Chapter 19 Water and Its Treatment-1
Chapter 19 Water and Its Treatment-1
Chapter 19 Water and Its Treatment-1
GENERAL INFORMATION
SEA dissolved sodium and magnesium salts (e.g. NaCl) and CO2
water also
Contains man-made chemicals such as detergents, acids,
fertilizers and other pollutants.
Hard Water
Hardness of Water
• DEFINITION:
“ The property of water to form an insoluble curd with
soap instead of lather. In other words hardness is the
soap destroying property due to the presence of
Bicarbonates, Sulphates and Chlorides of Calcium
and Magnesium.”
Contains ions of calcium and magnesium and form scum with soap thus
preventing formation of lather.
The soap will only form a lather when all the dissolved calcium
hydrogen carbonate in the water has reacted.
Using hard water can cause problems:
More soap is needed to get a lather.
It can be difficult to clean the scum from bathtubs and sinks.
Hard water can be unsuitable for industrial processes
like dying. By - Dr. Ashish Kumar
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
Method
Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.
Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the
water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather.
Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
A sodium sulphate
B magnesium sulphate
C potassium chloride
D calcium chloride
E sodium nitrate
F magnesium nitrate
G calcium nitrate
H sodium chloride
A B C D E F G H
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
Method
Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.
Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the
water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather.
Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
A sodium sulphate
B magnesium sulphate
C potassium chloride
D calcium chloride
E sodium nitrate
F magnesium nitrate
G calcium nitrate
H sodium chloride
A B C D E F G H
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
Method
Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.
Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the
water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather.
Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
“Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap”
Method
Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm.
Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the
water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather.
Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness.
RAIN DISSOLVES
THE SOLUBLE
SALTS IN ROCKS
WATER CONTAINING
BySOLUBLE CALCIUM
- Dr. Ashish Kumar OR MAGNESIUM IONS
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
LIMESTONE IS
INSOLUBLE IN WATER
BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN
RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC
DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2
ROCKS CONTAINING
LIMESTONE
SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
WATER CONTAINING
BySOLUBLE CALCIUM
- Dr. Ashish Kumar OR MAGNESIUM IONS
HARD WATER – HOW DOES IT ARISE?
ROCKS CONTAINING
LIMESTONE
SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR
(CALCIUM CARBONATE)
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
WATER CONTAINING
BySOLUBLE CALCIUM
- Dr. Ashish Kumar OR MAGNESIUM IONS
Types of Hardness
In ppm or mg/l
Hard water does not produce lather until all the ions
causing hardness have precipitated.
1.When indicator is added to hard water it combines with free metal ions present in
water.
HIn-2 + M+2 → MIn- + H+ {M = Mg or Ca}
(Blue) (Wine red)
2.When EDTA solution is added to the titration flask it combines with the free metal ions
giving metal EDTA complex, which is stable and colorless.
3.When all the free metal ions are exhausted, next drop of EDTA removes the metal ion
engaged with indicator and the original blue color is restored.
H2Y2- + MIn- → MY-2 + HIn2- + H+
( Blue)
By - Dr. Ashish Kumar
Determination of hardness by EDTA method
• Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions along with other metal ions such as
Fe2+ and Pb2+ undergoes complexation with EDTA
(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).
• H2EDTA2- binds to a Ca2+ ion by forming four special
covalent bonds called coordinate covalent bonds.
+ + 2 H+
Ca2+
Reactions :
Ca2+ + HIn2- CaIn- + H+
Mg2+ + HIn2- MgIn- + H+
Ca2+ + H2Y2- CaY2- + 2H+
Mg2+ + H2Y2- MgY2- + 2H+
MgIn-(grape red) + H2Y2- MgY2- + HIn2- (blue) + H+
By - Dr. Ashish Kumar
Determination of Permanent Hardness
Principle
Principle::
The
Thetemporary
temporaryhardness
hardnessin inwater
waterremoved
removedby byboiling
boilingfor
for15
15minutes,
minutes,
Ca
Ca2+and
2+
andMg
Mg2+ion
2+
ionin
inthe
thesupernatant
supernatanttitrated
titratedwith
with EDTA
EDTA standard
standard
solution
solutionatatpH
pH10 10with
with EBT
EBTindicator.
indicator. The
Theend
endpoint
pointshown
shown with
withthe
the
color
colorchange
changefrom
from grape
grapered
redtotoclear blue...
clearblue.
Eq.
Eq.point
point::mol
molCa Ca2+++Mg
2+
Mg2+==mol
2+
molEDTA
EDTA
Reaction :
Ca(HCO3)2 (heated) CaCO3(s) + H2O +CO2
Mg(HCO3)2 (heated) Mg(OH)2(s) + CO2
Ca2+ + HIn2- CaIn- + H+ // Mg2+ + HIn2- MgIn- + H+
Ca2+ + H2Y2- CaY2- + 2H+
Mg2+ + H2Y2- MgY2- + 2H+
MgIn-(grape red) + H2Y2- MgY2- + HIn2- (blue) + H+
By - Dr. Ashish Kumar
Determination of Temporary Hardness
Indirect
Indirect determination
determination ::
Temporary
Temporary Hardness
Hardness == Total
Total –– Permanent
Permanent
equivalent.
temporary hardness=total
Molarity hardness
× 105 = Hardness - permanent
in mg/L of CaCO3 hardness=
equivalent. 150 ppm
By - Dr. Ashish Kumar
1gram of CaCO3 was dissolved in dil. HCL and the solution is
diluted to 1litre. 100 ml of this water required 90 ml of EDTA
solution. Another 100 ml of water sample required 36 ml of
EDTA solution. 100 ml of water from same source was boiled
and ppt removed . The filtrate require 18 ml of EDTA. Calculate
total hardness and permanent hardness?
V2
V2 = M
V1 or P =0
M = 10 V2 ppm
So when P=0 , both OH- and CO32 – are absent and alkalinity
is due to HCO32-
V2
V1 + V2 = M
Thus P= 1/2M
2CH3COOH (aq) + CaCO3 (s) (CH3COO)2Ca (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
• The impurities responsible for Scales are: Ca(HCO3)2 , CaSO4, Mg(HCO3)2, MgCl2
and Silica.
Harmful Effects of Scale formation:
1. Danger of Explosion.
2. Lowering of boiler Efficiency
3. Wastage of fuel
4. Increase in cleaning expenses.
External Internal
CaCO3 is precipitated out of the water (sludge) and it’s filtered off.
Lime
Batch Softening ( Lime and soda Continuous Softening ( Lime and soda
Both are mixed together with hard water are added to hard water into different
tank. After completing of reaction, the compartment.)
sludge is filtered off)
Advantage: It not only reduce hardness but also reduce the TDS, alkalinity.
So lime required = 74 (MW of Lime)/ 100 (MW of CaCO3)[5+2×5.13 +10 + 2.1] = 20.25
mg/l.
Cationic Exchangers:
- Strongly acidic – functional groups derived from strong
acids e.g., R-SO3H (sulfonic).
Weakly acidic – functional groups derived from weak
acids, e.g., R-COOH (carboxylic).
Anionic Exchangers:
Strongly basic – functional groups derived from
quaternary ammonia compounds, -R3N-OH.
Weakly basic - functional groups derived from primary
and secondary amines, R-NH3OH orBy R-R’-NH OH
- Dr. Ashish Kumar
2
Water is first passed through the cation exchange resin where Ca+2, Mg+2 is
exchanged with H+ from the resin, then the water is passed through the anion
exchange resin where Cl-, SO4-2 is exchanged with OH-
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
H+ H+ H+ H+
RESIN
H+ H+ H+ H+
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
H+
+
H
H+
RESIN H+
H+
+
H
H+ H+
• Ca2+and Mg2+ ions in the hard water swap with those on the resin
• The water comes out with H+ ions in it
• Ca2+and Mg2+ ions remain attached to the resin
• H+ ions do not cause hardness.
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
• Eventually, all the H+ ions get used up so the resin must be replaced or
flushed through with Acid solution to replace the calcium.
The chlorination process involves adding chlorine to water, but the chlorinating product
does not necessarily have to be pure chlorine. Chlorination can also be carried out
using chlorine-containing substances.
The three most common types of chlorine used in water treatment are: chlorine gas,
sodium hypochlorite, and calcium hypochlorite.