TOPIC II: EXPLORING ASIA

Asia is the world's largest continent and the cradle of major religions like Islam,
Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Shintoism,
Confucianism, and Taoism (Daoism). Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia,
Central Asia, Northern Asia, and Western Asia are the different areas that
make up this culturally rich continent. Despite their cultural distinctions, the
countries in each area share values, beliefs, social etiquette, religious activities,
and languages.

The cultural diversity of Asia's countries has made it particularly appealing to

travellers. This chapter will cover tourist sites, landmarks, national
information, and other tourism-related topics.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 Identify the countries that belong to the various regions of Asia

 Name the national information and tourist attractions of countries in
different regions of Asia
 Explain the cultural similarities and differences of the various regions of
Asia
LESSON PROPER:

Countries: 48
Largest Country: China
Smallest Country: Maldives
Biggest Island: Borneo
Longest River: Yangtze River
Highest Mountain: Mt. Everest

SOUTHEAST ASIA

Southeast or South-eastern Asia consists of 11 nations, divided into peninsular

southeast or mainland and insular southeast islands. The region was formerly
known as “Indochina” and “further India.” These terms refer to the countries in
the mainland Southeast Asia—Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and
Vietnam; while Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, Brunei, and
Singapore belong to insular Southeast Asia. Most of these nations were
colonized by European countries and the USA. (Lew et al., 2008). Buddhism,
Islam, and Catholicism are among the major religions shared by the people in
the region. Southeast Asians also show strong value of respect and courtesy
most particularly to elders and are considered hospitable.

Filipino tourists visiting Southeast Asia are given 14to 30-day tourist visas on
arrival for nationals of eligible countries at all international airports.

VIETNAM (Socialist Republic of Vietnam)

Established in 1976, lies in the eastern most part of mainland Southeast Asia.
It is divided into three economic zones namely: the Northern Vietnam, Central
Vietnam, and Southern Vietnam. Northern Vietnam can be accessed through
Noi Bai International Airport (HAN). Hanoi, its capital, is situated in this region.
It is the gateway to view the natural beauty of the north including the World
Heritage Site of Halong Bay located in the Gulf of Tonkin. Central Vietnam can
be reached via Da Nang International Airport (DAD). It is notable for Phong
Nha-Ke Bang National Park, The Complex of HNoué Monuments, My Son
Sanctuary, and Nah Trang beaches.

Southern Vietnam allows you to have a glimpse of the past. Reunification

Palace, War Remnants Museum, and Cu Chi Tunnels are some of its
attractions. It can be accessed through Tan Son Nhat International Airport
(SGN) in Ho Chi Minh City, formerly called Saigon (Vietnam National
Administration of Tourism, 2016).
Capital: Hanoi
Currency: Vietnamese Dong (VND)
Language: Vietnamese Religions: Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism (No
official religion) Carrier: Vietnam Airlines (VN)
Major International Airports: Da Nang International Airport (DAD), Noi Bai
International Airport (HAN), and Tan Son Nhat International (SGN) Airport
(SGN)

LAOS (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)

The only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bounded by Thailand in the

west, Vietnam in the east, Cambodia in the south, China in the north, and
Myanmar in the northwest. The country was used to be called “Lan Xang,”
which means “Kingdom of a Million Elephants” (Morgan et al., 2017).

Laos is ethnically and linguistically diverse. Its people (the Laotians) are
clustered into the following groupings: Lao Loum (Lowland Lao), Lao Theung
(Lao of the Mountain Slopes), and Lao Soung (Lao of the Mountain Tops). Most
of them practice Theravada Buddhism (Morgan et al., 2017), and they are quite
conservative. Therefore, tourists are advised to be mindful of their attire,
particularly in “visiting sacred temples. Among the important religious
structures is Phat That Luang (Great Stupa), a sacred national monument that
sits in the capital Vientiane.

Capital: Vientiane
Currency: Kip (LAK)
Language: Lao
Religion: Buddhism, Tai folk religion, Christianity and other religions
Carrier: Lao Airlines (QV) .
International Airports: Wattay (VTE), Luang Prabang (LPQ), Pakse (PKZ), and
Savannakhet (ZVK) International Airports

CAMBODIA (Kingdom of Cambodia)

The home of the Angkor Archaeological Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
The archaeological park houses the magnificent architectural and aesthetic
works during the Khmer Empire including the world’s largest religious
complex, Angkor Wat. It is an inspiration and source of pride of the Khmers.
This renowned World Heritage site is situated in province of Siem Reap and can
be accessed through the country’s gateway, Phnom Penh, the capital.

Capital: Phnom Penh

Currency: Riel (KHR)
Language: Khmer
Religion: Theravada Buddhism
Carrier: Cambodia Angkor Air (K6) International Airports: Phnom Penh
International Airport (PNH), Siem Reap International Airport (REP), and
Sihanouk International Airport (KOS)

THAILAND or the Kingdom of Thailand

Formerly called Siam. The country is divided into six regions:

• Northeast region, is the home of the Khmer temple complex, Phanom

Rung;
• North region, where the country’s tallest peak, Doi Inthanon, is found;
• Central region, is where the capital Bangkok lies, one of the major
destinations showcasing Thailand’s historical attractions, temples, and
shopping centers. Bangkok is named by its people as Krung Thep or "the
city of angels." Also, the region is the home of the UNESCO's World
Heritage site, Phra Nakhon si Ayutthaya Historical Park located in the
city Ayuthhaya.
• South region, offers wonderful beaches and islands, such as the Phuket,
Koh Samui, and Koh Phi Phi; and
• Eastern region is an amalgam of ocean and mountain while the west
region is known for its national parks like Thong Pha Phum National
Park and Mueang Sing Historical Park (Tourism Thailand, 2019).

Capital: Bangkok
Currency: Baht (THB)
Language: Thai
Religion: Theravada Buddhism
Carrier: Thai Airways (TG)
Major international Airports: Don Mueang (DMK); Suvarnabhumi (BBK);
Chiang Mai (CNX) and Phuket (HKT) international Airports.

MYANMAR (formerly known as Burma)

Officially known as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. It is the

westernmost country in the mainland Southeast Asia. It has a diverse
ethnicity. Burmans or Bamar is the largest ethnic group while other minorities
are Shan, Kayin, Rakhine, and Karen (Sawe, 2010). The country’s new
administrative and political capital is Naypyidaw (since 2006) while Yangon
(Rangoon), the former capital, is the largest commercial center, and it houses
one of the country’s famous landmarks, Shwedagon Pagoda.

Capital: NayPyi Taw

Currency: Myanmar Kyat (MMK)
Language: Burmese
Religion: Theravada Buddhism
Carrier: Myanmar National Airlines (UB) International Airports: Yangon
International Airport (RGN); Mandalay International Airport (MOL); Naypyidaw
International Airport (NYT)

MALAYSIA or Federation of Malaysia

Divided into West and East Malaysia. West Malaysia is situated in the southern
tip of the Malaysian Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand in the north and
Singapore in the south. Also, it is where the capital Kuala Lumpur sits. The
Peninsula houses various modern, historical, and cultural attractions such as:

• Petronas Towers, the tallest twin towers in the world;

• Lego land, a theme park in Johor Bahru;
• Genting Highlands, an entertainment destination;
• The Historic City of Melaka and George Town, a UNESCO World Heritage
site; and
• Batu Caves, a sacred Hindu shrine in Malaysia.

East Malaysia can be found in the island of Borneo, bordered by Indonesia in

the south and Brunei in the north. The states of Sarawak and Sabah are
situated in the island. It boasts its UNESCO World Heritage sites such as
Kinabalu Park and Gunung Mulu National Park.

Capital: Kuala Lumpur

Currency: Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
Language: Malay
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Malaysian Airlines (MH)
International Airports: Kuala Lumpur (KUL), Kota Kinabalu (BKI), Penang
International Airport (PEN), Kuching (KCH), and Senai International Airport
(JHB)

SINGAPORE (Republic of Singapore)

An island nation found in the south of Peninsular Malaysia. Its name

originated from the word “Singapura,” a word derived from the Sanskrit
“simha” (lion) and “pura” (city) or “The Lion City.” This highly developed city-
state offers remarkable tourist destinations like:

• Its landmark, the “merlion,” a half-lion and half-fish mythical creature, is

an iconic attraction;
• The Night Safari is the first nocturnal zoo in the world; and
• Jurong Bird Park, River Safari, Singapore Zoo, and S.E.A. Aquarium are
attractions that will be enjoyed by those wildlife lovers.

Capital: Singapore
Currency: Singapore Dollar (SGD)
Languages: Mandarin, Malay, Tamil and English Religions: Islam, Hinduism,
Buddhism
Carrier: Singapore Airlines (SQ)
International Airports: Changi International Airport (SIN)

INDONESIA (Republic of Indonesia)

The largest archipelago in the world that is composed of more than 17,500
islands. The greater islands of Indonesia are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan
(southern Borneo), Sulawesi (Celebes), and Papua (Indonesia’s part of New
Guinea). Papua, the largest among the greater islands, is the home of the
country’s highest peak, Puncak Jaya, while Java is where the capital sits and
is also the most populated island.

Indonesia bridges the continents of Asia and Australia. It shares borders with
Papua New Guinea, Borneo, and East Timor.

As a tourist destination, the country has plenty to share to the world, such as:

Bali, also known as “island of the Gods,” which is famous for its enchanting
natural beauty and performing arts, such as Kecak dance (story of Ramayana)
and Barong dance.

• Batam, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Bandung ~ possess touristic beauty;

• Borobudur Temple Compound, Central Java, a UNESCO World Heritage
site;
• Komodo Dragon Natural Park has a unique wildlife, including the largest
lizard in the world, the Komodo Dragon; and
• Lorentz Natural Park, which is in Papua, Indonesia. It is a large protected
area and a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Capital: Jakarta
Currency: Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)
Language: Bahasa Indonesia Religion: Islam
Carrier: Garuda indonesia (GA)
International Airports: Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan (BPN),
Jenderal Ahmad Yani (SRG), Ngurah Rai (DPS), Soekarno-Hatta (CGK), Juanda
(SUB), Kualanamu (KNO), Adisucipte (JOG) international Airports

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM (Negara Brunei Darussalam)

The smallest state in the island of Borneo. Darussalam, which means “Abode of
Peace,” was added to the name of the country by the Sultan Sharif Ali, the
third ruler. Brunei was derived from “Baru Nah!” that means, “Now we've found
it.”

Some of the attractions to visit in Brunei are (Visit Brunei, 2020):

• Jerudong Park, an amusement park in Brunei;

• Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, an impressive mosque named after the
28th Sultan of Brunei;
• Ulu Temburong National Park, a national park that provide adventurous
activities: and
• Kamponf Ayer, a floating village known as "Venice of the East".

Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan

Currency: Brunei Dollar (BND)
Language: Standard Malay
Religion: Sunni Islam
Carrier: Royal Brunei Airlines (BI)
International Airport: Brunei International Airport (BWN)

EAST TIMOR (Timor-Leste)

A former Portuguese colony and the youngest nation in Southeast Asia,

occupies the eastern half of the Timor Island. It gained its full independence
and was recognized as a state under the name of Democrat Republic of Timor-
Leste in 2002. Timorese, the people of East Timor, are described to be
hospitable and friendly. They are mainly believers of Roman Catholic faith. The
official languages in the country are Tetun and Portuguese. Some of Timor-
Leste’s places of interests are (Ministry of Tourism Timor-Leste, 2020):

• Atuaro Island, which is known for dive resorts;

• Gembel Art Collective, which exhibits art works of local artists; and
 • Mt. Ramelau.

Capital: Dili
Currency: United States Dollar Language: Portuguese and Tetun
Religion: Roman Catholic
International Airport: Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport (DIL)

PHILIPPINES (Republic of the Philippines)

Divided into three major island groups:

Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Manila, the capital and where the seat of the
government can be found, is situated on the island of Luzon. People in the
Philippines, or Filipinos, are described as hospitable and fun-loving people.
Majority embraces Christian faith (Roman Catholic is the largest) while some
practice Islam. Religion has a great influence in the country’s festival or
“fiestas.” Some of the must-experience festivals are:

• Quiapo, Manila: Feast of the Black Nazarene

• Cebu: Sinulog Festival, honors the Señor Santo Niño
• Kalibo, Aklan: Ati-Atihan Festival, celebrated in honor of Infant Jesus;
• Iloilo: Dinagyang Festival
• Obando, Bulacan: Obando Festival, honoring St. Paschal (for couples
who want a male child), St. Claire (for couples who want a female child),
and Our Lady of Salambaw (patroness of fishermen);
• Marinduque: Moriones Festival, celebrated during Holy Week; and
• Lucban, Quezon: Pahiyas Festival, honors the patron saint of farmers.

Philippines is also rich in natural and man-made attractions such as:

Country's beaches:
 Boracay, Aklan
 El Nido, Palawan
 Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte
 Panglao, Bohol
 Camiguin, Camiguin Island
 Mactan, Cebu
 Pearl Farm, Davao

UNESCO World Heritage sites:

• Banaue Rice Terraces, Ifugao Province, Cordillera

• Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan
 • Historic City of Vigan, Ilocos Sur;
• Church of San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
• Nuestra Señora dela Asunción in Santa Maria llocos Sur
• Santo Tomas de Villanueva Church in Miag-ao, Iloilo
(http://www.tourism.gov.ph).

Capital: Manila
Currency: Philippine Peso (PHP)
Languages: Filipino, English, and Taglish
Religions: Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant) and Islam
Carrier: Philippine Airlines (PAL)
International Airports: Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL); Diosdado
Macapagal
International Airport (CRK); Mactan Cebu International Airport (CEB)

EAST ASIA

East Asia, the home of the Asia’s largest country, China, and the largest desert,
Gobi Desert. This sub region is composed of six political states such as China,
Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, and two special
administrative regions (SAR): Hong Kong and Macau. Taiwan, Hong Kong, and
Macau are countries associated with mainland China. The region’s major rivers
include Yellow River (Huang He), Long River (Chan Jiang), and West River (Xi
Jiang).

The countries under this region possess a rich culture. The distinct cultural
and historical identity of each nation serves as the country’s tourism resource.
Culture may be diverse in the region, but there are shared values that are
evidently practiced by the people of East Asia, such as high regard for respect
specifically to those in authority and their public demeanor or public behavior.
Other similarities can be found in their language backgrounds and food.

Countries: 6 countries
Largest Country: China
Biggest Island: Japan
Longest River: Yangtze River
Highest Mountain: Mt. Jade Mountain

TAIWAN or the Republic of China (ROC)

Was formerly known as “Formosa, which means “beautiful.” It is surrounded

by Japan in the north and Philippines in the south. Taiwan is a country that
put high respect to various religious practices. The major religions that are
being observed are Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. The languages
spoken in the country are Taiwanese Mandarin (official), Hakka, and
indigenous dialects. Taipei, the capital, is situated in the northern part of the
country. It houses major tourist attractions such as:

• Taipei 101, the country’s tallest skyscraper

• National Museum of History, which showcases Taiwan’s Historical
Treasures;
• National Palace Museum, which exhibits Chinese imperial arts and
artifacts collection; and
• National Taiwan Museum.

Capital: Taipei
Currency: Taiwan New Dollar (NTD)
Religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam
Carrier: China Airlines (Ci)
Language: Taiwanese Mandarin
Major International Airports: Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE),
Kaohsiung International Airport (KHH), Taichung International Airport (TXG),
and Taipei Songshan Airport (TSA)

JAPAN (Nihon or Nippon)

Also known as the “Land of the Rising Sun,” is divided into eight regions:
Kanto, Chubu, Hokkaido, Kansai, Kyushu, Shikuko, Chugoku, and Tohoku.
Tokyo, the country’s capital, is situated in the region of Kanto. The major
gateways are Narita (NRT) and Haneda (HND) International Airports. The
bustling capital of the country is the home to many of the most attractive
tourist places such as:

• Ginza District, a shopping district consisting of luxury brands;

• The Imperial Palace, which serves as the house of the Imperial family;
• Tokyo Sky tree, the tallest skyscraper in Japan; and
• Tokyo Disneyland and Disney Sea, which are popular theme parks in
Tokyo.

Japan has four seasons, which are spring, winter, summer, and fall. Each
season is marked with spectacular sceneries. Spring (March to May) is the
season to view the cherry blossom (sakura). Winter (December to February) is
the perfect time to visit Japan’s ski destinations and to experience onsen (hot
spring). Summer (June to Mid-September) is the best time to observe Japan’s
festivals, such as the Gion Festival in Kyoto, a festival registered in UNESCO
intangible cultural heritage list (https://ich.unesco.org). Fall (September to
November) is a good time to see the country covered with colourful leaves.

Capital: Tokyo
Currency: Yen (JYP)
Language: Japanese
Religion: Buddhism and Shintoism
Carrier: Japan Airlines (JL)
Major international Airports: Osaka International Airport (OSA), Narita
International Airport (NRT), Kansai International Airport (KIX), and Tokyo
International Airport (Haneda Airport) (HND)

HONG KONG

Now officially known as Xianggang Special Administrative Region (SAR). The

name Hong Kong originated from the Cantonese words “heung gong," which
literally means “fragrant harbor.” It was a former colony of the British until
1997. Hong Kong has become one of the most popular destinations in Asia,
particularly for Filipino visitors. It draws tourists because of its theme parks,
such as the Hong Kong Ocean Park and Hong Kong Disneyland. Other
attractions include Avenue of Stars and The Peak and Sky 100.

Hong Kong is also known by tourist as a shopping district. These shopping

areas include the Sneaker Street, Stanley Street, and Ladies Market. Mongkok
is one of the densely populated shopping areas while Harbour City at Tsim Sha
Tsui offers numerous brands.

Capital: Victoria
Currency: HK Dollar (HKD)
Languages: Chinese and English
Religions: Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam
Carrier: Cathay Pacific Airways Limited or Cathay Pacific (CX)
Major International Airport: Hong Kong International Airport (HKG)

MACAU (Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of

China}

Was a former Portuguese colony until 1999. It is famous for its casinos, which
helped it gain the title, “Las Vegas of Asia” (Palmer, 2013). The most visited
tourist attractions found in this region are:
  The Ruins of St. Paul Cathedral, which is considered as its landmark;
 Macau Tower Convention and Entertainment Center, a place to
experience the revolving restaurant, bungee jumping, and skywalk; and
 The Senate Square, Golden Lotus Plaza, and
 Taipa Houses Museum at Avenida da Praia, Taipa, Macao.

Capital: Macao
Currency: Macanese Pataca(MOP)
Language: Cantonese
Religions: Buddhism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and others
Carrier: Air Macau (NX)
Major International Airport: Macau International Airport (MFM)

SOUTH KOREA, or Republic of Korea

Occupies the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Its neighboring countries
are China, Japan, and North Korea. The country’s capital is Seoul, where the
most significant royal palaces of Joseon are situated. These palaces have
become a major historical heritage of Seoul:

 Gyeongbokgung Palace or Gyeongbok palace is the main and most

important royal palace,
 Changdeokgung Palace is famous because it is a UNESCO World
Heritage site.
 Other palaces include the Deoksugong | Palace, Gyonghuigung Palace,
and Changgyonggung Palace.

The National Palace Museum of Korea houses some of the relics of the major
palaces.

To appreciate more fully the culture of the country, one has to indulge in the
Korean food or hansik. Traditionally, Korean food is served with rice (known as
bap), an essential part of Korean meal, together with several side dishes (also
known as banchan). The most renowned side dish is kimchi (fermented and
seasoned vegetable). Other dishes known to most of the tourists include
bulgogi, a thinly sliced marinated meat (beef, pork or chicken); bibimbap, a
bowl of rice topped with vegetables and meat and served with gochujang sauce;
and japchae, a dish comprising of sweet potato noodles, beef, and stir-fried
vegetables. Korean lifestyle and culture are also reflected in the Korean style
houses (hanok) and traditional attire (hanbok) worn during special holidays
(Korea Tourism Organization, n.d.).

"Visitors may also enjoy the country’s tourist attractions, such as Lotte World,
N Seoul Tower, Bukchon Hanok Village, Namiseom Island, National Museum of
Korea, and the DMZ (Demilitarized Zone). Shopping activities can be
experienced in Itaewon, Myeong-dong, Insa-dong, and in underground
shopping centers in Gangnam station and Seomyom, Busan. Shopping for
Korean beauty products has gained popularity among the international
visitors.

The requirements for tourist visiting Korea arr a valid passport and a visa
issued by the Korean Embassy or consulate. For Filipino nationals who wish to
visit South Korea, applications can be coursed through designated travel
agents.

Capital: Seoul
Currency: Won (KRW)
Language: Korean
Religions: Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam
Carriers: Korean Air (KE); Asiana Airlines (OZ)
Major International Airports: Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Jeju
International Airport (CJU)

CHINA or People’s Republic of China (PRC)

China is the largest country in East Asia. Beijing, as the capital and seat of
economic, political, and cultural affairs, is also one of the ancient cities of the
country. It houses important tourist attractions such as:

 The Great wall of China, a UNESCO World Heritage site;

 The imperial Palace known as the Forbidden City; and
 The Temple of Heaven and Ming’s Tomb (http://whc.unesco.org).

As a tourist destination, the country has a vast array of attractions a visitor

can witness and enjoy, such as:
Shanghai, China’s largest city and commercial hub, has a traditional and
modern feel. Shanghai Tower, Yu Garden, Shanghai Disneyland, and Shanghai
Museum are some of the attractions in the city and

 Xi'an, another ancient capital is famous for its Ancient City Wall and
Terracotta Warriors, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
 Yangtze or Yangzi River, the longest river in China and in Asia, is famous
as a cruise destination.

The people of China (Chinese) are mostly practitioners of one of the three main
religions and philosophies, which are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.
As a tourist, it is significant to be aware of the country’s culture and traditions,
such as the following:

 Chinese put high importance on family and its structure.

 Pay respect to elders. People in China show great respect for their elders.
 Being punctual. It is a virtue in China and a sign of respect for others.
 Never write in red ink. It is a sign of protest.
 Never show your affection in public.
 Be familiar of the rules in using chopstick (e.g., don’t put chopstick
upright in your food).
 Put your shoes off when entering someone’s home.

Be mindful when you offer or plan to give a gift to a Chinese. Make sure it does
not bring bad luck (e.g., never hand a gift in four like 4 chocolates)

The host pays the bill (e.g., if you invite someone to dinner, you have to pay for
the bill).

Other significant festivals that represents Chinese culture are:

 Spring Festival (also known as Chinese New Year);

 Lantern Festival;
 Qingming or Tomb Sweeping Festival;
 Dragon Boat Festival; and
 Mid-Autumn Festival.

Filipino tourists who are holding regular passport are required to obtain
Chinese visa to be granted entry to the country. The required documents are
original passport, visa application form and two photos with white background
(size: 48mm x 33mm). Additional supporting documents needed for time
applicants include bank certificate (with receipt of payment) and bank
statement (for the past 6 months), BIR-stamped ITR form, Certificate of
Employment (with compensation and the length of employment), Business
Registration Certificate (for business owner), and Professional ID/Student ID (if
applicable) (http://ph.china-embassy.org/).

Capital: Beijing
Currency: Renminbi (RMB)
Language: Mandarin Chinese .
Religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism, Islam, and Protestantism
Carrier: Air China (CA)
Major International Airports: Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK),
Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG), Guangzhou Baiyun International
Airport (CAN), Sunan Shuofang International Airport (WUX), Zhuhai
International Airport (ZUH), and Guilin Liangjiang International Airport (KWI)

MONGOLIA, a landlocked country in East Asia

Is bordered by Russia and China. The capital and the largest city is
Ulaanbaatar (sometimes spelled as Ulan Bator). The people in Mongolia are
believers of Buddhism or Shamanism, and the Mongolian language is largely
spoken. The nomadic way of life is still a practice in Mongolia. Raising camels,
sheep, goats, horses, yaks, and cattle is part of their culture. Ger, the
traditional dwelling place of the people, is much conducive for a nomadic way
of life as it can be easily set up and dismantled. Throat Singing or Khoomei is a
distinct Mongolian music (Mongolian Embassy US, 2013). Apart from its
culture, Mongolia has UNESCO World Heritage sites such as:

 Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountaints and its surroundings sacred

landscape;
 Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape and Petrogylyphic Complexes of the
Mongolian Altai are classified as cultural sites; and
 Landscapes of Dauria and Uvs Nuur Basin are natural sites
(whc.unesco.org).

Capital: Ulaanbaatar or Ulan Bator

Currency: Mongolian Tughrik (MNT)
Language: Mongolian
Religions: Buddhism and Shamanism
Carrier: Mongolian Airlines (OM)
Major International Airport: Chinggis Khaan International Airport (ULN)

NORTH KOREA or Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Occupies the northern part of the Korean peninsula. It is bordered by China

and Russia. Pyongyang is the capital and the largest city of the country. It
showcases North Korea’s significant monuments and towers. The gateway to
the country is through Pyongyang Sunan International Airport (FNJ).

Capital: Pyongyang
Currency: Won (KPW)
Language: Korean
Religions: Christianity, Buddhism, and Confucianism
Carrier: Air Koryo (JS)
Major International Airport: Pyongyang Sunan International Airport (FNJ)

SOUTH ASIA or SOUTHERN ASIA

This region is also known as the Indian subcontinent, It comprises eight

nations including Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan,
and island countries such as Maldives and Sri Lanka. All these countries are
members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), an
organization that was established in the 1985, aiming to promote the welfare of
the people in South Asia (http://saarc-sec. org). It is the birthplace of
Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism.

South Asian countries have varied traditions and customs. Some of the general
practices of these countries are manifested in the way the people choose their
dress, Modesty is the key value that they apply in their manner of dressing,
Covering their heads is a common practice in the region while it is found
disrespectful to use left hand to eat and pay for things. It is also disrespectful
when one does not remove his/her shoes when entering sacred places of
worship,

MALDIVES (Republic of Maldives)

Maldives is an archipelago situated south of India. It is a tourist destination

popular for its white sand beaches and resorts. Male is the capital and the
largest city, which is situated in Male Atoll. The main international gateway to
the nation is the Velana International Airport, located in the island of Hulhulé.
It also serves as the hub of the national flag carrier, Maldivian (Q2). Dhivehi is
the official language commonly spoken by Maldivians, while English is often
spoken, which makes it easy for the tourists to communicate. Majority of the
people in Maldives are believers of Islamic faith.

Coconut, fish, and starch are main ingredients in the Maldivian cuisine.
Coconut drink serves as a welcome drink for the guests. Mas huni is a common
breakfast served by Maldivians. It is composed of tuna, chili, coconut, and
onion while roshi, a flat bread, is often found in every meal. A music and dance
performance showcasing the country’s culture called Bodu Beru can be
experienced in most of the resorts (Maldives Marketing & Public Relations
Corporation, 2020).

Filipino citizens who desire to visit Maldives can acquire a visa upon arrival for
at least 30 days, provided that the following proof must be shown: a confirmed
roundtrip air ticket and hotel accommodation and proof of adequate financial
resources (https:// www.visahq.ph/maldives/).

Capital: Male
Currency: Maldivian Rufiyaa (MVR)
Religion: islam
Major Language: Dhivehi
Carrier: Maldivian (Q2)
International Airport: Male International Airport (MLE)

INDIA (Republic of India)

India is the largest of the eight countries in South Asia; It occupied a huge
portion of the region. The national capital of India is New Delhi, which can be
accessed through the Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL). India is the
birthplace of Buddhism, great epics such as Mahabharata and Ramayana, and
Mahatma Gandhi, India’s great political and spiritual leader known for his
nonviolent independence movement. Respect for people’s different beliefs is
highly practiced in the country, a part of India’s culture. Religions practiced in
the country are Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Jainism, and Christianity.
Hinduism is shared by most of the people in India. Varanasi (Benares) is a
pilgrimage destination and a sacred place for Hindus. Also, as one of the oldest
cities, it has become a favorite destination in the country to learn about music,
arts, and crafts (https://www.incredibleindia.org/).
High respect for all the belief systems can be seen in most of the country’s
festivals, such as Diwali (Deepavali) known as Festivals of Lights, which is
considered to be the most significant celebration in India practiced by Hindus
and non-Hindus. Ramadan or Eid-Ul-Fitr is celebrated by Muslims, Christmas
is celebrated in commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ, Ganesh Chaturthi
Festival is a dedicated to honor Lord Ganesh, and Budh Poornima is a
celebration for the birth of Buddha.

Some of the UNESCO World Heritage sites to visit are:

 Taj Mahal - a white marble mausoleum for Taj Mahal,.the wife of

emperor Shan Jahan;
 Agra Fort - this historical fort served as the residence of the Mughal
emperors;
 Historic City of Anmadabad - this walled city is a UNESCO World
Heritage site that was founded by Sultan Ahmad Shah;
 Churches and Convents of Goa - composed of Roman Catholic spiritual
edifices;
 Ellora Caves - large sacred rock-cut temples; and
 Jaipur City — a city known as “Pink City.”

Philippine passport holders who aspire to travel to India can avail of eTourist
visa (eTV) for at least 30 days, whose primary objective of visit is for tourism
purposes (sightseeing, visit friends and relatives, or recreation). An
authorization to travel to India will be emailed to the applicant. A printout of
the authorization letter must be presented to the immigration upon arrival. It is
important to note that an eTV cannot be applied more than twice in a year and
is only available in the following international airports: Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai, Kolkata; Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, and
Goa (https://www.eoimanila.gov.in/page/visa/).

Capital: New Delhi

Currency: India Rupee (INR)
Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Jainism, Christianity
Major Languages: Hindi and English
Carrier: Air India (Al)
International Airports: Chattrapathi Shivaji International Airport (BOM),
Bangalore Bengaluru International Airport (BLR), New Dethi Indira Gandhi
International Airport (DEL), Hyderabad
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (HYD), and Chennai Meenambarkkam
International Airport (MAA)

NEPAL (Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal)

Is a landlocked country bordered by India and China and can be accessed by

international visitors through Tribhuvan International airport (KTM), the only
international airport of the country situated in Kathmandu, the capital.
Kathmandu is the cultural, political, and the largest city of the country. It is
where one can witness the Indra Jatra Festival (Indra - King of Heaven and god
of Rain; Jatra - procession), a yearly festival where the living Goddess Kumari
would go out of her residence for a procession to thank Indra (Tourism Board
of Nepal, 2020).

Nepal’s culture is influenced by the country’s religion. Majority of the people

practice Hinduism or Buddhism. However, Islam, Christianity, Jainism,
Sikhism, and other religions are also practiced in the country. Eating beef is
forbidden among the Hindu, as cows are sacred to them. The right hand is
considered to be pure and used for eating, receiving, giving, and paying. Eating
using the right hand is part of Nepal’s culture, and so most of them do not use
utensils. Regular food would include bhat (boiled rice), tarkari (curried
vegetables), and momos (dumplings) (Tourism Board of Nepal, 2020).

Nepal holds one of the significant spiritual sites for the Buddhists in Lumbini,
the birthplace of Buddha and a pilgrimage site for Buddhists.The sacred
Mayadevi Temple in Lumbini is said to be the area where Buddha was born
(Tourism Board of Nepal, 2020).

Nepal has plenty to offer to its visitors in terms of exciting activities, such as
paragliding, sky diving, bungee jumping, zip flying, and mountaineering.
Known as the home of highest mountains in the world, such as Mt. Everest,
Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Manasla, and Annapurna, the country offers great
opportunity for mountaineers. Tourists who wish to visit can obtain a visa on
arrival at Tribhuvan International Airport and in the Nepal Embassy (Nepal
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, n.d.).

Capital: Kathmandu
Currency: Nepalese Rupee (NPR)
Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism
Major Language: Nepali
Carrier: Nepal Airlines (RA)
International Airport: Tribhuvan International Airport (KTM)

BHUTAN (Dzongkha)

Is known by its people as “Land of the Thunder Dragon,” a landlocked country

bordered by India and China. The people of the country, the Bhutanese, call
themselves “People of Drukpa,” Thimpu is the capital and the largest city, It
replaced the ancient capital city of Punakha. The gateway to the country is
through Paro International Airport, the country's only international airport, The
national flag carrier is Druk Air (https://www.kingdomofbhutan.com).

As a way to preserve their culture, traditional clothing is still worn. Men wear
Gho while women wear Kira. Majority of the people are believers of Mahayana
Buddhism (Drukpa Kagyu), the country’s religion that contributed in shaping
their culture. To understand more fully the culture and history of Bhutan, a
visit to Paro National Museum would help.

Some of the tourist attractions to visit in the country include:

 National Memorial Chorten, a landmark in the memory of the nation’s

third king, His Majesty Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, and a symbol of peace;
 Tiger Nests, a monastery that hang on the cliff;
 Gangtey Valley, a beautiful valley in the Himalayas; called by many as
“Shangri-La of Bhutan”; and
 Trashi Yangtze, a destination that is rich in Bhutanese arts.

Foreign visitors who wish to visit Bhutan are required to secure visa. Tourist
visas can be secured from an authorized travel agent before traveling to the
country. A copy of visa will be sent to the applicant once approved. The original
visa sticker will be provided upon arrival in Bhutan. Passport, two
photographs, and the required fee must be presented to receive the visa
sticker. Visitors need to have their electronic devices registered with the
customs authority upon arrival and before departure
(https://www. kingdomofbhutan.com).

Capital: Thimpu
Currency: Ngultrum (BTN)
Religions: Buddhism
Major Languages: Hindi and English
Carrier: Druk Air (KB)
International Airport: Paro International Airport (PBH)

BANGLADESH or People’s Republic of Bangladesh

Is one of the nations in South Asia bordered by India in the west and north and
Myanmar in the east. Dhaka, the capital, is also the largest city and center of
politics and culture of the country. People of Bangladesh speak Bengali
language. Major religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. In rural areas,
transportation reflects the country’s culture. Bullock carts, buffalo carts,
tomtom (a horse cart), and palki (a vehicle carried by men) are used for
weddings.

Sari (Saree) is the female garment mostly worn by women in Bangladesh. Some
of the attractions with cultural significance include:

 Ahsan Manjil (The Pink Palace), an-important architectural structure;

 Sixty Dome Mosque, a UNESCO World Heritage site; and
 Sonargaon, an old capital and the home of the country’s Folk Art
Museum (https:// bhclondon.org.uk).

Citizens of the Philippines are required to secure visa. The applicant is required
to appear before the embassy with requirements for tourist visa, which are NBI
or Police clearance, photocopy of the passport, two recent ID pictures (passport
size with white background), medical certificate indicating that the applicant is
free from Coronavirus infection, employment certificate with leave given, bank
certificate, hotel accommodation booking and air ticket (roundtrip), passport
copy, and letter of request from the sponsor addressed to the embassy
(https://visalist.io/bangladesh/visarequirements/philippines).

Capital: Dhaka
Currency: Bangladesh Taka (BDT)
Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam
Major Language: Bengali
Carrier: Biman Bangladesh Airline (BG)
International Airport: Hazrat Shahjalal Int’l (DAC)
 SRI LANKA or Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Is an island nation in South Asia, formerly known as Ceylon. Colombo is the

country’s capital and commercial center, It boasts its colonial heritage and
some of its tourist attractions such as:
 Dutch Period Museum, a 17th century Dutch buildings that reveals
Dutch colonial rule;
 Holy Gangaramaya Temple, one of the biggest Buddhist temple in Sri
Lanka;
 National Museum of Colombo, a museum in Colombo that was founded
by Sir William Henry Gregory;
 Galle Face Green, a coastal park situated in the business district of
Colombo; and
 The old city Anuradhapura, the first capital that offers cultural
attractions.

The people of Sri Lanka are largely practitioners of Buddhism. Other religions
include Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam. Sri Lanka’s main Buddhist temple
and most significant pilgrimage site is the Sacred Temple of the Tooth located
in the historic city of Kandy. Visitors are advised to secure permits before
taking photos of principal Monuments of the country
(https://www.srilanka.travel

Capital: Colombo
Currency: Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR)
Religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam
Major Languages: Sinhalese and Tamil
Carrier: Sri Lankan Airlines (UL)
International Airport: Bandaranaike International Airport (CMB)

PAKISTAN or Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Is situated in the western portion of the Indian subcontinent. Its capital is

Islamabad, which means “City of Islam,” while Karachi is the main seaport and
the largest city. The major gateways to the country are the. Islamabad
International Airport (ISB), Karachi International Airport (KHI), and Lahore
international Airport (LHE), while the national flag carrier is Pakistan
International Airlines (PK), known as PIA.

Some of the tourist attractions in the country are:

Pakistan Monument, Islamabad, a significant monument that represents the
nation’s provinces and territories;
 Mohatta Palace, Karachi, a palace with an intricately designed facade;
 Anarkali Bazaar, Lahore, among the oldest market that is known for its
tradition food stalls;
 Faisal Masjid, Islamabad, an architectural structure designed by a
Turkish Architect found in the capital city; and
 Sheesh Mahal, Lahore, a UNESCO World Heritage site also known as
Palace of Mirrors” (The Express Tribune Pakistan, 2015).

Capital: Islamabad
Currency: Pakistan Rupee (PKR)
Religion: Islam
Major Languages: Urdu and English
Carrier: Pakistan International Airlines (PK) International Airport: Jinnah
International Airport (KHI)

AFGHANISTAN or Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Is a landlocked country, bordered by the following countries: Pakistan,

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Iran. The country is now cogitated
as Central Asia because of the similarities in environment and cultural
features. Since Afghanistan was not part of USSR, it was previously grouped
under South Asia (Lew et al., 2008),

Kabul is the capital and Afghani (AFN) is the currency of the country. People in
the country speak Pashto and Dari. These are considered as Afghanistan's
major languages (www.mfa.gov.af). Some of the country’s places of interests
are:
 Band-e Amir, composed of several lakes and the country’s first national
park;
 Tora Bora, a cave complex rested within the white mountains; and
 Minaret of Jam, a 65-meter-tall minaret found in Ghor Province and is
UNESCO World Heritage site.

Capital: Kabul
Currency: Afghani
Religion: Islam
Major Languages: Dari and Pashto
Carrier: Ariana Afghan Airlines (FG)
International Airport: Hamid Karzai International Airport (KBL)

WEST ASIA or WESTERN ASIA

Western Asia or West Asia is the region situated in the western most part of
Asia. It covers the following countries: Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain,
Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Armenia, lran, Turkey, Syria, United
Arab Emirates, Yemen, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. It is the home of most of the
popular religions in the world: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.

JORDAN (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan)

Is named after the Jordan River. This Arab Muslim nation is famous for its
historical religious sites such as Petra (also called “Rose City”), the country’s
landmark. It has been mentioned in the biblical Old Testament and has
become one of the places visited in the holy land pilgrimage. Other pilgrimage
sites include:
 Bethany, the place where John the Baptist baptized Jesus
 Mount Nebo, which is believed to be the location where Moses saw the
Promised Land.

Serving food to their invited guests is Jordanian’s way of showing their

hospitable characteristic. The usual ingredients in their dishes are cheese,
grains, yogurt, fruits, and vegetables. Lamb is the main ingredient of their
traditional food called Mansaf.

Jordan is also known for its crafts. Sand bottles are among the crafts that has
been said to have originated in the country (http://jordanembassyus.org).

Capital: Amman
Currency: Jordanian Dinar (JOD)
Languages: Arabic (official) and English
Religion: islam
Carrier: Royal Jordanian Airlines (RJ)
International Airport: Queen Alia International Airport (AMM)

ISRAEL (State of Israel)

Popularly known as “The Holy Land,” holds most of the significant religious
heritage sites. It attracts pilgrims all over the world. Jewish, Christians, and
Muslims visit the country to witness the sites that are significant to their faith
and traditions (Lew et al., 2008).

For Christians, visits to the significant destinations in the life of Jesus Christ
are the highlight of the tour. This includes:
 Nazareth, the hometown of Jesus Christ;
  Basilica of the Annunciation, the site where angel Gabriel announced to
Mary that she would be carrying the Son of God;
 Bethlehem, the birthplace of the Jesus Christ;
 Mount of Beatitudes, the location where Jesus said to have delivered his
teachings;
 Sea of Galilee;
 Church of St. Joseph;
 Capernaum; and
 Church of First Miracle in Cana.

Jerusalem, the capital and the center of the Holy Land is the place where Jesus
was crucified and had risen. To commemorate the passion of Jesus and death,
pilgrims may take a walk down the Via Dolorosa (Way of Sorrows) and visit the
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, which is said to be the site of Jesus’ crucifixion.

For Muslim believers, Jerusalem is the third holiest city after Mecca and
Medina. Other significant places are the al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the
Rock, the place where Prophet Mohammed was said to arise into heaven. (Lew
et al., 2008)

Capital: Jerusalem
Currency: Shekel
Religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Languages: Hebrew (official), Arabic, and English
Carrier: EL AL Israel Airlines (LY)
International Airport: Ben Gurion Airport (TLV)

SAUDI ARABIA or Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

A huge part of the Arabian Peninsula. It is surrounded by countries such as

Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, lraq, Jordan, and United Arab
Emirates (UAE). The country houses important holy sites for Islam believers.
Makkah and Madinah are the sites visited by Muslim pilgrims Makkah draws
Muslims from different countries all over the world during the season of Hajj
and the holy month of Ramadan.

Islam is the state religion, and it is also the foundation of the country’s legal
system, government, teachings, tradition, and customs.

Saudi Arabia has opened its doors to tourists. Riyadh, the capital also known
as Al-Wosta, is the country’s business center and a historical destination too.
The national museum of Saudi Arabia, Al Murabba Palace, Ushaiger Heritage
Village, and Al Masmak Fortress are some of the places of interest in Riyadh.
Some of the activities that can also be enjoyed range from diving, hiking,
shopping, and visiting resorts and parks. One of the most significant events in
relation to culture is the Jenadriyah Heritage and Cultural Festival. This event
aims to make the cultural heritage of the Saudi intact (saudiembassy. net). In
addition, visitors are advised to act accordingly and dress conservatively. Avoid
public displays of affection (PDA) and the use of ill-mannered language and
gestures, Women must not show their knees and shoulders in public.

Capital: Riyadh
Currency: Saudi Riyal
Languages: Arabic
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Saudia (also known Saudi Arabia Airlines)
International Airports: King Khalid International Airport (RUH), King Abdulaziz
International Airport (JED), King Fahd International Airport (DMM) :

BAHRAIN or the Kingdom of Bahrain

An archipelagic state in Western Asia. The country’s name means “The Two
Seas” while the capital’s name was derived from the word “Al Manama,” which
means “place of rest.” Islam, the main religion practiced by more than half of
the population, also contributes to the Bahraini way of clothing. Dressing
modestly is observed in the country. Abaya is worn by women and thob is for
men.

Bahrain’s visitors will be amazed by its architectural designs, theatrical and

musical shows, and its shopping experience.

Bab-el-Bahrain Souq in Manama offers a wide variety of shops.

Bahrain National Theater is the country’s landmark and the first national
theater in the country.

Other attractions include:

 Qala’at Al-Bahrain (Bahrain Fort), a UNESCO World Heritage site;
 A Adhari Park, an amusement park;
 Al Areen Wildlife Park and Reserve; and
 Al Fateh Grand Mosque (http://culture.gov.bh)

Tourists visiting Bahrain can also enjoy the Bahraini dishes such as
Machboos, a dish made from fish or meat usually served with rice and
Muhammar, a dish consisting of sweet rice served with sugar or dates.

Capital: Manama
Currency: Bahrain Dinar (BHD)
Languages: Arabic (official) and English (widely spoken)
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Gulf Air (GF)
International Airport: Bahrain International Airport (BAH)

LEBANON (Lebanese Republic)

A country in Western Asia. Beirut is the capital of the country, and the gateway
is Beirut International Airport (Rafil Hariris International Airport). Lebanese
speak Arabic while French and the English language are also widely spoken in
the country. The major tourist destinations are:

 Mt. Lebanon - the country's ski resort destination. It is where majority of

the ski resorts are located. Recommended months to visit ski resorts are
from December to April;
 Bekaa Valley - known as an archaeological site. Baalbek is one of the
attractions in the area. Baalbek is said to be Baal's place of worship.
Also, the place is recognized as the "bread basket" or "granary of the
Roman Empire";
 Byblos (Jbeil) - a UNESCO World Heritage site. One of the oldest cities of
the Phoenicians; and
 Other places of interest in the area: Fossil Museum, Byblos Wax Museum
and Mar Yuhanna Marcus Church (St. John Marck Church)
(www.destinationlebanon.gov.Ib).

Capital: Beirut
Currency: Lebanese Pound (LBP)
Languages: Arabic (official), French, and English (widely spoken)
Religions: Islam and Christianity
Carrier: Middle East Airlines (ME)
International Airport: Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport (BEY)

OMAN or the Sultanate of Oman

Situated in the southern part of the west Asian peninsula. Muscat is the
country’s capital, which is also the largest city. Majority of Omani people speak
Arabic and practice the Islamic religion. They are welcoming people, which can
be observed in the way they greet their visitors. Offering coffee and dates is
their gesture to show their hospitality; such offers should not be refused. As a
visitor of the country, it is advisable to observe social customs and to dress
conservatively. The best time to visit the Oman is between the months of
September to March (https://experienceoman.om).
Some of Oman’s places of interest are:
 Bahla Fort, inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage list. This fortress is
located in Jebel Akhbar, Oman;
 Land of Frankincense, this UNESCO World Heritage site is an evidence of
the country’s significant frankincense trading during the ancient times;
 Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman, an early irrigation system that is
currently being use in the nation. It is also inscribed on UNESCO World
Heritage list (http://whc.unesco.org);
 Al Buraimi, a semi desert place; and
 AlBatinam, home of wadis and villages.

Capital: Muscat
Currency: Rial (OMR)
Language: Arabic
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Oman Air (WY)
International Airport: Muscat International Airport (MCT)

QATAR or the State of Qatar

One of the countries in Western Asia situated in the eastern portion of the
eastern coast of the peninsula. The capital is Doha, the country’s center of
government, finance, and culture, which is also known for its parks
(www.gca. gov.qa). The gateway to Qatar is through Hamad International
Airport (DOH), recognized by Skytrax as a five-star airport. The national flag
carrier of the country is Qatar Airways. lt has won several awards and is
considered one of the best airlines in the Middle East and in the world
(www.qatarairways.com).

Being an open country, Qatar has plenty to offer its visitors such as:
 Dunes of Qatar, a recreational safari;
 Ras Abrociq rock formations and limestone rock formations;
 Al Zubarah, inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage site. It is considered as
the country’s biggest heritage site consisting of ancient residential
palaces and houses, markets, mosques, and industrial areas
(https://www.qm.org.qa/en/project/al-zubarah)
 Sheikh Faisal Din Qassim Al Thani Museum, a private museum of Sheik
Faisal; and
 Souq Waqif, a vibrant market situated in the capital of the Qatar (Doha).
It offers shops where you can find Middle Eastern delicacies and
souvenirs (www.visitqatar. qa)
Capital: Doha
Currency: Qatari Riyal (QAR)
Languages: Arabic (official) and English
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Qatar Airways (QF)
International Airport: Hamad International Airport (DOH)

KUWAIT (State of Kuwait)

A country in Western Asia. Kuwait, the capital, is also the largest city and an
economic center. Arabic is the official language, and Islam is recognized as the
official religion. A strong family relationship is part of the Kuwaiti’s culture.
Celebrations shared by families and relatives are:
 Al-noon - an occasion when a child has its first steps or teeth;
 Al-Mawled Al-Nabawy - a feast on the birthday of Prophet Muhammad;
and marriage preparations that unites families, neighbors, and relatives
(www.e.gov. kw)

Some of the attractions in the country are:

 Kuwait Tower, the most famous landmark;
 Boulevard.Park, a tourist center;
 Al Shaheed Park, an urban park in Kuwait City; Green Island, an
artificial island where tourist can spend time to relax and enjoy the sea,
sun, and sand; and
 Failaka Island, the country’s historical site (www.e.gov.kw),

Capital: Kuwait
Currency: Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD)
Language: Arabic
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Kuwait Airways (KU)
International Airport: Kuwait International Airport (KWI)

IRAQ (Republic of Iraq)

A country in Western Asia bordered by Iran, Turkey, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia.
It is believed to be the home of one of the seven ancient wonders of the world,
“The Hanging Gardens of Babylon.” Baghdad is the largest city and the capital
of the country. Languages spoken by most of the Iraqis are Arabic and Kurdish.

lraq’s culture can be appreciated by the food it serves. The country’s common
staple foods are rice, beans, wheat, bulgur, and dates. Meat (sheep, lamb,
chicken, beef, goat, or fish) is served mostly in a certain meal. Popular dishes
include kebab (grilled meat on stick), masgouf (grilled carp), and dolma (stuffed
rice wrapped in grape leaves).

Capital: Baghdad
Currency: Iraqi Dinar (IQD)
Languages: Arabic and Kurdish
Religion: Islam
Carrier: lraqi Airways (IA)
International Airport: Baghdad International Airport (DOH)

ARMENIA (Republic of Armenia)

Formerly a member of the Soviet Republic. The country is bordered by Georgia,

Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. Yerevan is the capital and a cultural hub. It is
also known as the “pink city,” due to the buildings made of pink colored
volcanic rocks.

Some of the tourist attractions are:

 Cafesjian Center for the Arts, presents contemporary arts and showcases
Armenian culture. It was founded by Mr. Gerard Cafesjian;
 History Museum, the country’s main museum consisting of various
collections in archeology, ethnography, documents, and numismatics
(www.historymuseum.am/);
 Geghard Monastery and the Upper Azat Valley, a UNESCO World
Heritage site. It consists of architectural structures likes churches and
tombs (whc.unesco.org).

Capital: Yerevan
Currency: Dram (AMD)
Language: Armenian
Religion: Christianity
Carrier: Armavia (U8)
International Airport: Zvartnots International Airport

IRAN (Islamic Republic of Iran)

The second largest country in Western Asia after Saudi Arabia. The country is
also referred to as “Persia,” an ancient empire. Iran has two salt deserts:
 Dasht-e Kavir, also known as Kavire Namak or the Great Salt Desert,
situated in Alborz Mountain, one of the mountain ranges in Iran and
 Dasht-e Lut or Kavir-e Lut, a UNESCO World Heritage list entry
inscribed in 2016 (www.whc.unesco.org).
Agriculture is considered to be an old industry in the country. The Kharman
(harvesting) Festival is a celebration showing Persians’ gratefulness and
camaraderie. Another significant and ancient celebration in Iran is Nowruz
(meaning “new day”) inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of
Humanity (www.visitiran.ir).

Cultural and historical places of interest would include Persepolis, a UNESCO

World Heritage site inscribed in 1979. This complex was founded by Darius in
518 B.C. and was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire (www.whc.unesco.org).
Also among the places of interest are the Yank Cathedral, the Niavaran Palace,
and the Imam Reza’s Holy Shrine.

Tourists who are enticed to visit Iran must dress modestly and appropriately.
Ladies are expected to cover their hair with a scarf (rousari in Persian), while
legs should also be covered. Men are also advised not to wear shorts and short
sleeves. It is important to note that the country has different working days,
which are from Saturday to Wednesday. A visa is required if one wants to visit
this country. It is advisable to allot ample time in securing a visa before
traveling to the country (www.visitiran.in).

Capital: Tehran
Currency: Iranian Rial (IRR)
Language: Persian (Farsi)
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Iran Air (IR)
International Airports: Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA) and
Tehran Mehrabad International Airport (THR)

TURKEY (Republic of Turkey)

Serves as the link between the continent of Asia and Europe. It is bounded by
different seas: Mediterranean on the south, Black on the north, and Aegean
Sea on the west. Ankara is the capital of the country, and people widely speak
Turkish. However, English, French, and German are also spoken in some of the
major cities and tourist destination areas. The capital is a significant historical
destination as it houses the memorial tomb of the founder of the Turkish
Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Anitkabir). Other historical attractions in
Ankara are:

 the Museum of the War of Independence;

 Ethnographical Museum; and
 the State Museum of Paintings and Sculptures (www.icvb.org.tr).
Turkey has religious attractions that are vital to the believers of Christian faith.
For example, Efes (Ephesus) isa significant place for Christians because it is
the home of the Virgin Mary and St. John. Islam believers can visit mosques
such as Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Blue Mosque, and Hagia Sophia. Other tourist
attractions to explore in Turkey are the Aegean coasts and Cappadocia;
mountaineering, rafting, and underwater sports activities are some of the
popular activities in Turkey (www.ktb.gov.tr). Some of the Turkish foods to
taste are kofte (Turkish meatballs), mezes (appetizers), and kumpir (baked
potato).

Capital: Ankara
Currency: Turkish Lira (TRU)
Language: Turkish
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Turkish Airline (TK)
International Airports: Istanbul Ataturk Airport (ISL) and Sabiha Gokcen
International Airport SAW)

SYRIA (Syrian Arab Republic)

A country known for its Syrian silk textile and wood engravings, two of the vital
industries in the country. Damascus is the capital. The main gateway to the
country is Damascus International Airport (DAM).

The UNESCO inscribed six (6) cultural heritage sites:

 Ancient City of Aleppo - reveals Syria’s historic past

 Ancient City of Bosra - exhibits significant archaeological site reflecting
Roman, Byzantine, and Muslims structures
 Ancient City of Damascus - one of the oldest of cities in the world,
founded in the 3rd millennium B.C.
 Ancient Villages of Northern Syria - this site showcases the cultural
traditions and lifestyles in the late classical era and Byzantine period
 Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din - these two important
castles are models of fortified architecture linking to the Crusader period
Site of Palmyra — holds monumental ruins (whc.unesco.org)

The Syrians are predominantly Muslim (mainly Sunni Muslim). Arabic is

recognized as their official language. Some of the Syrian dishes to try include
mezzeh (composed of small dishes); mahshi, a dish like dolma, it is prepared
with rice, vegetables and meat; and zlebiye, a Syrian dessert usually served in
breakfast.

Capital: Damascus
Currency: Syrian Pound
Language: Arabic
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Syrian Arab Airlines (RB)
International Airport: Damascus International Airport (DAM)

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)

A federation of seven emirates namely: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman,

Umm Al-Qaiwain, Ras al-Khaiman, and Fujairah. The largest is Abu Dhabi, the
capital, seat of government, and the commercial center of the country. Dubai is
the home of luxurious hotels and resorts, shopping centers, entertainment
venues, and events. It showcases historical and cultural attractions of the
country like the:

 Hatta Village, a 3000-year old village;

 Sharia Mosque, a 200-year old mosque;
 Sheikh Saeed Al Maktoum House, was previously the residence of Sheikh
Saeed Al Maktoum. This historic building is now a museum that
contains artifacts, documents, and images of Dubai’s past; and
 Grand Mosque in Jumeirah, an attractive mosque that is open for non-
Muslims.

Sharjah is recognized by UNESCO as the “Cultural Capital of the Arab World.”

The city is a place of numerous art galleries and museums, such as Sharjah
Art Museum, Sharjah Art Center, Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization,
Sharjah Calligraphy Museum, Sharjah Museum for Arabic Contemporary Art,
and Sharjah Art Foundation’s Art Spaces.

People of UAE are mostly practitioners of Islamic faith. Fish, rice, and meat are
their staple foods. Their popular dishes include Shawarma, a common cuisine
available in malls and restaurants; hummus (chickpeas dip); and ghuzi,
prepared from lamb served with rice, crushed nuts, and veggies.

Capital: Abu Dhabi

Currency: Emirati Dirham (AED)
Language: Arabic
Religion: Islam
Carriers: Emirates (EK), Etihad Airways (EY) International Airports: Abu Dhabi
International Airport (AUH) and Dubai International Airport (DXB)

YEMEN or Republic of Yemen

The country in the southern portion of Saudi Arabia Peninsula. The capital of
Yemen is Sana’a. Tourists must take note that drinking alcoholic beverages in
public is not allowed. Taking pictures of women, military barracks, police, and
government facilities and PDA are also prohibited; dressing conservatively must
be observed (www.yementourism.com).

Attractions include:

 Old Walled City of Shibam, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Dubbed as

“Manhattan of the Desert” because it exemplifies as the one of the oldest
and best model urban planning (http://whc.unesco.org).
 Historic Town of Zabid, a UNESCO World Heritage site that holds a
significant historical and archaeological value because of its architectural
structures (http:// whc.unesco.org).

People of Yemen are mainly Muslims, and they speak Arabic. Yemenis (people
of Yemen) enjoy cuisine made from chicken, meat, and fish (in coastal areas).

Capital: Sana’a
Currency: Yemeni Rial (YER)
Language: Arabic
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Yemenia (IY)
International Airport: Sanaa International Airport

AZERBAIJAN (Republic of Azerbaijan)

Known as the “Land of Fire.” The word “azer means fire. The capital of the
country is Baku; it houses parks, galleries, museums, and theaters. Among
these are:

 Azerbaijan State Puppet Theater;

  Azerbaijan State Song Theater;
 Azerbaijan State Opera and Ballet Theater;
 The Store Chronicle Museum; and
 Qobustan petroglyphs, an outdoor museum (Noble et al., 2012).

Azerbaijani (people of Azerbaijan) are mostly Muslims. They speak Azerbaijani,

a Turkic language belonging to the southwestern branch. Food is significant
part of the Azerbaijanis culture. Some of their popular cuisines are dolma, plov,
pilaf (rice, greens, and herbs), and kebabs.

Capital: Baku
Currency: Azerbaijani Manat (AZN)
Language: Azerbaijani
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Azerbaijan Airlines or known as AZAL (J2) International Airport: Baku
Heydar Aliyev International Airport (GYD)

GEORGIA

Divided into the eastern part (Iberian) and western part (Kolkhian). Its
neighbouring countries are Azerbaijan to the southeast, Turkey to the
southwest, Armenia to the South, and Russia to the north. Tbilisi is the capital
of Georgia. It offers its visitors
attractions like:

 Giorgi Chitaia Open Air Museum of Ethnography, an open-air museum

that displays ethnographic materials like tools, textiles, and ceramics.
The museum was founded by the renowned ethnographer Giorgi Chitaia
(Georgian Journal, 2017);
 Narikala Fortress, an overlooking ancient fortress built for defense
purposes in the 4th century A.D.; and
 Tsminda Sameba Cathedral, also called as
“the cathedral of the Holy Trinity,” is the largest Georgian Orthodox
church.

Its people mostly speak Georgian, the official language of the country.
Russian and English are spoken by other residents. Their cuisine would
include meat as a major ingredient.

Capital: Tbilisi
 Currency: Lari (GEL)
Language: Georgian
Religion: Georgian Orthodox
Carrier: Georgian Airways (A9)
International Airports: Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport (TBS),
David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport (KUT), and Alexander
Kartveli Batumi International Airport (BUS)

CENTRAL ASIA

Central Asia comprises five countries namely: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It is divided into two subregions, (1) high
mountains comprising the countries of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and (2)
flat plains, composed of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.

These five “stans” (“stan” meaning “place of” or “country”) were former
members of the Soviet Socialist Republic. These nations are predominantly
Islamic believers. The language origin of all these countries belong to Turkic
linguistic group except for Tajikistan language (Tajik or Tajiki), which has a
Persian origin.

KAZAKHSTAN or Republic of Kazakhstan

A country in Central Asia surrounded by Russia to the north; China to the

east; and Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan to the south. Astana is
the capital of Kazakhstan, but the largest city is Almaty. Interesting attractions
in the capital include:

 Medeo, a scenic valley; it is where the high altitude skating rink located
and
 Zenkov Cathedral, a unique wooden architectural structure.

Culture is reflected in the language of the people, Kazakh, a Turkic language.

Kazakhs prefer to eat meat, one of the main ingredients of their dish. Tea is
part of a Kazakh’s every meal. Beshbarmark is the national dish of the country.

The country boasts nature reserve attractions such as:

  Aksu Zhabagly Nature Reserve, one of the largest and the oldest nature
reserves in Central Asia. There are number of species of flora and fauna
that can be witnessed in the area;
 Korgalzhyn Nature Reserve, famous for its flamingos;
 Altyn Emel National Park, an ideal destination for tourists who love
nature and archaeological attractions. The park is known for its singing
dune. Besshatyr burial mounds and Terekty petroglyphs can also be
seen in the park; and
 Kolsay Kulden, Lake Kaindy, and National Parks, the eco-tourism sites of
the country or the “Tour to Seven Rivers” (www.visitkazakhstan.kz).

Capital: Nursultan (formerly Astana)

Currency: Tenge (KZT)
Language: Kazakh or Kazak
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Air Astana
International Airport: Almaty international Airport (ALA)

TAJIKISTAN or the Republic of Tajikistan

Formerly known as Tajik. It is a landlocked and mountainous country in

Central Asia, bordered by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, China, and Afghanistan.
“Land of the Tajiks” is the country’s literal meaning wherein “stan” refers to
“place of "or “country.” Tajikistan is proud of its Pamir mountain range that
was coined as “The Roof of the World.” This lies in the area of Gorno-
Badakhshan province.

Dushanbe is the capital and the main gateway to the country, via the
Dushanbe International Airport (DYU). Dushanbe is known for its squares and
monuments such as:

 Dousti (Friendship) Square, the largest square and considered as the

most well designed square in the capital;
 Sadriddin Aini Square, where Sadriddin Aini monument stands. The
writer's statue is circled with the character of his books; and
 Putovsky Square, ornamented with lovely fountains and flowers. There’s
picturesque view of the Presidential Palace in the area.

Tajik people or Tajikistanis are mainly practitioners of Islamic faith. They speak
Tajiki or Tajik, an lranian language. They are characterized as family-oriented
people, friendly, and hospitable.

Capital: Dushanbe
Currency: Somoni (TJS)
Language: Tajik or Tajiki
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Tajik Air (7J) and Somon Air (SZ)
International Airports: Dushanbe International Airport (DYU) and Khudjand
International Airport (LBD).

KYRGYZSTAN or Kyrgyz Republic

A country in Central Asia with Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and China

as its neighbours. The people of Kyrgyzstan, or Kyrgyz, are traditionally
nomadic people. Yurt is a dwelling of the Turkic nomads. The “World Nomad
Games” was an interesting event that was first held in the country that brings
nomadic people in the world together (www.discoverkyrgyzstan).

The main ingredients of Kyrgyz food are meat and dairy. Kymyz or koumis is a
dairy drink from mares or female horses. It is considered a magic beverage
because of its medical benefits and it is used as a cure for gastritis,
tuberculosis, and anemia. Dairy and meat are part of the Kyrgyz dish while
every meal includes tea.

Some of the places of interest of the Kyrgyzstan are:

 Lake Issyk-Kul, the second largest mountain / lake in the world;

 Kyrgyz Ata National Park, a small park ideal for hiking and bird
watching. It also offers visitors historical, educational, and cultural
experiences;
 Burana Tower, an ancient Minaret located in the Chuy Valley; and
 Fairy Tale Canyon or Skazka Canyon, a destination that have amazing
rock formations carved by nature; the word “Skazka” means fairy tale.

Capital: Bishkek
Currency: Kyrgyzstani Som (KGS)
Languages: Kyrgyz and Russian
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Air Kyrgyzstan (QH)
International Airport: Manas International Airport (FRU)
 TURKMENISTAN or Republic of Turkmenistan

Formerly known as Turkmenia. It is bordered by the Caspian Sea, Uzbekistan,

Afghanistan, and Iran. The country is composed of Ahal, Balkan, Dashoguz,
Lebap, and Mary provinces. Ashgabat is the capital, as well as the commercial
and cultural center of Turkmenistan. It houses palaces, museums,
monuments, and parks.

Turkmenistan medical tourism could likely be due to its rich mineral and mud
sources, whose medicinal benefits attracts visitors. There are popular resorts
that cater to foreign patients’ needs such as:

 Bayramaly Resort, a resort that specializes in treating kidney

problems and
 Mollakara Resort Center, a resort situated by the salty lake. There are
many resort centers in the country that offer sanatorium
(http://tourism.gov.tm).

Turkmenistan’s UNESCO World Heritage sites include (1) Merv (Margiana), a

historical and cultural reserve; (2) Monuments of Koneurgench; and (3) Nisa, a
Parthian Heritage.

Turkmen, or people of Turkmenistan, are people who speak a language

belonging to the south-western branch of the Turkic languages. They are
mostly Muslims. Traditional foods of the country are Turkmen rice palov, a
dish consisting of meat, rice, carrots and onions and Turkmen bread or chorek.

Capital: Ashgabat
Currency: Manat (TMT)
Language: Turkmen
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Turkmenistan Airlines (T5)
International Airport: Ashgabat International Airport (ASB)

UZBEKISTAN or Republic of Uzbekistan,

Tashkent as its capital, it showcases the part of the country’s history. The
Hazrati-Imam Square in Tashkent is situated in the historical area of the city.
It has mosques, mausoleums, and an Islamic institute.

The culture of the country can be experienced through various festivals and
food. UNESCO inscribed on the representative list of Intangible Cultural
Heritage of Humanity of the country the following: the palov culture and
tradition. Palov is a traditional dish of Uzbekistan, which is made and shared
by the communities. It has been said that one can only leave the host’s house
once the palov has been served. This dish is composed
of rice, meat, and vegetable and seasoned with spices. Other examples of
important food from the country are lamb, horse meat, soup, dairy, and bread.

Another event inscribed by UNESCO is the Nowruz (new day), an event

celebrated with relatives, friends, family, and loved ones.

Capital: Tashkent
Currency: Uzbekistani Som (UZS)
Language: Uzbek
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Uzbekistan Airways (HY)
International Airport: Tashkent International Airport (TAS)

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:

1. Suggest an Asian Travel Destination and create a 4 days 3 nights itinerary for a Filipino family
with two kids. Use the given template below:

Day Destination/Attractions/Activities

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4