NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITY NO. 10
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Name: Santiago, Prancheska Abigayle Section: 12 Date Submitted: Nov. 07, 2020

I. INTRODUCTION
The endocrine system is composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells
located throughout the body. These glands secrete hormones which produce a particular
response in the target tissues. Overall, the system regulates major physiological processes in the
human body.

II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
10.01A. Describe the four classes of chemical 1. Autocrine chemical messenger - stimulates the
messengers. cell that originally secreted it.
2. Paracrine chemical messenger - act locally on
nearby cells
3. Neurotransmitters - chemical messengers
secreted by neurons that activated an adjacent cell
4. Endocrine chemical messenger - are secreted
into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells
that together make endocrine system.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10.02A. Describe the ten regulatory functions of 1. Metabolism - it is the balancing act involving
the endocrine system. two kinds of activities that go on at the same time:
building up body tissues and energy stores
breaking down body tissues and energy stores to
get more fuel for body functions.
2. Control of food intake and digestion - The brain
and the endocrine
system control digestive processes. The brain
controls the responses of hunger and satiety.
The endocrine system controls the release of
hormones and enzymes required for digestion of
food in the digestive tract.
3. Tissue development - The endocrine system is
made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid
gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands,
pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testicles (in
males).
4. Ion regulation - The endocrine system regulates
how much of each hormone is released.
This can depend on levels of hormones already in
the blood, or on levels of other substances in the
blood, like calcium. Many things affect hormone
levels, such as stress, infection, and changes in the
balance of fluid and minerals in blood.
5. Water balance - When the body has
excess water, thirst is suppressed. An interaction
between the pituitary gland and the kidneys
provides another mechanism. When the body is
low in water, the pituitary gland secretes
vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone)
into the bloodstream.
6. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation -
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine, hormones secreted by the
adrenal medulla, raise blood pressure by
increasing heart rate and the contractility of
the heart muscles and by causing vasoconstriction
of arteries and veins. These hormones are secreted
as part of the fight-or-flight response.
7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients -
8. Control of reproductive functions
9. Uterine contraction and milk release -
10. Immune system regulation -

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10.03A. Define hormone and target tissue. Hormone is the endocrine glands and cells secrete
minute amount of chemical messengers into the
bloodstream,rather than into a duct. There a re
two types of hormones: Water-soluble hormones
and Lipid-soluble hormones.
Target tissue is where the hormones travel
through the general blood circulation. It has
receptors for a specific hormone.
Hormones produce a particular response in the
target tissue.
10.03B. Distinguish between endocrine and An endocrine gland is missing duct and stays as
exocrine glands. blocks of tissue, it secrets its products into a duct.
For example of an endocrine gland is the adrenal
glands which secretes adrenaline made in the
adrenal medulla directly into the blood.
While the exocrine gland, it secretes its products
into ducts that lead to the target tissue. For
example the salivary gland secretes saliva into the
collecting duct which leads to the duodenum
10.04A. Describe the common characteristics of all The common characteristics of all hormones
hormones. including:
1. Secretion on small amounts at variable but
predictable rates
2. Circulation thru the blood
3. Binding the specific cell receptors either in the
cell membrane or within the wall.
10.04B. List and describe the two chemical 1. Peptide (proteins) - Protein based hormones can
categories of hormones. be divided in three categories: proteins, peptides,
and amines. These hormones diffuse directly into
the plasma of the blood and are circulated to their
target tissues. This however affects their life half
life. Half life is the amount of time it takes to
degrade to 50%. These hormones bind to surface
receptors on the plasma membrane and activate
what are called secondary messenger systems.
2. Steroid hormones - it is synthesized form lipid
cholesterol. Steroid hormones are just modified
cholesterol backbones. These hormones are
nonpolar, which means they do not have a charge.
These hormones are bound to carrier proteins in
the plasma, mainly albumin. These hormones also
have longer half life and clear out more slowly
than their polar counterparts.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10.04C. Explain the influence of the chemical Once hormones have served their function on
nature of a hormone on its transport in the blood, their target organs/tissues they are destroyed.
its removal from circulation, and its life span. They are either destroyed by their liver or the
actual tissues of the target organs. They are then
removed by the kidneys.
10.04D. Describe the three main patterns of 1. Chronic Hormone Secretion - fairly constant
hormone secretion. levels of hormone over time. Example, thyroid
hormones. A thyroid hormones are lipid-soluble,
so bind to a binding protein. Attachment to
binding protein helps maintain them at constant
levels.
2. Acute Hormone Secretion - concentration of
hormone changes dramatically and irregularly
and levels differs with each stimulus.
3. Episodic Hormone Secretion - Hormones are
secreted at fairly regular intervals and
concentration.
10.05A. List and describe the three stimulatory 1. Humoral stimulus - humoral stimulus refers to
influences on hormone secretion and give the control of hormones release in response to
examples of each. changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or
the ion concentration in the blood.
Ex.: A rise in blood glucose levels triggers the
pancreatic release of insulin.
1. Hormonal stimulus - it refers to the releasr of a
hormone in response to another hormone. A
number of endocrine glands release hormones
when stimulated by hormones released by other
endocrine glands.
Ex.: The hypothalamus produces hormones that
stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary
gland.
2. Neural stimulus - is a hormone that is released
by the glands of the endocrine system. This is a
non-voluntary system stimulates the endocrine
system to release neural stimuli.
Ex.: The activation of the fight-or-flight response
by the sympathetic nervous system.
10.05B. List and describe the three inhibitory 1. Humoral - the action of a substances other than
influences on hormone secretion and give a hormone on an endocrine gland.
examples of each. 2. Neural - neural control of endocrine gland.
3. Hormonal - Control of secretory activity of onr
endocrine gland by hormone or nuerohormone
secreted b another endocrine gland.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10.05C. Describe the major mechanisms that Negativve feedback mechanism - In negative
maintain blood hormone levels. feedback systems, a stimulus causes the release of
a substance whose effects then inhibit further
release. In this way, the concentration
of hormones in blood is maintained within a
narrow range.
Positive feedback is a process in which the end
products of an action cause more of that action to
occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the
original action. An important example of positive
feedback is the process of labor and childbirth. ...
This diagram shows simple feedback.
10.06A. Describe the general properties of a The general properties of receptors includes: (1)
receptor. Transduction, it allows it to convert one form of
energy into another form of energy. (2) Receptor
Potential, it allows a small, local electrical charge
from stimulus. (3) Sensation, this allows for
subjective awareness of the stimulus that
provokes conscious though.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10.06B. Explain the mechanisms of action for the 1. Internal receptors - Internal receptors, also
two types of receptor classes. known as intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors,
are found in the cytoplasm of the cell and respond
to hydrophobic ligand molecules that are able to
travel across the plasma membrane. Once inside
the cell, many of these molecules bind to proteins
that act as regulators of mRNA synthesis to
mediate gene expression. Internal receptors can
directly influence gene expression without having
to pass the signal on to other receptors or
messengers.
2. Cell-surface receptors - Cell-surface receptors,
also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell
surface, membrane-anchored, or integral proteins
that bind to external ligand molecules. This type
of receptor spans the plasma membrane and
performs signal transduction, converting an
extracellular signal into an intracellular signal.
Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors
do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-
surface receptors are also called cell-specific
proteins or markers because they are specific to
individual cell types. Cell-surface receptors are
involved in most of the signaling in multicellular
organisms. There are three general categories of
cell-surface receptors: ion channel-linked
receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, and
enzyme-linked receptors.
10.06C. Define amplification, and explain how, Amplification is an event that produces multiple
despite small hormone concentrations, water- copies of gene or any sequence of DNA. It
soluble hormones can cause rapid responses. produces rapid response, influences already
existing enzymes, cause a cascade effect, can
cause a few molecules to affect the activities of
many enzymes
10.07A. State the location of each of the endocrine The hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal
glands in the body. gland are in your brain. The thyroid and
parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus
is between your lungs. The adrenal are on top of
our kidneys. And the pancreas is behind your
stomach.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10.07B. Describe how the hypothalamus regulates The hypothalamus links the nervous and
hormone secretion from the pituitary. endocrine systems by way of
the pituitary gland. ... Specialized neuron clusters
called neurosecretory cells in
the hypothalamus produce
the hormones Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and
Oxytocin (OXT), and transport them to
the pituitary, where they're stored for later
release.
10.07C. Describe how the pituitary gland The hormones of the pituitary gland send signals
regulates the secretion of hormones from other to other endocrine glands to stimulate or inhibit
endocrine glands. their own hormone production. For example, the
anterior pituitary lobe will release
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to
stimulate cortisol production in the
adrenal glands when you're stressed.
10.07D. Choose a hormone and use it to explain Blood pressure regulation
how negative feedback results in homeostasis. When blood pressure increases, blood vessels feel
(as a receptor) the resistance of blood flow against
their walls. So, they send signals to the brain. The
brain in turn sends signals to the heart and blood
vessels (both are effectors). As a result, blood
vessels dilate (the process is called vasodilation).
So, the heart rate decreases and blood pressure
drops to its normal range. Thus, activation of
corrective negative feedback loops plays an
important role in bringing back the blood
pressure to normal

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10.07E. For each of the major hormones in the 1. Amine Hormones - Hormones derived from the
chapter, describe the endocrine gland from which modification of amino acids are referred to as
it is secreted, its target tissue, the response of the amine hormones. Typically, the original structure
target tissue, and the means by which its secretion of the amino acid is modified such that a –COOH,
is regulated. or carboxyl, group is removed, whereas the
−NH3+−NH3+, or amine, group remains. Amine
hormones are synthesized from the amino acids
tryptophan or tyrosine.
2. Peptide and protein hormones - Whereas the
amine hormones are derived from a single amino
acid, peptide and protein hormones consist of
multiple amino acids that link to form an amino
acid chain. Peptide hormones consist of short
chains of amino acids, whereas protein hormones
are longer polypeptides. Both types are
synthesized like other body proteins: DNA is
transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into
an amino acid chain.
3. Steroid hormones - The primary hormones
derived from lipids are steroids. Steroid
hormones are derived from the lipid cholesterol.
For example, the reproductive hormones
testosterone and the estrogens—which are
produced by the gonads (testes and ovaries)—are
steroid hormones. The adrenal glands produce
the steroid hormone aldosterone, which is
involved in osmoregulation, and cortisol, which
plays a role in metabolism.
10.07F. List the effects of hyper- and Inadequate hormone release of hyposecretion can
hyposecretion of the major hormones. result from tumors that can destroy an endocrine
gland or interfere with its ability to receive signals
from another gland

Excessive hormone release of hypersecretion can

cause overgrowth of some endocrine tissue

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10.08A. Describe the functions of hormones GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) HORMONES are
secreted by the stomach and small intestine, the chemical messengers that regulate intestinal and
functions of prostaglandins, and the functions of pancreatic function, including regulation of
erythropoietin. secretion, motility, absorption, digestion, and cell
proliferation. These hormones are secreted by
endocrine cells, which are widely distributed
throughout the GI mucosa and pancreas.
A hormone called gastric inhibitory peptide
is secreted by the small intestine to slow down the
peristaltic movements of the intestine to allow
fatty foods more time to be digested and
absorbed. Understanding the hormonal control of
the digestive system is an important area of
ongoing research.
The prostaglandins are a group of lipids made at
sites of tissue damage or infection that are
involved in dealing with injury and illness. They
control processes such as inflammation, blood
flow, the formation of blood clots and the
induction of labour.
The role of erythropoietin is to control red
blood cell production by regulating the
differentiation and proliferation of erythroid
progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Produced
primarily in the kidney, erythropoietin circulates
in the plasma and acts on target cells in the bone
marrow.
10.09A. Describe the major age-related changes The changes that occur in the endocrine system
that occur in the endocrine system. when aging. In women, the decline in estrogen
levels leads to menopause. In men, testosterone
levels usually decrease gradually, may lead to
decrease of muscle mass and strength.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.
Our endocrine systems hormones helps to control our mood, our growth, and development.
The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of
hormones already in the blood, or on levels of other substances in the blood, like calcium.

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Biofacultymember2020