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NOMINAL GROUPS VERBS SENTENCES

Nouns: gender (PDF) Present continuous (PDF) Modals

Nouns: plurals (PDF) Present Simple (PDF) Causative

constructions (PDF)
Possessive (PDF) Summary: present
continuous VS present Comparatives (PDF)
Adjectives: usage simple
(PDF) The superlative (PDF)
Present continuous or
Adjectives: placement present simple? (PDF) Summary:
(PDF) comparatives /
Preterite (Past simple) superlatives
Reflexive pronouns (PDF)
(PDF) Direct & Indirect
Irregular verbs (PDF) Discourse (PDF)
Adverbs (PDF)
Preterite: BE + -ING (PDF) Negative
Nationalities (PDF) constructions (PDF)
Past simple vs. BE + -ING
SOME, ANY, NO (PDF) The passive voice
Present perfect (PDF) (PDF)

Summary: SOME, ANY,

Past progressive (PDF) Questions I
MUCH, MANY

Uncountable nouns Pluperfect (PDF) Other interrogative

pronouns (PDF)
THE OR NOTHING? Summary: the past
(PDF) Summary: asking a
question
Conditional (PDF)
THIS/THAT/THESE(P
DF) Relative Clauses I
Present Participles (PDF) (PDF)

Imperatives (PDF) Relative Clauses II

 Future (PDF)
(PDF)

Future Perfect & Future

Summary: relative
Progressive (PDF)
clauses

Past Conditional (PDF)

Making suggestions
(PDF)
The subjunctive (PDF)

NOMINAL GROUPS

QUANTITIES

a) 1st match: SOME vs. ANY

SOME ANY

1) In positive sentences:
I need some butter. 1) In questions:
Is there any cheese left?

2) In questions when offering or 2) In negative sentences:

requesting something that is there: There isn't any milk left.
Could I have some water, please?

b) 2nd match: MUCH vs. MANY

MUCH MANY

MUCH + singular MANY + plural

There is much traffic. There are many cars.

 
 TEST

Choose the correct answer.

a) I have (some/any) homework to do for tomorrow.

b) I don't see (some/any) ducks there!
c) Can I have (some/any) wine, please?
d) Are there (some/any) vegetables left?

e) There are (much/many) people in the cinema.

f) Don't eat (much/many) sugar.

ANSWERS
a) I have some homework to do for tomorrow.
b) I don't see any ducks there!
c) Can I have some wine, please.
d) Are there any vegetables left?

e) There are many people in the cinema.

f) Don't eat much sugar.
Learn English

The lesson of the newsletter

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS
I) What is a countable noun?

a) It is a noun which is for things we can count.

Examples of countable nouns: table, bag, school
We can say: one table, two tables... one bag, two bags...

b) It usually has a plural form:

Examples: table > tables | bag > bags | school > schools

 II) What is an uncountable noun?

a) It is a noun which is for things we cannot count.
Examples of uncountable nouns: tea, sugar, water, air, rice.

b) Uncountable nouns are often the names for abstract ideas or qualities.
Examples: knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love.

 c) They usually do not have a plural form. They are used with a singular verb.
Examples: we cannot say "sugars, angers, knowledges".

d) We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of one of these nouns, we use
a word or expression like:
some, a lot of, a piece of, a bit of, a great deal of...

Examples:
He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.
They've got a lot of furniture.

 III) TEST

What have you understood?

Write the letter "C" in front of Countable nouns and the letter "U" in front of
Uncountable nouns.
The first one has been done for you:

___U_____ water

_________ boat

_________ record

_________ money

_________ tree

_________ furniture

_________ evidence

_________ TV set

_________ happiness

_________ bottle

_________ wall

_________ garden

_________ advice

_________ baggage

_________ information

_________ window

_________ news

 IV) CORRECTION

Here are the Uncountable nouns: water, money, furniture, evidence, happiness, advice,
baggage, information, news
 VERBS
Two presents: present continuous, present simple

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (BE + -ING) vs PRESENT SIMPLE

PRESENT (BE + -ING) PRESENT SIMPLE

Action which is being done Permanent situations; regular habits

Main use
at the same moment and daily routine; feelings

AUXILIARY BE + verb In the positive form, add an 's' to the

ending in -ING
base form of the 3rd person singular.
Affirmative
eg: I am playing, you are
playing, he/she/it is eg : I play, you play, he/she/it plays,
playing, we are playing, you we play, you play, they play
are playing, they are playing

1) If the verb ends in '-e',

remove the '-e': smoke -> 1) If the verb ends in 'ch', 's', 'sh', 'x',
he is smoking 'z', 'o', add '-es' to the base forme of
2) If the verb has one the 3rd p sg: she goes, he catches
Exceptions
syllable AND if it ends in 2) If the verb ends in -y preceded by a
'consonant-vowel- consonant, change the '-y' to '-ies':
consonant', double the final study -> he studies.
consonant: run -> running

Use DO NOT / DON'T or DOES NOT /

Use NOT
Negative DOESN'T (3rd p sg)
eg: I am not playing
eg: I don't play, she doesn't play

Auxiliary DO or DOES at the beginning

Auxiliary BE at the
of the question
Questions beginning of the question
eg: Do you play football? Does he play
eg: Are you playing football?
football?

Short Use BE Use DO or DOES

answers eg: Yes, I am. No, he isn't. eg: Yes, I do. No, he doesn't.

 
Conjugate the verbs between brackets. Use the present simple or the present
continuous.
Warning: only NEGATIVE contracted forms are accepted.
Examples: we don't accept ''They're playing'' (write: They are playing) BUT we
accept ''They aren't playing''.

Beginners
English exercise "Two presents: present continuous, present simple" created by
webmaster with The test builder
Click here to see the current stats of this English test [Save] [Load] [?]

1. Listen! Sandra (play) music!

2. On Sundays, I always (play) football with my friends.

3. I (not/like) carrots.

4. She (hate) westerns.

5. Can you help Peter? He (do) his homework.

6. What (you/watch) on TV? Is it interesting?

7. When I (go) back home, I will phone my girlfriend.

8. We usually (take) a taxi to go to work.

9. They (not/travel) a lot.

10. She (not/come). She is looking after her little sister.

RESULTS

1. Listen! Sandra [No answer] IS PLAYING (play) music!

2. On Sundays, I always [No answer] PLAY (play) football with my friends.
3. I [No answer] DON'T LIKE (not/like) carrots.
4. She [No answer] HATES (hate) westerns.
5. Can you help Peter? He [No answer] IS DOING (do) his homework.
6. What [No answer] ARE YOU WATCHING (you/watch) on TV? Is it interesting?
7. When I [No answer] GO (go) back home, I will phone my girlfriend.
8. We usually [No answer] TAKE (take) a taxi to go to work.
9. They [No answer] DON'T TRAVEL (not/travel) a lot.
10. She [No answer] ISN'T COMING (not/come). She is looking after her little
sister.
Grammar match: THE SIMPLE PAST vs. PRETERITE: BE + -ING

  SIMPLE PAST PRETERITE: BE + ING

* Affirmative: * All forms (regular & irregular

-> Regular verbs: BV + -ED verbs):
eg. We played football. we use the auxiliary BE in the
-> Irregular verbs: please learn past(WAS/WERE) + base form
them ending in -ING:
SYNTAX eg. We ate a sandwich.
* Questions & negation: use the eg.
auxiliary DID. Were you playing football?
eg. Did you play football? Yes, we were playing football.
eg. No, we didn't play (did not No, we weren't (were not)
play) football. playing football.

An action in the past, which was

A short action, which took place in being done, when another short
MAIN USE the past. It is often dated. action interrupted it.
eg. In 1998, I went to Spain. eg. I was having a bath when the
phone rang.

> TEST
Choose the right tense (simple past / BE + -ING) :
a) Last week, I _________________ (buy) a new car.

b) Sarah _______________________ (do) her homework when you

__________________________ (arrive).

c) What ________________ you ___________________ (do) last summer?

d) Peter ________________ (not to go) to school: he __________________ (be) too tired.

 
 

> ANSWERS:
a) Last week, I BOUGHT a new car.

b) Sarah WAS DOING her homework when you ARRIVED.

c) What DID you DO last summer?

d) Peter DIDN'T GO to school: he WAS too tired.

The lesson of the newsletter: only for
subscribers
THE PAST

PAST SIMPLE (PRETERITE) PRETERITE: BE + -ING

MAIN USE
action in the past, which was being
MAIN USE
done, when another short action
past action (dated and definite)
interrupted it

SYNTAX
SYNTAX
Affirmative
Affirmative
-> Regular verbs: verb + -ED
auxiliary BE in the past (WAS/WERE) +
e.g. Yesterday, I played football.
verb + -ING
e.g. I was taking a shower when the
-> Irregular verbs: there is no easy phone rang.
rule; you must learn them by heart
e.g. In 1998, I went to Australia.
Interrogative & negative: inversion
e.g. Were you listening to the radio
Interrogative & negative: use DID
when he arrived?
e.g. -> Did you go to Australia?
-> Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't (listening
-> Yes, I did. No, I didn't (go to
to the radio).
Australia).

PRESENT PERFECT PLUPERFECT

MAIN USES MAIN USE

a) Actions which began in the past Action which was done before another
and are still in progress. action (in the past).
b) Past actions with
results/consequences in the present. SYNTAX
Affirmative
SYNTAX auxiliary HAD + past participle
Affirmative e.g. Peter went to Sydney in 2002. I
auxiliary HAVE (HAS with he/she/it) had been there two years before.
+ past participle
e.g. a) I have lived in Paris since Interrogative & negative: inversion
1992. e.g. Had you bought a car?
b) Sarah has eaten all the cakes. -> Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't (bought a
(There is no cake left). car).
Interrogative & negative: inversion
e.g. Have you broken by vase?
-> Yes, I have. / No, I haven't
(broken the vase).

TEST : Fill in the gaps with the verbs. Choose the correct tense.

a) - Peter, what _____________________ (do) yesterday?

- I _____________________ (play) football with Mike.

b) John's father _____________________ (be) very unhappy: when he

_____________________ (get) back home, he _____________________ (find)
that thieves _____________________ (break) into his flat.

c) Mum, Sarah _____________________ (break) my TV! I

_____________________ (watch) it when she _____________________ (come)
into my room and _____________________ (break) it! I can't watch the football
match! Do something!

ANSWERS

a) - Peter, what did you do yesterday? (preterite)

- I played football with Mike. (preterite)

b) John's father was (preterite) very unhappy: when he got (preterite) back home,
he found (preterite) that thieves had broken (pluperfect) into his flat.

c) Mum, Sarah has broken (present perfect) my TV! I was watching (preterite: BE
+ -ING) it when she came (preterite) into my room and broke (preterite) it! I can't
watch the football match! Do something!
 SENTENCES

MODALS: CAN, MAY, MUST, HAVE TO

CAN MUST

1) Obligation
1) Ability I must do my homework.
I can drive
2) For an opinion that you think has a
2) Possibility good possibility of being true.
I can come Look at his uniform. He must be a
policeman.

MAY HAVE TO

1) In the affirmative: HAVE TO has a

meaning similar to MUST.
1) Probability
I have to go to the school.
She may come tomorrow.
2) In the negative: HAVE TO has a
2) In a very polite question
different meaning: "you don't need to dot
May I open the window?
that"
It's Sunday! I don't have to go to school.

  TEST : Fill in the gaps with CAN/CAN'T, MAY/MAY NOT, MUST/MUSTN'T,

HAVE TO/DON'T HAVE TO

JOHN: "_________ you come to the match this afternoon?"

PETER: "I'm sorry. I _________ . I _________ wash my father's car."
JOHN: "But it's raining! You _________ wash it!"
PETER: "I know, but my parents say the rain _________ stop soon. And I
_________ go out with you tonight because I _________ go to my
grandmother's birthday party and I _________ come back late."

ANSWERS

JOHN: "CAN you come to the match this afternoon?"

PETER: "I'm sorry. I can't . I MUST wash my father's car."
JOHN: "But it's raining! You DON'T HAVE TO wash it!"
PETER: "I know, but my parents say the rain MAY stop soon. And I CAN'T go out
with you tonight because I MUST go to my grandmother's birthday party and I
MAY come back late."
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Comparatives

Main rule:
Comparatives are used to compare two things and to highlight the superiority,
inferiority, or equality of one term compared to another.

Short Adjectives Long Adjectives

 
( 1 - 2 syllables) (3+ syllables)

ADJ + -ER than MORE + ADJ than

superiority
fast > X is faster expensive > X is more
than Y. expensive than Y.

as ADJ as
equalitity
big > X is as big as Y.

less ADJ than

inferiority
beautiful > X is less beautiful than Y.

Examples: Jean is taller than Catherine. Philippe is less tall than Jean. Leïla is as
tall as Jean.
young --> younger | tall --> taller | old --> older

NOTES:
> If the adjective ends in "--y" the "y" becomes "i" :
heavy --> heavier | early --> earlier | busy --> busier | healthy --> healthier |
chilly --> chillier

> If the adjective ends in "--e" only an "r" is needed:

wise --> wiser | large --> larger | simple --> simpler | late --> later

> If the adjective ends with "single vowel + consonant" the consonant is doubled
and one adds "--er" :
big --> bigger | thin --> thinner | hot --> hotter

> Some very common adjectives have irregular comparatives:

good --> better | bad --> worse | far --> farther
 TEST - Compare these 2 cars (fictitious data). Use the adjectives.

MERCEDES Mini

(big car) (small car)

$200,000 $10,000

1. expensive > .............................................

2. cheap > ...................................................
3. powerful > ...............................................
4. large > ....................................................
5. comfortable > ..........................................
6. fast > ......................................................

ANSWERS (examples) 1. The Mercedes is more expensive than the Mini. 2. The
Mini is cheaper than the Mercedes. 3. The Mercedes is more powerful than the
Mini. 4. The Mercedes is larger than the Mini. The Mini is not as large as the
Mercedes. 5. The Mercedes is more comfortable than the Mini. The Mini is less
comfortable than the Mercedes. 6. The Mercedes is faster than the Mini.
THE COMPARATIVE vs. THE SUPERLATIVE

COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES

For comparisons in larger

Comparatives are used to groups, you must use the
compare two things and to superlative. The superlative
MAIN USE
highlight the superiority, designates extremes: the best,
inferiority, or equality of one the first, the worst, the last,
term compared to another. etc.

a) Short adjectives: adj + -ER

THAN
Short & long adjectives:
Peter is taller than Sandra.
THE MOST + adjective
SUPERIORIT
Y b) Long adjectives: MORE + adj
This is the most pleasant place
+ THAN
on Earth!
A Ferrari is more expensive than
a Mini.

Short & long adjectives:

EQUALITY AS... adjective... AS Doesn't exist
English is as easy as German.

Short & long adjectives:

Short & long adjectives:
THE LEAST + adjective
INFERIORITY LESS + adjectif + THAN
This is the least interesting
July is less cold than January.
movie of the year!

NOTES:

Short adjectives: 1 syllable (eg: young) + 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y (eg: pretty)
Long adjectives: all the other adjectives

COMPARATIVES:
> If the adjective ends in "--y" the "y" becomes "i" : heavy --> heavier
> If the adjective ends in "--e" only an "r" is needed: wise --> wiser
> If the adjective ends with "single vowel + consonant" the consonant is doubled and one
adds "--er" : big --> bigger
> Some very common adjectives have irregular comparatives: good --> better | bad -->
worse | far --> farther
 SUPERLATIVES:
Irregular forms:         good --> the best         bad --> the worst         far --> the farthest

> TEST
COMPARATIVES (+ superiority, = equality, - inferiority).
a) Sandra is ___________ (+ pretty) Sophia.
b) This song is ___________ (+ good) the previous one.
c) My boat is ___________ (= expensive) your boat.
d) This book is ___________ (= bad) that one.
e) Jurassic Park is ___________ (- frightening) Star Wars.
f) The Lost World is ___________ (- good) Jurassic Park I.

SUPERLATIVES (+ superiority, = equality, - inferiority).

a) Peter is ___________ (+ intelligent) student in the school!
b) This place is ___________ (- interesting) of the town.

  

> ANSWERS
COMPARATIVES
a) Sandra is prettier than Sophia.
b) This song is better than the previous one.
c) My boat is as expensive as your boat.
d) This book is as bad as that one.
e) Jurassic Park is less frightening than Star Wars.
f) The Lost World is less good than Jurassic Park I.

SUPERLATIVES
a) Peter is the most intelligent student in the school!
b) This museum is the least interesting place of the town.
Learn English

The lesson of the newsletter

>ASKING A QUESTION
A) THE RULE
interrogative pronoun/adverb + auxiliary + subject + verb + ...

interrogative
auxiliary subject verb +
pronoun/adverb

Why did you go to Spain?

Exception: when WHO is the subject of the sentence:

interrogative
auxiliary subject verb +
pronoun/adverb

Who     went to Spain?

 B) THE MAIN INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS / ADVERBS

INTERROGATIV
E PRONOUNS / SENTENCE QUESTION
ADVERBS

Peter has broken the

WHO Who has broken the vase?
vase.

WHAT John took an orange. What did John take?

WHICH Which pullover do you want? The blue one or the red one?
 I went to Spain in
WHEN When did you go to Spain?
1998.

I am sad because my
WHY Why are you sad?
dog is ill.

I save money to buy a

WHAT... FOR What do you save money for?
new car.

HOW + adjective

I go to Belgium by
HOW How do you go to Belgium?
car.

I am 5 miles from
HOW FAR How far are you from Paris?
Paris.

This movie lasts for 2

HOW LONG How long does this movie last?
hours.

HOW MUCH + I want two bottles of

How much milk do you want?
singulier milk.

HOW MANY +
I want three potatoes. How many potatoes do you want?
pluriel

I go to Spain twice a
HOW OFTEN How often do you go to Spain?
week.

HOW OLD I am 24 years old. How old are you?

 > TEST : Ask a question about the underlined words:

Yesterday, Sandra went to the shopping center

She bought a beautiful dress.
She got back home. She was unhappy because it was too large.
Her father phoned the shop.
He went back to the shop.

 > ANSWERS
When did Sandra go to the shopping center?
What did she buy?
Why was she unhappy?
Who phoned the shop?
Where did he go back to?

The relative pronouns WHICH, WHO, WHOSE, WHERE

WHICH WHO

Non-Human: Human:
The dog which is here is very The girl who is looking at us is called
aggressive. Sarah.

WHOSE WHERE
Possessive:
Place:
This singer, whose name I don't
This is the town where I live.
remember, has a beautiful voice.

TEST :

A) Fill in these sentences with WHO, WHICH, WHERE or WHOSE

1. The man, _____________ is sitting on the chair, is a teacher.
2. The dog, _____________ is eating, belongs to Mike.
3. This actor, _____________ films are very bad, is really rich.

B) Build 1 sentence with these 2 sentences (use a relative clause):

4. John is speaking to his boss. His boss is a famous writer.
5. I like the town. You live there.
6. I like the painting. It is in this room.

ANSWERS
1. who 2. which 3. whose 4. John is speaking to his boss, who is a famous
writer. 5. I like the town where you live. 6. I like the painting which is in this
room.