R V MAFOHLA AND ANOTHER 1958 (2) SA 373 (SR)
R V MAFOHLA AND ANOTHER 1958 (2) SA 373 (SR)
R V MAFOHLA AND ANOTHER 1958 (2) SA 373 (SR)
South African Law Reports, The (1947 to date)/CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING OF CASES – January 1947 to October 2021/1958/Volume 2: 237 464 (May)/R v
MAFOHLA AND ANOTHER 1958 (2) SA 373 (SR)
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R v MAFOHLA AND ANOTHER 1958 (2) SA 373 (SR)
1958 (2) SA p373
Citation 1958 (2) SA 373 (SR)
Court Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo
Judge Young J
Heard February 14, 1958
Judgment February 14, 1958
Annotations Link to Case Annotations
Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Game Wild animals Ownership of Acquisition of. A Mortal wounding of game When sufficient to reduce animal into possession for purposes
of acquiring ownership.
Headnote : Kopnota
The accused had pleaded guilty to the theft of a carcase of a koodoo. The evidence was that the complainant had mortally wounded it the
day B before but, having been unable to find it, had recommenced the search next morning and spoored it down to near a paddock fence on
the ranch on which he was an assistant where he found a pool of blood. The accused were thereafter found in possession of the carcase and
they had stated that their dog had put up the koodoo and that they had killed it and taken the meat.
Held, as the wounding of the koodoo had not had the effect of reducing the animal into the possession of the complainant, for the purpose of
acquiring ownership, that the conviction should be set aside.
The Roman, RomanDutch and South African law on the subject of the C acquisition of ownership in wild animals discussed.
Review.
Judgment
YOUNG, J.: The accused were charged in the magistrate's court at D Plumtree with the theft of 'the carcase of one kudu, the property or in the
lawful possession of Cedric Mason'. There was a second count, alleging a contravention of the Cedric Mason'. There was a second count,
alleging a contravention of the Native Passes Act, Chap. 77, but no point arises as to that. The accused pleaded guilty to the theft and were
found guilty, and each was sentenced to a fine of £5, or in default one month's imprisonment with hard labour.
E The facts relating to the charge of theft are as follow. On 10th January, 1958, Mason, an assistant on Commander Cobbold's ranch, Ngwesi,
in the Plumtree area, shot at and wounded a koodoo. Mason says:
'It ran away and I was unable to find it. The following morning I spoored the animal down to near a paddock fence on the ranch. At that F point I found a lot of
blood which indicated to me that the animal had been butchered there. I followed the spoor of donkeys and this led me (to the accused). I asked them where
they got the meat and they said that their dog had put it up and they had killed it and taken the meat. . . . I recovered the meat. . . . The koodoo was so
mortally wounded that it could not have got away. It was found close to the place where we left off following it. It left a trail of a great deal of blood behind it.'
G This case raises a question which was the subject of controversy among Roman lawyers, but which was settled, as far as Roman law is
concerned, by the Institutes of Justinian, Book 2, title 1 secs. 13 14. The passage reads (Sandars' trans.):
'13. It has been asked, whether, if you have wounded a wild beast, so that it could be easily taken, it immediately becomes your property. Some have thought
that it does become yours directly you wound it, and H that it continues to be yours while you continue to pursue it, but that if you cease to pursue it, it then
ceases to be yours, and again becomes the property of the first person who captures it. Others have thought that it does not become your property until you
have captured it. We confirm this latter opinion, because many accidents may happen to prevent your capturing it.
14. Bees also are wild by nature. Therefore, bees that swarm upon your tree, until you have hived them, are no more considered to be your property than the
birds which build their nests on your tree: so that if any one else hives
1958 (2) SA p374
YOUNG J
them he becomes their owner. Anyone, too, is at liberty to take the honeycombs the bees may have made. But of course, if, before anything has been taken, you
see any one entering on your land, you have a right to prevent his entering. A swarm which has flown from your hive is still considered yours as long as it is in
your sight and may easily be pursued; otherwise it becomes the property of the first person that takes it.'
A This passage is based on Digest, 41.1.5, where the matter (so far as relevant here) is put thus (de Zulueta's trans.):
'Now an animal is considered to recover its natural liberty when either it has escaped from sight or, though still in sight, its pursuit is difficult. It has been asked
whether a wild beast, which has been so wounded that it can be captured, at once becomes the property of the wounder. Trebatius held that it becomes the
property at once, and is considered his so long as he keeps up its pursuit, but that, if he gives B up its pursuit, it ceases to be his, and once more becomes the
property of the first taker.'
It appears, therefore, that the rule was as follows: (a) where a wild animal had been reduced into possession it does not upon escape regain its
natural liberty until it has passed from sight or, though still in C sight, its pursuit has become difficult. (For a modern view of when pursuit
becomes difficult, see Kearry v Pattinson, 1939 (1) A. E.R. 65, a case concerning bees); (b) when it has not previously been reduced into
possession the wild animal becomes a man's property only when he actually captures it.
The Roman Dutch law (subject to local statutes) followed the above rule. Voet 41.1.7 (Gane's trans.) has this:
'Although it is still held nowadays that a wild animal wounded by one person, and taken by another does not become the property of him who wounds. but of him
who seizes, still anyone who comes on the scene and seizes a wild animal on the pursuit of which another is still bent ought to be fined, on the ground that he is
carrying on a meddlesome form of hunting, such as is often the cause of quarrels and of brawls.'
E See too Hugo Grotius Introduction to Dutch Jurisprudence (Maasdorp's trans.) 2.4.31. The legal position was different where the animals
ferae naturae were kept in an adequate enclosure. By this means the animals could be reduced into possession sufficiently to support a claim to
ownership: Voet 41.1.5; Grotius, ibid. 2.4.9.
The South African law appears to be to the same effect: see Maasdorp, F vol. 2, 7th ed., pp. 40 42; Lamont v Heyns and Another, 1938
T.P.D. 22. The sufficiency of the enclosure is a matter of degree, and therefore of fact. It might be possible to establish a local custom varying
the general law, but that is a matter of evidence (van Breda v Jacobs, 1921 AD 330), and it does not arise here.
In the present case the claim to ownership is based on the wounding of G the koodoo. But it is clear on the evidence that the wound did not
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have the effect of reducing the animal into the possession of Mason, for the purpose of acquiring ownership. The koodoo never lost the
character of an animal ferae naturae, as far as Mason was concerned. On the contrary, it was the accused who prima facie acquired ownership
The South African law appears to be to the same effect: see Maasdorp, F vol. 2, 7th ed., pp. 40 42; Lamont v Heyns and Another, 1938
T.P.D. 22. The sufficiency of the enclosure is a matter of degree, and therefore of fact. It might be possible to establish a local custom varying
the general law, but that is a matter of evidence (van Breda v Jacobs, 1921 AD 330), and it does not arise here.
In the present case the claim to ownership is based on the wounding of G the koodoo. But it is clear on the evidence that the wound did not
have the effect of reducing the animal into the possession of Mason, for the purpose of acquiring ownership. The koodoo never lost the
character of an animal ferae naturae, as far as Mason was concerned. On the contrary, it was the accused who prima facie acquired ownership
in the animal or H its carcase by occupatio of a res nullius. It is unnecessary to consider the effect of the game laws on the issue of ownership
(cf. Dunn v Bowyer and Another, 1926 NPD 516), as it was not shown that the accused were not authorised to hunt koodoo. If the question
does arise, the correctness of the decision in Dunn's case, supra, will, I think, require consideration.
The AttorneyGeneral does not support the conviction. The conviction and sentence on the count of theft must be struck out.
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