NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITIES NO. 7
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Name: Santiago, Prancheska Abigayle P. Section: 12 Date Submitted: Oct. 17, 2020

I. INTRODUCTION

Muscular System is composed of voluntary striated skeletal muscles which are attached
to the skeleton that allows movement when they contract. Hence. It plays a very
important role in a living organism to exhibit movement which is one of the
characteristics of life.

II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS

7.01A. List the functions of the The muscular system is to allow movement . When
muscular system. muscles contract, they contribute to gross and fine
movement. To maintain posture, help keep the body in
the correct position when someone is sitting or standing.
Also responsible for body heat production, the
communication in the body, and in respiration. The
heart beat, the heart is a muscle that pumps blood
throughout the body.
7.02A. Describe the microscopic Each muscle fiber is composed of multinucleated, cross
structure of a muscle, and produce striated cylindrical muscle cells which are known
diagrams that illustrate the as myofibrils. Myofibrils are elongated and conical in
arrangement of myofibrils, structure and shape. The cell contains cytoplasm called
sarcomeres, and myofilaments. the sarcoplasm which contains storage glycoproteins.
Muscle cells also have more number of mitochondria in
comparison to normal cells. Muscle cells are 1–2 μm in
diameter and 1–300 mm long. The mitochondria along
with other organelles are compactly arranged in the
myocyte.
Each myofibril contains two types of protein filaments, a
thick filament and a thin filament. The movements in a
muscle are enabled by contraction of muscle fibers. This
contraction can be compared to sliding of thick and thin
filaments overlapping each other. During contraction, the
thick and thin filaments overlap each other to form cross
bridges. The thick filament contains the myosin protein
and the thin filament contains the actin protein. The
thick filament has a smooth center portion and a
staggered head. The heads bear actin and ATP binding
sites and also contain ATPase enzymes to generate
energy from ATP.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
7.02B. Describe a resting Resting membrane potential of a cell is defined as the
membrane potential and an action electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when
potential. the cell is in a non-excited state. Traditionally, the
electrical potential difference across a cell membrane is expressed
by its value inside the cell relative to the extracellular
environment.

An action potential (AP) is the mode through which a neuron

transports electrical signals. It is defined as a brief change in the
voltage across the membrane due to the flow of certain ions into
and out of the neuron. To initiate a muscle contraction, the resting
membrane potential must be changed to an action potential.

7.02C. Describe a neuromuscular The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synaptic

junction. connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve
and a muscle (skeletal/ smooth/ cardiac). It is the site for
the transmission of action potential from nerve to the
muscle. It is also a site for many diseases and a site of
action for many pharmacological drugs.
7.02D. Explain the events that
occur in muscle contraction and 1. An action potential travels down motor neuron to presynaptic
relaxation. terminal causing Ca2+channels to open.
2. Ca2+causes synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into
synaptic cleft.
3. 3.Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+channels,
Na+channels open, and Na+rushes into postsynaptic terminal
(depolarization).
4. Na+causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to increase the
permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases stored
calcium.
5. Ca2+binds to troponin which is attached to actin.
6. Ca2+binding to troponin causes tropomyosinto move exposing
attachment sites for myosin.
7. Myosin heads bind to actin.
8. ATP is released from myosin heads and heads bend toward
center of sarcomere.
9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin.
10. Acetylcholinesterase(enzyme breaks down acetylcholine) is
released, Na+channels close, and muscle contraction stops.
7.02E. Define muscle twitch, Muscle twitch - a single contraction of a muscle fiber in
tetanus, recruitment, and response to a stimulus. A muscle twitch has three phases:
summation. latent phase, contraction phase, and relaxation phase.
Recruitment - it refers to the activation of additional motor units to
accomplish an increase in contractile strength in a muscle. A motor
unit consists of one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it
stimulates. The higher the recruitment the stronger
the muscle contraction will be.

Summation - it can be achieved by increasing the frequency of

stimulation, or by recruiting additional muscle fibers within
a muscle. occurs when the frequency of muscle contraction is such
that the maximal force is tension is generated without any
relaxation of the muscle.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
7.02F. Distinguish between fast- Slow-twitch muscle fibers are fatigue resistant, and
twitch and slow-twitch fibers and focused on sustained, smaller movements and postural
explain the function for which control. They contain more mitochondria and myoglobin,
each type is best adapted. and are aerobic in nature compared to fast-twitch fibers.
Slow-twitch fibers are also sometimes called type I or red
fibers because of their blood supply. Slow-twitch muscle
fibers support long distance endurance activities like
marathon running.
Fast-twitch muscle fibers provide bigger and more
powerful forces, but for shorter durations and fatigue
quickly. They are more anaerobic with less blood supply,
hence they are sometimes referred to as white fibers or
type II. Skeletal muscles contain both types of fibers, but
the ratios can differ depending on a variety of factors
including muscle function, age and training. Fast-twitch
muscle fibers support quick, powerful movements such
as sprinting or weightlifting.
7.02G. Distinguish between aerobic Aerobic respiration is a set of metabolic reactions that
and anaerobic respiration. take place in the presence of oxygen, occurring in a cell
to convert chemical energy into ATPs.
Anaerobic respiration is a process of
cellular respiration where the high energy electron
acceptor is neither oxygen nor pyruvate derivatives.
7.02H. Compare the mechanisms Acidosis and ATP depletion due to either an increased
involved in the major types of ATP consumption or a decreased ATP production
fatigue. Oxidative stress, which is characterized by the buildup
of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS; free radicals)
Local inflammatory reactions
7.02I. Distinguish between Isotonic contractions maintain constant tension in the
isometric and isotonic muscle as the muscle changes length. Isotonic muscle
contractions. contractions can be either concentric or eccentric.
Isometric Contractions. In contrast to isotonic contractions,
isometric contractions generate force without changing the length
of the muscle, common in the muscles of the hand and forearm
responsible for grip. Using the above example, the muscle
contraction required to grip but not move a heavy object prior to
lifting would be isometric. Isometric contractions are frequently
used to maintain posture. Isometric contractions are sometimes
described as yielding or overcoming.

7.02J. Define muscle tone. Muscle tone is the maintenance of partial contraction of
a muscle, important for generating reflexes, maintaining
posture and balance, and controlling proper function of
other organ systems. Tone is controlled by the
sensory muscle spindle, which measures muscle stretch.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
7.03A. Distinguish among skeletal, Skeletal muscle, or voluntary muscle, is anchored to
smooth, and cardiac muscle. bone by tendons, or by aponeuroses at a few places, and
is used to effect skeletal movement in activities such as
locomotion and maintaining posture. Though this
postural control is generally maintained as an
unconscious reflex, the muscles responsible react to
conscious control like non-postural muscles.
Smooth muscle, or involuntary muscle, is found within the walls
of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach,
intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the
arrector pili in the skin, in which it controls the erection of body
hair. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious
control.
Cardiac muscle is also an involuntary muscle but is more akin in
structure to skeletal muscle, and is found only in the heart.
Cardiac and skeletal muscles are striated, in that they contain
sarcomeres and are packed into highly regular, repeating
arrangements of bundles; smooth muscle has neither attribute.
While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles,
cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles,
called intercalated discs. Striated muscle contracts and relaxes in
short, intense bursts, whereas smooth muscle sustains longer or
even near-permanent contractions.
7.04A. Define the following and Muscle origin refers to a muscle’s proximal attachment—the end of
give an example of each: origin, the muscle closest to the torso. For example, the bicep muscle’s origin
insertion, agonist, antagonist, is located at the shoulder.
synergist, and prime mover. Muscle insertion refers to a muscle’s distal attachment—the end of the
muscle furthest away from the torso. For example, the bicep insertion
occurs at the elbow.
The agonist is typically the muscle that is the largest, most
superficial muscle crossing the joint in motion, and is
concentrically contracting or shortening the length of the muscle. 1.
An example of agonist muscle is the triceps brachii contracting
during an elbow extension.
A muscle that opposes the action of another; the biceps and triceps
are antagonistic muscles. A muscle that acts as the opposing force
in contraction or relaxing of a muscle. An example of this is the the
contraction of the biceps, where the triceps would be
the antagonistic muscles.
Synergist muscles perform, or help perform, the same set of joint
motion as the agonists. Synergists muscles act on movable joints
and the muscles that facilitate the fixation action.
A number of muscles involved in an action, the
principal muscle involved is called the prime mover. During
forearm flexion, for example lifting a cup, a muscle called the
biceps brachii is the prime mover.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
7.04B. Describe various facial 1. Gently closes the eyelids, drainage of tears, and the
expressions, and list the major tightly closes of the eyelids the muscle involved is
muscles involved in each. orbicularis oculi.
2. Acts to draw the eyebrows together, creating vertical wrinkles
on the bridge of the nose. Muscle involved is corrugator supercilii.

3. The two parts have opposing functions. The transverse part

compresses the nares, and the alar part opens the nares. Muscle
involved, Nasalis.

4. Contraction of this muscle pulls the eyebrows downward to

produce transverse wrinkles over the nose. Muscle involved,
Procerus.

5. It pulls the nose inferiorly, opening the nares. Muscle involved,

Depressor Septi Nasi.

6. The purses the lips. Muscle involved, Orbicularis Oris.

7. The buccinator pulls the cheek inwards against the teeth,

preventing accumulation of food in that area. Muscle involved,
Buccinator.

7.04C. Describe mastication, Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is

tongue movement, and crushed and ground by teeth. It is the first step of
swallowing, and list the muscles or digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to
groups of muscles involved in allow a more efficient break down by enzymes. A muscles
each. that consist of the temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
and lateral pterygoid muscles.
Tongue movement is when we chew, the tongue and the cheeks
work together to constantly move the food between the teeth so
that it can be chewed. The tongue presses the crushed food against
the palate and moves this bolus, which is then ready to be
swallowed, to the throat. MUscles involved, they are the
genioglossus, the hyoglossus, the styloglossus, and the
palatoglossus.

Swallowing, or deglutition, is a complex reflex mechanism by

which food is pushed from the oral cavity into the esophagus and
then pushed to the stomach. This movement of food from the oral
cavity on to the esophagus and stomach by pushing is called
propulsion, and it is an important part of the digestive process.
These muscles include the omohyoid, sternohyoid, and
sternothyroid muscles, and the thyrohyoid muscle.

7.04D. Describe the muscles of the The muscles of the trunk include those that move the
trunk and the actions they vertebral column, the muscles that form the thoracic and
produce. abdominal walls, and those that cover the pelvic outlet.
The erector spinae group of muscles on each side of the
vertebral column is a large muscle mass that extends
from the sacrum to the skull.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
7.04E. Describe the movements of 1. Arm movements are typically guided by vision, from
the arm, forearm, and hand, and target localization in space to visual control
list the muscle groups involved in of movement trajectory and final shaping of the hand
each movement. necessary to match the physical properties of the target
object.
2. Forearm movement

A. Forearm flexion is rotation in the anatomic plane such that the

radius and ulna move anteriorly. Muscles involved brachialis,
biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and pronator teres.

B. Forearm extension is opposite of forearm flexion, that is the

straightening of the radius and elbow back to the anatomic
position (to 0°). The muscles involved are triceps brachii and
anconeus.

C. Forearm supination is rotation of the radius so the palm faces

posteriorly. It occurs primarily at the proximal radioulnar joint by
rotation of the radial head against the radial notch of the proximal
ulna, held in by the annular ligament. It is the opposite of forearm
pronation. Muscles involved is supinator and biceps brachii .

D. Forearm pronation is rotation of the radius so the palm faces

anteriorly (away from the anatomical position). It occurs primarily
at the proximal radioulnar joint. Muscles involved is pronator
quadratus and pronator teres

3. Hand movement

A. Flexion: Moving the base of the finger towards the palm. Muscles
involved are Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens
pollicis, and Adductor pollicis.

B. Extension: Moving the base of the fingers away from the palm.

C. Adduction: Moving the fingers toward the middle finger.

The interossei muscles are intrinsic muscles of the hand located
between the metacarpals. They consist of four (or
three) palmar and four dorsal muscles that, respectively.

D. Abduction: Moving the fingers away from the middle finger.

The interossei muscles are intrinsic muscles of the hand located
between the metacarpals. They consist of four (or
three) palmar and four dorsal muscles that, respectively.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
7.04F. Describe the movements of 1. Thigh movement
the thigh, leg, and foot, and list the A. Extension (bringing thigh behind body) Produced by
muscle groups involved in each the gluteus maximus, adductor magnus, and biceps
movement. femoris. Flexion (extending thigh to front of body):
Produced by the gracilis, psoas major, iliacus, and
pectineus.
B. Abduction (moving thigh laterally away from pelvis):
Produced by the gluteus medius and minimus, obturator
externus, gemelli, and sartorius.
C. Adduction (returning thigh to midline): Produced by
the adductor group of muscles.
D. Rotation (rotation of the thigh around the hip joint):
Produced by the lateral rotator group of muscles and the
biceps femoris, sartorius, and gluteus medius and
minimus.

2. Movement of the Foot

A. Eversion of the Foot (tilting of the sole of the foot away from the
midline): Performed by the fibularis brevis and fibularis longus.

B. Inversion of the Foot (tilting of the sole of the foot inwards

towards the midline): Performed by the tibialis posterior and
tibialis anterior.

C. Dorsiflexion of the Foot (pulling the foot upwards towards the

leg): Performed by the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus
and extensor digitorum longus.

D. Plantarflexion of the Foot (pulling the foot downwards away

from the lower leg): Performed by the gastrocnemius, plantaris,
soleus and fibularis longus.

3. Movement of the Foot

A. Eversion involves pronation, abduction, and dorsiflexion. Usage

is unfortunately variable, but supination and pronation of the
foot generally refer to medial and lateral rotation about an
anteroposterior axis.

B. Abduction and adduction refer to movements of the anterior

part of foot about a vertical axis.

7.05A. Describe the effects of aging Aging results in a gradual loss of muscle function, and
on skeletal muscle. there are predictable age-related alterations in skeletal
muscle function. The typical adult will lose muscle mass
with age; the loss varies according to sex and the level of
muscle activity. Aged skeletal muscle produces less
force and there is a general “slowing ” of the mechanical
characteristics of muscle.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.

In our every movement a one, two, or even three muscles are responsible for the
movement. The 11 systems are connected together to work properly and function as
one. The muscles able to perform movement that actually brings strength in every work
we do even if it just a
movement of the hand.

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Biofacultymember2020