Reading 3-History of Bicycle

THE HISTORY OF BICYCLES
The bicycle was not invented by one individual or in one country. It took nearly 100 years and many
individuals for the modern bicycle to be born. By the end of those 100 years, bicycles
had revolutionized the way people travel from place to place.
Bicycles first appeared in Scotland in the early 1800s, and were called velocipedes. These early
bicycles had two wheels, but they had no pedals. The rider sat on a pillow and walked his feet along
the ground to move his velocipede forward.
Soon a French inventor added pedals to the front wheel. Instead of walking their vehicles, riders
used their feet to run the pedals. However, pedaling was hard because velocipedes were very heavy.
The framework was made of solid steel tubes and the wooden wheels were covered with steel. Even
so, velocipedes were popular among rich young men, who raced them in Paris parks.
Because of the velocipedes were so hard to ride, no one thought about using them for transportation.
People didn’t ride velocipedes to the market or to their jobs. Instead, people thought velocipedes
were just toys.
Around 1870, American manufacturers saw that velocipedes were very popular overseas. They
began building velocipedes, too, but with one difference. They made the frameworks from hollow
steel tubes. This alteration made velocipedes much lighter, but riders still had to work hard to pedal
just a short distance. In addition, roads were bumpy so steering was difficult. In fact, most riders
preferred indoor tracks where they could rent a velocipede for a small fee and take riding lessons.
Subsequent changes by British engineers altered the wheels to make pedaling more efficient. They
saw that when a rider turned the pedals once, the front wheel turned once. If the front wheel was
small, the bicycle traveled just a small distance with each turn. They reasoned that if the front wheel
were larger, the bicycle would travel a greater distance. So they designed a bicycle with a giant front
wheel. They made the rear wheel small. Its primary purpose was to help the rider balance.
Balancing was hard because the rider had to sit high above the giant front wheel in order to reach
the pedals.
This meant he was in danger of falling off the bicycle and injuring himself if he lost his balance.
Despite this inherent danger, “high wheelers” became very popular in England.
American manufacturers once again tried to design a better bicycle. Their goal was to make a safer
bicycle. They substituted a small wheel for the giant front wheel and put the driving mechanism in
a r larger rear to wheel. It would be impossible for a rider to pedal the rear wheel, so engineers
designed a system of foot levers. By pressing first the right one and then the left, the rider moved a
long metal bar up and down. This bar turned the rear axle1. This axle turned the rear wheel and the
bicycle minimized the dangers inherent in bicycle riding, more and more people began using
bicycles in their daily activities.
The British altered the design one last time. They made the two wheels equal in size and created a
mechanism that uses a chain to turn the rear wheel. With this final change, the modern bicycle
was born.
Subsequent improvements, such as brakes, rubber tires, and lights were added to make bicycles
more comfortable to ride. By 1900, bicycle riding had become very popular with men and women
of all ages. Bicycles revolutionized the way people worldwide ride bicycles for transportation,
enjoyment, sport, and exercise.
'axle the center bar of a wheel
Questions 1-6
Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.

In the invention of the bicycle took part not only one individual or the country, but the world in
general during the 1 __________ years. This invention was firstly found in Scotland in the
first decades of 1800, and was known as velocipedes. They were not resembled to today’s bicycles
and had two wheels, but they had no 2 _______. The rider sat on a pillow and walked his feet along
the ground in order to move his velocipede forward. Soon, a French inventor added pedals to the
front wheel. However, because of their difficulty in riding, nobody used them in a daily life, and
they were accepted as 3_______ . Around 1870, manufacturers in America found that this invention
is popular 4 ___________, but within the difference: frameworks were made
from 5_________ , what makes them much lighter. Soon, the British inventors found the method
which can make pedaling more efficient- to turn pedals one by one. They designed a bicycle with a
giant front wheel. However, as the rider had to sit high above the giant front wheel it was too
difficult to keep the balance. The safer bicycle was invented by Americans. They designed the
rear 6 _________, which minimized the danger of falling and injuring. At last, the British changed
the design one last time and added two wheels equal in size and the mechanism that induce a chain
to turn the rear wheel. By this there was invented the example of the modern bicycle.
Questions 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
7 The bicycle was invited by Americans only ____
8 It was too hard to lead the velocipedes due to their heaviness _____
9 The alteration of velocipedes made the life of people much more easy ____
10 The changes by British inventors altered the wheels to make pedaling more efficient ___
Questions 11-13
Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN TREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
11 The British inventors concluded that if the front wheel were large in_______ , the bicycle
would travel comparatively long distance.
12 American engineers designed a system of ________ which was driven by pressing first the
right and then the left pedals.
13 The last, but not least alteration in creating of the modern bicycle was a making the two wheels
equal in size and using the ________to spin the rear wheel.

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THE HISTORY OF BICYCLES

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