TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................3
1.1 ELECTRONIC VOTING...............................................................................................................4
1.2 FINGER PRINT TECHNOLOGY...................................................................................................5
1.3 ADVANTAGES OF FINGER PRINT..............................................................................................5
1.4 BARRIERS TO ELECTRONIC VOTING.........................................................................................6
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT..........................................................................................................6
1.6 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM...........................................................................................................6
1.7 Power Supply..........................................................................................................................7
1.7.1 Transformer Unit.................................................................................................................7
1.7.2 Rectifier Unit.......................................................................................................................7
1.7.3 Filter Unit............................................................................................................................8
1.7.4 Regulator Unit.....................................................................................................................8
1.8 Keypad....................................................................................................................................8
1.9 Microcontroller.......................................................................................................................8
1.10 FINGER PRINT MODULE..........................................................................................................8
1.11 Control Unit.............................................................................................................................9
1.12 PC Interface.............................................................................................................................9
1.13 Personal Computer.................................................................................................................9
1.14 AREAS OF APPLICATION..........................................................................................................9
1.15 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO..................................................................................................................................10
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................10
2.1 POWER SUPPLY.....................................................................................................................11
2.1.0 Transformer......................................................................................................................11
2.1.1 Rectifier.............................................................................................................................12
Full Wave Rectifier Working & Operation...............................................................................14
2.1.2 Resistor.............................................................................................................................17
2.1.3 Types of Resistors....................................................................................................................18
2.2 Resistor Colour Code............................................................................................................19
2.3 Pull-Up and Pull-Down Resistor.................................................................................................20
2.5 CAPACITORS..........................................................................................................................21
2.6 Types of Capacitor.................................................................................................................22
2.8 SWITCHES (PUSH BUTTON SWITCH)......................................................................................24
2.9 MICROCONTROLLER AT89C52.................................................................................................25

1
2.8 FEATURES OF MAX 232.........................................................................................................29
2.9 FINGER PRINT MODULE.........................................................................................................30
2.10 LCD Display............................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................................31
3.0 DESIGN OF AN ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE....................................................................32
3.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................................................32
3.2 DESIGN OF POWER SUPPLY UNIT..........................................................................................33
3.3 TRANSFORMER SELECTION.......................................................................................................33
3.4 THE SELECTION OF THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER...............................................................................34
3.5 THE FILTER SELECTION.............................................................................................................35
3.6 THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR SELECTION.....................................................................................37
3.7 THE MICROCONTROLLER UNIT (AT89C52)............................................................................38
3.8 FINGER PRINT MODULE........................................................................................................39
3.9 FEATURES OF MIAXIS SM630 MODULE.....................................................................................39
3.10 DESIGN OF THE DISPLAY UNIT..................................................................................................39
3.11 DESIGN OF THE KEYPAD...........................................................................................................40
3.12 PROGRAM FLOW ALGORITHM................................................................................................41
3.13 PROGRAM CODE.....................................................................................................................42
CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................................................................62
4.0 CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................................................62
4.1 Tools and Test Equipment...........................................................................................................63
4.2 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE..................................................................................................64
4.2.1 Bread Boarding.................................................................................................................64
4.2.2 VERO BOARDING...............................................................................................................65
4.2.3 FITTING OF VERO BOARD..................................................................................................65
4.2.4 SOLDERING TECHNIQUES......................................................................................................65
4.3 CONNECTION TECHNIQUES..................................................................................................66
4.4 TESTING....................................................................................................................................66
CONSTRUCTION OF MECHANICAL STRUCTURE (CASING).................................................................67
4.6 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES....................................................................................................67
4.7 CONSTRUCTION OF THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT.........................................................................68
4.8 Construction of the MAX 232 Unit............................................................................................69
4.9 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONTROLLER UNIT.............................................................................69
4.10 CONSTRUCTION OF THE DISPLAY UNIT...................................................................................69
4.11 CONSTRUCTION OF THE KEYPAD UNIT....................................................................................69
4.12 CONTRUCTION OF THE FINGER PRINT MODULE....................................................................70
CONSTRUCTION OF MECHANICAL STRUCTURE (CASING).................................................................70

2
4.14 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION.................................................................................................70
4.15 REGISTRATION PROCESS........................................................................................................71
4.16 VERIFICATION PROCESS..........................................................................................................71
4.17 VOTING PROCESS.....................................................................................................................71
4.18 Test, Result, Observation and Precaution............................................................................72
4.19 Visual Inspection Test..............................................................................................................72
4.20 Continuity Test.....................................................................................................................72
4.21 Operation Test.........................................................................................................................72
4.22 Results....................................................................................................................................72
4.23 Observation.............................................................................................................................73
4.24 Precautions..............................................................................................................................73
4.25 COST ANALYSIS........................................................................................................................77
CHAPTER FIVE...................................................................................................................................80
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................80
5.1 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................80
5.2 RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................................81
4.0.4 Software Design Architecture - - - - - - - 57......................................................................94

3
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

One basic feature of democracy today in the society and the nation at large is the act of

election. Democracy thus encourages individual’s freedom according to the rule of

law, so that people may have and express themselves as they choose who leads them.

This does not only give people a chance to choose their leaders but also to freely

express their views on issues.

Also in recent times, there has been call for the reformation of the electoral process in

Nigeria so that through the process of a credible elections, selfless leaders could

emerge as leaders who will take this country to a greater height.

The traditional par-based ballot system of voting that has been on ground has not been

able to solve the challenges of electoral malpractices here in our country and even the

world at large, however, countries that have successfully implemented the electronic

voting system have witnessed a significant change in their electoral system and

governance. Examples of such countries include countries in Europe; the United State

of America etc. below is a brief explanation of electronic voting.

1.1 ELECTRONIC VOTING

Electronic voting (also known as e-voting) is voting using electronic systems to aid

casting and counting of votes. Electronic voting technology can include finger print

based voting system, optical (eye) scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosk

(including self contained direct recording electronic (DRE) voting system). It can also

involve transmission of ballots and votes by telephone, private computer networks, or

the internet.

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 In order to computerize election from beginning to the end, there are several legal and

technical problems that must be addressed. Some of the stages in

election process are:

 Registration of voters

 Casting of votes by voters

 Displaying of results e.t.c.

In this project, the design and construction of an electronic voting machine using

finger print technology to identify voters and ensure the voting process is adequately

secured was designed and produced.

1.2 FINGER PRINT TECHNOLOGY

This is an electronic methods of recording and recognizing an individual’s finger print

using a finger print reader.It is also a technique used in electronic voting machine to

carryout voting exercise. In this technique, the voters has no need to carry his/her ID

which contains his/her entire details, instead the voters has to show his/her finger at the

polling booth and by placing his/her finger on the finger print reader, it reads the

details from the finger print and passed to a corresponding controller and if the data

matches with the already stored information, the person is allowed to vote.

1.3 ADVANTAGES OF FINGER PRINT

 Rigging will be eliminated completely

 This unique finger print voter ID card can be used for identification purpose in

SUG election,government/semi-government bodies.E.g when applying

passport, driving license, etc.

 Preserves voting secrecy, no scope for invalid votes

5
  Facilitates quick and accurate counting-possible to declare results

instantaneously

 Reusable by simply erasing votes recorded in earlier poll

 As the whole data of the finger prints of the people is available it can be

usedfor identifying thieves, culpritsi.e it’ll be more helpful for police dept. for

investigation.

 Easier to manage with less demand on man power

1.4 BARRIERS TO ELECTRONIC VOTING

 Lack of common voting system standards across nations

 Time and difficulty of changing national election laws

 Time and cost of certifying a voting system

 Security and reliability of electronic voting

 Equal access to internet voting for all socio-economic groups

 Difficulty of training election judges on a new system

 Political risk associated with trying a new voting system

 Need for security and election experts

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this project covers as many eligible voters with four candidates

contesting for a position like in the Student Union Government election in Petroleum

Training Institute, Effurun.

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1.6 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram comprises of few major blocks as follows;

Power
Supply

LCD Display
Micro-
Switch
Controller
AT89C52 Keypad

PC Interface

Personal
Computer

Finger Print
Max 232 Module

Figure 1.1:Block Diagram of EVM

1.7 POWER SUPPLY

Power supply unit consists of the following units:

 Transformer unit

 Rectifier unit

 Filter unit

 Regulator unit

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1.7.1 TRANSFORMER UNIT
The transformer steps up or steps down the input line voltage and isolates the power

supply from the power line.

1.7.2 RECTIFIER UNIT

The rectifier unit converts the alternating current input signal to a pulsating direct

current but this pulsating dc is not desirable.

1.7.3 FILTER UNIT

This unit is used to convert pulsating dc to a purer and more desirable form of dc

voltage.

1.7.4 REGULATOR UNIT

This unit maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large

changes in load current or input line voltage.

1.8 KEYPAD
The keypad allows the voter to poll his vote by selecting a party of his choice from the

options provided.

1.9 MICROCONTROLLER
This is the heart of the project which has the following functions:

 It is able to receive unique code from the finger print module. Then it checks

whether the code is authorized or not by comparing the received code to

already stored code.

 If received code and stored code are matched, then it allows the voter to put his

vote to any of the parties.

 It also help to displays voter’s name and whether he has finished giving his

vote or not.

8
1.10 FINGER PRINT MODULE
A fingerprint module is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the

fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan, this live scan is digitally

processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is

stored and used for matching.

1.11 CONTROL UNIT

The control unit works independently in collaboration with the microcontroller in the

control process of the voter’s database stored in the microcontroller and the memory.

1.12 PC INTERFACE
This unit makes it possible for the PC to interact with the voting system for the voting

process.

1.13 PERSONAL COMPUTER

This is used for writing the programming language which could be C ++, visual basic, C

language etc for designing how the system should work.

1.14 AREAS OF APPLICATION

 PTI SUG election

 Local government election

 State government election etc.

1.15 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goals and objectives of the project are stated below;

 To provide more security in authentication of a candidate contesting in

elections by providing a unique identity to every user using the fingerprint

9
 technology provided if the fingerprints of the voters are maintained in a

database.

 To eradicate rigging which will be helpful to elect the genuine candidates on

the basic of number of votes polled to them

 For authentication for every user/voter.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review of this project gives a detailed explanation of all the electronic

components used in the construction of this project work as well as the circuit diagram.

The finger print based voting machine uses the following for its operation which

includes:

1. Power supply

2. Resistors

3. Capacitors

4. Switches

5. Microcontroller

6. MAX 232

7. Finger print module

8. LCD display

10
 9. Crystal oscillator

2.1 POWER SUPPLY

2.1.0 TRANSFORMER
Transformers are manufactured in a large variety of shapes and sizes with and without

cores, to fill the many requirement of electronic circuitry.

The power transformer is designed to be used at power frequency, usually 50Hz. Both

the primary and secondary windings are placed on a magnetic iron core. The co-

efficient of coupling must be as close to unity as possible, so various methods of

winding the coils in layers or by inter winding are employed. Two basic construction

types are found in the modern transformer; that is the “core type” and the “shell type”.

Fig 2.1 Diagram of a Transformer

When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary of a transformer and the

secondary is OPEN, a small magnetizing current will flow in the primary to establish

the magnetic fields and to overcome any losses due to resistance. The magnetizing

current is small and is limited by the amount of applied voltage, its frequency and the

reactance of the primary winding. The expanding and collapsing magnetic field of the

primary cut across the secondary voltage will depend upon the direction of the

secondary winding and the external connections.

A common transformer symbol is shown Below:

11
 Fig. 2.2 Schematic Diagram of a Transformer

The magnitude and density of the flux lines of the primary coil will depend upon the

current and the number of turns (I x N). Since both primary and secondary are wound

closely together and on a common core, the flux for the secondary must be almost the same

as the primary.

This is shown in an equation as:

IP NP = IS NS

By re –arranging the equation

IS NP
=
Ip NS

The transformer functioned in two ways: one it took the dangerous high voltage

and transformed it to a much safer low voltage, second it isolated the two sides. That

made it even safer because there was no way for the hot line to show up in the

electronics and possibly electrocute anyone.

2.1.1 RECTIFIER
(A) HALF – WAVE RECTIFIER

12
 The easiest and cheapest way to convert (also called rectify) AC to DC is to

use a single diode. A diode is a simple electronic 'valve' - it only lets current

flow one way Since AC voltage cycles from positive to negative and we only

want positive, it is connected so that the circuit only receives the positive half

of the AC cycle.

Fig 2.3Diagram of Half – Wave Rectification

Fig 2.4Wave Form of a Sine Wave

Fig 2.5 Wave Form of a Half – Wave Waveform

13
What we have now is not really AC and nor really DC, it is a lumpy wave. The

efficiency of this rectification is reduced compared to when the diode is doubled, and

the power delivered to the load is reduced as the diode conducts only in the positive

half – cycle and transmits only half the power from the source. Hence the Bridge

Rectifier is used.

(B) BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A Full wave rectifier is a circuit arrangement which makes use of both half cycles of

input alternating current (AC) and converts them to direct current (DC). We know that

a half wave rectifier makes use of only one half cycle of the input alternating current.

Thus a full wave rectifier is much more efficient (double+) than a half wave rectifier.

This process of converting both half cycles of the input supply (alternating current) to

direct current (DC) is termed full wave rectification.Full wave rectifier can be

constructed in 2 ways. The first method makes use of a center tapped transformer and

2 diodes. This arrangement is known as;

Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier. The second method uses a normal transformer

with 4 diodes arranged as a bridge. This arrangement is known as a Bridge Rectifier..

Full Wave Rectifier Working & Operation

The working & operation of a full wave bridge rectifier is pretty simple.  The circuit

diagrams and wave forms we have given below will help you understand the operation

of a bridge rectifier perfectly.  In the circuit diagram, 4 diodes are arranged in the form

of a bridge. The transformer secondary is connected to two diametrically opposite

points of the bridge at points A & C.  The load resistance RL is connected to bridge

through points B and D.

14
Fig 2.6 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier – Circuit Diagram with Input and Output Wave

FormsDuring the first half cycle.

During first half cycle of the input voltage, the upper end of the transformer secondary

winding is positive with respect to the lower end. Thus during the first half cycle

15
diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased and current flows through arm AB, enters the

load resistance RL, and returns back flowing through arm DC. During this half of each

input cycle, the diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased and current is not allowed to flow

in arms AD and BC. The flow of current is indicated by solid arrows in the figure

above. We have developed another diagram below to help you understand the current

flow quickly. See the diagram below – the green arrows indicate beginning of current

flow from source (transformer secondary) to the load resistance. The red arrows

indicate return path of current from load resistance to the source, thus completing the

circuit.

During second half cycle of the input voltage, the lower end of the transformer

secondary winding is positive with respect to the upper end. Thus diodes D2 and D4

become forward biased and current flows through arm CB, enters the load  resistance

RL,  and returns back to the source flowing through arm DA. Flow of current has been

shown by dotted arrows in the figure. Thus the direction of flow of current through the

load resistance RL remains the same during both half cycles of the input supply

voltage.  See the diagram below – the green arrows indicate beginning of current flow

from source (transformer secondary) to the load resistance. The red arrows indicate

return path of current from load resistance to the source, thus completing the circuit.

Fig. 2.7 Path of current in 2nd Half Cycle

16
2.1.2 RESISTOR
A resistor is a device that offers opposition to the flow of an electric current in a

circuit. The potential drop across a resistor is proportional to the current flowing

through it, the constant being the resistance of the resistor.

Mathematically given that:

I = Current flowing in amperes (A)

V = Potential difference in volts (V)

R = Resistance (constant proportionality)

Since V  I …………………… (i)

Introducing the proportionality constant, the above equation now becomes;

V = IR …………………………… (ii)

Where R is the proportionality constant, which is also the resistance offered by the

resistor.

V
R =
Therefore, I

The unit of resistance is ohms ()

A conductor is said to have a resistance of 1ohm when it allows a current of one

ampere (1A) to flow through it when voltage of 1V is applied across its terminal.

2.1.3 TYPES OF RESISTORS

Resistors are mainly grouped into two types. These are:

1. Fixed resistor

2. Variance resistor

Fixed Resistor: These includes;

i. Mineral-oxide resistor

ii. Wire wound resistor

iii. Carbon composition resistor, etc

17
Variable resistor: This includes;

i. Thermometer

ii. Variable wire wound resistor

iii. Potentiometer, etc

Fig. 2.8(a) Fixed Resistor Fig. 2.8 (b) Variable Resistor

18
2.2 RESISTOR COLOUR CODE
Table 2.1: Resistor Colour Coding

Digit Colour Multiplier Tolerance

Silver 10-2 10%
Gold 10-1 5%
0 Black 10o -
1 Brown 101 1%
2 Red 102 2%
3. Orange 103 3%
4. Yellow 104 4%
5. Green 105 -
6. Blue 106 -
7. Violet 107 -
8. Grey 108 -
9. White 109 -

1st Digit 2nd Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Fig. 2.9Diagram of Resistor with Colour bands

2.3PULL-UP AND PULL-DOWN RESISTOR

In digit circuit there is need to maintain their input at fixed potential either high or low

to prevent them from floating thereby producing in determinate output. A pull-up

19
 resistor is connected between the floating input and Vcc, while the pull-down resistor

is connected between the floating input and ground. The value of resistance depends

on the voltage of the supply and it varies from some few k to hundred to ks.

. Digital
Circuit

. Digital
Circuit

Fig. 2.10 (a) Pull-Up Resistor Fig. 2.10 (b) Pull-Down Resistor

2.4 Connections of Resistors

Components including resistors in a circuit may be connected together in two ways.

IS V1 IS

R1

+ + R1
V1
E R2 E R2 V2
V2
- -
I1
R3 I2

V3
E = V1 + V2 + V2 Is = I 1 + I2

The supply current IS The supply voltage E appears

flow through all resistors across both resistors so

E = V1 =V2

Fig2.11 Series and Parallel Connection of a Resistor

IN SERIES, the same current flows through all the components but a different

potential difference (voltage) can exist across each one.

IN PARALLEL, the same potential difference (voltage) exists across all the

components but each component may carry a different current.

20
 For resistors in series:

The total resistance of two or more resistors connected in series is given simply adding

the individual values of the resistors to find the total sum to;

RTOT= R1 + R2 + R3 - - - etc

For resistors in parallel

To calculate to total resistance of a circuit that involves parallel resistors the following

formula can be used.

1 1 1 1
= + + … …. etc
R T R1 R2 R3

Notice however that unit formular does not give you the total resistance R T. It gives

you the RECIPROCAL of RT. This is very different value and is NOT the total

I
resistance. To obtain the correct value for RT, it is the reciprocal of Rtotal
.

2.5 CAPACITORS
A capacitor consists basically of two conductor plates separated by a dielectric or

vacuum so as to store electrical energy by electrostatic stress in the dielectric. A

capacitor is said to have capacitance because of its ability to store changes. .the S.I unit

of the capacitance of a capacitor is farads. But farads is a rather larger unit so it is usual

to use the microfarad (For 10-6F), nanofarad (nFi.e 10-9) and the picofarad (pFi.e 10-
12
F).

A capacitor has a capacitance of one farad (1F) when it receives a charge of one

coulomb at a potential of one volt.

21
 Fig. 2.12 Symbols of Capacitor

2.6 TYPES OF CAPACITOR

There are several types of capacitors, based on the materials used in making it and each

has its range of capacitance.

In this project, the following capacitors were used:

i. Ceramic capacitor

ii. Electrolytic capacitor

Ceramic Capacitor: These capacitors are made from ceramic. They come in variety

of shapes with capacitance ranging from 10pF to 47f. Their stability is very poor and

sometimes are very sensitive to heat, but they do have a low leakage.

Electrolytic Capacitor: Electrolytic capacitors are mainly tubular or can-shaped

capacitors with capacitance from 1 to 150000f. Their operation depends on the

formationof oxide film by electrolytic action inside the can as soon as they are

connected in a circuit. These capacitors are polarized and have a high leakage current;

hence they are used in power supplies as filter capacitors.

2.7 Connections of Capacitors

Similar to resistor, capacitors in circuit may be connected together in two ways:

1. Series: In series, the same current flows through all the components but a

different potential difference (voltage) can exist across each one.

2. Parallel: In parallel, the same potential difference (voltage) exists across all the

components but each component may carry a different current

For Capacitors in Series

22
To calculate the total capacitance of a circuit that involves parallel capacitors, the

following formular can be used;

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + …+
C T C 1 C2 C 3 Cn

C1 C2 C3
C1
Fig. 2.13 Series Connection of Capacitors

However this formular does not give us the total resistance C total. It gives us the

RECIPROCAL of CT.

This is a very difference value- and is NOT the total capacitance. To obtain the correct

1
, it is the reciprocal of CT
T

value for C

For capacitors in parallel

The total capacitance of two or more capacitors connected in series is given by simply

adding the individual values of the capacitors, to find the total sum (Ctot)

Ctotal = C1 + C2+ ------------- + Cn

C1 C2 Cn

Fig. 2.14 Parallel Connection of Capacitor

23
2.8 SWITCHES (PUSH BUTTON SWITCH)
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit by

interrupting the current or diverting its from one conducting to another or it creates (or

makes) a path for the current to flow through a circuit.

A switch has two conductive pieces often metal, called contacts that touch a complete

(make) a circuit and separate to open (break) the circuit.

There are various types of switch, for example; toggle switch, rocker switch, mercury

tilt switch, knife switch, push button and foot switch. The foot switch which is used in

this project is basically a push button.

In a push button switch, the content remains in one place unless actuated. The contacts

can either be normally open (NO) until closed by the switch action.

A switch with both types of contact is called a change over switch. These may be

‘make-before-break’ which momentarily connects both circuits or may be ‘break-

before make’ which interrupts one circuit before closing the other.

The term poles and throw are also used to describe switch contact variations. The

number of poles is the number of separate circuits which are controlled in a switch. For

example, a 2 pole switch has two separate identical sets of contact controlled by the

same knob. The number of throws is the number of separate positions that the switch

can adopt. The various configurations of throws and poles are itemized in the table

below.

24
 Table 2.2: Configuration of Switches

Configuration Abbreviation Description Symbol

Single pole single throw SPST A simple ON-OFF switch

with two terminals either

connected or disconnected
Single pole-double SPDT/SPCO A simple change over L1
com
throw/single pole center switch; COM (common) L2

OFF is connected to L1 or L2

and to centre position (for

SPCO) to isolate both L1

and L2.
Double pole single throw DPST Equivalent to two SPSI

switches controlled by a

single mechanisms
Double pole double throw DPDT Equivalent two SPDT

switches controlled by a

single mechanism

2.9MICROCONTROLLER AT89C52
AT89C52 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel’s 8051 family. AT89C52

has 8kb of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and 256

25
bytes of RAM. AT89C52 has an endurance of 1000 write/erase cycles which means

that it can be erased and programmed to a maximum of 1000 times.

Though very slight difference between the features of AT89C51 and AT89C52, they

are very similar to their pin configurations and operations. The differences between

AT89C51 and AT89C52 is tabulated below.

Table 2.3: Difference between AT89C52 and AT89C51

AT89C52 AT89C51
RAM 256 Bytes 128 Bytes
Flash 8KB 4KB
Number of interrupt 3(16-bit each) 2(16-bit each)
Sources 8 6

The pin configuration of AT89C52 is exactly similar to that of AT89C51 except that

the first two pins, P1.0 and P1.1 are multiplexed to correspond to timer 2 operations.

The AT89C51 has two timers (timer 0 and timer 1), AT89C52 also has timer 2.

Corresponding to timer 2, there are extra SFRs (special function registers) T2CON and

T2MOD. Also there are register RCAP2H and RCAP2L to configure 16-bit capture

and auto-reload modes of timer 2.

26
 Fig Pin diagram of AT89C52

Fig 2.16 Block and Pin Diagram

Table 2.4:Pin Description of AT89C52

Pin No Function Name

1. External count input to timer/counter 21 T2 P1.0
2. Timer/Counter 2 Capture/ ReloadTrigger and direction P1.1

control
3. P1.2
4. P1.3

27
5. 8 bit input/output port (P1) P1.4
6. Pins P1.5
7. P1.6
8. P1.7
9. Reset pin: active high Reset
10. Input (receiver) for serial RXD communication P3.0
11. Output( transmitter) fort serial communication TXD P3.1
12. External interrupt 1 into 5 bit input/output port (P3) pins P3.2
13. External interrupt 2 into 1 P3.3
14. Timer 1 external input T0 P3.4
15. Timer 2 external input T1 P3.5
16. Write to external data memory write P3.5
17. Read from external data memory Read P3.7
18. Quarter crystal insulator (up to 24 MHz) Crystal 2
19. Crystal 1
20. Ground (or) Ground
21. P2.0/A8
22. P2.1/A9
23 8 bit input/output port (P2) P2.2/A10
24. Pins/ high-order address bit when P2.3/A11
25. Interfacing with external memory P2.4/A12
26. P2.5/A13
27. P2.6/A14
28. P2.7/A15
29. Program store enable; Read from external program memory PSEN
30. Address latch enable program pulse input during flash ALE/Prog

programming
31. External access enable; Vcc for internal program executions EA/VPP

programming enable voltage; 12v (during flash programming)

32 P0.7/AD7
33 P0.6/AD6

28
34. 8 bit input/output port (P0) P0.5/AD5
35. Pins P0.4/AD4
36. Low-order address bits when interfacing with external P0.3/AD3

memory
37. P0.2/AD2
38. P0.1/AD1
39 P0.0/AD0
40. Supply voltage; 5V (up to 6.6V) Vcc

2.8 FEATURES OF MAX 232

 It is 16-pin IC known as voltage converter or line converters.

 It converts the R5-232 levels of the finger print scanner to the TTL voltage

levels of c 8051.

 Two devices can be connected to the MAX 232 at a time

Fig 2.17: Max232

29
2.9 FINGER PRINT MODULE
 A fingerprint module is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of

the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan, this live scan is

digitally processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted

features) which is stored and used for matching.

Fig. 2.18 Finger Print Module

2.10 LCD DISPLAY

The LCD display is used to display the messages during the electoral process.

Fig. 2.19 LCD Display

30
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESIGN OF AN ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE

Design has to do with the general arrangement of the parts that make up the machine,

such arrangement includes the generation of a block diagram, selection of components

part that can perform the stated function of each block, configuration of these

component parts and calculation where necessary to set operating range. This chapter

covers the detailed design and selection of the component used in the construction of

the project.

3.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The design of an electronics voting machine has the following specifications:

Input voltage 220VAC

Operating voltages 5VDC

31
 Operating current 500mA

Input frequency 50Hz

The project comprises of the following units listed bellow:

 Power supply unit

 Switching unit

 Microcontroller unit

 Finger print module

 MAX 232 unit

 Display unit

 keypad

3.2 DESIGN OF POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The power supply unit is responsible for providing the 5V DC required for the circuit

operation. The input to this unit is 220/240V AC at a frequency of 50Hz and the output

is 5V DC. This Unit comprises of the following basic Components:

 220/12V Step down transformer

 Bridge Diode

 35V 2500uf Capacitor

 LM7805 Voltage Regulator

 capacitors

3.3 TRANSFORMER SELECTION

The choice of transformer was based on the following:

32
 i. The input voltage range

ii. The output voltage range

iii. The power rating of the transformer in kVA

iv. Operating frequency of power supply

v. The number of turns and the diameter of the transformer coil

vi. The input voltage range from the supply mains is from 220~240V ac single

phase supply.

vii. The output voltage range of the transformer will be from 12VAC to the rectifier

circuit.

viii. The rating of the transformer or the power rating of the transformer is 1kVA.

This means that the capacity of the circuit is 1kVA. Also, the current rating for

the circuit was arrived at, from the following calculations:

3.4 THE SELECTION OF THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

The rectification circuit used in the design is a full-wave bridge rectifier with four

diodes. This is shown in the figure below;

DI-D4 = IN 4007

33
 Fig. 3.1: The Bridge Rectifier

The four diode bridge full-wave rectifier was used due to its added advantage over a

two diode centre-tapped full-wave rectifier as well as a one diode half-wave rectifier.

The choice of diodes used was based on:

i. The forward current rating

ii. The peak inverse voltage that the diodes would withstand.

i. The Forward Current Rating of Diode

The diode forward current rating is the maximum that the diode can conduct

before failing. The diode should be selected in such a way that the current

passing through it should be less than the forward current rating.

ii. The Peak Inverse Voltage

The peak inverse voltage is the maximum reverse voltage that a diode can

withstand without destroying the junction. If the reverse voltage across a diode

exceeds this value, the reverse current increase sharply and breaks down the

junction due to excessive heat. Peak inverse voltage is extremely important

when diode is used as a rectifier. In rectifiers, it has to be ensured that reverse

voltage across the diode does not exceed its PIV during the negative half-cycle

of input ac voltage. Hence, PIV consideration is generally the deciding factor in

diode rectifier circuit. The peak inverse voltage of rectifier diodes lie between

10V and 10kV depending upon the types of diodes.

Vpeak = √ 2 Vrms

Where Vrms is the transformer’s output voltage using the maximum output

voltage (that is 12V ac) we have that;

Vrms = 12V

∴Vpeak = √ 2×12 = 16.97V

34
 For a bridge rectifier, the peak voltage equals the peak inverse voltage. Therefore the

calculated PIV is 16.97V.

Thus, the IN4007 diode was chosen for the rectifier since it satisfies the above stated

requirements according to its datasheet.

3.5 THE FILTER SELECTION

The filter used in this power supply is a single shunt capacitor.

The choice of the filter capacitor depends on:

i. The ripple factor allowed

ii. The capacitor breakdown voltage

i. The Ripple Factor Allowed

The output of a rectifier consists of a dc component and an ac component (also

called ripple). The ripple is undesirable and causes pulsations in the rectified

output the effectiveness of a rectifier depends on the amount of ripple in its

output, the smaller this is, the more effective is the rectifier. The ripple factor is

an indication of the effectiveness of the filter capacitor and is defined as:

rms value of ac component V rms I ac I rms 2

Ripple Factor =
value of dc component
= =
V dc I dc
=
√( I dc) −1

The smaller the ripple factor the lesser the amount of ripples and hence more

effective is the rectified output signal. These ripples have a frequency of twice

the input supply frequency. The ripple factor for full-wave rectifiers and

thus allowed for this project is given as:

Im
IRMS =
√2
2 Im
IDC =
π

35
 2
Im
∴R=
√( ×
π
√2 2 Im ) −1 = 0.48

This shows that the dc component of the full-wave rectifier output is more than

the ripples, making full wave rectifiers more suitable for rectifying ac to dc.

The Capacitor Breakdown Voltage The fixed positive IC voltage regulator was

chosen from the 78xx family of fixed positive voltage as they are more efficient in

providing the much needed constant voltages for the interconnected circuitries of the

design.

The capacitor breakdown voltage can be determined by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage

law at the output of the rectifier to the terminal of the filter capacitor.

The capacitance of the capacitor used is gotten using the relationship:

IL
∆V =
2 fC

Where; ∆V= change in maximum – minimum peak values of the capacitor voltage

IL = load current

f = frequency

C = capacitance

Taking ∆V= maximum peak – minimum peak=2,

Maximum peak = 15.57V

Minimum peak = maximum peak – minimum peak = 15.57 – 2.00= 13.57V

% ripple = 15.57- 13.57)V =2V

IL
∴C=
2f ∆V

0.5
C=
2× 50× 2

36
 C = 2500μF

From the calculated value, 2500μF is a standard capacitance value;

3.6 THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR SELECTION

The importance of voltage regulator is to ensure that a fixed voltage output is obtained

at the output of the power supply regardless of the variations from the supply input or

load connected. The regulation used is the IC voltage regulator LM7805. This implies

that a positive fixed +5volts regulator was used to provide the fixed positive voltage

level required by the circuitries. The rating of the voltage regulator from the datasheet

is as given below:

i. Input voltage range 5~12V

ii. Maximum current rating 1A

iii. Output voltage range 4.8~5.2V

iv. Operating temperature range -40~125℃

The fixed positive IC voltage regulator was chosen from the 78xx family of fixed

positive voltage as they are more efficient in providing the much needed constant

voltages for the interconnected circuitries of the design.

3.7 THE MICROCONTROLLER UNIT (AT89C52)

The AT89C52 microcontroller is a low power high performance CMOS 8-bits

microcomputer with 8k bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory

(PEROM). The devise is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile

memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 and 80C52

instruction set and pin out. The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be

reprogrammed in system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8bit CUP with flash on a monolithic, chip, the Atmel AT89C52

37
 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective

solution to many embedded control applications.

The choice of selection of this microcontroller (AT89C52) depends on the following

features.

 Compatible with Mcs -51 products

 8K bytes of in system reprogrammable flash memory

 Endurance; 1000 write/ erase cycles

 Fully static operation; 0Hz to 24 MHz

 Three level program memory lock

 256 × 8 – bit internal RAM

 32 programmable I/O linear

 Three 16 – bit Timer/ counters

 Eight interrupt sources

 Programmable serial channel

 Low power idle and power down modes

3.8 FINGER PRINT MODULE

In this section of the system the finger print module which is an electronic device is

used to capture a digital image of the finger print pattern. The fingerprint module

selected for this project was MIAXIS SM630 because of the following features

suitable for this project they are listed below

3.9 FEATURES OF MIAXIS SM630 MODULE

 DSP processor fingerprint sensor and flash

 Low operating current of 80mA

38
  TTL level standard serial interface

 Baud rate of 57600bps

 4 pin interface

 Supports fingerprint addition, deletion, verification, upload and download

 Coding method

3.10 DESIGN OF THE DISPLAY UNIT

The display unit is made of a liquid crystal display (LCD). The liquid crystal display

(LCD) that is used was a 16 × 4, means of rows and 16 columns, each row can carry

16 characters 1×4 LCD was selected because of the following features;

 It requires very low power

 It contains more characters

 It has an easy interface

The liquid crystal display (LCD) gives the virtual representation of the active system

SPECIFICATIONS BY THE MANUFACTURER

TYPE; Character

DISPLAY FORMAT; 16×4 character

INPUT VOLTAGE +3V or +5V

3.11 DESIGN OF THE KEYPAD

The keypad used for the project was a 4×4 keypad configuration design for alpha-

numeric purpose. It is used for loading numerical and alphabetical values into the

micro controller. It consist of it buttons arranged in an array containing four lines and

four columns.

FUNCTIONS OF THE KEYPAD

FI - forward shift

39
 F2 - back shift

F3 - backspace

F4 - delete

Start button - send

SPECIFICATIONS BY THE MANUFACTURER

Contact rating: 20MΩ Max

Contact resistance: 200Ω Max

Life: 1000000 cycles per key

Contact: conductive rubber

Size (key face): size 70(W) × 17(H) × 0.8mm (D)

3.12 PROGRAM FLOW ALGORITHM

40
3.13 PROGRAM CODE
#include <at89x52.h>

#define RS P2_2

#define E P2_3

unsigned char

dataa[16]={48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48};

unsigned char send[18]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};

char temp[4];

41
unsigned cursor=0;

chari=0; unsigned char val,registration,voting,verify=0;

unsigned char old_char,man=0;

intr,check=0;

charid,err,print_id=0;

int ii=0;

int vi=0;

char search=0;

char indicator;

unsigned char index=0;

voidreg_process();

void load();

voidwrite_to_pc();

//KEYPAD

unsigned char Get_Key();

voidGet_keys();

void clear();

voidDebounce();

//LCD

void __delay_us(unsigned int d);

void __delay_ms(intyp);

voidcct_init(void);

void delay(int a);

voidsend_data(char t);

void command(int z);

42
 voidlcdinit(void);

voidpos_lcd(int row, int col, unsigned char datax);

voidclear_row(char rrow);

//UART

voidsave_name(char iddx);

voiduart_init(void);

voiduart_putc(unsigned char c); // Put Character to UART

charuart_getc(void); // Get Character from UART

voiduart_puts(unsigned char *s);// Put String to UART, Require

uart_putc()

voiduart_gets(char *s);// Get String from UART, Require

uart_getce()

void i2s(inti, char s[]);

int s2i(char *s); // Convert String to Integer

voiduart_puti(inti); // Put Integer to UART, Require

i2s(),uart_puts()

intuart_geti(); // Get Integer from UART, Require

uart_gets(),s2i()

void uart_init2(void);

unsigned char sum();

//FINGER PRINT

unsigned char get_res_code(char ss);

voidsearchh_ID(char idf);

voidsearch_print(unsigned int nub);

43
 voiddelete_print(char nubb);

voidempty_print();

charget_id();

voiddelete_pprint();

voidsave_to_memory(char fg);

voidclear_res();

voidadd_print(unsigned intidd);

unsigned char comand[10]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};

unsigned char

res[28]={0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};

intind,pi=0;

char reply=0;

char count=0;

unsigned char uart_data,cb,ko=0;

voidDebounce(void){ __delay_ms(80); }

void __delay_us(unsigned int d)

unsignedinti, limit;

limit = d/15;

for(i=0;i<limit;i++);

void __delay_ms(intyp){

longoo=0;

longooo=yp*50;

for(oo=0;oo<ooo;oo++){ ;; }

44
voidcct_init(void)

P0 = 0x0F; //not used

P1 = 0x00; //not used

P2 = 0x00; //used as data port

//P3 = 0x00; //used as data port

void delay(int a)

inti;

for(i=0;i<a;i++); //null statement

voidpos_lcd(int row, int col, unsigned char datax){

command(0x0c);

if(row==1){ command(0x80+col); send_data(datax); }

if(row==2){ command(0xc0+col); send_data(datax); }

if(row==3){ command(0x90+col); send_data(datax); }

if(row==4){ command(0xd0+col); send_data(datax); }

voidclear_row(char rrow){

unsigned char boo=0; unsigned char po=0;

if(rrow==1){ boo=0x80;}

if(rrow==2){ boo=0xc0;}

if(rrow==3){ boo=0x90;}

if(rrow==4){ boo=0xd0;}

45
command(0x0c);

for(po=0; po<16; po++){

command(boo+po);

command(0x0c);

send_data(' ');

command(0x0e);

command(boo);

voidsend_data(char t)

RS = 1; // This is data

P2 &= 0x0F; // Make P2.4 to P2.7 zero

P2 |= (t&0xF0); // Write Upper nibble of data

E = 1; // => E = 1

delay(150);

E = 0; // => E = 0

delay(150);

P2 &= 0x0F; // Make P2.4 to P2.7 zero

P2 |= ((t<<4)&0xF0);// Write Lower nibble of data

E = 1; // => E = 1

delay(150);

46
E = 0; // => E = 0

delay(150);

voidsend_string(char* letters){

while(*letters){

send_data(*letters);

++letters;

void command(int z)

RS = 0; // This is command

P2 &= 0x0F; // Make P2.4 to P2.7 zero

P2 |= (z&0xF0); // Write Upper nibble of data

E = 1; // => E = 1

delay(150);

E = 0; // => E = 0

delay(150);

P2 &= 0x0F; // Make P2.4 to P2.7 zero

P2 |= ((z<<4)&0xF0);// Write Lower nibble of data

47
E = 1; // => E = 1

delay(150);

E = 0; // => E = 0

delay(150);

voidlcdinit(void)

///////////// Reset process from datasheet /////////

__delay_ms(15000);

P2 &= 0x0F; // Make P2.4 to P2.7 zero

P2 |= (0x30&0xF0); // Write 0x3

E = 1; // => E = 1

delay(150);

E = 0; // => E = 0

delay(150);

delay(500);

P2 &= 0x0F; // Make P2.4 to P2.7 zero

P2 |= (0x30&0xF0); // Write 0x3

E = 1; // => E = 1

delay(150);

48
 E = 0; // => E = 0

delay(150);

delay(600);

P2 &= 0x0F; // Make P2.4 to P2.7 zero

P2 |= (0x30&0xF0); // Write 0x3

E = 1; // => E = 1

delay(150);

E = 0; // => E = 0

delay(150);

delay(650);

P2 &= 0x0F; // Make P2.4 to P2.7 zero

P2 |= (0x20&0xF0); // Write 0x2

E = 1; // => E = 1

delay(150);

E = 0; // => E = 0

delay(150);

delay(650);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//command(0x28); //function set

49
 //command(0x0c); //display on,cursoroff,blink off

//command(0x01); //clear display

//command(0x06); //entry mode, set increment

command(0x28); //function set

command(0x0F); //display on,cursoroff,blink off

command(0x1c); //display on,cursoroff,blink off

command(0x01); //clear display

command(0x06); //entry mode, set increment

unsigned char Get_Key(){

Debounce(); index=0;

P1_4=0;

P1_5=0;

P1_6=0;

P1_7=0;

P1_4=1;

if(P0_3==1){ return '#'; }//G start

if(P0_2==1){ index=82; if(i>=3){i=0; dataa[cursor]='7'; }else{ i=i+1;

dataa[cursor]=index+i; } return dataa[cursor]; }//7

50
 if(P0_1==1){ index=73; if(i>=3){i=0; dataa[cursor]='4'; }else{ i=i+1;

dataa[cursor]=index+i; } return dataa[cursor]; }//4

if(P0_0==1){ index=64; if(i>=3){i=0; dataa[cursor]='1'; }else{ i=i+1;

dataa[cursor]=index+i; } return dataa[cursor]; }//1

P1_4=0;

P1_5=0;

P1_6=0;

P1_7=0;

P1_5=1;

if(P0_3==1){ dataa[cursor]='0'; i=0; return dataa[cursor]; }//0

if(P0_2==1){ index=85; if(i>=3){i=0; dataa[cursor]='8'; }else{ i=i+1;

dataa[cursor]=index+i; } return dataa[cursor]; }//8

if(P0_1==1){ index=76; if(i>=3){i=0; dataa[cursor]='5'; }else{ i=i+1;

dataa[cursor]=index+i; } return dataa[cursor]; }//5

if(P0_0==1){ index=67; if(i>=3){i=0; dataa[cursor]='2'; }else{ i=i+1;

dataa[cursor]=index+i; } return dataa[cursor]; }//2

P1_4=0;

P1_5=0;

P1_6=0;

P1_7=0;

P1_6=1;

51
 if(P0_3==1){ return '*'; }//H stop

if(P0_2==1){ index=89; i=i+1; if(i==1){ dataa[cursor]=index; }

if(i==2){ dataa[cursor]=index+1; } if(i==3){ dataa[cursor]='.'; } if(i>=4)

{ dataa[cursor]='9'; i=0; } return dataa[cursor]; }//9

if(P0_1==1){ index=79; if(i>=3){i=0; dataa[cursor]='6'; }else{ i=i+1;

dataa[cursor]=index+i; } return dataa[cursor]; }//6

if(P0_0==1){ index=70; if(i>=3){i=0; dataa[cursor]='3'; }else{ i=i+1;

dataa[cursor]=index+i; } return dataa[cursor]; }//3

P1_4=0;

P1_5=0;

P1_6=0;

P1_7=0;

P1_7=1;

if(P0_2==1){ dataa[cursor]=' '; i=0; send_data(dataa[cursor]);

command(0xd0+cursor); if(cursor>0){ cursor-=1; }else{ cursor=0; }

command(0xd0+cursor); }//C

if(P0_3==1){ clear(); i=0; cursor=0; }//D

if(P0_1==1){ i=0; if(cursor>0){ cursor-=1; }else{ cursor=0; }

command(0xd0+cursor); }//B

if(P0_0==1){ i=0; if(cursor <= 14){ cursor+=1; }else{ cursor=0; }

command(0xd0+cursor); }//A

52
 returndataa[cursor];

void clear(){

unsigned char tt=0;

command(0xd0);

command(0x0C);

for(tt=0; tt<16; tt++){ dataa[tt]=' '; send_data(' '); }

command(0xd0); command(0x0e);

voidGet_keys(){

cursor=0; i=0; old_char=' ';

clear_row(4); clear();

while(1){

val=0;

val = Get_Key();

if(old_char != dataa[cursor]){ command(0xd0+cursor);

send_data(dataa[cursor]); command(0xd0+cursor); }

old_char = dataa[cursor];

if(val=='#'){ err=0; break;}

if(val=='*'){ err=1; break; }

53
unsigned char get(){

Debounce();

P1_4=0;

P1_5=0;

P1_6=0;

P1_7=0;

P1_4=1;

if(P0_3==1){ return '#'; }//G start

if(P0_2==1){ return 0; }//7

if(P0_1==1){ return 0; }//4

if(P0_0==1){ return 0; }//1

P1_4=0;

P1_5=0;

P1_6=0;

P1_7=0;

P1_5=1;

if(P0_3==1){ return '0'; }//0

if(P0_2==1){ return 0; }//8

if(P0_1==1){ return 0; }//5

54
if(P0_0==1){ return 0; }//2

P1_4=0;

P1_5=0;

P1_6=0;

P1_7=0;

P1_6=1;

if(P0_3==1){ return '*'; }//H stop

if(P0_2==1){ return 0; }//9

if(P0_1==1){ return 0; }//6

if(P0_0==1){ return 0; }//3

P1_4=0;

P1_5=0;

P1_6=0;

P1_7=0;

P1_7=1;

if(P0_2==1){ return 'C'; }//C

if(P0_3==1){ return 'D'; }//D

if(P0_1==1){ return 'B'; }//B

if(P0_0==1){ return 'A'; }//A

return 0;

55
}

//Finger Print Codes

void split(unsigned char data){

temp[0]=(data/100)%10;

temp[1]=(data/10)%10;

temp[2]=(data/1)%10;

void bring(){

intvv=0;

send[0]=temp[0]+48; send[1]=temp[1]+48; send[2]=temp[2]+48;

for(vv=0; vv<3; vv++){ uart_putc(send[vv]); }

uart_puts("\r\n");

voidsearchh_ID(char idf){

intvv=0;

uart_init2();

if(indicator==1){

indicator=0;

split(idf);

for(vv=0; vv<18; vv++){ uart_putc('K'); } uart_puts("\r\n");

56
 }else{

for(vv=0; vv<18; vv++){ uart_putc('E'); }

uart_puts("\r\n");

voiduart_putc(unsigned char c) // Put Character to UART

SBUF=c;

while(TI==0);TI=0;

charuart_getc(void) // Get Character from UART

while(RI==0);RI=0;

return SBUF;

voiduart_puts(unsigned char *s) // Put String to UART, Require

uart_putc()

while(*s!=0){uart_putc(*s);s++;}

57
 voiduart_gets(char *s) // Get String from UART, Require

uart_getc()

while(((*s)=uart_getc())!=13)s++;

*s=0;

int s2i(char *s) // Convert String to Integer

inti=0;char sign='+';

if(*s=='-'){sign='-';s++;}

while(*s!=0){i=i*10+(*s-'0');s++;}

if(sign=='-')i=-i;

returni;

void main(){

__delay_ms(70000); __delay_ms(70000);

cct_init();

uart_init2();

lcdinit();

command(0x01); command(0x80);

send_string("**Electronic**");

58
command(0xc0); send_string("-Voting Machine-");

__delay_ms(70000); __delay_ms(70000);

clear(); command(0x90); send_string("Ready...");

while(1){

ii=0;

while(1){ if(ii>=17){ ES = 0; EA = 0; REN=0; break; } }

if(res[0]=='A'){

res[1]=res[1]-48; res[2]=res[2]-48; res[3]=res[3]-48;

print_id=(res[1]*100)+(res[2]*10)+(res[3]*1);

uart_init();

add_print(print_id);

if(res[0]=='S'){

uart_init();

search_print(500);

if(res[0]=='V'){

election();

if(res[0]=='Q'){

load();

59
}

if(res[0]=='L'){

clear_pc();

if(res[0]=='*'){

receive_data();

if(res[0]=='M'){

bring();

if(res[0]=='D'){

res[1]=res[1]-48; res[2]=res[2]-48; res[3]=res[3]-48;

print_id=(res[1]*100)+(res[2]*10)+(res[3]*1);

uart_init();

delete_print(print_id);

if(res[0]=='C'){

uart_init();

empty_print();

if(res[0]=='R'){

60
 command(0x01); command(0x80);

send_string("**Electronic**");

command(0xc0); send_string("-Voting Machine-");

command(0x90); send_string("Ready...");

if(res[0]=='P'){

command(0x01); command(0x80);

__delay_ms(80);

ii=0; clear_res(); uart_init2(); ii=0;

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONSTRUCTION
The design was basically carried out using theories learnt during classes and from

research work into the project. But the project will not be complete if there is no

tangible work to prove its workability, considering the fact that components experience

of designer and cost implication. Building this circuit require first, to look for a way to
61
 best by connecting components temporarily and after which permanent connections

were made after it has been confirmed working.

The construction of this project was divided into two parts; the electrical (i.e.

electronics) and mechanical (i.e. casing) parts. The construction of both units was

carefully planned taking into consideration the operation and utility of the device. The

components of the electronic part construction were tested one after the other to

confirm that they exhibit their expected characteristics, thereafter, they were connected

according to the schematic diagram on a project breadboard so as to test functionality

of the circuit and to effect any change as the case may be. After the pre-connection and

testing of components and the circuit, a permanent construction was then made on the

Vero matrix board.

The construction of the electronic part of the project was divided as follow:

1. The construction of the power supply unit

2. The construction of the MAX 232unit

3. The construction of the Controller unit

4. The construction of the Display unit

5. The construction of the keypad unit

6. The construction of the finger print module

4.1 TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENT

The tools and equipment used for the realization of the project are listed below.

 Proteus software.

 Digital Multimeter

 Knife.

 De-soldering pump.

62
 Hand drill.

 Saw.

 Side cutter.

 Pliers.

 Transformer

 Bridge rectifier (diode)

 Capacitor

 Voltage regulator

 Resistor

 Liquid crystal display (LCD)

 Micro controller

 Finger print module

 4x4 alpha numeric Keypad

 Personal computer (PC)

 Max 232

 Printed circuit board

 Soldering iron

 Soldering lead

 lead sucker

 Set of screw drivers (star and flat)

 Brush

 DB-9- plug

 Visual studio software

63
4.2 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

4.2.1 BREAD BOARDING

This is the process of connecting the design on a project board (bread board) for the

purpose of testing and correction. This was done in two parts soas to make debugging

easier.

First, the input to the interlock/latch output was bread boarded and the outputs A1 and

B1 were checked to see if multiple voting (either for A or A and B) was recorded by

checking logic ‘0’ in their outputs.

Secondly, the 3-digit counter down to the display for one candidate was bread boarded

and the circuit (figure 4.1) was used to provide debounce clock signal (negative edge)

to see if the count was recorded.

4.2.2 VERO BOARDING

The vero board used is the flat dry type with copper strip connection between lines for

permanent component connection by soldering. The following arethe procedures

carried out during the permanent connection.

4.2.3 FITTING OF VERO BOARD

The vero board has 35 straight copper strip lines with a total dimension of 25cm by

10cm. the board was sliced using pen knife to cut through to size.

4.2.4SOLDERING TECHNIQUES
The components were laid out on a project board and to a vero board for soldering.

64
 Soldering is an important process in the mounting of component on a Vero-board.

Soldering operations were carefully performed and the necessary precautions were

strictly adhere to during soldering, some circuit parts sensitive to heat, to avoid damage

on them precautionary measure were adopted.

- Apply heat sink to all leads of heat sensitive parts

- Solder the joint by applying the second, then apply cored solder to the joint at

the points where the iron tips is touching as soon as wetting occurs, remove the

iron.

- When the solder has cooled enough and solidifies. Clean off excessive flux

with solvent made for this purpose.

- Do not test the joint by pulling one of the leads, the parts or wires connected to

the joints.

Dis-soldering is done where necessary to remove components part that is not good and

they are replaced eventually. When dis-soldering, the right tools for absorbing the lead

was used. Avoid the use of brush as it can short circuit other components on the board.

4.3 CONNECTION TECHNIQUES

The points that can be connected by the straight copper strip were connected, while

those points that cannot be connected by the foil were connected using network cable

as jumper wire. Also the joined by the copper foil that were not supposed to be

connected were isolated using razor blade to etch out the unwanted path. All the

integrated circuits were placed in their corresponding sockets.

To connect the mother board to the multiplexed display requires ten wires (three for

then common cathodes and seven for the looped anode. This was done using ribbon

cables (like the used in PC to connect drives and a connector. These connectors can be

65
 plugged only in one direction to their socket and both for the displays are configured

differently.

4.4 TESTING
After the connection of the vero board, static test (continuity) was carried out to sort

out any open circuit, or wrong connection. Then the display board and main board

were linked together, and the system is simulated with switches and its performance

confirmed okay.

Finally when the circuit and the various input and output were mounted on the casing,

then the system was plugged to mains. The system thus work to specification.

CONSTRUCTION OF MECHANICAL STRUCTURE (CASING)

Casing is the encapsulation of a circuit within a container for protection. It is the final

stage of construction and it gives the project its physical outlook.

After the construction of the electronic unit, the casing was constructed. The project

was cased so as to give the device a good finishing, protecting the electronic device

from environmental condition like moisture, low and high ambient temperature and

increases the reliability of the device by offering mechanical strength to the device.

After successfully completing the electronic construction, the unit was assembled in a

plastic container.

Figure below shows the casing of the electronic voting machine

66
 Fig. 4.1Casing of theproject

4.6 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

The construction procedure for the entire device could be described as follows:

1. The design for each of the circuits or units was planned and executed.

2. The components and materials needed for each circuit was purchased.

3. All the tools and equipment needed for construction were also provided as

listed above.

4. Pre-testing of the components was done to ensure the components satisfied

their required ratings as to be used for the construction

5. All necessary interconnections between each circuit were made and the circuits

were finally interconnected together to give the desired function of the system.

6. Visual inspection test were carried out to ensure that components and cables

were connected to their appropriate terminals.

7. Open and short circuit test was also carried out to ensure proper connections.

8. The entire circuit was tested using a test signal from a signal generator which

was connected to the input while the result was observed at the output.

9. The circuit was then tested with the stipulated supply voltage from the supply

authorities and finally constructed on a permanent circuit board.

10. The casing was constructed paying attention to the size and structure of the

circuit it is housing.

Below is the detailed construction connection procedure of each of the different circuit

stages.

67
4.7 CONSTRUCTION OF THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT
The power supply unit comprised of the 220/12V step down transformer, the bridge

diode, the capacitor and the voltage regulator. The transformer output (secondary coil

i.e. 12V) was connected to the bridge diode pin 2 and 3. The pin 1 of the bridge diode

was the positive output (+12V) while the pin 4 was the negative output (12V). The

output of the bridge diode was then connected to the capacitor (25V 2500uF), the

capacitor was then connected to the voltage regulator and the voltage regulator regulate

the voltage to 5v.

4.8 CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAX 232 UNIT.

This unit was implemented with the MAX232. The MAX 232 has 8 legs numbering as

follows (7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14). The pin 12 of the MAX 232 was connected to the

microcontroller pin 11 of the circuit, the pin 2 was connected to Vcc (+5v), pins 14

connected to the receiver pin of the finger print module and 13 to the transmitter pins

11 and 12 connected directly to pin 10 and 11 of the AT89C52 microcontroller

respectively.

4.9 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONTROLLER UNIT.

This unit was implemented with the AT89C52 microcontroller from Microchip

Corporation. The microcontroller has 40 pins. The pin 9 is the reset pin which is 0v

active and was connected to +5V Vcc directly. Then pin 40 is the power supply pins,

pins 18 and 19 were the crystal oscillator input. The crystal used was 11.0592MHz

biased with two 15pf capacitors as specified in the datasheet.

4.10 CONSTRUCTION OF THE DISPLAY UNIT

This display was implemented with LCD display that were connected directly to the

microcontroller pins 21, 22, 23,32,33, 34, 35,36,37,38 and 39through which the signals

from the microcontroller was displayed.

68
4.11CONSTRUCTION OF THE KEYPAD UNIT
This unit was implemented with an alpha-numeric keypad with function keys (F1-F4).

The buttons were connected to pins 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7 and 8 of the microcontroller. The

buttons were pulled down to +5V using 10k resistor each.

4.12 CONTRUCTION OF THE FINGER PRINT MODULE

The finger print module was implemented with 5V dc from the second voltage regulator and

communicate with the microcontroller with the help of the MAX 252 by connecting Rx to Pin

4 and Tx to Pin 13 of the MAX 252 while VCC was connected to 5V

CONSTRUCTION OF MECHANICAL STRUCTURE (CASING)

After the construction of the electronic unit, the casing was constructed. The project

was cased so as to give the device a good finishing, protecting the electronic device

from environmental condition like moisture, low and high ambient temperature and

increases the reliability of the device by offering mechanical strength to the device.

4.14 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

From the circuit diagram, when the switch is turned ON, the power supply provides the

voltage required by the microcontroller, LCD and the finger print module. The

microcontroller initializes the LCD, finger print module and keypad. The keypad then

enters into loop to wait for command from the PC interface. The architecture between

the machine and the PC interface is a client server interface where the machine is the

server but the PC initiates the entire process.

The entire process is capitalized into three processes which are:

 The Registration process

 The Verification process and

 The Voting process

69
4.15REGISTRATION PROCESS
The PC initiate a request for the voter’s information beginning from the name, age,

sex, date of birth, occupation, address, password and thumbprint and image. For this

process the machine act as the collation system for the voter’s information.

4.16VERIFICATION PROCESS
The PC initiates a request for a voter through the machine requesting for his or her

thumb print when the voter places his thumb on the machine, the PC interface then

performs a search with the intersected thumb print and stores the print when the

match is found and the complete details or information of the voter. This entire process

enables the users to verify if a voter is valid or not.

4.17VOTING PROCESS
The PC interface also initiate a request to the voter through the machine for his or her

thumb print the PC interface searches through a stored print or data base to look for a

match.When a match is found, the PC interface starts a process of displaying all the

valid candidate and the contested positions sequentially to the voter through the

machine, when the voter presses the start button it indicate that he has voted for the

current displayed candidate and when that is done the next election also comes up with

all the valid candidates, when the election process is completed there is a button in the

PC interface that indicates compute election results and when this button is clicked,

the result of all the election being computed will display on the PC interface for

viewing. There is an option for print out the result so that the result can be printed out

and pasted on the polling unit.

70
4.18 TEST, RESULT, OBSERVATION AND PRECAUTION
The aim of testing is to ascertain that after the design and construction of the entire

circuit, it will perform the required function optimally as desired. Three basic tests

were carried out and they include:

1. Visual inspection test

2. Continuity test

3. Operation test

4.19 VISUAL INSPECTION TEST

Visual inspection test was carried out by checking conductor lines, cable termination

and components arrangement for faults such as open circuit and short circuit that can

be visually detected.

4.20 CONTINUITY TEST

Continuity test was carried out with the aid of a digital Multimeter to ensure that

specific paths were continuous. The continuity test also verified the result of the visual

inspection test.

4.21 OPERATION TEST

Operational test was carried out to ensure that the device constructed performed the

required function. The operation test was carried out by injecting a known signal using

signal generators into the system and the system’s output performance was observed.

4.22RESULTS
When the entire circuit was visually inspected, short circuited conductor lines were

detected. These short circuits corrected by cutting the open link between the two

conductor lines.

71
 When continuity test were carried out on specific circuit paths such as the paths

between the microcontroller and the real time clock terminals and ground, it was found

there was continuity

4.23 OBSERVATION
Some of the observations made during the development of the project are listed below:

i. It was observed that most of the calculated values of the components were not

available in the market, hence the commercially available standard values were

used

ii. It was observed that when the AC voltage supply is below the required range

(220~240V), the display gives a low illumination due to the applied voltage

iii. It was observed that when no pulse signal is introduced to the microcontroller,

the microcontroller retains its current output state

iv. It was observed that every microcontroller requires a crystal oscillator which

determines the clock rate of the controller.

4.24 PRECAUTIONS
The following precautions were taken during the construction of the project;

i. The components such as the microcontroller, LCD, voltage regulator and other

components were handled with care.

ii. The application of heat on the component was done meticulously to avoid

damage of the components.

iii. Proper IC handling procedures was followed when dealing with components

that are susceptible to electrostatic discharge.

iv. It was ensured that the power rating of the components was not exceeded.

72
v. It was ensured that the circuit was firstly constructed and tested on a bread

board before it was transferred to the Vero board were it was permanently

soldered.

vi. It was ensured that the components were properly terminated for effective and

smooth operations.

vii. It was ensured that the specified crystal clock oscillator was used for the

microcontroller (AT89C52)

viii. It was ensured that the components was well grounded.

73
 OTHER DIAGRAM

Fig 4.2Outside View of the Construction

74
Fig 4.3Inside View of the Construction

75
4.25 COST ANALYSIS
Table 4.1: The Cost of the Materials

S/N DESCRIPTION OF ITEM QTY UNIT PRICE (N) TOTAL COST (N)
1 220/12V Transformer 1 1000 1000
2 Rectifier diodes IN4007 5 100 500
3 Resistor 10kΩ 9 40 360
4 35V, 2500µf 2 150 300
5 Micro controller 1 500 500
6 AT89C52 1 1500 1500
7 4×4 alpha numeric keypad 1 1500 1500
8 Voltage Regulator (LM7805) 1 200 200
9 MAX 232 1 300 300
10 Keypad 5 100 500
11 Casing 1 2000 2000
12 OFF/ON switch 1 250 250
13 LCD display 1 6000 6000
14 Printed circuit board 2 100 200
15 Connecting belt Wires 10 200 2000
16 40 pin IC socket 1 150 150
17 Crystal oscillator 1 1000 1000
18 Finger print module 1 10000 10000
19 DB-9-plug 1 1000 1000
19 Soldering Lead 1 200 200
Total (N)30310

76
 LCD1
16x4 LCD

To 5v VCC

RV1

VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
502

C2 U2
19 39
XTAL1 P0.0/AD0
38
P0.1/AD1
15pF 37
P0.2/AD2
11.0592MHZ 18
XTAL2 P0.3/AD3
36
CRYSTAL 35
P0.4/AD4
34
C3 P0.5/AD5
33
P0.6/AD6
9 32
RST P0.7/AD7
15pF 21 C4
P2.0/A8
22
P2.1/A9
23
P2.2/A10
29 24 1nF
5v VCC 30
PSEN P2.3/A11
25
31
ALE P2.4/A12
26 1 3 U3
EA P2.5/A13
27
P2.6/A14
28
TR1 12 VCC P2.7/A15 C1+ C1- Vcc
BR1 1 10 11 14
RX
U1 2
P1.0/T2 P3.0/RXD
11 12
T1IN T1OUT
13
7805 P1.1/T2EX P3.1/TXD R1OUT R1IN
3 12 10 7
4
P1.2 P3.2/INT0
13 9
T2IN T2OUT
8
TX Vss
R1 P1.3 P3.3/INT1 R2OUT R2IN
1 3 5 14
VI VO 4x4 AlphaNumeric Keypad 6
P1.4 P3.4/T0
15 2
10k P1.5 P3.5/T1 VS+
GND

7 16 6
P1.6 P3.6/WR VS- SM630 Finger print moudle
1n4007 C1 C8 8
P1.7 P3.7/RD
17
2500uF 0.1uF C6 C2+ C2-
C7
2

Bridge Diode 25v 10uF AT89C52

220v/12v Step down transformer 1nF
R5 R4 R3 R2 4
C5
5 MAX232
10k 10k 10k 10k C9
1nF
1nF

U4
7805

1 3
VI VO
GND
2

77
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This contains the conclusion and recommendation of the project work. It

gives the summary of the processes involved in the design and construction of

the project work.

5.1 CONCLUSION
The aim of this project is design and construction of an electronic voting

machine, it is designed and constructed with the provision for registration,

verification and casting of vote for any candidate or party of your choice by

typing the name of the party or candidate using the keypad on the voting

machine that is interfaced with the PC . The implementation of the project

work started with a research into the existing system of voting, their

techniques and technology. From these a workable circuit was designed using

electrical and electronics technology. The design wassuccessfully achieved

passing through different phases of planning, design, construction,

programming and testing

However, this project enables the learning of microcontrollers, finger-print

module, LCD displays and also basic electronics construction, despite all the

hurdles encountered in this design early stage, it has however offered a vast

field of knowledge and skill in the operation, behaviour, design and

construction of many electronic circuits designed to make this project

successful.

78
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The adoption of this type of voting system using a finger-print technology

will provide more security in authentication of a candidate contesting in

elections by providing a unique identity to every user using the

FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY provided the fingerprints of all the voters

are maintained in a database. This is purely to eradicate rigging which will be

helpful to elect the genuine candidates on the basis of number of votes polled

to them. Also the microcontroller which is the heart of the machine is

reprogrammable and there is room for modifications where the numbers of

candidates or parties can be increased.

From the working principle of the project work, it is recommended for use in

elections such as SUG election, local government election, state government

election etc. However, this project work can be improved upon in the

following ways.

i. The numbers of candidate can be increased by using other

microcontroller like PIC microcontroller.

ii. It could be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result

almost instantly from the machine itself.

iii. The project work can be interfaced with a central server where the

whole exercise can be monitored with the aid of an internet which will

enable those outside the country to cast their vote.

79
 REFERENCE

Nowick J. R. and Adam L. J. (1990); “Digital Circuit” Edward Arnold Publication

(London), First Edition.

Anil K. Jain and Thomas L. Flboyd (2002); “Digital Fundamental” Pearson Education

book Publication, New York, Eight Edition.

Joseph J. Mstefano, et al (1990b); “Micro Electronic” McGraw-Hill Publication, New

York, Second Edition.

Parag K. Lala (2008); “Principle of Modem Digital and Microcontroller Design” John

Wiley and Son Company, New Jersey, Fifth Edition.

Richard T. Tinder (2006); “Engineering and Microcontroller Design” Academic Press,

Sandiago, Second Edition.

Mehta V. K. (2004), “Principle of Electronic”, S. Chand Publishing Company, Ram Nagar,

New Delhi, India, 8th Edition.

Omowaye F. N. (2013), Guide to electronics (Project made easy), Jonokase Nig. Co.,

Warri, Delta State, Nigeria, Second Edition. ISBN 978-978-51847-6-1.

Theraja B. L. and Theraja A. K.(2003); “Electrical Technology” S. Chand and Company

Limited, (Ram Nagar), First Edition.

Robert l. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky (2005); “Electronics Device and Circuit

Theory” Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Ninth Edition.

Bernard Grob (1982); “Electronics Circuits and Applications” McGraw-Hill Publications,

New York, First Edition.

Lionel Warner (1990); “Electrical and Electronic Engineering Principles and Practice”

Macinollam press limited, (London) Forth Edition.

Ronald J. Tocci(1991); “Digital Systems Principles and Applications” Prentice Hall Inc.

(London), Fifth Edition.

80
APPENDIX I

81
4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

82
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN ELECTRONIC VOTING

MACHINE

BY

ISAAC CHRISTOPHER OGHENEBRORHIEN

M14/HND/EEED /E&T/8467
AND
KAYODE TITILAYO HAPPINESS
M14/HND/EEED/E&T/8468

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
PETROLEUM TRAINING INSTITUTE,EFFURUN

IN

83
 PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION)

AUGUST, 2016

84
 CERTIFICATION

This is tocertify that this project work was carried out byISAAC CHRISTOPHER

OGHENEBRORHIEN AND KAYODE TITILAYO HAPPINESS in the Department of

Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun.

SIGNED………………………. SIGNED……………………

MRS.OMOWAYE F.N ENGR.A. D. OKAFOR

(Project Supervisor) (Project Coordinator)

SIGNED……………………….
ENGR. E. N. ANUKWU
(Head of Department)

85
 DEDICATION

We dedicate this project work to God almighty for his strength and life to complete it.

86
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our appreciation to our amiable supervisor for his motherly and

professional advice; academic support and immeasurable sacrifice in making this work a

reality.

We are grateful to Engr. E.N. Anukwu, H.O.D of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Department and also acknowledge the effort of my departmental lecturers who have been

up and doing in exposing me to the Technology world. My sincere gratitude goes to all our

wonderful academic and non-academic staff who toil day and night in ensuring our success,

may God bless you all.

We are most grateful to my parents, brothers, sisters and friends for their support and

encouragement towards this project.

87
 ABSTRACT

The objective of voting is to allow voters to exercise their right to express their choices

regarding specific issues, pieces of legislation, citizen initiatives, constitutional

amendments, recalls and/or to choose their government and political representatives. It

has always been an onerous task for the election commission to conduct free and fair polls

in our country, the largest democracy in the world. A lot of money have been spent on this

to make sure that the elections are rampage free. But, now- a -days it has become very

usual for some forces to indulge in rigging which may eventually lead to a result contrary

to the actual verdict given by the people. In order to provide inexpensive solutions to the

above, this project will be implemented with biometric system i.e. finger print scanning.

This is used to ensure the security to avoid fake, repeated voting etc. It also enhances the

accuracy and speed of the process. The system uses thumb impression for voter

identification as we know that the thumb impression of every human being has a unique

pattern. Thus it would have an edge over the present day voting systems. The purpose of

such system is to ensure that the voting rights are accessed only by a legitimate user and

no one else. In this, creation of a database consisting of the thumb impressions of all the

eligible voters in a constituency is done as a pre-poll procedure. During elections, the

thumb impression of a voter is entered as input to the system. This is then compared with

the available records in the database. If the particular pattern matches with any one in the

available record, access to cast a vote is granted. But in case the pattern doesn’t match

with the records of the database or in case of repetition, access to cast a vote is denied or

the vote gets rejected. The result is instantaneous and counting is done. The overall cost

for conducting elections gets reduced and so does the maintenance cost of the systems.

88
89
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - iv
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - v
Table of Content - - - - - - - - - vi
List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - x
List of Figures - - - - - - - - - xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION - - - -

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - -
1.0.1 electronic voting - - - - - - - -
1.0.2 finger print technology - - - - - - -
1.0.3 advantages of finger print - - - - - - -
1.0.4 barriers to electronic voting - - - - - - -
1.1 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - -
1.2 basic b
1.0.6 Limitation of the Study - - - - - - -

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW - - - 7

2.0.1 Evaluation of Existing System of Voting - - - - - 8
2.1.1 Paper-Based Electronic Voting System - - - - - 8
2.1.2 Lever Voting Machine - - - - - - - 8
2.1.3 Direct Recording Electronic Voting Machine - - - - 9
2.1.4 Punch Card - - - - - - - - - 9
2.1.5 Public Network Direct Recording Electronic Voting System - - 9
2.1.6 Optical Voting Machine - - - - - - - 10
2.1.7 Cell Phone/Smart Phone Voting System - - - - - 11
2.1.8 Problems with the Existing Voter Registration System - - - 12
2.1.9 Electronic Voting System - - - - - - - 13
2.0.2 Typical Features and Functionalities of E-Voting Systems - - 20
2.2.1 General Voting Principles - - - - - - - 21

90
2.2.2 Forms of Voting - - - - - - - - 21
2.2.3 Fundamental Election Rules, Suffrage, and Law - - - - 22
2.2.4 Barriers to Electronic Voting - - - - - - 22
2.2.5 Pattern Recognition - - - - - - - - 23
2.2.6 Biometric Methods - - - - - - - - 23
2.0.3 The Problem of Speech Recognition - - - - - 26
2.3.1 Features of the Electronic Voting System with Pattern Recognition - 28
2.3.2 Database Management System - - - - - - 28
2.3.3 Optical Fingerprint Scanners - - - - - - - 29
2.3.4 Technique Involved - - - - - - - - 31

CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN - - - - - 33

3.0.1 Analysis of the Existing Voting System - - - - - 33
3.0.2 Weaknesses of the Existing Voting System - - - - - 34
3.0.3 The Proposed System - - - - - - - - 35
3.0.4 Diagram of the Proposed E-Voting System with Pattern Recognition - 35
3.0.5 Process Diagram of A Pattern Recognition System - - - - 36
3.0.6 Program Design Of The E-Voting System With Pattern Recognition - 37
3.0.7 Method Of Data Collection - - - - - - - 38
3.7.1 Primary Data Collection Method - - - - - - 38
3.7.2 Secondary Data Collection Method - - - - - - 38
3.0.8 Algorithm of the Electronic Voting System with Pattern Recognition - 38
3.0.9 Flowchart for Unregistered Voter - - - - - - 39
3.0.10 Flowchart for Registered Voter - - - - - - 40
3.0.11 System Flowchart for Administration - - - - - 41
3.11.1 The Security Issues of E-Voting - - - - - - 42
3.0.12 Programming Sequence Coding - - - - - - 42
3.12.1 Login Code - - - - - - - - - 42
3.12.2 Voter Registration Code - - - - - - - 45
3.12.3 Voting Code - - - - - - - - - 46
3.13.0 Principle of Operation - - - - - - - 50
3.13.1 ER Diagram for Electronic Voting System - - - - 51
3.14.0 Data Base Tables - - - - - - - - 52
3.14.1 Admin Table - - - - - - - - 52

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3.14.2 Voter Table - - - - - - - - - 52
3.14.3 Candidate Table - - - - - - - - 53

CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION- - - 54

4.0.1 The CSS and Html Tags - - - - - - - 54
4.0.2 The Programming Language Used - - - - - - 56
4.0.3 The Database Used - - - - - - - - 57
4.0.4 SOFTWARE DESIGN ARCHITECTURE - - - - -
- - 57
4.0.5 System Requirement - - - - - - - - 58
4.0.6 Uploading the Program - - - - - - - 59
4.0.7 Documentation - - - - - - - - - 59
4.0.8 Principles of Operation - - - - - - - 60
4.0.9 Precaution - - - - - - - - - 60
4.0.10 Application Interface - - - - - - - - 61
4.0.11 Testing and Results - - - - - - - - 67
4.0.12 Cost Analysis - - - - - - - - 67

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0.0 Conclusion, Problems Encountered, Recommendation and Appraisal - 68
5.0.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 68
5.0.2 Problems Encountered - - - - - - - 68
5.0.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - - 69
5.0.4 Appraisal - - - - - - - - - 70
References

LIST OF FIGURES
Pages

Figure 2.1: Extraction of Finger Print Pattern - - - - - 31

Figure 2.2: Diagram Showing the Print Pattern Matching - - - - 32
Figure 2.3: Descriptions of Finger Print - - - - - - 32
Figure 3.1: Proposed E-Voting System with Pattern Recognition - - - 36
Figure 3.2: Process Diagram of A Pattern Recognition System - - - 38

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Candidate
Figure 3.3: Program Design - - - - - - - - 40
Figure 3.4: System Flowchart for Unregistered Voter - - - - 40
Figure 3.5: System Flowchart for Registered Voter - - - - - 40
Figure 3.6: System Flowchart for Administration - - - - - 42
Figure 3.7: ER Diagram for Electronic Voting System - - - - 51
Figure 4.1 First Administrative (INEC) Login with Pattern Recognition - - 61
Figure 4.2 Administrative (INEC) Login - - - - - - 61
Figure 4.3 Add New Candidate - - - - - - - 62
Figure 4.4 Add New Candidate - - - - - - - 62
Figure 4.5 Display Lists of Unvoted Voters - - - - - - 63
Figure 4.6: Lists of Presidential Candidates - - - - - - 63
Figure 4.7: View Candidate Information Page - - - - - 64
Figure 4.8 Voter Login Page - - - - - - - - 64
Figure 4.9 Voting Panel - - - - - - - - 65
Figure 4.10 Vote Summary Pages- - - - - - - - 66
Figure 4.11 Confirmation Page - - - - - - - 66

LIST OF TABLES

Pages

Table 3.1: Table for Login - - - - - - - - 52

Table 3.2: Table for Voter - - - - - - - - 52

Table 3.3: Candidate Table - - - - - - - - 53

Table 4.1: Test and Results - - - - - - - - 67

Table 4.2: Quotation and Their Respective Prices - - - - - 67

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONICS VOTING
SYSTEM WITH PATTERN RECOGNITION

BY

ADEBAYO MICHAEL ADEWUMI

M13/HND/EEED/E&T/8061

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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
PETROLEUM TRAINING INSTITUTE,EFFURUN, DELTA STATE.

AUGUST, 2015.

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