Tourism – multidimensional phenomenon, it is difficult to describe.

- Temporary short term movement of people to destinations outside the places where
they normally live.

5 main characteristic of tourism (Burkart and Medlik, 1997)

1. Because of its complexity, tourism is a combination of phenomena and relationship
2. It has two essential elements: the dynamic element or the journey and the static
element or the stay
3. The journey and stay are the to-and-fro destinations outside the place of residence and
work
4. The movement of destinations is temporary and short-term with the intention to return
within a few days, weeks, or months; and
5. Destinations are visited for purposes not connected with paid work, that is, not to be
employed and not for business or vocational reasons.

Hospitality – derived from the Latin word hospitare, means to receive as a guest; related Latin
words: hospital, hospice, and hostel
- The requirements in these circumstances are food, beverages, lodging, or shelter

Tourists - a person who visited a country other than that in which he or she usually resides for a
period of at least 24 hours.

Types of tourists
 Tourist – Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose can be classified as:
 Leisure
 Business
 Family
 Mission
 Meeting
 Excursionists – temporary visitors less than 24 hours in the destination visited and not
making an overnight stay including cruise travelers, but excluding travelers in transit.

Elements of Travel
 Distance
 Length of stay at the destination
 Residence of the traveler
 Purpose of travel

Nature of a Tour
 Domestic Tourism – to travel take exclusively within the national boundaries of the
travelers country.
 International tourism - involves the movement of people across international
boundaries.
1. Tour operator – who organize the package tour purchases transport and hotel
accommodation in advance/manufacturer of the product
2. Travel Agent – distributor of the product
3. Package Tour – sometimes called inclusive tour
4. Independent tour – is an agreement in which the tourist buys these facilities
separately
5. Independent inclusive tour – tourist travel to his or her destination individually
6. Group inclusive tour – he or she travels in the company of other tourist
7. Tourist destination – geographical unit where the tourist visits and stays.
8. Amenities - facilities such as accommodation, food, transportation,
communication, and entertainment at the destination
9. Site attraction – an attraction in which the destination itself has appeal
10. Tourist product – consist of what the tourist buys
 Service – first characteristic of a tourist product
 Largely psychological in its attraction – second characteristic of tourist product
 Tends to vary in standard and quality over time – characteristic of tourist
product
 The supply of the product is fixed

Importance of Tourism and Hospitality

1. Contribution to the balance of payment
2. Dispersion of development
3. Effect on general economic development
4. Employment opportunities
5. Social benefits
6. Cultural enrichment
7. Educational significance
8. A vital force of peace

HISTORY OF TOURISM INDUSTRY

1. Early Tourism – Travel and exploration are basic to human nature.

 Tourism was used only in 19th century
 Tourism is derived from Hebrew word “torah” means studying, learning, or
searching
 Noah with his Ark – the first large scale operator
 Early tourism has two forms: Travel for business such as trading, and religious
travel.
 Sumerians – the one who invented money, writing, and wheel. They were also the
one who facilitated travel and exchange of goods.
  Greeks & Romans – well known traders
 Private travel – ex. Olympic Games in 776 BC & for enjoyment and to visit friends
and relatives.
 Pilgrimages – travel for religious reasons.
 Pilgrimages – were made to fulfill a vow as in case of illnesses or of great danger or
as of penance of sins.

2. Tourism in Medieval Period

During the medieval period, travel declined. Travel derived from the word travail,
became burdensome, dangerous, and demanding during this time.
 Thieves inflicted harm on those who dared to travel.
 No one during this time traveled for pleasure.
 Crusaders and pilgrims were the ones who traveled.

3. Tourism during Renaissance and Elizabethan Eras

- with the renaissance, a few renewed universities developed so that travel for
education was introduced largely by British.
- Travel for education became popular in the 16th century under Elizabeth I.
- “Grand Tour”
- “Spa” derived from the wallon word ‘espa’ means ‘fountain’

4. tourism during Industrial Revolution

- Brought a major changes in the scale and type of tourism development.
- increase in productivity, regular employment, and growing urbanization gave
more people the motivation and opportunity to go on a holiday.

5. Modern Tourism
(19th Century)
- Two technological developments in the early part of the 19 th century had a
great effect on the growth of tourism. These were the introduction of Railway and the
development of Steam power.
- Thomas Cook – the first and the most famous travel organizer.

(20th Century)
- Pleasure travel continued to expand
- world war I brought many changes which influenced the volume of tourism.
- World war II let to increased interest in travel
- Out come of world war 2 was the progress in aircraft technology.
HISTORY OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

1. Ancient period
a) The Sumerians
- the recorded history of the hospitality industry began withe the Sumerians, a
group of people who lived in Mesopotamia.
- they invented the money and writing as a means to record and settle their
business transactions.
- “Taverns” the first hospitality business. These taverns served beers to the local
residents.

b) Early Traders
- Caravanserai – which provided foods and shelter to travelers. These were the early
examples of inns.

2. Empires: 3200 BC to 476 AD

- Egyptian, Greek, and Roman – each of these empires developed hospitality services
and increasing the numbers of travelers.

a) Egyptian Empire
- Ancient Egyptians, the first to see that food service and lodging should be provided to
travelers

b) Greek Empire
- Greeks were dedicated travelers.
- Inns and taverns became common in Ancient Greece

c) Roman Empire
- Inns and taverns were established throughout the empire.
- Khans – a combination of stables, sleeping accommodation, and fortress which
provided shelter from sandstorms.

3. Medieval Period
a) Dark Ages
- inn keeping almost disappeared after the fall of the Roman Empire.
- Charlemagne - established rest houses for pilgrims.

b) Renaissance: 1350 AD to 1600 AD

-Table manners increased during this period and rules to be observed at the
dinner table develop

4. Early Modern Period: 1600 AD to 1800 AD

- During this era, coffee and tea began to influence the culinary habits of Western Europe
- Boulanger – the first soup vendor in Paris who established the first restaurant
 - Restaurant – a French word means “restoratives”
- Traiteurs – members of caterers´ guild who prepare roast and meats
- Café – French word for coffee

Modern Period
a) 19th Century
- By this time, the term restaurant referred to the dining room of a hotel.
- Savoy – best known hotels owned by Richard d´ Oyly in 1889
- Cesar Ritz the general manager and Auguste Escoffier the chef des cuisines.
These two men revolutionize the hotel restaurants.
- Auguste Escoffier the greatest chefs of all time; he installed the Kitchen
Brigade System. He is also known for his classic book: Le Guide Culinaire
- Delmonico – expensive and aristocratic restaurant in US; known for his bilingual
menus

b) 20th century

PIONEERS IN THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

 Cesar Ritz – general manager of Savoy Hotel in London
 Ellsworth Milton Statler – premier hotel-man of all times
 Conrad Hilton – the biggest hotel man in the world
 Thomas Cook – recognized as the first professional travel agent
 Howard Dearing Johnson – was the pioneer of brand leveraging
 J. Willard Marriott – founded the Marriott corporation which has continued to be
an important asset of the hospitality industry
 Ray Kroc – most financially successful of all hospitality entrepreneurs
 Isadore Sharp – founder of Four Seasons Regent Hotels, the worlds largest hotel
chain
 Ruth Fertel – founder of Chris Steak House, the largest upscale restaurant chain

ORIGINS OF TOURIS AND HOSPITALITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

A more recognizable Tourism and Hospitality appeared in the Philippines when the
country was discovered by Ferdinand Magellan.
- “Colorum” means illegal tour

INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL PATTERNS

- Intracontinental travel, the travel between European countries

Top 10 countries generating international travel in rank order:

1. United States
 2. Germany
3. United Kingdom
4. Canada
5. Japan
6. France
7. Netherlands
8. Mexico
9. Switzerland
10. Australia

FACTORS THAT FAVOR THE GROWTH OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

1. Rising disposable income for large sections of the population
2. Growth in the number of retired persons who have the desire and the energy to travel
3. Increase in discretionary time
4. Greater mobility of the population
5. Growth in the number of “singles”
6. Greater credit availability through credit cards and bank loans
7. Higher educational level
8. The growth of cities
9. Simplification of travel through the package tour
10. Growth of multinational business
11. Modern transportation technology
12. Shift in values
13. Advances in communication
14. Smaller families and changing roles

Balneotherapy – term given to medical baths

Athens – travel to the cultural center of Europe

TOURISM & HOSPITALITY COMPONENTS

• travel industry - is a tourism and hospitality network. Which includes both the public
and private sector.

1. Direct providers
- includes businesses that are associated with travel, such as Airlines, hotels, restaurant,
ground transportation, travel agencies, and retail shops.

2. Support services
- lends support to direct providers

3. Tourism developmental Organizations

- different from the first two, since it includes planners, government agencies, financial
institution, real estate developers and educational and vocational training institutions.
HOSPITALITY RESOURCES
- Refers to the general feelings of being welcomed that the visitors receive while
visiting a destination area.
- Hospitality resources can be improved by training tourism and hospitality
personnel to be hospitable to encourage positive feelings toward tourism and
hospitality and tourist by the general public.

Hospitality training
- aims to motivate service providers to be hospitable in dealing with tourists
- It is assumed that providing more hospitable service will result to a more
satisfied tourist who will be inclined to return and advertise to other potential tourist
through word of mouth.
- To enable service providers to render hospitable services, it is necessary to
change their present behavior. This change of behavior is brought about by a change in
attitude and an increase in the level of knowledge.

Aspects of Attitude
1. Toward self - If an individual self- esteem or attitude toward self is low ,that individual
will tend o behave in such a way that the feedback from others will confirm the low
opinion of himself.

2. Toward others - Service providers should be assisted in developing positive feelings

toward fellow employees and tourists that will result in positive behaviour the tourists.

3. Toward the tourism and hospitality industry - A positive attitude as service providers
toward tourism can be brought about only when employees are made aware of how
important tourism and hospitality is to their country city, and community.

Various ways to communicate with the local community:

• Public meetings can be held to discuss particular problems.
• A speaker's bureau composed of tourism community leaders who can talk to
community groups may be organized

The main objective is to create the feeling of being welcomed for the tourist within the
community.

Transportation - Is of paramount importance in developing tourism hospitality.

- Tourist need easy access to various forms of transportation such as road, rail, air and
water.

Land Travel
1. Taxi and limousine service
 2. Bus services
3. Rail services

Air Travel - poster service is important at air terminals.

- the poster helpful behaviour and attitude are essential and their training and
supervision should be adequate.
- large airport provide comfortable and attractive waiting areas, as well as information
regarding flight details.

Sea Travel - Sea factor is a major factor in tourism and hospitality.

STRUCTURE (Building or part of a building built above the foundation) (Atorza)

Accommodation
- While away from homes, we need to eat and sleep. Sleeping accommodation range from
hotels or international standards and condominiums to campgrounds and the homes od
relative and friends. For a tourist region to succeed, a sufficient quantity of accommodation of
the right quality should be provided for the needs of the tourist.
-The demand for accommodation varies according to the price the guests are willing to pay,
service required and similar consideration. An important thing to remember in marketing is that
the facilities should at least equal those provided by the competition for the same market.
-Expensive hotel accommodations may be demand by those who want the best and are willing
and able to pay accordingly. Tourist who are unable or unwilling to pay for expensive
accommodations should have aa cheap facilities available.

TYPES OF ACCOMODATIONS
1. Hotels- provide accommodation, meals, and refreshments for those who may reserve
their accommodation in advance but need not do so.
2. CONDOMINIUM- is an apartment or individual dwelling unit owned by an individual but
the management and services, such a maintenance and security, are handled bu
independent company. The company often contracts to rent the condominiums when it
is not being used by the owner, each owner can sell his/her unit independently of the
owners.
3. Motels or motor hotels- provide bedrooms, bath, and parking to motorist; rooms are
usually accessible from parking lot. They usually near the highway.
4. Inns- are lodging establishment catering to transients which do not meet the minimum
requirement of an economy hotel.
5. Apartments- are hotels (appartelles) building, or edifices containing several indeoei ang
furniahi or sem- furnished apartments that regularly leased to tourist and travelers or
dwelling. On a more or less long-term basis and offering basic services to its tenants
similar to hotels.
 6. Paradores - are old convents, monasteries, castles, or fortresses converted into hotels
by government and operate bye a national tourism office. PARADORES are found in
SPAIN and Ireland. They are generally priced reasonably with full-meal plans. Tourist
who would like to experience romance and ambiances of the past in a fifteenth- century
7. Pension house- A private or family-operation tourist accommodations similar to
boarding house or guest-house.
8. Bed-and-breakfast accommodation - provide a room, bath, and hearty breakfast to
tourist and travelers. They are known as B&B and are popular in BRITAIN, IRELAND and
UNITED STATES.
9. Hostels- provide minimal amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet
and bathroom. The traveler provides his/her own bedding. They appeal mostly to young
travelers.
10. Campgrounds- appeal mostly to families who travel in recreational vehicles.
11. Health spas- are hostels and resorts which are cater to individuals who go to spas or
mineral springs for weight reduction or medical treatment.
12. Private homes- provide lodging to tourists when accommodations are not available
during this peak periods.

HOTEL CLASSIFICATION (Boholst)

Hotels can be classified in the following ways:

 ON THE BASIS OF LOCATION
 ON THE TYPE OF GUEST
 ON THE BASIS OF PRICE
 ON THE BASIS OF STAR RATING SYSTEM

CLASSIFICATION OF HOTEL BASED ON LOCATION :

• City Center – located in the center of the city or within a short distance from business
center, shopping areas, public offices , etc.
• Sub-urban – hotels are located in the suburb of cities, moderately priced and are
mostly medium, large and small size.
• Airport – These are hotels near the Airports, especially international airports. They are
popular because of their proximity to major travel centers.
• Highway – provide travelers with lodging and free parking facilities.
• Resort – A resort located in the tourist interest places like hills, forests, beaches, on an
island, or in some other exotic location away from crowded residential areas.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOTELS BASED ON THE TYPE OF GUEST :

• Commercial – These hotels provide high standard rooms and amenities situated in the
city center. Along with high speed internet connectivity, business centers , and
conference hall.
 • Convention – It means a hotel with 50 rooms or greater that provides facilities and
services designed to host meetings or gatherings within or upon the same premises of
the hotel.
• Resort- they provide enjoyable and memorable guest experiences.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOTELS BASED ON THE PRICE :

• Economy/ Budget – it focus on meeting the most basic needs of guest providing clean,
comfortable and inexpensive rooms.
• Standard/ Midscale – it would be a property that’s positioned between the luxury and
budget hotels.
• First-class – means full service hotels.
• Deluxe – something that’s extra fancy or of very high quality.

CLASSIFICATION OF HOTELS BASED ON STAR RATING SYSTEM:

• One- Star Hotels –simply a place to rest your head for the night.
• Two- Star Hotels – offers the basic necessities of a bed and bathroom in each room.
• Three-Star Hotels – a hotel that provides average amenities, higher quality service,
physical attributes and design.
• Four- Star Hotels – are large, upscale establishments, fully staffed, and complete with
tons of extras.
• Five-Star Hotels- are properties that offer their guests their highest luxury through
personalized services.

 FOOD AND BEVERAGE - More of the tourist dollar is spent on food and beverage than
on any other service. Countries which are highest in per capital eating place and sales
are also top tourist countries.

 RESTAURANT
1. The facades and architectural features of the building shall be appropriately designed. It
shall be provided with a proper entrance and exit.
2. The dining room shall be adequate in size, with sufficient and well- maintained furniture
3. There shall be cuisine of good quality and presentation and served with distinction.
There shall be a menu book or card which shall be presentable, clean, and easy to read
with the menu items listed in logical sequence.
4. Adequate number of well- trained, experienced, efficient, and courteous staff shall be
employed. The bar shall be well- stocked at all times.
TOURISM ORGANIZATION (Bontia)

Tourism - is the activities of people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual

environment for leisure, business or other purposes for not more than one consecutive
year.

UNITED NATIONS WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS (UNWTO)

• -Founded in 1978
• Formerly known as international union of official tourism organization
• Since 2006 the WTO renamed as united nation world Tourism organization (UNWTO)
• Headquarters located in Madrid,
• It also serve as a global forum for tourism policy issues and plays a central role in
promoting responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism, paying particular
attention to the need of developing countries.

Membership:
• Full members
• Associate members
• Affiliate members

Role of (UNWTO)
• International travel statistics
• Travel abroad – frontier formalities
• Economic review of world tourism
• Technical bulletins
• Manuals

International civil aviation organization (ICAO)

• ICAO is an organization of around 134 governments established for the purpose of
promoting civil aviation on a worldwide scale. It was established at the Chicago
conference of 1944.
• Adopt international standards and to recommend practices for regulating air
navigation
• Recommend installation of navigation facilities by member countries
• Set forth proposals for the reduction of customers and immigration formalities
• Plan for the safe and orderly growth of international civilization throughout the
world
• Encourage the improvement of the part of aircraft design and operation for peaceful
purposes
• Seek the development of airways airport and air navigation facilities for international
civilization
• Provide for sale regular efficient and economical year transportation
• Discourage unreasonable competition
 • Ensure that the rights of contracting countries are fully respected and that every
member has a Fair opportunity to operate international airlines
• Discourage discrimination between contracting countries
• Promote the development of all aspects of an transportation

International air transport association (IATA)

• Established in 1945 in Haran. It was composed Of airline operators attached to the
national delegations of the ICAO conference in Chicago. Their objectives are to promote
safe. And economical air transport, faster air commerce, and study problems connected
with the industry.
World travel and tourism council (WTTC)
• The world travel and tourism council is the only global forum whose members are the
top decision makers and the travel and tourism industry. It is the only body representing
the private sector in all parts of the industry worldwide

Regional Organization (Cabintoy)

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Was set up in a convention signed in Paris on December 14, 1960.
- Shall promote policies designed to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and
employment and rising standard of living in member countries.
- The members of OECD are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and
the United States.
- Tourism is an integral parts of it’s objectives.
- OECD established a tourism committee responsible for coordinating studies, organizing
meetings of member countries

Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)

- Was organized in Hawaii in 1951.
- Composed of more than 1,000 organizations
- Its purpose is to develop promote and facilitate travel in the pacific area.
- Initiated the “PATA code for Environmental Tourism”
- PATA’s model for an environmental ethic for the travel and tourism industry
foreshadows the power of industry coalitions in directing future tourism trends and
their relationships with international economic affairs.

The following is a list of some of PATA’s publication:

1. Pacific Travel News
2. Annual Statistical Reports
 3. Travel Market Study
4. Meetings Pacific
5. PATA Trade Manual
6. Tourism International Research Pacific

CARIBBEAN TOURISM ASSOCIATION (Cabudol)

CARIBBEAN TOURISM ASSOCIATION (CTA)
- FOUNDED IN 1951
- TO ENCOURAGE AND ASSIST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM THROUGHOUT THE
CARIBBEAN AREA.
Objectives:
• Provide an instrument for close collaboration among the various territories and
countries concerned.
• Augment and assist of local promotional and development efforts of the members of
the association and act as liaison between the members.
• Provide liaison among member governments, government agencies active in tourism
development and promotion, travel and transportation industries, and organizations
active in tourism and regional development.
• Carry out advertising and publicity measures calculated to focus the attention of the
travelling public upon the Caribbean as one of the world’s outstanding vacation areas.
• Encourages the promotion of adequate passenger transportation services to and within
the Caribbean area and assist in the Establishment of such services. The promotion and
development of inter-Caribbean travel is also the particular concern of the association.
• Carry out the statistical and research work relating to travel trends and tourism for the
development of the members.
• Negotiate with the governments either directly or through the appropriate bodies for an
easing of regulations and formalities which tend to be barriers to tourist travel

CTA Published :
• Brochures
• Films
• Reports
• Newsletter
• Information

ASIA-PACIFIC Economic cooperation (APEC)

Represents fifteen (15) countries

1. Australia
2. Brunei
3. Canada
4. Hongkong
5. Indonesia
 6. Japan
7. Malaysia
8. New Zealand
9. People’s republic of China
10. Philippines
11. Singapore
12. Thailand
13. Taiwan
14. The united states
15. Korea

• The purpose of APEC is to establish coordination of national economics for the benefit
of the countries in the Asia-Pacific region as a whole.
• The specific goals are to sustain the growth and development of capital and technology
in keeping with the principles of the General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GAAT),
and to open and strengthen the multi-lateral trading system in the interest of Asia-
pacific and all other economies.
• APEC has ten (10) work groups including: Tourism, Telecommunications, and
transportation. Other groups include Human resources development, Marine sources,
Energy, Trade Promotion, Trade and Investment Data, Investment and Technology
transfer, and fisheries
• APEC has a permanent secretariat located in Singapore. The secretariat is to serve as a
coordinating body Nad the central repository for all APEC documents.
• The US Travel and Tourism Administration is the first country chair of the Tourism
Working group for APEC.
• It is working to coordinate activities with the telecommunications and transportation
groups.
• As the multi-cultural process of negotiations for tourism, Telecommunications, and
transportation services falter with the stalemate of the GATT Uruguay Board, the
importance of interregional tourism and trade agreements and organizations such as
APEC becomes apparent.

Organization of America States (OAS)

• The main objective of the Organization of American states is to strengthen relations
between American states by providing advisory services and training program in many
fields including Tourism.
• Like OECD, tourism is an important component although its principal motive was to
promote economic growth, thus OAS conducts its number of travel studies and tourism
development programs.
Others:
• South American Tourism (SATO)
 • European Travel Commission (ETC)
• Common market Travel association (CMTA)

THE DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES (Capuyan J)

• DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM (DOT) -Department of tourism Main mission The

Department of Tourism (DOT) shall be the primary government agency charged with the
responsibility to encourage, promote, and develop tourism as a major socio-economic
activity to generate foreign currency and employment and to spread the benefits of
tourism to both the private and public sector.
•
• Brief History of the Department of Tourism (DOT):
- 1950s – Started as a private initiative, the Philippine Tourist & Travel Association was
organized.
- 1956 – The Board of Travel & Tourist Industry was created by law. –
- 1973 – The Department of Tourism (DOT), Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA), and
Philippine Convention Bureau (PCB) were created by the Philippine government.
-
Secretary Tourism – Responsible for the office tourism development of planning office of
product research and development as well as the office of tourism standards
- They are responsible for legal services means involving legal in law related like issues of
legal opinion fling.

Three under secretaries:

1. Planning
2. Product development
3. Coordination

Undersecretary for tourism services – office tourism standard, national capital region of all
regional office.

Undersecretary for tourism promotions – Bureau of domestic promotion, Bureau International

Tourism Promotions as well as Office Tourism Information

The secretary of tourism are the following:

- NATIONAL PARKS DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
- TBP
- TIEZA
- IA
- NPF, INC

• THE REGIONAL OFFICE OF DOT –ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM

PROMOTION, TOURISM MARKETING. ACCREDITATION. TOURISM ASSISTANT. PUBLIC
 RELATIONS AND COORDINATION WITH LEGAL GOVERNMENT UNITS AMD TOURISM
STOCKHOLDER IN THE REGION
• REGIONAL OFFICE – TASK TO UNDERTAKE PLANNING AND PRODUCT AND
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SUPPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT POLICY OF
DECENTRALIZATION UNDER THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE.

TOURISM PROMOTION BOARD - responsible for marketing and promoting the Philippines
domestically and internationally as a major global destination.

FIVE ATTACHED AGENCIES

- TREZA
- TBP
- IA
- NPDC
- NPF

TIEZA - known as PTA or Philippine Tourism Authority

- Corporate, body task to designated, regulate, supervise

INTRAMUROS ADMINSTRATION (IA) (Capuyan K)

The Intramuros Administration was established in 1979 by virtue of Presidential Decree (PD)
No. 1616 signed by President Ferdinand Marcos on April 10, 1979.

Following are powers and functions by virtue of P.D. No. 1616 as amended by P.D. No. 1748:
• Formulate, coordinate, and execute policies on the implementation of all programs,
projects, and activities of the government relating to Intramuros;
• Enter into contracts with any private person or entity or any government agency, either
domestic or foreign, for the effective discharge of its functions, and responsibilities;
• Acquire through sale, expropriation, or other means and hold real and personal
property as it may deem necessary or convenient in the successful prosecution of its
work; lease, mortgage, sell, or dispose of such personal and real property;
• Receive, take, and hold by request, donation, gift, purchase, or lease from foreign or
domestic sources any asset, grant or property, real or personal, subject to such
limitations as are provided in existing laws and regulations;
• Initiate, plan, undertake, and supervise the restoration, upkeep and maintenance of the
Intramuros Walls including the ravelins, moat, Sunken garden and public places, plazas,
streets, and other government property situated within Intramuros;
• Prepare, adopt, revise, and enforce such rules and regulations, implementing guidelines,
and standards necessary for the effective regulation of the land use and development
activities of Intramuros;
• Expropriate property within the bounds of Intramuros;
 • Sponsor, conduct, or support festivals and cultural activities in Intramuros; charges and
collect admission fees to the restored Gates and other attractions operated by the
Administration;
• Give grants, contributions, and donations for the restorations, repair, and maintenance
of historic structures outside of the Intramuros; and
• Collect reasonable amounts to be charged as filing fees, inspections fees, permit fees,
services fees necessary for effective enforcement of its laws and regulatory measures

Mandate
• The IA is “responsible for the orderly restoration and development of Intramuros as a
monument to the Hispanic period of our history. As such, it shall ensure that the general
appearance of Intramuros shall conform to the Philippine- Spanish acritude of the 16 th
to the 19th century.
Vision
• As iconic tourism site that honors the Philippines’ glorious past- a thriving and vibrant
future- proof livable, built on foundation of shared values and a genuine Filipino sense
of community.
Mission
• Implement and realize a restoration and redevelopment plan for the present and future
development, management, and promotion of Intramuros, as a national heritage site,
by forging strategic partnerships that ensure its orderly, timely, inclusive and sustainable
development.

Organization of the Administration

• The administration shall be directed a Board of Administrators, consisting of the
Minister of the Human Settlements, as a Chairman, and as a Members, the Mayor of the
City of Manila, the Executive Director of the National Historic Institute, the
Administrators, and such persons as the President may designate.
• Its Executive Officer shall be an Administrator, who shall have the same qualifications,
privileges, and rank of the Deputy Minister.
• The Administration shall be organized and staffed in accordance with applicable budget
and compensation laws; Provided, that it shall be authorized to engage the services of
architectural, historical, tourism, and other consultants necessary for its work; Provided,
further, that the President may designate the heads of agencies of the national
government to serve the board in an ex-officio capacity.
• Provided, finally, that the members of the Board shall receive per diems for each board
meeting attended by them, at rates and subject to such maximum monthly.
• Th Board of Administrators shall be responsible for the policies and activities of the
Administration. The administrator shall report to the Board and shall be delegated such
authority as the Board may decide.
• There shall be an Architectural Committee and such other committee’s as may be
created by the Board of Administrators, to advise the Administrators on other
architectural or policy.
Transfer of Administration, Properties, and Appropriations
• The buildings and lands owned by the National Government administered by the
Bureaus of Building and Real Property Management and by other offices and agencies of
the National Government and City of Manila, including government-owned or controlled
corporations which are located in Intramuros, are hereby, transferred to the
administration: Provided, that for properties of government corporations, and of the
City of Manila, arrangements for compensation shall be mutual agreed upon between
the administration and the agencies concerned and recommended to the President for
Final approval.
• The administration of Fort Santiago, the Sunken garden, the Municipal golf links,
including concession within the Sunken Garden and elsewhere on public land and other
public properties in Intramuros, are hereby transferred to the administration: Provided
that the City of Manila may continue operating the Municipal Golf Links.

Operations of Facilities
• The Administrations may operate museums, art galleries, theaters, and other cultural/
educational facilities that are incidental and suitable to the attainment of its objectives:
Provided, that the Administrators may operate such facilities, either directly or through
existing institutions such as the National Museum, the Cultural Centre of the Philippines,
the National Library and other agencies of the government.

Commercial Activities
• The Administrators may directly, or in association with public or private enterprises,
construct, lease, sell, and otherwise operate shopping and commercial facilities in
Intramuros. It may likewise operate guided tours and offer related tourism services.

Building Modifications
• The Administrators may require the owners of the existing structure to modify the
design of the existing building; Provided, that the subject to the approval of the Minister
of Human Settlements and availability of funds, the Administrations may utilize its funds
to undertake the modification of existing buildings, whether publicly or privately owned,
so to modify their external appearance to comply with approved designs; and provided,
further, that no changes in the external appearance of existing buildings and structures
in Intramuros, including ruins, shall be made without the approval of the Administration.

Road Maintenance
• The budgetary allocation for the maintenance of national and local roads within
Intramuros area shall be released to the Administration, which shall undertake such
road maintenance directly of by the management with the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH), the City of Manila, or the private parties capable of doing the
work, subject to applicable government rules and regulations.

Traffic Management
 • The Administration shall control the nature, extent, and the timing of the access of
private and public vehicles into Intramuros. For this purpose, the approval of public
transportation routes going through Intramuros shall be subject to the concurrence of
the Administration

Construction Work
• Construction and other civil work may be undertaken directly by the Administration or
with the assistance of the Department of Public Works and Highways, Department of
Transportation, Department of Information and Communications Technology, the City
of Manila, of by private contractors, subject to applicable government rules and
regulations.

Real Property Tax Discount

• The Administration, in consultation with the Department of Finance, may extend
discounts on real property assessments within Intramuros, so as to encourage the
private sector to engage in the construction of duly approved facilities: Provided, that
such incentives shall apply only to new constructions and new improvements of existing
buildings that conform to the Administration’s architectural specifications.

Investment Incentives
• The Administration, in consultation with the department of Trade and Industry or the
Department of Tourism, as the case may be, may extended investment incentives for
industries and enterprises established in Intramuros, not exceeding those granted for
pioneer enterprises: provided, that the industries operating shall be limited to those
that are consistent with its historical atmosphere and shall not be the source of air,
noise, or other types of pollution.

Appropriation
• The appropriation pertaining to Intramuros which are in the budget of the National
Historical Institute and the National Parks Development Committee are hereby
transferred to the Administration. The Minister of Human Settlements may fund
additional operating and capital expenditures out of the appropriations provided for the
Ministry of Human Settlements in Batas Pambansa Blg. 1.
• The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) was created by
then President Corazon C. Aquino by the virtue of the Executive Order No. 90 dated
December 17, 1986. The E.O., which also abolished the Ministry of Human Settlements,
place HUDCC under the direct supervision of the office of the President to serve as the
highest policy-making body for housing and coordinates the activities of the key housing
agencies to ensure the accomplishment of the Government Shelter Program.
• On May 25, 1989 and May 28, 2001, Executive Order No. 357 and Executive Order No.
20 were issued, respectively, to strengthen HUDCC into department level organization
by conferring it with the power of to exercise overall administrative supervision over the
key housing agencies; set and ensure the attainment of the targets and objectives for
the housing sector; review the organization, programs, and projects of the key housing
 agencies; and decentralize its operations and enlist the assistance of the Department of
Budget and Management in securing continuing funding support to the National Shelter
program.
• In 1992, the Urban Development and Housing Act (R.A. No. 7279) mandated the HUDCC
to direct the formulation of a National Urban Development and Housing Framework in
coordination with the local government units and other public and private sector
agencies; design of a system for the registration qualified socialized housing
beneficiaries and inventory of land suitable for socialized housing; and provide, through
its attached housing agencies, the LGU’s with support for the preparation of town and
land use plans, data for forward planning investment programming, and assistance in
obtaining funds and other resources for housing and urban development.
• From 1986 to present, there are several executive and legislative insurances including
the three laws mentioned above, that provide or authorize HUDCC with urban
development. These legal and legislative flats assigned duties and responsibilities to
HUDCC that are related to its original mandate as the lead agency in housing and urban
development.

• Revolving fund
The Administration is authorized to establish a Revolving Fund into which shall accrue
revenues from operating and commercial transactions undertaken by the
Administration. Such revenues shall be automatically appropriated to cover expenses
incurred in such commercial operations, subject to pertinent, budget compensation
accounting, and audit law and regulations.
• Domestic and Foreign Loans
The Administration is authorized to borrow funds from domestic or foreign sources
subject to applicable laws and regulations and the approval of the Minister of Finance.
• Grants Contributions
The Administration is authorized to accept and receive grants/ contributions from
private parties to the obligated and disbursed in such manner as the Authority may, in
the exercise of sound discretion, deem best to accelerate the restoration or enhance the
maintenance of the historical facilities in Intramuros and contribute to there
development and preservation.
The Administration is likewise authorized to give grants and contributions to private
parties to the restoration or maintenance of historical facilities in Intramuros. All grants
and donations to the Intramuros Administration shall be exempt from donors and other
taxes and shall be fully deductible, over and above what is ordinarily allowable under
the national internal revenue code, for purpose of computing liabilities of the donor or
income tax, estate tax, or gift or donor’s tax on other donations; Provided, that the
value or donations in kind shall be determined in consultation with the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue.

DUTY FREE PHILIPPINES CORPORATION (DFPC) (Catayoc)

•The DFPC shall be a body corporate to operate the duty- and tax-free merchandising system in
the Philippines to augment the service facilities for tourist.

•And to generate foreign exchange and revenue for the government.

•As established by the Department Under Executive Order No 46.

Republic Act No.6768 As amended by Republic Act No.9174 “An act institution a Balikbayan
Program”
The Balik Bayan Law
In recognition of their contribution to the economy of the country through the foreign exchange
inflow and revenues that they generate, the Balikbayan Law provides balikbayans with special
tax-free shopping privileges in government owned and controlled operate duty free shops.

PHILIPPINE RETIREMENT AUTHORITY (PRA)

13. The Philippine Retirement Authority is a government owned and controlled corporation
created by virtue of Executive Order No 1037. 

• Signed by President Ferdinand Marcos on July 4 1985.

• Republic Act No. 9593, also known as the Tourism Act of 2009, became an attach
agency of the Department of Tourism and was place under the supervision of the Secretary of the
department.

Mandate
To attract foreign nationals and former Filipino Citizens to retire, invest and reside in the
Philippines with a vision to make our country a leading and significant destination for the worlds
retirees, seniors, and elderly.

RETIREMENT: ITS MORE FUN IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippine Retirement Authority (PRA) has joined the Department of Tourism Campaign.
“It’s More Fun In The Philippines” and is incorporating the new adopted copy in it’s marketing
materials.
With the country’s appealing natural wonders, it’s low cost of living, attractive investment
opportunities, exciting leisure facilities including excellent medical facilities and educational
institutions, retirees may find the ideal retirement destination in the Philippines.

SPECIAL RESIDENT RETIREES VISA (SSRV)

•The SSRV allows all it’s foreign retiree members to retire and live in the Philippines for as long
as they want. 
•An SSRV holder may come in and out of the country as often as he desires, and enjoy privileges
such as exemption from securing the ACR I-Card (Alien Certificate of Registration Immigration
Card)

THE FOUR SSRV OPTIONS:

• SSRV SMILE
• SSRV CLASSIC
• SSRV COURTESY
• SSRV HUMAN TOUCH

NATIONAL PARKS DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE (NPDC) (Carin)

The National Parks Development Committee (NPDC) is a government agency that is tasked to
oversee national parks in the Philippines. It was established primarily for the purpose of
developing and maintaining national parks specifically the Rizal Park or Luneta, Paco Park, the
Pook ni Maria Makiling, and Burnham Park.

The NPDC was established on January 14, 1963 by Executive Order No. 30 for the development
of the Quezon Memorial Circle, Luneta, and other National Parks. In 1964, the committee was
then designated as the “National Parks Development Committee’’.

It was attached to the Department of Tourism in 1987 through E.O No. 120. The NPDC has the
following functions:
1. Undertake development of new parks
2. Upgrade and maintain park facilities
3. Develop and operate cultural and educational programs; and
4. Facilitate private sector participation in appropriate aspects of parks development and
maintenance.

To provide fully developed and well-maintained parks for the Filipinos wholesome
recreation and sociocultural education which will contribute toward the enrichment of the
nation identity and heritage, in partnership with concerned communities and nongovernment
organizations (NGOs).

Areas of Responsibility
1. Rizal Park 5. Pook ni Maria Makiling Park
2. Paco Park 6. Burnham Park
3. Pook Olivia De Salamanca
4. Mabini Shrine

Arts and Culture

1. Cinema in the Open Air is a seasional public service of the NPDC in the Rizal Park Open–
Air Auditourioum in Ermita, Manila;
 2. Concert at the Park is a weekly free concert staged every Sunday in the Rizal Park Open-
Air Auditorium in Ermita, Manila, from 6 PM to 7 PM. This event has won the Catholic
Mass Media Hall of Fame Award for the Best Cultural Program;
3. Labs Kita Sabado is another weekly free event staged every Saturday in the Rizal Park Open-
Air Auditorium in Ermita, Manila, from 6 PM to 7 PM. Modern acrobatics, and acoustic
nightsare featured in Labs Kita Sabado;
4. Paco Park Presents is a musical presentation every Friday at 6 PM in Paco Park, Manila. The
musical is aired nationwide in front of a ‘’live” audience at PTV Channel 4.

Nayong Pilipino foundation (npf)

The Nayong Pilipino Foundation was attached to the DOT in 1991 by virtue of E.O No.
497. Pasay Park Operations ceased in 2002 while Nayong Pilipino sa Clark Expo, established at
the Clark Expo Site 2006, made NPF its manager and operator . Nayong Pilipino is the only
tourist complex showcasing the many primary attractions and scenic places in the Philippines.
It is a major administrative and operational concern of the agency to keep its facilities
and surroundings in the best condition. Rehabilitation, restoration, and construction programs
are necessary to ensure a fine collection of miniature Philippine attractions which reflect
Filipino history and culture.

The Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF) aims to promote, encourage and initiate research
and development projects and activities in social sciences, humanities, social and amelioration,
and allied fields.

The purposes and objectives of the Nayong Pilipino are as follows:

1. To promote, encourage, espouse, and/or initiate research and development projects on
social sciences and humanities and related fields.
2. To formulate a comprehensive social welfare program for the uplifment, improvement,
and amelioration of the social and economic conditions of the unfortunate destitute
members of our society with the end in view of aviling maximum utilization of their
potentialities in the solution of the country’s problems;
3. To encourage and facilitate the active participation of the domestic and foreign sectors
in furnishing financial, technical, and other forms of assistance for the Foundation’s
social welfare programs;
4. To promote and encourage the dissemination of the results of its researches and studies
in social sciences and humanities and to encourage their practical application to problems
of the masses;
5. To establish, set up, and/or maintain scholarships or professional chairs in ordetr to
foster, promote, and encourage the study and improvement of fundamental or pure
research, applied research, developmental work, and/or economic evaluation in the fields
of social sciences or humanities.
6. To establish parks and recreation centers for the promotion of tourism in this country;
and
 7. To construct, improve, enlarge, or equip or to cause the building, improvement,
enlarging, or equipping of buildings, libraries, laboratories, workshops, or other educational
accessories required for scientific research; and to establish maintain, or aid others to
establish or maintain institutions doing research of all kinds in the fields of social sciences
and humanities.

The Association of Administrators in Hospitality, Hotels and Restaurant Management

Educational Institutions Incorporated (AAHRMEI) (Dalid)
This was founded by Dr. Gloria Baken Sy, is envisioned to be an outstanding organization
serving as a vehicle for all schools offering Hotel and Restaurant Management, Tourism, Food
Technology, Home Economics, Nutrition, and other related programs in the quest for leadership
excellence among academicians and practitioners toward quality education for all stakeholders.
The organization aims to achieve the following objectives :
• Establish linkages among different schools nationwide for the advancement of quality
and relevant education;
• Initiate programs and activities that are necessary for the total development of
administrators, faculty members, practitioners, and students;
• Prepare faculty members and prospective practitioners for leadership skills and
competencies;
• Assist government agencies, particularly the Commission on Higher Education (CHED),
Development of Tourism (DOT), and the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) in the implementation of programs and guidelines affecting the
hospitality education and industry; and
• Develop camaraderie among administrators, faculty members, and industry and
practitioners for a healthy learning-sharing relationship.

The members are classified as:

1. Regular - those who are administrators, including practicum coordinators. Only regular
members can run for board member positions;
2. Associate - those who are HRM and Tourism faculty members and industry
practitioners; and
3. Institutional - those schools, colleges, and universities offering HRM and Tourism
programs.

The Women in Travel, Philippine Chapter

Was organized in 1980. It is an affiliate member of the International Federation of Women
in Travel Organization (IFTWO) which has a worldwide membership of 5,000.
The members are the top female executives of airlines, hotels, travel agencies, tour
operators, and other companies involved in the travel business.

The notable achievements of the Women in travel, Philippine Chapter are:

  1983 – Women in Travel Philippines hosted in the Pacific Regional Conference attended
by delegates from Asia, Australia, California, and New Zealand;
 1988 – The Worldwide Convention of the International Federation of Women in Travel
Organization (IFTWO) was held at the Manila Hotel with Then – President
Corazon Aquino as the guest of honor.
 1989 – The “Save the Environment” was launched by the Women in Travel in Boracay;
 1990 – The first Women Travel Tourism Services Training was held in Boracay in
cooperation with the Department of Tourism;
 1991 – The second Tourism Services Training was held in Boracay
 1992-1994 – The third and fourth Tourism Services Workshop was held in Boracay;
 1995 – The Women in Travel Philippines, together with the Department of Tourism, was
awarded the PATA Grand Gold Award (Education Category);
 1996 – The sixth Tourism Workshop was held in Kalibo, Aklan;
 1997 – The co-sponsored Training Program was held in Palawan;
 1997 – Participated in “Rediscover Boracay” project; and
 1998 – Sponsored an Executive Tourism Workshop for resort owners in Boracay.

Philippine Association of Convention/Exhibitions, Organization and Suppliers, Inc. (PACEOS)

It is the voice of the convention and exhibition industry. It plays a significant role in the
economic development of the country through conventions, trade, fairs, and a special
events

The objectives of PACEOS are :

1. To bring more events into the country by working more closely with professional
associations, as well as encouraging members to create their own events;
2. To upgrade the skill of those involved in the industry through educational seminars;
3. To professionalize the association’s rank and achieve a better working relationship
through open communication and networking; and
4. To represent the industry’s concern with venues, suppliers and concerned
government agencies.

The members of PACEOS are professional convention/exhibition organizers, venues, booth

contactors, convention hotels, and exhibition freight forwarders.

PACEOS supports and endorses the 10-point agenda presented to the Secretary of the
Department of Tourism covering the following areas:
1. Improving the country’s image;
2. more focused and effective marketing;
3. more discriminate allocation of budget;
4. progressive liberation of aviation policies; and
5. upgrading and preservation of age-old destinations like the Banaue Rice Terraces and
Intramuros.
Network of Independent Travel Agencies (NAITAS)
The Network of Independent Travel Agencies in official association of non-IATA Travel
Agencies which was established in 1986. Its objectives are the following:
1. To unify the various non-IATA travel agents and promote a harmonious relationship
among its members;
2. To assist and lead its member toward being more professional in delivering travel and
tour-related services;
3. To contribute in the promotion of local and international travel and tourism;
4. To unify members toward speedy fair solutions to problems unique to non-IATA agents;
and
5. To have one solid voice in the tourism industry.

The ongoing programs of NAITAS are:

1. Continuous educational and developmental training programs for managements and
frontliners;
2. Organizing consortiums for various products to create more competitive pricing for
members;
3. Promoting local destinctions;
4. Supporting various programs with other government agencies such as the DOT, DFA,
BID, DILG;
5. Creating a rich pool of trainers in tourism-related subjects/programs;
6. Joining forces with other travel associations to be able to focus energies and resources
toward a strengthened ravel and tourism industry; and
7. Creating a globally competitive projects in order to contribute to the financial stability of
members and to the economic growth of the economy.

Movement of Incentive Travel Executives (MITE)

It was organized on August 29-30, 1991 by the Tourism Promotion Board (TBP),
formerly Philippine Convention and Visitors Corporation (PCVC), in cooperation with the
New York-based Society of Incentive Travel Executives (SITE)
The objectives of MITE are:
1. To use incentive travel as a business tool in the application of MITE’s collective
resources;
2. To develop educational programs and other business activities that offer the value to its
members; and
3. To sell the Philippines as a quality incentive destination.

Membership
 MITE’s members represent the forerunners of incentive travel such as hotels, tour
and transport operators, resort, airlines, marketing and creative specialists, and selected
media personalities, Its members can deliver incentive travel programs with creativity,
imagination, and professionalism.

Meaning of Incentive Travel

As defined by the Society of Incentive Travel Executives (SITE), “Incentive travel is a
modern management tool used to accomplished uncommon business goals by awarding
participants an extraordinary travel experience upon their attainment of their share of
uncommon goals.”
Why Incentive Travel?
There has been a growing recognition in recent years of the advantages of using incentive
travel vis-à-vis other traditional rewards such as cash, merchandise, lifestyle, and
performance enhancers such as plaques, rings, trophies, and the like.
Other reasons are:
1. Travel incentive awards are permanent symbols of success;
2. Travel incentives are highly promotable;
3. Travel incentives overcome to comfort level of psychology. An incentive program breaks
through this effort barrier;
4. Incentive travel has memory value. Cash is quickly spent and forgotten. Thus, it has no
identity; and
5. Travel incentives have the lowest ratio of cost to incremental sales.

Philippines Association of Accredited Tourist Guide Lectures Inc. (PAATGLI)

It was organized on May 21, 1986 as a non-stock, nonprofit entity. It aims to attain the
following:
1. Development among the officers and members the value of nationalism, honesty, self-
reliance, collectivism, and social concern;
2. Effective promotion of the country’s natural and cultural attractions to domestic and
international tourists;
3. Upgrading of the competencies of its members and provisions of opportunities for
professional growth and development;
4. Inculcation of discipline, love for work, and commitment among it’s members;
5. Constant maintenance of efficient and highly qualified tour guides; and
6. Establishment and maintenance of linkages with tourism business enterprises

The Philippine Tour Operators Association (PHILTOA)

Is an organization of tour operators and allied members actively involved in the
advocacy of responsible tourism. Founded on June 12, 1986, it is registered with the
Securities and Exchange Commission as a non-stock and nonprofit organization. Members
 include travel agencies, airlines, hotels, resorts, transportation companies, handicraft
stores, and other tourism-oriented establishments and associations.

Vision
To be the National Tour Operators’ Association of the Philippines

Mission
1. To create/organize different chapters;
2. To enhance networking between the government sector and the private sector
particularly in the tourism industry; and
3. To preserve natural tourist destination through the promotion of environment
consciousness projects.

Goals
1. To encourage and foster nationwide chapter extensions;
2. To pursue and active role in product development (emerging destinations)
3. To strive for international recognition and affiliations;
4. To upgrade industry knowledge through education/workshop;
5. To conduct national information campaign on relevant issues;
6. To develop active membership through participations and involvement in team
building activities;
7. To develop and update database;
8. To revise and amend by-laws to conform to the needs of the times;
9. To encourage sales mission;
10. To address needs and concerns of members in a timely manner; and
11. To endeavor for financial sustainability

Professional Tourism and Hospitality Organization

Some Professional Tourism and Hospitality Organizations

The United States Travel Data Center (USTDC)
Travel Industry Association of America (TIAA)
Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA)
America Society of Travel Agents (ASTA)Universal Federation of Travel

The United States Travel Data Center (USTDC)

The United States Travel Data Center is an independent, non-profit research an educational
organization which aims to improve the quality and range statistical data describing travel and
tourism.
The Data Center is located in Washington D,C. Ex: "A National Travel Survey""Impact of Travel
on State Economic""Travel Outlook Forum"

Travel Industry Association of America (TIAA)

Travel Industry Association of America is a non-profit association of companies and government
organizations which was form to promote travel to and within the United States.Its main
objective is to develop and implement programs that benefit the travel supplier and consumer.
Theses programs are classified into the following Categories: Marketing Facilitation
Tourism Research Governmental Affairs Educational Program Travel Promotion

America Society of Travel Agents (ASTA)

America Society of Travel Agents is one of the largest travel association in United States. It
includes travel agencies and tour operators from the United States and Canada. Allied
memberships are available to other sectors of the travel industry such as airlines, railroads, bus
lines, car rental firms, hotels, as well as government and educational institution.
Among its publications are:
ASTA Travel NewsASTA Notes
Convention Daily Newspaper
ASTA Roster
ASTA Travel Correspondence Course

Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association (UFTAA)

Universal Federation of Travel Agents Associations objectives are:
To act as a negotiating body for the various branches of the tourism and travel industries on
behalf of travel agents;To give professional and technical advice and assistance to travel
agencies on the world economy and tourism;
And to improve the prestige and public recognition of travel agents.

World Association for Professional Training in Tourism (WATPP)

World Association for Professional Training in Tourism is concerned with vocational training

Council of Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (CHRIE)

Council of Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education was founded in 1946 as a non-profit
association for schools, college, and universities offering programs in hotel and restaurant
management, food service management, and culinary arts. CHRIE works to foster the
international advancement of teaching, raining, learning, research, and practice in the field of
hospitality and tourism.
It is located in Washington D,C.CHRIE is governed by an elected Board of Directors and a
professional staff.
There are categories of Membership: Individual memberInstitutional member
Corporate/organizational member

Association of Travel Marketing Executives (ATME)

Association of Travel Marketing Executives is a non-profit research and educational
organization of individual travel marketing executives. It located in Washington, D,C.ATME aims
to assist travel marketing executives toward greater personal achievement, success, and
satisfaction.
The members of ATME are professionals in an executive or managerial capacity in work that is
primarily but not exclusively related to marketing.

ATME Activities includes:

1.Monthly newsletter to and for its member
2.Special reports on travel marketing
3.Encouragement and assistance in developing and promoting
regional group chapters and meeting throughout the world
4.Seminars and workshops of timely interested to ATME affiliates
5.Annual registry of Registered Travel Marketing Professionals and
Associates
6.Possible election to fellow status
ATME Affiliate classifications include:
 Registered travel marketing professional
 Travel Marketing Associate
 Fellow

The Society of Travel and Tourism Educators (SOTTE)

The Society of Travel and Tourism Educators was founded in 1980. Its original members were
only 15.
The Members are classified into the following categories:
1.Active members
2.Associate Members
3.Corporate Members
4.Student members
5.Allied members

Tourism and hospitality Organizations in the Philippines (Ermac)

Philippine travel Agency Association (PTAA)
• Established in 1979
• It was born out of a union of the national associations of the outbound travel agencies
and inbound tour operators.
• It aims to foster unity in the travel industry and to promote the welfare of its members
and the traveling public
Objectives:
 1. To unite the members in a common purpose, working in a close bond cooperation,
fellowship, and assistance in furthering and protecting the interest of its members;
2. To strive toward the attainment of the highest standards of services and facilities for
travelers and tourists;
3. To uphold the dignity and the ethics of the travel and tour business and to strive
towards its professionalization;
4. To work for the general welfare of the members by acting as the true representatives of the
travel and tour agency sector of the industry;
5. To cultivate friendly relations between the Philippines and other countries and among their
people;
6. To act as an effective liaison with government agencies and other trade organizations
involved in local, regional, or international tourism and travel for the benefit of its members;
and
7. To courage, support, and help develop Philippine tourism

Organization and structure

The setup of the whole organization includes;
• The general membership
• The board of Trustees
• In-service groups and committees
• The secretariat
• The general membership – is composed of regular, associate, allied, affiliate members
admitted to the membership of board of Trustees.
• The board of Trustees - serves as the policy-making body of the organization and is
composed of 15 members, duly elected by the general membership in an annual meeting
held between the third week of October to the second week of November.
• The board of trustees has 24 working communities
• The group and committees – assist in the formulation and implementation of policies,
plan, and programs.
• The secretariat – is the administrative, information, and service center of the whole
association.

Membership
The member-association fall in to four members, namely;
• Regular members – are firms duly licensed by the appropriate government agency as
travel and tour agencies and admitted to membership by the board of trustees;
• Associate members – are branches of regular members duly licensed by the appropriate
government agency as travel and tour agency branch offices and admitted to membership
by the Board of Trustees.
• Allied members – are airlines, convention organizers, handicraft stores, hotels, inns,
nightclubs, resorts, restaurants, shipping companies, tourist transport operators, and other
entitles related to or engaged in the tourism industry whether directly or indirectly, duly
licensed by the Department of Tourism and/or other government agencies and admitted to
membership by the Board of Trustees; and
 • Affiliate members – are regional or provincial association of travel and tour agencies
duly organized as an association and registered with the appropriate government agency
and admitted to membership by the Board of Trustees.

Membership responsibilities
1. Active participation and involvement in the activities of the association, specifically in
the concerns of the communities;
2. Regular attendance at the general membership and business meetings;
3. Adherence and commitment to the PTAA Principles of Professional Conduct and Code of
Ethics;
4. Prompt payment of dues does and special assessment and other fees.

Affiliations
• The PTAA is the Philippine representative to:
1. ASEAN Tourism Association (ASEANTA);
2. Federation of ASEAN Travel Association (FATA); and
3. Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association (UFTAA);

• Locally, it represents the travel/tour agency sector in:

1. Tourism Council of the Philippines (TCP);
2. Air Safety Foundation (ASF);
3. Philippine chamber of commerce and industry (PCCI);
4. Hotel and Tourism Institute of the Philippines (HTIP);
5. Tourism Industry Board Federation, Inc. (TIBFI).

Hotel and restaurant Association of the Philippines (Hrap)

• Founded on September 12, 1952 by executives from the leading hotels and restaurants
in Manila. Its main objective is to upgrade the management skills and personnel services
to maintain proper standards at home as well as keep abreast with progressive trends
abroad.
• To realize its objective, countless seminars, workshops, and conventions were held
through the years both on regional and national levels.
• HRAP has joined AAHRA and the International Hotel Association in order to broaden its
base from national to international scope.

The HRAP membership includes The following:

1. Hotel sector
2. Restaurant sector
3. Allied sector
4. Associate division
5. Affiliate sector
6. Provincial chapters
7. Honorary members – are persons recognized for their exceptional and outstanding
contributions of the development of hospitality and tourism activities; and
 8. Life members – are persons recognized for their having rendered outstanding service to
the association service to the association either as officer, director, or member.

The HRAP works partnership with the following international, regional, national organizations
to enhance the profile and competitiveness of the national hotel and restaurant industry;
• International organizations
1. Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) Philippine chapter
2. ASEAN Tourism Association (ASEANTA)
3. ASEAN Hotel and Restaurant Association (AHRA)
4. International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IHRA)
5. The Asia Foundation (TAF)
6. Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)
• National Government Organizations
1. Department of Tourism
2. Department of Labor and Employment
3. Department of Finance
4. Department of Health
5. Department of Trade and Industry
6. Department of Education
7. Department of the Interior and Local Government/Philippine National Police
8. Senate and Congress Committees on Tourism
• Non-government Professional Organizations
1. Employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP)
2. Filipino Society of Composers, Athors, and PublisherS (FSCAP)
3. Hotel and Restaurant Tripartite Consultative Board (HRTCB)
4. Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI)
5. Tourism Industry Board Foundation, Inc. (TIBFI)
6. Tourism Council of the Philippines (TCP)
7. Philippine Business for the Environment (PBE)
8. Society of Association Executives (SAE)

Union of Filipino Tourism educators (ufte)

The Union of Filipino Tourism Educators, formerly Tourism Educators of Schools, Colleges,
and Universities or TESCU, is a bona fide organization of Tourism Educators founded by Dr.
Zenaida Lansangan-Cruz and duly registered with the securities and exchange commission on
January 9, 1993.
Objectives:
1. To unite all colleges, universities And schools with tourism programs with the end in
view of training and developing their students for a productive and meaningful career in
tourism;
2. To promote a closer working relationship between educators and industry;
3. To put out a journal which will publish research studies, articles, and up-to-date
information with regard to the tourism industry;
 4. To encourage members to undertake research on the latest aspects of tourism to
produce information, data, and new findings in order to bolster the country’s tourism
industry;
5. To sponsor lectures, seminars, workshops, conferences, and symposia on the various
fields of tourism; and
6. To work with colleagues to advance the image and understanding of travel and tourism
education with the larger arenas of the industry and the academic world.

The Association Has three categories members, namely:

1. Regular – those engaged in the teaching of tourism and other related courses;
2. Associate – those involved in tourism research, studies, and training; and
3. Institutional – institutions and organizations which are interested in promoting the goals
of the association.

The members are entitled To the following:

1. Participation in UFTE meetings, seminar, symposia, training programs, and conferences;
2. Participation in educational programs, scholarships grants and the ;
3. Information exchange through newsletters and journals;
4. Involvement in research;
5. Awards and recognition for outstanding work in the field of tourism;
6. Affiliations with other tourism organizations;
7. Participation in tourism inter-school activities, contest, and the like; and
8. Involvement in community and environmental awareness through educational tours, cruise
fora and the like.

Council Of hotel and Restaurant educators of the Philippines (cohrep)

Is a bona fide organization of hotel and restaurant educators of the Philippines founded by
Dr. Ignacio Pablo and duly registered with the securities and exchange commission.
Objectives:
1. To generate wide acquaintance and closer cooperation among those interested in hotel
and restaurant education;
2. To provide educational opportunities for Hotel and Restaurant Management (HRM)
educators who are interested chiefly in particular areas within the general field of HRM
to pursue their specialties;
3. To provide a forum for the dissemination and exchange of information about such topics
as course content and structure, teaching methods, materials, services, facilities, and
techniques, continuing adult education, and other such topics as may be of material
interest to the members;
4. To provide opportunities for HRM educators to publish scholarly papers based upon their
conceptual as well as experimental findings;
5. To act as liaison between the schools and universities which the Council members
represent and the agencies in the hospitality industry;
6. To foster better understanding, communication, and cooperation among educational
institutions concerned with HRM and the hospitality industry; and
 7. To support a culture of hospitality that embodies the value system, ethics, and morals
of a hospitality educator.

The members are classified as:

1. Regular
2. Associate
3. Sustaining
4. Honorary
5. Life

The members have the following Rights and privileges:

1. Participation in the annual COHREP conventions;
2. Participation in COHREP meetings, attendance in seminars, symposia, training programs, and
conferences;
3. Participation in educational programs and scholarship grants;
4. Information exchange through the COHREP newsletter and other publications; and
5. Involvement in research

The Woman in Travel, Philippine Chapter (Esperaz)

The woman in travel, Philippine chapter was organized in 1980. It is an affiliate member of the
international federation of women in travel organization (IFWTO) with has a worldwide
membership of 5,000

THE NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE WOMEN IN TRAVEL, PHILIPPINE CHAPTER ARE:

1983- woman travel Hosted Philippines the pacific regional conference attended by
delegates from Asia, Australia, California, And New Zealand
1988- The worldwide convention of the international federation of woman in travel
organization (IFWTO) was held in the manila hotel then president Corazon Aquino as the
guest of honor.
1989- the “save the environment” Project was launched by the woman in travel in Boracay.
1990- the first woman in travel tourism services training was held in Boracay in corporation
with the Department of tourism.
1991- the second tourism services training was held in Boracay
1992- the third and fourth tourism services workshop was held in Boracay
1995- then woman in travel Philippines, together with the department of tourism, was
awarded the PATA Grand gold award (education category)
1996- The sixth tourism workshop was held in Kalibo, Aklan
1997- participated in “Rediscover Boracay” and project and
1998- sponsored an executive tourism workshop for resort owners in Boracay.

Philippine Association of conventions/exhibitions, organized and suppliers, Inc. (PACEOS)

The Philippine association of convention/exhibitions, organization and suppliers, Inc. Is the
convention and exhibition Industry. It plays significant role in the economic development of the
country through convention, trade fairs, and special events.
The Objectives of PACEOS are:
1. To bring more events into the country by working more closely with professional as well
as encouraging members to create their own events.
2. To upgrade the skill of those involved in the industry through education seminars.
3. To professionalize the associations ranks and achieve a better working relationship
through open communication and networking
4. To represent the industry concerns with venues, suppliers, and concerned government
agencies.
PACEOS Support and endorses the 10-point agenda presented to the secretary of the
department of tourism covering the following areas are:
1. Improving the country’s image
2. More focused and effective marketing.
3. More discriminate allocation of budget
4. Progressive liberation of Aviation policies
5. Upgrading like the Banaue rice terraces and Intramuros

Network Of independent travel agencies (NAITAS)

Its objectives are the following
1. To unify the various non-IATA travel agents and promote a harmonious relationship
among its members
2. To assist and lead its members toward being more professional in delivering travel and
four-related services.
3. To contribute in the promotion of local and international travel and tourism
4. To unify member toward speedy and fair solutions to problems unique to non-IATA
agents:
The Ongoing Programs of NAITAS are:
1. Continuous educational and development training programs for management and
frontlines.
2. Organizing consortiums for various product to create more competitive.
3. Creating a rich pouf of trainers in tourism-related subjects/programs
4. Supporting various programs with other government agencies such as the DOT,
DFA,BID,DILG
5. CREATING A RICH POUL OF TRAINERS IN TOURISM RELATEDSUBJECTS/PROGRMAS
6. Joining forces with other travel associations to be able to focus energies and resources
toward a stringed travel and tourism industry
7. Creating globally competitive projects in order to contribute to the financial stability of
member and to the economic growth of the economy

Movement of incentive travel executives (MITE)

the movement of incentive travel executives was organized on august 29-30, 1991 by the
tourism promotion board (TBP) formerly Philippine convention and visitors corporation (PCVC),
in cooperation with the New York-based society of incentive travel executives (site).
The objectives of mite are:
1. To use incentive as a business tool in the application of MITE’s collective resources:
2. To develop educational programs and other business activities that offer value to its
member, and
3. To sell the Philippines as a quality incentive destination

Philippine association of accredited tourist guide lecture Inc. (PAATGLI)

• The Philippines association of accredited tourist guide lectures Inc. Formerly on may 21,
1986 as a nonstock, nonprofit entity. It aims to attain the following.
1. Development among the officers and members the value of nationalism, honestly, self-
reliance, collectivism and social concern.
2. Effective promotion of the country natural and cultural attractions to domestic and
international tourism
3. Upgrading of the competencies of its members and provisions of opportunities for
professional growth and development
4. Inculcation of discipline, love for work, and commitment among its members.
5. Constant maintenance of efficient and highly qualified tour guide
6. Established and maintenance of linkages with tourism business enterprise

The Philippine Tour Operators Associations (PHILTOA)

The Philippine association of accredited tourist guide lectures Inc. Formerly guide Inc.
(Philippine), was entity it aims to attain the following.
Membership:
1. Regular- those who are duly licensed tour operators who are engaged in the business of
booking, handling, and assisting in all business and leisure tourism activities, within the
Philippines for both local and international tourists
2. Allied- these are hotels, resort, inns, handicraft shop, restaurant, nightclubs, tourist
transport companies, airline companies, shipping, conventions, and other related
organized entities duly licensed and or any other government agency pertinent to their
operators.

Tourism Education and Movers Philippines, Inc. ( TEAM PHILIPPINES)

OBJECTIVES
1. TO ASSIST HIGHER EDUCATION INSTUTITION MEMBERS IN THE INHANCEMENT OF THEIR
RELEVANT CURRICULAR OFFERING
2. TO ENRICH THE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILKS OF THE STUDENTS AND FACULTY
3. To assist higher education institution member in providing seminars pertaining to value-
oriented education and work ethics
4. To recommend student of tourism and hospitality management to industry partners for
job training and future job placement
5. To be prime mover in the promotion of tourist and hospitality as well as the positive
traits and culture of the Filipino
 6. To serve as a professional consultant in career management and development of
student and graduates.

(Impact Control Measure) (Fiel)

A number of control measure’s can be adapted to decrease the negative change in area. Some
of these are:
Reducing the contact between host and guest by limiting the carrying capacity of the
destination and by the tourist flow;
Separating the host and the tourists within tourists enclaves;
Designing community education and citizen involvement programs centered on tourism and
hospitality development, policy, and regulatory issues; and
Expanding human resource development and training program in all components of the
tourism and hospitality system include social skills (interpersonal relations and networking
referral tactics).
Impact of tourism and hospitality on culture
Tourism and hospitality increase the acculturation process as well as the cultural convergence
of people. Acculturation is defined as those changes that occur in a culture through borrowing
from other culture. These changes may include technology, language and values. Cultural
convergence is the tendency of world cultures to become more alike.
Positive effects of tourism and hospitality culture
 The two most important positive effects of tourism and hospitality on culture are
the promotion of intercultural communication and the renaissance of native culture.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
 Mobility, which is prerequisite of tourism and hospitality is necessary for different
social group, nationalities, and cultures to meet and interact. Such interaction may
contribute to the removal of social or national prejudices and the promotion of better
understanding and positive social change.
-Renaissance of Native Culture
Tourism and hospitality may be important to the host country to remind its people of its history
and culture. In Eastern and Western Europe, many traditional folk costumes and costumes are
preserved for the benefits of tourist. Folk culture festivals are organized to attract visitors.
Model cultural center is both developed and developing countries have been highly profitable
and have helped maintain interest in the cultures

Negative cultural impact of tourism and hospitality

 While tourism and hospitality has enabled different people to restore and maintain
interest in their own culture, It has also led to the distraction of country’s work of art.
Several tourists persuade the native to sell traditional object which have been used for
generation. The greed of money which induces people to part with family heirlooms
explains the distraction of the archeological sites or the desperation of monuments in
Egypt, Bali, India, or Central America
  MOREOVER the increasing demand for artifacts has led to change in its form and
function of the object. The artifacts may no longer be represent as tradition arts the
following reasons:
1.Mass production to increase in demand result to losing the careful and precise product
workmanship;
2.The impersonal nature of the tourist market has decreased the spiritual relevance of the artist
work;
3.Art is produced according to the taste of tourists which, In Africa, means carving animals,
grotesqueness, and gigantism; and
4.The increase demand has led to the misrepresentation of the age or authenticity of objects
resulting in a large number of imitations.
Impact control measures
 The following control measures may be adapted to reduce the negative impact of
tourism and hospitality on culture:
 1. Develop programs which enhance tourism and Hospitality’s contribution to
intercultural communication and interaction such as matching tourists types with
destination characteristics and designing program for the interaction of local residents
and guests promoting goodwill “ambassador” tourists education; and
 2. Incorporate local indigenous features within Western-style structures such as
decorating hotel interiors with local painting’s, murals, and sculpture, and encouraging
porters, mads, and waiters, to dress in native costumes
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TOURISMS AND HOSPITALITY
 The history of tourism and hospitality closely shows that the environment has
contributed to the birth and progress of tourism and hospitality. The term
“Environment” both human and Physical characteristics.
Positive environmental impact of tourism and hospitality
 Tourism and Hospitality has created environmental awareness in two days:
 1. Contact with scenic areas has raised man’s awareness of the earth’s beauty and made
it easier for him to see and enjoy it with minimum damage: and
 2. Environmental awareness has been heightened by mass tourism which caused direct
and indirect destruction.
 In developed countries, several nation and monuments have been created to preserve
the natural, cultural, and recreational resources of the land for the enjoyment,
appreciation, and education of present and future generations.
Conservation
 Conservation and prevention of environment benefit the local area but they also
determine the future of tourism and hospitality. First, local residents benefit from the
preservation. Second, tourism and hospitality, for as long as it draw tourists, will
continue to be socioeconomic and cultural asset. The aim of the National Park Service,
with the inclusion of conversation, is much broader now than it was in the past. The
national parks in East Africa, Kenya and Tanzania were founded to protect wildlife.
 Gunn (cited by Valene,1995) gave the following factors which led to the conservation
movement:
  1. There was a social concerns to which the park movement owes its beginnings. The
growth of industry and commerce and their associated ills stimulated a demand for the
parks and open space. The provision for public lands was seen as an antidote to the
immoral values or urban society and as an escape from the routine work urban living:
 2. There was an emphasis on the efficiency of resources being used, particularly on
nonrenewable resources. expectations maximum utilization but with a minimum of
environmental degradation.
 3. Conservation also incorporated aesthetic enhancement. This is particularly significant
as one major tourist activity is sightseeing which depends heavily on the qualities of the
natural environment; and
 4.Protecting the natural environment from irresponsible human manipulation.
 Mathieson and Wall (cited by Landberg,1995) identified four ways in which tourism and
hospitality has been important to conservation. These are:
 1. Stimulating the rehabilitation of existing historic sites, buildings, and monuments;
 2.Stimulating the transformation of old buildings and locations into new tourist facilities;
 3. Creating the impetus for the conservation of natural resources; and
 4. Bringing about the introduction of administrative and planning controls necessary to
maintain the quality of the environment to ensure a satisfying and rewarding experience
for the tourists.

Positive Environmental Impact of Tourism and Hospitality (Figueroa)

Tourism and hospitality has created environmental awareness in two ways:

1. Contact with scenic areas has raised man’s awareness of the Earth’s beauty and made it
easier for him to see and enjoy it with minimum damage, and
2. Environmental awareness has been heightened by mass tourism which caused direct and
indirect destruction.

In developed countries, several national parks and monuments have been created to preserve
the natural, cultural and recreational resources of the land for the enjoyment, appreciation and
education of the present and future generations. The development of parks was intended to
open up areas for viewing as well as to control the flow of traffic within the parks.

Tourism and hospitality has provided reasons for the preservation of historical buildings and
the creation of museums. At present, many developing nations are realizing that their
monuments mean tourists and income. Thus, desire to preserve their national monuments
have increased.
Tourism and hospitality has created appreciation of the environment by bringing scenic
attractions to the attention of the public. In Switzerland for example, mountain sport, and
vacations, both in winter and summer, have mushroomed as a result of rapid tourist growth.

Conservation
Conservation and preservation of the environment not only benefit the local area but they also
determine the future of tourism and hospitality. First, the local residents benefit from the
preservation. Second, tourism and hospitality, for as long as it draws tourists, will continue to
be a socio-economic and cultural assets.
Gunn (Cited by Valene, 1995)gave the following factors which led to the conservation
movement.
1. There was a social concern to which the park movement owes it beginning.
2. There was an emphasis on the efficiency of the resources being used, particularly on non-
renewable resources.
3. Conservation also incorporated aesthetic enhancement. And
4. Protecting the natural environment from irresponsible human manipulation.
Mathieson and Wall (Cited by Landberg, 1995) identified four ways in which tourism and
hospitality has been important to Conservation. These are:
1. Stimulating the rehabilitation of existing historic sites, building, and monuments.
2. Stimulating the transformation of old buildings and locations into new tourist facilities.
3. Creating the impetus for the conservation of natural resources: and
4. Bringing about the introduction of administrative and planning controls necessary to
maintain the quality of the environment to ensure a satisfying and rewarding experience for the
tourists.
Development of Attractions
Several countries around the world are identifying areas which have the potential to attract
tourists. In the Caribbean Island of St. Croix, the US National Park Service has established and
developed an underwater national park. This unique site attracts snorkelers and those
interested in corals. Its helps preserve the area and creates an awareness of the character of
the corals reefs and the sea floor.

A. Historical Preservation
Many historical sites in both urban and rural areas have been preserved to attract tourists.
Examples are Intramuros or Walled City in the Philippines, Jamestown and Colonial
Williamsburg in Virginia, USA, Mont. St. Michael in France. And the Plymouth Plantation in
Massachusetts, USA.
B. Resident Benefits
Tourism and hospitality benefits the local residents in a number of ways. The first benefits is
that the results of conversation and preservation can be enjoyed by the local community as
well as by the tourists. The creation of national parks and monuments provides quick access to
a variety of nature’s wonders and outdoor activities to both local residents and visitors.

Another benefit which results from tourism and hospitality development can be seen in coastal
areas. The development of a coastal resort allows free access to tourists and local residents.

Negative Environmental Impact of Tourism and Hospitality

Exceeding the carrying capacity and saturation levels of an area will negatively affect that area.
The term “carrying capacity” is the degree of development a certain area can take without
having detrimental affects on the environment. If the tourists development becomes saturated,
the very attractions which draw visitors to a place may be destroyed, causing the decline in
quality and popularity of a certain tourist destination.
In developing countries, there is a lack of control measures because of cultural differences, lack
of technical skills, and lack of financial resources needed to implement plans.

Environmental Conflicts
Some of the problems affecting the quality of the environment are destruction of the
vegetation, pollution (air, water and noise) and the destruction of wildlife. The destruction of
the vegetation occurs because of the large number of tourists who trample on the vegetation.
· Air pollution results from the gas fumes emitted by automobiles, taxis, buses, aircraft and
factories. Areas with large numbers of vehicles usually suffer from air pollution.
· Water pollution is the results of the discharge of untreated waste from resorts or boats into
seas, rivers, lakes, and springs.
· Noise pollution is associated with traffic congestion on land and on air. Many recreational
vehicles such as motorcycles, motorboats and aircrafts cause a lot of noise.
Problems associated with wildlife results from killing of animals such as birds and the disruption
of the normal habits of feeding and breeding. A very good example is the killing of elephants for
tusks, zebras for hides, antelopes for their heads, and etc.

Geological Conflicts
Tourism and hospitality affects geological formation. Some tourists collect minerals, rocks,
fossils, and corals from tourists attractions. Others destroy natural formation by vandalising.
Residents Conflicts
A number of conflicts frequently occur between residents and tourists or tourism developers. In
cities, hotels are built at the expense of residential accommodations. The increasing value of
land often forces residents to move away from the area. Hotel development also brings traffic
congestion and air pollution. In fishing and hunting areas, the increasing demand creates
problems for local fishermen and hunters who now compete with the tourists as well as with
each other.

Impact Control Measures

Two measures which will reduce the negative impact of tourism and hospitality have been
identified, thus, creating a quality environment for both residents and tourists. First, the
general protective measures and second, regulation and control of tourists development. The
protective measures are designed to safeguard the various aspects of the environment –
endangered animals and plants, beaches, and forests through the creation of national parks
and wilderness areas.

The man-made environment is included in the conservation and restoration of historical or

archaeological monuments, valuable buildings, and neighbourhood. These measures have two
objectives – to protect the environment and to maintain its attractiveness as a tourist
destination.
Regulation and control refers to zoning and land use, and planning specifications on the
facilities being built as to height, appearance, open space, and overall design, among other
things. These are rapidly done in some countries like Switzerland where builders must follow
certain architectural styles before permission is given for development. These are done to
prevent unattractive tourist developments