticals required

access to complex testing equipment, often unavailable in developing countries
where these problems abound. The enormous amount of trade in pharmaceutical
intermediaries and active ingredients raise a number of issues, from the technical
(improvement in manufacturing practices and analytical capabilities) to the ethical
and legal (for example, India ruled in favor of manufacturing life-saving drugs,
even if it violates U.S. patent law).

7. Autonomous systems

Machines (both for peaceful purposes and for warfighting) are increasingly
evolving from human-controlled to automated, to autonomous, with the ability to
act on their own without human input. As these systems operate without human
control and are designed to function and make decisions on their own, the ethical,
legal, social and policy implications have grown exponentially. Who is responsible
for the actions undertaken by autonomous systems? If robotic technology can
potentially reduce the number of human fatalities, is it the responsibility of
scientists to design these systems?

8. Human-animal hybrids (chimeras)

So far scientists have kept human-animal hybrids on the cellular level. According
to some, even more, modest experiments involving animal embryos and human
stem cells violate human dignity and blur the line between species. Is interspecies
research the next frontier in understanding humanity and curing disease, or a
slippery slope, rife with ethical dilemmas, toward creating new species?

9. Ensuring access to wireless and spectrum

Mobile wireless connectivity is having a profound effect on society in both
developed and developing countries. These technologies are completely
transforming how we communicate, conduct business, learn, form relationships,
navigate, and entertain ourselves. At the same time, government agencies
increasingly rely on the radio spectrum for their critical missions. This confluence
of wireless technology developments and societal needs presents numerous
challenges and opportunities for making the most effective use of the radio
spectrum. We now need to have a policy conversation about how to make the most
effective use of the precious radio spectrum, and to close the digital access divide
for underserved (rural, low-income, developing areas) populations.

10.Data collection and privacy

How often do we consider the massive amounts of data we give to commercial

entities when we use social media, store discount cards, or order goods via the
Internet? Now that microprocessors and permanent memory are inexpensive
technology, we need to think about the kinds of information that should be
collected and retained. Should we create a diabetic insulin implant that could notify
your doctor or insurance company when you make poor diet choices, and should
that decision make you ineligible for certain types of medical treatment? Should
cars be equipped to monitor speed and other measures of good driving, and should
this data be subpoenaed by authorities following a crash? These issues require
appropriate policy discussions in order to the gap between data collection and
meaningful outcomes.

11.Human enhancements

Pharmaceutical, surgical, mechanical, and neurological enhancements are already

available for therapeutic purposes. But these same enhancements can be used to
magnify human biological function beyond the societal norm. Where do we draw
the line between therapy and enhancement? How do we justify enhancing human
bodies when so many individuals still lack access to basic therapeutic medicine?

Summary

Technologies are indeed an inevitable part of one's life, society, and other
stakeholders. It makes life easier and more convenient than ever before. It can
clearly be seen from the simplest task at home to the most complicated ones inside
the office or laboratory. As time progresses, technology keeps also on progressing
resulting in more complicated advancements and discoveries in science and
technology. However, it is essential to note that anything too much is bad. The
same problem is faced by technology. Although it has been very helpful to people,
various social implications have been considered that needs to be addressed by the
stakeholders in order to safeguard the life of individuals as well as society.

1. 2 Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology

One of the key interests of STS as an academic field is the history of science and
technology. As a strand of STS, the history of science and technology focuses on
how science and technology have changed across time. Also, it explores the
impacts of scientific and technological innovations on the prevailing social,
cultural, political, and economic contexts throughout history. Conversely, it also
pays attention to the conditions that shaped science and technology. Quite often,
interests lie in historical antecedents of scientific and technological innovations.

What is Antecedent?

Antecedent- it is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of

something.

Thus, historical antecedents in science and technology are factors that paved the
way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological
innovations today. Knowledge of the history of science and technology in use in
appraising these innovations today. By understanding how previous generations
influenced and were influenced can come up with informed decisions on the proper
application of science and technology to daily life.

1.2.1 Ancient

Some Inventions During Ancient Times

1. Ancient Wheel- People from ancient civilizations used animals for

transportation long before the invention of the wheel. No one knows who
exactly invented the wheel and when. There is, however, a general agreement
that the ancient wheel grew out of a mechanical device called the potter's
wheel- a heavy flat disk made up of hardened clay that was spun horizontally
on an axis. The invention of the wheel is often credited to the Sumerians since
no other ancient civilization used a similar device at the time. Today, cars,
carts, bicycles, and trucks are just some of the many offshoots of the wheels
invented by the Sumerians.
2. Paper- Roughly around 3000 B.C., the ancient Egyptians began writing on
papyrus, a material similar to thick paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of
 the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight, strong, durable, and
portable. Before the Egyptians invented the papyrus, the writing was done
on stone. With the advent of the papyrus, documentation, and record-
keeping become efficient, widespread, and vast. Through its use,
information dissemination became exponentially faster. records were kept
and stood the test of times.
3. Shadoof- The shadoof was an early tool invented and used by Egyptians to
irrigate the land. It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water. Its
invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights. Because
of this invention, irrigation and farming became much more efficient. The
shadoof is also believed to be an ancient precursor of more sophisticated
irrigation tools. Please click the video to watch how the shadoof is being
made and used.
4. Antikythera Mechanism- Even before the invention of the antecedents of
the modern computer, the Greeks had already invented the ancient world's
analog computer orrery. Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of
Antikythera, Greece. Antikythera mechanism is similar to a mantel clock
and it is known as antecedents of modern clockwork.
5. Aeolipile- Also known as the Hero's engine, the aeolipile is widely believed
to be the ancient precursor of the steam engine. It is a steam-powered turbine
that spun when the water container at its center was heated, thus making it
practically the first rudimentary steam engine.

Summary

In summary, we have mentioned that ancient people were concerned with

transportation, navigation, communication, record-keeping, mass production,
security, and protection, as well as health, and architecture. They continuously
invented new things because of their desire to raise the quality of life and because
of their inventions, people of today are enjoying the offshoots of their discoveries
and inventions such as the wheel, paper, shadoof, Antikythera, and an aeolipile.

1.2. 2 Medieval

Medieval Age occurred between the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century
AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in the late 15th century AD,
major advances in scientific and technological developments took place. The
Middle Age was not as stagnant as alternate terms such as the Medieval Period of
Dark Ages.
Some Inventions During the Medieval Times

1. Heavy Plow- This is one of the most important technological innovations

during the middle ages. The heavy plow turned European agriculture and
economy on its head. Clay soil, despite its being more fertile than the lighter
types of soil, was not cultivated because of its heavyweight. However, through
the invention of the plow, it became possible to harness clay soil. Professor
Thomas Bernebeck Andersen of the University of Southern Denmark
succinctly describes the impact of the invention of the heavy plow: "The heavy
plow turned the European agriculture and economy on its head. Suddenly,
the field with the heavy, fatty, and moist clay soil became those that gave the
greatest yields." Because of this, Europe, particularly its northern territories,
saw rapid economic prosperity. the heavy plow stirred an agricultural
revolution in Northern Europe marked by higher and healthier agricultural
yields.
2. Gunpowder- Around 850 A.D., Chinese civilizations alchemists
accidentally invented black powder or gunpowder. Multiple accounts
suggest that the gunpowder might have been an unintended byproduct of
attempts made by the Chinese to invent the exilir of life, which is why the
Chinese called it huoyao or translated as "fire potion." Prior to the invention
of gunpowder, swords and spears were used in battles and wars. Towards the
end of the 13th century, explosive invention crept into most parts of Europe
and Asia. Since its invention, gunpowder has allowed for more advanced
warfare. from fiery arrows to cannons and grenades, gunpowder has
prompted the foundation for the functionality of almost every new weapon
used in war since its invention. It ushered in an unprecedented advancement
in warfare and combat throughout the Middle Ages.
3. Paper Money- Although it was not until the 17th century that banknotes
began to be used in Europe, the first known versions of paper money could
be traced back to the Chinese in 17th century AD as an offshoot of the
invention of block printing, which is similar to stamping. Before the
introduction of paper money, precious metals, such as gold and silver were
used as currency. However, the idea of assigning value to a marked piece of
paper did not immediately become popular. in fact, when the Mongols
attempted to introduce paper money into the Middle East market in the 13th
century, it did not gain immediate success. Nonetheless, traders and
merchants eventually realized the huge advantage of using paper money
because it was easier to transport around compared to the previous forms of
currency.
 4. Mechanical Clock- Although devices for timekeeping and recording sprung
from ancient times, such as the Antikythera mechanism, it was not until the
middle ages that clockwork technology was developed. The development of
mechanical clocks paved the way for accurately keeping track the time.
5. Spinning Wheel- A machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn
and eventually woven into cloth on a loom. Please click the link to watch the
video about the Spinning Wheel of India. The Spinning Wheel encouraged
the development of the industry of fabrics, clothes, and related products.
6. Printing Press- After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann
Guttenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of
printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices
from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed
firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact
impression on paper. This general invention soon evolved to be a
mechanical printing press which was eventually used all over the world.

Summary
In summary, the following inventions were significant during the medieval period:
gunpowder, printing press, the heavy plow, paper money, mechanical clock, and
the spinning wheel. These inventions had a wide range of effects on people's lives
including economic, social, political, and cultural.

1. 2. 3 Modern

Some Inventions During the Modern Age

1. Compound Microscope- A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Jansen is

credited for the invention of the first compound microscope in 1590. Together
with his father Hans, Zacharias began experimenting with lenses by putting
together several lenses on a tube. This led to an amazing discovery that an
object, when placed near the end of the tube, can be magnified far larger than
what a simple magnifying lens can do. Jansen's compound microscope was an
important progression from a single lens microscope. It was capable of
magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to ten times
when extended to the maximum. Today, the compound microscope is an
important instrument in many scientific studies, such as in the areas of
medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic studies, and genetics.
2. Telescope- Perhaps the single, most important technological invention in the
study of astronomy during the Modern Ages was the practical telescope
 invented by Galileo Galilei. This invention could magnify objects 20 times
larger than the Dutch perspective glasses. It was Galileo who first used the
telescope skyward and made important astronomical discoveries, and
identified the presence of craters and mountains in the moon. Galileo's
remarkable technological contribution drastically changed the study of
astronomy. For the first time, it became clear that the universe is far larger
than previously imagined and the earth far smaller compared to the entire
universe.
3. Jacquard Loom- As the industrial Revolution reached full speed, the
Jacquard loom was considered as one of the most critical drivers of the
revolution. Built by French weaver Joseph Maxie Jacquard, the Jacquard
loom simplifies textile manufacturing. Built by French weaver Joseph Maxie
Jacquard, the Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing. Prior to the
invention of the Jacquard loom, a drawloom was used which required two
individuals to operate- the weaver and a "drawboy"- if figured on textiles
were needed. As such, intensified manual labor and greater effort had to be
exerted to produce complex designs. In 1801, Jacquard demonstrated the
ingenuity of his version of a loom in which a series of cards with punch
holes automatically created complex textile designs and made mass
production easier. The Jacquard loom is also an important antecedent of
modern computer technology as it demonstrated the use of punched cards to
instruct a machine to carry out complex tasks. For further information on a
Jacquard loom, please click the link to watch the video.
4. Engine- Powered Airplane- Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited
for designing and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft.
The Wright brothers approached the design of powered aircraft and flight
scientifically. Orville and Wilbur proved the air crafts could fly without
airfoil-shaped wings. Their pioneering success marked an age of powered
flights. Sans modern knowledge on aerodynamics and a comprehensive
understanding of the working of the aircraft wings, the Wright brothers were
brilliant scientists who paved the way for modern aircraft technology.
5. Television- The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for
the invention of modern television. Baird successfully televised objects in
outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, and moving objects in
1926, and projected colored images in 1928. Baird's television technology
caught on really swiftly. In fact, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
used this for its earliest television programming in 1929. Despite being the
first television invented. Baird's television was later on criticized for its
fuzzy and flickering images, primarily because it was mechanical compared
to electronic versions that were developed much later.
Summary

In summary, several inventions were made during modern times such as the
compound microscope, telescope, Jacquard loom, engine-powered airplane, and
televisions. These inventions had contributed much to the development of more
sophisticated inventions today.

1. 2. 4 Philippine Technologies and Inventions

The link contains information on the inventions and discoveries of prominent

Filipino scientists.

1. Gregoria Zara- He invented the first videophone. A native of Lipa, Batangas

and enrolled at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United
States, and graduated with a degree in BS in Mechanical Engineering in 1926.
The two-way televisions or videophone in 1955 patented as a "photophone
signal separator network."
2. Agapito Flores- He invented the fluorescent lamp, which is the most widely
used source of lighting in the world today. The fluorescent lamp reportedly got
its name from Flores. The fluorescent lamp, however, was not invented in a
particular year. it was the product of 79 years of the development of the
lightning method that began with the invention of the electric bulb by Thomas
Edison.
3. Daniel Dingel- He invented the water-powered car. Daniel Dingel started
working on a water-powered car and prototype in 1969. His hydrogen reactor
uses electricity from a 12-volt car battery to transform ordinary tap water with
salt into deuterium oxide or heavy water. However, Dingel's car has never
been patented and commercialized because of what he suspects as an anti-
Dngel car conspiracy by multinational companies.
4. Eduardo San Juan- He invented Lunar Rover. Eduardo San Juan's invention
is known as the Moon Buggy. The Moon Buggy was the car used by Neil
Armstrong and other astronauts when they first explored the moon in 1969. He
worked for Lockheed Corporation and conceptualized the design of the Moon
Buggy that the Apollo astronauts used while in the moon. As a NASA
engineer, San Juan reportedly used his Filipino ingenuity to build a vehicle
that would run outside the Earth's atmosphere. he constructed its model using
homemade materials. However, San Juan was not listed as the inventor of the
Moon Buggy in American Scientific journals, instead, it was attributed to a
Polish inventor.
 5. Diosdado Banatao- He invented the GUI (Graphical User Interface).
Banatao is known for introducing the first single-chip graphical user interface
accelerator that made computers work a lot faster and for helping develop
the Ethernet controller chip that made the internet possible. In 1989, he
pioneered the local bus concept for personal computers and in the following
year developed the first Windows accelerator chip. Intel is now using the chips
and technologies developed by Banatao.
6. Angel Alcala- He invented the artificial coral reefs. This was used for
fisheries in Southeast Asia.
7. Roberto del Rosario- He invented karaoke in 1975. Roberto del Rosario
developed a sing-along system in 1975 and was patented in the 1980s called
his sing-along system "Minus-One," now holds the patent for the device now
commonly known as the" karaoke machine."
8. Juan Salcedo Jr. -He developed the" Enriched Rice," a variety of rice
fortified with vitamins B1, which helps prevent beriberi. His discovery helped
in the prevention and reduction of beriberi in the Philippines and in other
countries.

Other Inventions by Filipino Scientists

The Philippines boasts of its own history and tradition of scientific and
technological innovations. Filipinos have long been known for their ingenuity. As
with all inventions, necessity has always been the mother of Philippine
inventions. Most of the inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural
context of the archipelagic nation. Throughout Philippine history, Filipinos are
responsible for developing many scientific and technological innovations focused
on navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts
and techniques, and even cultural inventions. The following are some of the most
important inventions by Filipino scientists.

1. Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)- The jeepney is perhaps one of the most

recognizable national symbols of the Philipines and the most popular mode of
transportation in the country. It is also perhaps one of the most enduring
symbols of Filipino ingenuity. Jeepneys were designed and improvised from
scratch out of military jeeps that the Americans left in the country after WW
II.
2. Erythromycin- One of the most important medical inventions is
Erythromycin. The Ilonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented the antibiotic
out of the strain of bacterium called Streptomyces erythreus, from which this
drug derived its name.
 3. Medical Incubator- World-renowned Filipino pediatrician and national
scientist, Fe del Mundo, is called for the invention of the incubator and
jaundice relieving device. Del Mundo was the first woman pediatrician to be
admitted to the prestigious Harvard University School of Medicine. Del
Mundo's incubator was particularly outstanding as it addressed the state of
Philippine rural communities that had no electricity to aid the regulation of
body temperatures of newborn babies.
4. Mole Remover- In 2000, a local invention that had the ability to easily
remove moles and warts on the skin without the need for any surgical
procedure shot to fame. Rolando dela Cruz is credited for the invention of a
local mole remover that made use of extracts of cashew nuts, which are very
common in the Philippines.
5. Banana Ketchup- Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa, is credited for
the invention of banana ketchup, a variety of ketchup different from the
commonly known tomato.

Summary

In conclusion, the birth of more Filipino scientists began in the twenty-first century as a
result of their important contributions to science, technology, physics, marine science,
agriculture, chemistry, engineering, and mathematics. Whether they are working overseas
or in the Philippines, these Filipino scientists consistently perform well. The Filipino
spirit remained in their hearts and minds throughout their lives. They continue to uphold
the country's honor. They create remarkable things out of commonplace stuff. Despite the
restricted resources available in our nation, they are always on the level of other
scientists. Indeed, this demonstrates the Filipinos' creativity, inventiveness, and
resourcefulness.

Module 1 Summary

In summary, the concepts of science, technology, and society are interrelated with one
another for science is defined as a body of knowledge whereas technology is the
application of knowledge, and society is composed of a group of people where they are
involved in experimenting and applying the knowledge.

Also, this module explores the historical origins of science and technology. There is a
necessity to examine such for it uncovers the presence of anything such as innovations.
Moreover, Filipino inventions are highlighted. We talked about how science and
technology have influenced the Philippines' development as a country. Various cultures
and communities in the Philippines have previously conducted science prior to the
Spanish invasion. All these inventions had paved the way to more improved technologies
nowadays.
2.1.1 Copernicus

Intellectual Revolution

The intellectual revolution had changed the way people perceive the influence of
science on society in general. It focuses on three of the most important intellectual
revolutions in history: Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian. By discussing these
intellectual revolutions in the context of science, technology, and society, the
attention of students is drawn again toward the complex interplay of the various
social contexts and the development of modern science.

The picture is Nicolaus Copernicus,

one of the three famous scientists.

He postulated a model, known as the

"heliocentric model."
Link: https://youtu.be/M0p6NKANE08

The Copernican Revolution

The Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th-century paradigm shift named

after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus
formulated the heliocentric model of the universe. At the time, the belief was that
the earth was the center of the solar system based on the geocentric model of
Ptolemy.

Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model in a 40-page outline entitled

Commentariolus. He formalized his model in the publication of his treatise, The
Revolution of Celestial Spheres in 1543. In his model, Copernicus repositioned the
earth from the center of the Solar System and introduced the idea that the earth
rotates on its own axis. The model illustrated the earth, along with the other
heavenly bodies, to be rotating around the sun.

The idea that the sun is at the center of the universe instead of the earth
proved to be unsettling to many when Copernicus first introduced his model. In
fact, the heliocentric model was met with huge resistance, primarily from the
church, accusing Copernicus of heresy. At the time, the idea that it was not the
earth, and, by extension, not man, that was at the center of all creation was
unthinkable. Copernicus faced persecution from the church because of this.
However, despite the persecution and the problems with the model, the heliocentric
model was soon accepted by other scientists of the time, most profoundly by
Galileo Galilei.

The contribution of the Copernican Revolution is far-reaching. It served as a

catalyst to sway scientific thinking away from age-long views about the position of
the earth relative to the position to an enlightened understanding of the universe.
This marked the beginning of modern astronomy. Although very slowly, the
heliocentric model eventually caught on among other astronomers who further
refined the model and contributed to the recognition of heliocentrism. This was
capped off by Isaac Newton's work a century later. Thus, the Copernican
Revolution marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy
making it a truly important intellectual revolution. Below is the Copernicus
Theory.

Summary

In summary, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric

hypothesis. The planets orbit the Sun, according to this concept; Earth is a planet
that, in addition to circling the Sun yearly, also rotates once daily on its own axis;
and the precession of the equinoxes is caused by extremely gradual changes in the
direction of this axis.

2.1.2 Darwin
Charles Darwin

Famous for his theory of evolution, which posited that populations pass through a
process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He published
his book The Origin of Species in 1589. His book presented evidence on how
species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptations that differentiate
species.

In his book The Descent of Man, he introduced the idea of all organic life,
including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. His unorthodox
way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence-based science. It is a science
marked by observation and experiment.
The above picture shows how the natural selection process transpired. Charles
Darwin sets out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for
adaptation and speciation.

Summary

In summary, the mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution is natural

selection. Because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits
that favor survival and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their
peers, causing the traits to increase in frequency over generations.
2.1. 3 Freud

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud is known for his school of thought known as "Psychoanalysis."

This school of thought is a scientific method of understanding inner and
unconscious conflicts embedded within one's personality, springing from free
associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual. Below is Freud's comparison
of the mind to an iceberg.

Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversy for it emphasized the existence

of the unconscious where feelings, thoughts, urges, emotions, and memories are
contained outside of one's conscious mind. Psychoanalytic concepts of
psychosexual development, libido, and ego were met with both support and
resistance from many scholars. Freud suggested that humans are inherently
pleasure-seeking individuals. These notions were particularly caught into the
crossfire of whether Freud's psychoanalysis fit in the study of the brain and mind.

Scientists working on biological approaches in studying human behavior criticized

psychoanalysis for lack of validity and bordering on being scientific as a theory.
Particularly, the notion that all humans are destined to exhibit Oedipus and Electra
complexes (the sexual desire towards the parent of the opposite sex and exclusions
of the parent of the same sex) did not seem to be supported by empirical data. In
the same way, it appeared to critics that psychoanalysis, then, was more of an
ideological stance than a scientific one.

Amidst controversy, Freud's psychoanalysis is widely credited for dominating

psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century.

Link: https://youtu.be/mQaqXK7z9LM

The video explains Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. He discussed the structures of

personality, id, ego, and superego. These three structures are continuously in
conflict with one another. Also, he mentioned the stages of psychosexual
development of individuals. The first is the oral stage where the child gets its
satisfaction from the mouth; second is the anal stage, the child undergoes toilet
training; the third stage is the phallic stage where the child develops complexes,
the Electra complex (the girl is attracted to the father) and the Oedipal complex (
the young boy is attracted to the mother); the fourth stage is the latency stage
where the child's focus is on education or learning, and the last stage is the genital
stage where there is a recurrence of the sex organs as the source of satisfaction.

Summary

In summary, Sigmund Freud's contribution to the area of science is his

"Psychoanalysis" school of thinking. He proposed that numerous conscious and
unconscious variables impact behavior and emotions, and that personality is the
result of three opposing elements: the id, ego, and superego. Despite the fact that
his school of thinking was widely condemned, psychodynamic treatments, which
treat a wide range of psychological problems, are still heavily influenced by
Freud's work on psychoanalysis.

Also, we may deduce that the three revolutionary theories are just a few of the
numerous scientific concepts that have shaped and altered civilizations and beliefs.
The shifts in the scientific community's and the public's viewpoints and
perceptions are proof of science and technology's connection to mankind. Through
scientific research and experimentation, people will continue to deepen their
understanding of the world and the universe.

2.1 Science and Technologies in Various Periods

Role of Science and Technology in Nation Building

The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already come a
long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by
or attributed to Filipinos. The following time periods show the development of
science and technology in the world:

 Pre-Colonial Period

 Colonial Period

 Post-Colonial Period

Pre-Colonial Period
Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-
colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early
Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems
of farming and animal raising were also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos
had also developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or
maritime.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras
when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able
to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an
irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an
elaborate fishing system. The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still
functional, show the innovative and ingenious way of the natives to survive in an
otherwise unfriendly environment.
Colonial Period
Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of
construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures were built using
some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the
Spanish government developed health and education systems that were enjoyed by
the principalia class.
The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines.
They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose
of nurturing development in the field of science and technology.
Post-Colonial Period
After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different
administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each
leadership had its own science and technology agenda.
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was
the former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos.
 A milestone in Science and Technology
 He mandated the Department of Education and Culture (DECS) to promote
science and technology courses in public schools.
 He established the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
 Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather Bureau;
 Agencies and organizations

o Philippines Coconut Research Institute (PHILCORIN),

o Philippine Textile Research Institute (PTRI),
o Philippines Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)/Philippine Nuclear Institute
(PNI),
o National Grain Authority(PGA) /National Food Authority (NFA),
o Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (PCAR) /Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources and Development)
(PCAANRD)
o Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC),
o Plant Breeding Institute (PBI),
o International Rice Research Institute (IRRI),
o Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI),
o Bureau of Forest Products (BFP), and
o National Committee on Geological Sciences (NCGS)
Pres. Corazon Aquino

 National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) was renamed to

Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

o DOST aimed to update the production sector, improve research activities and
develop infrastructures.

Pres. Fidel Ramos

 Competent scientists and engineers increased to approx. 3,000.

 Doctors to barrio program
 National program for gifted Filipino children in science and technology.
 Laws and Statutes

o RA 8439 -Magna Carta for Scientist engineers,Researchers and other

personnel in government.
o RA 7687 - Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994
o RA7459 - Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
o RA 8293 - The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.

Pres. Joseph Estrada

 He mandated and implemented the following Laws:

o RA 8749 - The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
o RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
 He implemented the cost-effective irrigation technologies and providing basic
health care services.

Pres. Gloria M. Arroyo

 Filipinovation - Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia

o Laws
o RA 9367 - Biofuel Act
o RA 10601 - Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMECH)

Pres. Benigno Aquino III

 Philippine Space Technology Program launched Diwata-1 in 2016
 New scientists were aknowledge
o Gavino C. Trono
 o Angel C. Alcala
o Ramon C. Barba
o Edgardo D. Gomez

Pres. Rodrigo Duterte

 Budget research and development (R&D) increased six times over the same
period.
 Give importance to agriculture and disaster preparedness.
 Philippine Space Technology Program launched Diwata-2 in 2018
 Build, Build, Build Project

Development of Science and Technology in the Philippiens

A. Internal influences – Survival, Culture, Economic Activities

B. External influences – Foreign colonizers, Trades with foreign countries,

International economic demands

Summary
In order to understand this topic, here are the following discussion points to
remember:
The Role of Science and Technology in Nation Building explained the
development of science and technology in the Philippines and many significant
inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos.
The following time periods show the development of science and technology in the
world:

 Pre-Colonial Period
 Colonial Period
 Post-Colonial Period

2. 3 Philippine Government Policies on Science and Technology

Philippine Government

The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs,

projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technology. The goal is to
prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically
driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science.
In response to the ASEAN 2105 Agenda, the government, particularly the DOST,
has sought the expertise of the NCRP to consult various sectors in the society to
study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals.

The National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) clustered these

policies into four, namely:

1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and

Governance

2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and
Mathematics

3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry

DOST Projects

There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine

government through the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

Some of these projects are the following:

 Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and
technology

 Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in

the field of science and technology

 Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System

 Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come

home and work in the Philippines

 Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to

encourage academe and industry partnerships

 The establishment of the National Science Complex and National

Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines campus in
Diliman.
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE,
2008) identified several capacity-building programs such as:

 Establishment of national centers of excellence;

 Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the Engineering

and Science Education Program (ESEP) to produce more Ph.D. graduates in
science and engineering

 Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries;

 Establishment of science and technology business centers to assist, advise,

and incubate technopreneurship ventures; and

 Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine

Science High School system.

Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI)

The Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) Project is a new

approach to enhance the skills and expertise of faculty and staff of Philippine
universities and colleges, through scholarships, training, and research partnerships
with top-notch research universities in California, USA, in the priority areas of
information infrastructure development (IID) and health innovation and
translational medicine (HITM).

Information infrastructure development refers to the technological and human

components, networks, systems, and processes that contribute to the creation, flow
or exchange, processing, and management of electronic information (adapted from
Braa et al., 2007).

Health innovation and translational medicine refer to the bench-to-bedside

translation of basic scientific research to practicable diagnostic procedures and
therapies with meaningful improvements to physical, mental, or social health
outcomes (adapted from Zerhouni, 2005).
VIRTUAL INSTITUTES

The project is going to be implemented by two virtual institutes:

1. The Institute for Information Infrastructure Development will direct

projects in information technology, energy, e-government, and e-education;
and

2. The Institute for Health Innovation and Translational Medicine will

direct projects in health care through strategic technology, delivery, and
training, to improve diagnosis, treatment, and health services delivery in the
ten major causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines, such as
asthma, diabetes, tuberculosis, dengue, and diarrhea.

OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF THE PCARI PROJECT

The PCARI Project:

 Involves scholarship, training, and research;

 Focuses on two fields: information infrastructure development (IID) and

health innovation and translational medicine (HITM);

 Provides opportunities for direct collaboration between Philippine faculty-

researchers and UC-based experts in order to build research capabilities and
infrastructure in Philippine universities and colleges;

 Attracts the best and the brightest with full support for research, which
includes modern equipment, attendance in conferences and state-of-the-art
laboratories; and

 Addresses important problems of society using the best technologies,

including the development of technologies close to commercialization.

BENEFITS OF THE PCARI PROJECT

 Jobs in new competitive high-value-added industries and related support

services in information infrastructure in support of disaster risk management
and response, energy generation monitoring, e-governance, water resources
management, monitoring of civil infrastructures, among others
  Affordable and efficient diagnostic kits, medical devices, and inexpensive
drugs and the creation of jobs to produce such to improve the diagnosis and
treatment of the ten highest causes of mortality and morbidity in the
Philippines, such as dengue, asthma, diabetes, tuberculosis

 Increase in the number of faculty-scientists and faculty-researchers with the

capacity to generate effective technologies to benefit society

 Improved research management skills especially in research grants

administration and international linkages

 World-class research institutes with state-of-the-art facilities for Information

Infrastructure Development and Health Innovation and Translational
Medicine

Science Schools in the Philippines

The Concept of Science Education

Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science.

 Teaching science involves exploring pedagogical theories and models in

helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively.

 Learning science includes both pedagogy and the most interesting aspect,
which is helping students understand and love science.

 Understanding science implies developing and applying science-process

skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and
activities in everyday life.

Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education

 In basic education, science education helps students learn important

concepts and facts that are related to everyday life including important skills
such as process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills.

 In tertiary education, science education deals with developing students’

understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. It also
 focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and
other professionals in various science-related fields.

Science Schools in the Philippines

 Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

-A government program for gifted students in the Philippines

-A service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

-Offers free scholarship basis for the secondary courses with special emphasis on
subjects pertaining to the sciences.

 Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project

-This project started in June 2007 with 57 (or 60 since its inception) identified
elementary schools that participated or were identified as science elementary
schools in the country.

The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with scientific and
technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission is to:

1. provide a learning environment to science-inclined children through a

special curriculum that recognizes the multiple intelligences of the learners;

2. promote the development of lifelong learning skills; and

3. foster the holistic development of the learners.

 Quezon City Regional Science High School

The school envisions to serve as a venue in providing maximum opportunities for

science-gifted students to develop spirit of inquiry and creativity.

-The focus of its curriculum is on science and technology.

-It is well-supported by the local government unit and by the Parents and
Teachers Association (PTA).
  Manila Science High School

-It is the first science high school in the Philippines.

 Central Visayan Institute Foundation

-It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as
the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP).

 DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical theories adapted to

foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and productivity.

-The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP).

Summary

In order to understand this topic, here are the following discussion points to
remember:

Here are the following Philippine Governments such as:

 National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP)

 Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

 Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE)

 Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI)

Here are the following Science Schools in the Philippines:

 Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

 Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project

 Quezon City Regional Science High School

 Manila Science High School

 Central Visayan Institute Foundation

Module 2 Summary

In summary, we had discussed the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and

Freud. Likewise, this module situates science, technology, and society in the
framework of Philippine nation-building. We had explored the roles of science and
technology in developing our country by tracing the advancements and
implications of science and technology on the various sectors of Philippine society.
Similarly, we identified and assessed a number of government science and
technology initiatives in terms of the Philippines' contributions to nation-building.
In the realm of education, examples include the PICARI, PAASE, and DOST.