Understanding

Culture, Society
and Politics

Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Nature, Goals and Perspectives
in Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Armando D. Ison

Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent
Roy C. Tibordo
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Armando D. Ison
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Armando D. Ison
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia,
Ma. Criscel R. Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the Learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will
be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module.

What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.

What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned

This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or
concerns.

Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

 1

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of
Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is about the Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the nature, goals, and perspectives in anthropology, sociology and political science;
2. Recognize the concepts and the subjects of inquiries of anthropology, sociology and political science; and
3. Appreciate the importance of the goals of anthropology, sociology and political science.

What’s In
Before you proceed, go back with some of the important concepts about culture that is the main focus of the
discussion.
Learning Task 1: #Walang Forever –
Change is inevitable because it is the law of nature. Similarly, society does not remain static. It changes, as
the world continues to change, most especially with the advent of new discoveries in science and technology.
It is not new to us how our ways of life before is no longer the ways of life of today’s generation. People should
be open for changes. It is very important that we understand and accept the challenges these changes are
imposing on us and recognize all the factors that brought these changes.
Since change is already happening at present, let us realize how social change occurs because of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic. Tell the changes on some aspects of your life by completing the table below.
Before COVID-19 During COVID-19

Way of life

View of the world

Priorities in life

Relationships
with others

Week 1
Answer the following question:
 1. Can we consider these changes as examples of social change? Why or why
not?
2. What are the roles of government in protecting us from the harmful effects of
this pandemic?
3. Aside from the government, how do you think other sectors of the community
like schools, churches, and industries, can cope with these changes? 4. What
are your fears related to this unexpected event in your life? How do you deal
with your worries during this time of COVID-19 pandemic?

What’s New
Learning Task 2: #PIN-POINT

Using the given illustration above, identify the concepts that you can relate to
culture, society and politics.
Culture Society Politics

After doing the activity, give your own definition of culture, society and politics.
Culture

__________________________________________________________________________________
Society

_________________________________________________________________________________
Politics

__________________________________________________________________________________

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What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your
understanding about culture.
 Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover further
knowledge that will help you out in your quest on the remaining phases of this
lesson.
Since our course is Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, we can deepen our
understanding of ourselves as members of society by studying these three
specialized fields, namely: anthropology for culture, sociology for society and
political science for politics

A lot of us are likely confused with the difference between sociology and
anthropology. Confusion might come from their commonalities as the two are
dealing with society and culture. Both of them study human behavior and the
different factors that affects our social relations. Since these two fields are most
likely similar to each other, let us first draw out its differences

To find out the difference between anthropology and sociology, let us study
the similar and various concepts between each field below:
Anthropology Sociology

Answers What does it mean to be How do we study society?

the human?
question.. What are the things that you
Who are you? think influence your life?

Where do you come from? What is life to people living in

places with different culture
and behavior?

Where did Anthropology started as a Sociology emerged as an

it start? science during the time of academic field right at the
exploration when European height of Industrial Revolution
countries started to colonize in Europe which mobilized the
what they considered as entire population in a way that
primitive societies where had never been before in
people were believed to be human history. These era had
savages and barbaric. brought great changes in the
way people live in a society.

Sociology started as the study

Let it be clear that of European society by
anthropology started as the European people (inward).
study of non European people
by European people
(outward).
During that time, emerging
institutions arose and replaced
the old ones such as how
During their colonial science was taking over
encounter with these people, religion, when the
Europeans

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 started to make a written reign of kings and queens fell
records about non- down, and when the era of
Europeans. They focus on feudalism had ended. People
kinship, language, race, saw the importance of studying
religion, cultural perceptions, these emerging institutions
and others. and how they started and what
impact they could make to an
individual and the new society
in general.

Who Franz Boas –considered as Auguste Comte – French

started the father of modern philosopher and
this field? American anthropology. His mathematician. He coined the
study led to the doctrine of term sociology. He saw the
“historical particularism,” need for a systematic science
where he stated that each of studying society and in
society is considered as dealing with the solution of its
having a unique form of basic problems.
culture that cannot be
understood under an overall
definiton of general culture.

Concept Anthroplogy is the study of Sociology is the study of

people and their culture. society, patterns of social
interactions, and culture of
It uses a special research everyday life. Unlike
method known as anthropology, the knowledge
ethnography in which created by sociology is used to
antropologists are required to understand one’s own society.
live with their subject of
study for a long period of Sociologists use qualitative
time in order to make their research method in doing their
writings more reliable and studies.
credible.

Subjects Biological anthropology refers Anything in a society that

of to the study of human origins influences people’s lives can be
Inquiry (genetics, race, evolutions, subjects of inquiry, like
fossils, primates). different social phenomena,
issues, and problems.
Cultural anthropology is the
study of living people
(religion, social system,
language, clothing, foods, Sociologists can also look into
beliefs, traditions, etc). things that influence life like
family background, socio
Linguistics is the study of economic status, ethnicity,
language, its evolution, its social classes, religion, gender,
connection to other beliefs, traditions, norms,
languages, and others. among others.
Archeology refers to the study Some fields are social
of dead culture (religion, organization, social psychology,
social system, language, how applied sociology, and human
they ecology.
 5
dress, foods, beliefs,
traditions, etc).

Goals The goals of anthropology are The goals of Sociology are the
the following: following:

- See the commonalities -Obtain possible theories and

among people (tradition, principles about society as
language, kinship, etc). well as various aspects of
- Look at what makes us the social life.
same to understand more -Study the nature of humanity
about human nature. to further examine our roles
- Discover what makes people within a society.
different from each other -Appreciate that all things in
in order to understand society are interdependent.
and preserve diversity. -Expose our minds to different
- Produce new knowledge and perspectives in attaining
new theories about truth.
mankind and behavior.
- Look at one’s own culture
more objectively.

After finding out the difference between anthropology and sociology, let us
now proceed with another discipline in social science that plays another important
role in our life.

Politics impacts our lives directly or indirectly, whether we are aware of its
effects or not. If there is a crime that took place, we call a police, and this scheme is
part of government. If there was a fire that occured, we call the fire department, and
that’s also a part of government. Military is government as well, let alone our civil
liberty and our rights which have influences on us daily. In school, you were asked
to read by heart the Constitution. When you are apprehended by an authority, you
asked your violation and insisted on your legal rights. Even inside your house, there
are still set of rules that are being enforced and followed. All these things are related
to a field called Political Science.

Description/Explanation

Origin - The study of political science was started by the ancient Greeks.
- Aristotle on his book “Politics” stated that Man is a political
animal. It means that it is our nature to live in a society and
to have power over another.
Concepts - Political Science is the systematic study of government, politics, and
political power.
- It is often defined as who gets what, when, where and how.
Subjects of Inquiry - human rights
- political theory, philosopy and different political - international relations and foreign policies
ideologies - public management
Goals - Make people a better citizens.

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- Keep social order and harmony among different group of
 people.
- Protect the rights of an individual.
- Avoid conflict and promote cooperation.

What’s More

Learning Task 3: #MY PERSONAL SOCIAL MAP

Find your own social location by creating your

own social map. Fill up every important feature given
on each box to understand yourself better.

Race

Religion

Social class

Type of
community (urban/rural)

Gender

Language/DialectAnswer the following

questions
1. What do you think is the importance of finding your social location in your
own society?
2. How do the following features (race, gender, religion, class, etc.) affect you in
pursuing your present and future plans? Do they provide opportunities or
serve as constraints?
3. How does government respond to the needs of those people who belong to
the same social location where you are located right now?

Learning Task 4:
Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that studies the culture of dead
people. Archaeologists rely on the pieces of evidence that they exhumed from
discovered old cities and civilizations. We learn many things about our past based
on their findings.
Today, people can store information digitally and put it in formats that can
last for a long period. In relation, let us do an activity by describing yourself to the
future generation through clues about you and the present society where you live.
As a student of this generation, you are tasked to make a historical footprint
of your contemporary society so that people of future generations will understand
how people of today lived, and what their personality, values, set of beliefs, and
ideas were. You have to provide them with one written evidence that describes your
society and two objects with explanation that represent your present society.

Description of your society

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Drawing or picture of two objects that represent your society with explanation

What I
Have Learned
Learning Task 5: “T-M-L Phrase
Complete the following phrases.
The Topic was about
______________________________________________________________________

It Matters because
______________________________________________________________________

I’ve Learned today that

_____________________________________________________________________

_ What I Can Do

Learning Task 6: Photo Analysis of Social Issues

Issue/Problem Discipline/s in social science you will use for the

problem/issue
Based on the picture below, identify the major social issue or problem that affects
our society today. Explain how the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and
political science help us in addressing this issue.

Assessment Directions:

Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

For numbers 1-4, identify the branch of science described in each item. Choose
your answer from the given choices below:

a. Anthropology b. Political Science c. Sociology

1. Its goal is to look for the similarities and differences among the culture of
societies around the world. In doing so, we could be able to understand more
 8
about human nature, and be more tolerant on other people’s behavior and
actions.
2. This is the study of society, patterns of social interactions, and culture of
everyday life.
3. Its main concern is to learn how to use power over others to maintain social
order and harmony among citizens.
4. If we want to know why certain social phenomena happened, such as the
television program Eat Bulaga’s Kalyeserye gaining millions of tweets
worldwide, this field of social science answers these occurrences.

For numbers 5-8, identify the most appropriate discipline to be used in the following
research scenarios and recent development that happened in our country. Choose
your answer from the given choices below:

a. Anthropology c. Political Science

b. Geography d. Sociology
5. Framing legislative policies abolishing or limiting political dynasties all over
the Philippines
6. Preservation of cultural diversity and respect for traditions in this period of
globalization
7. Referendum was held in selected provinces comprising the old Bangsamoro
republic for the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Basic Law. This was
done to promote development, peace, and order in their locality.
8. Exchange of culture and ideas in the macro level and breakdown of families
in the micro level as a result of economic migration by Filipino workers

For numbers 9-15, choose the best answer for each item.
9. Food habits like the way of cooking foods, habits of dressing up, relationship
with family members or with in-laws, and many others are some of the
focuses of this anthropological field.
a. Archaeology c. Linguistics
b. Biological anthropology d. Cultural & social anthropology

10. A researcher chose to write about indigenous people in Mindanao and he

described them using some concepts such as kinship, gender and power. He
tried to compare them to other groups of people. Which of the following fields
of science did the statement above portray?
a. History c. Political science b. Anthropology d. Sociology

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 Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Concepts, Aspects, and Changes
of Culture and Society
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in/of Culture and Society
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Melany C. Arcangel

Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año, Yolanda DC. Lumanog
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Emily R. Quintos, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Giselle A. Teaño
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Melany C. Arcangel
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia,
Ma. Criscel R. Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

10
 3. Trace and scrutinize terms that are related to the

2
1
study of culture and the society, and give examples of
such concepts;
Week 4. Analyze aspects of and changes in culture and
society;
5. Appreciate the general characteristics of culture as
means of enriching our own culture; and
6. Write examples of real-life situations that best
describe the characteristics of culture.

What I Need to Know What’s In

This module was designed and written with you in
mind. It is here to help you master the concepts of This self-learning module will help you understand the
culture and society. The scope of this module permits concepts of culture and society. Particularly, you will
it to be used in many different learning situations. learn culture and society as a complex whole, as well
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary as other aspects. This module will help you
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow understand culture as that field which encompasses
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms,
which you read them can be changed to correspond artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a
with the textbook you are now using. person learns and shares as a member of society. In
addition, the module will help you understand the
The module presents the topics on: features of culture and society, and the significant
changes or transformation happening in the present
∙ Society and Culture as A Complex Whole society.
∙ Aspects and Changes of Culture and Society
Learning Task 1: #LearningStationActivity
After going through this module, you are expected to: Directions: Based on the previous discussion, kindly
1. Explain concepts of culture and society and relate it recall ideas related to anthropology, sociology, and
to a real-life situation; 2. Show deep appreciation on political science. Write them on the provided learning
the collaboration between our culture and society by stations below.
means of stating personal pledge; Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

ANTRHOPOLOGY SOCIOLOGY
POLITICAL SCIENCE

11
What’s New

Learning Task 2: #wordhunt101

Look for the words related to the study of culture and society.
Write your answers on your answer sheet.
S A F U R P V G D A D A

Y E W Z D R A S M R V T
 M K B R T A Y I O T L T

B P X G H C B K N I O I

O T R A I T S Q A F S T

L X B E L I E F S A O U

S Z B T E C J Y U C L D

K N O W L E D G E T Q E

E G B M I S V A L U E S

S C K L A W S M S V D G

Learning Task 3: #situation-analysis

Analyze each situation. Identify the feature of culture described in each
statement. In addition, the jumbled letters on the right will be your guide in
identifying these characteristics.

Evangelista family was known for

their religiosity. Francis, the youngest
of the family, learned how to pray the Holy who taught him the proper way of praying.
Rosary and the “Oracion” at the age of 10. Culture is
According to him, his grandparents were the ones
1.____________________ E LEADRN

12
Marco didn’t know how to speak Tagalog well, while Chinese hold it by the month of February.
not until he met his new circle of friends. They In this manner, the two races are observing
were speaking the said language. His usual different beliefs, practices, and traditions.
interactions and bonding with them made him
well versed in such language, making him a good
communicator in Filipino.

A gay fashion designer, Roberta, migrated in the

U.S.A since 2001. This year, he visited his former
The way Filipinos celebrate New Year is truly employer in the Philippines to be the guest
different from the way Chinese conduct the same speaker of an event. Roberta was able to
event. Pinoys have it every end of December, introduce new fashion techniques he had learned
from the States.
3.____________________ V YATREI

Karlo and Andrea used to celebrate birthdays,

Valentines, Christmas, and New Year together.
These celebrations had been part of their life as
sweethearts, making their life satisfied and ideal.

Culture is
Culture is
2.___________________ S LOACI
4.____________________ S DHEAR

Culture is
Culture has
5.____________________ G RAGINTIF Y

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Mrs. Isabella owned a famous restaurant in their What is It
hometown. Its bestsellers were the unique recipes
of bulalo and kare-kare. According to her, their
family managed to run the business despite all
Culture is
the challenges. In fact, she inherited the business
from her great grandmother. 6.____________________ C OUSNTIUTO
N
Anselmo is a proud grandfather to his 12
grandchildren. He often shared his childhood
experiences with them including stories during
the old times. He also demonstrated Filipino
values such as saying “po & opo”, pagmamano,
Culture is
etc. All these traits were being transferred to and 7.____________________ T RNASMIEDTT
practiced by his grandchildren.
 Did you have a hard time looking for words pertaining to culture and society?

Now let’s try to go deeper. Analyze the following questions and write your answers
on a separate sheet.

1. How are the words in your activity connected to the study of culture and
society?
2. Can culture and society be completed without these things? Why?
3. How do you define the terms “culture” and “society”?
4. Can a society function without culture, or can a culture exist without society?
Why?
5. What are the characteristics or aspects of culture? Please enumerate them on
the space provided.
Answer _______________ ________________
_______________ ________________
_______________ ________________
_______________ ________________

14
CHARACTERISTICS of CULTURE
1. Culture is social because it is the product of behavior. ∙ Culture
does not exist in isolation. It is a product of society. It develops
through social interaction. No man can acquire culture without
association with others.

2. Culture varies from society to society.

∙ Every society has a culture of its own that differs from other
societies. The culture of every society is unique by itself. Cultures
are not uniform. Cultural elements like customs, traditions, morals,
values, and beliefs are not constant.

3. Culture is shared.
∙ Culture is not something that an individual alone can possess.
Culture, in sociological sense, is shared. For example, people of a
 society share all customs, traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals,

etc.

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4. Culture is learned.
∙ Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Unlearned behavior then, is not
culture. Shaking hands, saying thanks, etc. are cultural behaviors.

Not all behaviors are learned, but most of these can be. Combing
hair, standing in line, telling jokes, criticizing the president, and
going to movies all constitute behaviors that need to be learned.
5. Culture is transmitted among members of society. ∙ Cultural ways

are learned by people from others. Many of these ways are handed
down from elders, parents, teachers, and others (most likely
individuals of older generation), while other cultural behaviors are
handed up to elders. Transmission of culture is made possible by
language. Language is the main vehicle of culture. Transmission of
culture may take place also through imitation as well as through
instruction.

6. Culture is continuous and cumulative.

∙ Culture exists as a continuous process. In its historical growth, it
tends to become cumulative. Ralph Linton called culture “the
social heritage” of man. No culture ever remains constant or
permanent. It is subject to slow but constant variation. Likewise,
culture is responsive to the changing conditions of the physical
world; hence, it is dynamic.

16
7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
∙ Culture provides proper opportunities for the satisfaction of our
needs and desires. Our needs, both biological and social, are
fulfilled in cultural ways. Culture consists of the intellectual,
artistic, and social ideals, and institutions where members of the
society profess and strive to confirm.
2
G.M. Lanuaza and S.S.Raymundo, Understanding
Culture, Society, and Politics Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2016,
7-12.
What’s More
Learning Task 4: #illustrativecollagecrafting
Create your own illustrative collage that depicts the concept of culture
and society. Focus on the theme. After doing the collage, complete the
statement below the box.
Rubrics
Content relevance 6 pts.
Creativity 4 pts.
10 pts.

Theme: Culture
and Society as a Complex Whole
 Culture and society as a complex whole means it encompasses the
___________________, ___________________, _________________, _______________,
___________________, ___________________, _________________, _______________,
___________________,and ___________________.

17
What I Have Learned

Learning Task 6: #Let’sSumUp!

After learning concepts from the previous phases of the module, answer the
“EXIT CARD” and write down your thoughts on a separate sheet.
Exit Card – 3 Thoughts that you have learned today
2 Things that you want to remember
1 Question you still have in mind

What I Can Do

Learning Task 7: #pi-YES-ta!

Situation: You are the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) chairperson in your
barangay. At the same time, you are elected as the president of the
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Federation in your municipality/city. You are
tasked to be the coordinator in the upcoming “Pista ng Bayan.” Write down
your plans and major directions to the following institutions or committees in
order to make the program organized and well-coordinated. Use the spaces
provided.

Local Government Unit

________________________
________________________

Products/Foods Church
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________

Peace and Order Private Individual

________________________ _________________________
________________________ _________________________
 Programs/Activities
__________________________
__________________________

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Learning Task 8: #i-cover “Sinulog Festival”
Situation: As a potential journalist, you are assigned to document one of
the most famous festivals in our country, the “Sinulog Festival.” During the event,
you need to take pictures and write down notes of the important things about
the festival that are related to the different characteristics of culture.
 Culture is learned.
Ex.

Dancers learn the steps thru

_______
the help of choreographer and
teachers.

Culture is transmitted.

_________________________________
 __________

______

19
REFLECTION

#mypledge
Make your own pledge by stating your deep appreciation on the
collaboration between our culture and society as means of developing
harmonious relationship among people in the society.
I,_______________________, do solemnly
pledge___________________________________________.

Assessment

POST-TEST
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that
corresponds to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Sinulog Festival is Cebuano’s way of honoring Sto. Nino; Pangasinan’s

Bangus festival signifies their bountiful harvest of fishes particularly
bangus; meanwhile, Bicolano’s “Bicol express” truly marks their
“Uragon” (courageous) style because of the spiciness and hotness of
the said food. The mentioned traditions represent culture as being __.
a. symbolic c. encompassing
b. intergrated d. learned
2. Mang Isko and Aling Perla used to have a family devotion (prayer) every
Saturday. They demonstrate and explain to their children the reason
for having deep faith to God. What aspect of culture is best suitable for
this situation?
a. Culture is shared. c. Culture is transmitted. b. Culture is social.
d. Culture is learned. 3. Maharlika is a young woman of Agta tribe. She is
excellent in performing their ethnic dance. According to her, the elders in
their tribe transferred the steps of the dance to her. What characteristic
or aspect of culture is being referred to by this experience?
a. Culture is learned. c. Culture is continuous. b. Culture is
shared. d. Culture is transmitted. 4. The following are all considered as
means of transmitting culture among members of the society. Which one
is the main vehicle of passing culture from one generation to another
generation?
a. Instruction c. Language
b. Imitation d. Symbols
5. Pinoys are fond of singing and listening to music. Before, people used
to do sing-a-long with a jukebox, then it was changed to karaoke, and

20
now, most people sing their favorite songs in videoke. Their ways of
enjoying music has gone through changes but still lives up until today.
Therefore, culture is __.
a. learned c. continuous
b. shared d. transmitted
6. In the United States, once a person reached the age of 18, he/she can
live freely outside the guidance of parents, while here in the
Philippines, we are family-oriented, meaning some are free to live with
parents until they grow old. This statement simply means that culture
is __.
a. Culture is continuous. c. Culture is social. b. Culture is varied.
d. Culture is transmitted. 7. Gentriseños are known for celebrating
Valenciana festival. In times of barangay fiestas, people actively
participate in the so-called “karakul.” Carmela has observed this specific
way of life of the Gentriseños since childhood. At present, this custom is
still embedded in her heart. This story tells us that culture is acquired
by being bornt into a particular society. What aspect of culture does it
describe?
a. symbolic c. encompassing b. intergrated d. learned
8. One of the characteristics of culture is being continuous and
cumulative. No culture remains constant or unchanged; it is subject
to slow but constant change. Culture is responsive to the changing
conditions of the physical world; hence, it is dynamic. Which scenario
below best fits as an example of the given statements on culture?
a. The Department of Education conducts learning instruction
through blended learning modalities and not the face-to-face
strategy which people are already used to.
b. The Department of Health pursues and promotes proper self-care
or health care to avoid virus-related illnesses.
c. The Department of Interior and Local Government strictly
implements directives on preventing drug-related activities and
many other correlated events.
d. The Department of Public Works and Highways pursues and
supports the administration’s “Build, Build, Build Program,” in
order to invite foreign and local investors.
9. Which of the following refers to the “way of life” of individuals in a
 community?
a. Society c. Manner
b. Culture d. Organization

21
10. __ cannot exist apart from culture. It is an organized group of
individuals who share common/related manner of living.
a. Institution c. Organization
b. Corporation d. Society

11. Which of the following words can best describe culture and society as
a complex whole?
a. interdependent c. interrelated
b. interactive d. All choices are correct 12. Analyze all the given
statements. Trace which one is the best statement about the complexity
of culture and society.
a. Society can exist without culture.
b. Culture can exist without society.
c. Society can operate without culture command.
13. People carry and transmit culture, but they are not culture. Edward B.
Tylor described culture as “a complex whole.” Which of the following
choices supports Tylor’s description of culture?
a. Culture as complex whole means it encompasses traits and
values of the society.
b. Culture as complex whole means it includes laws and norms in
the government.
c. Culture as complex whole means it deals with everything that a
person learns and shares as a member of the society.
d. Culture as complex whole means it refers to the beliefs and
traditions of modern Filipinos.
14. Which statement is wrong about the concept of culture? a. Culture
is a way of life transmitted through social interaction. b. Every
society has its own distinctive culture.
c. Culture refers to a group’s ways of behaving and thinking.
d. Culture can evolve into anything.
15. Does culture affect our lives in terms of the way we view society and
interact with other people?
a. Yes c. Uncertain
b. No d. Maybe

Additional Activities
#i-can-FILL-it!
Complete the following phrases…

Culture will never be a culture without

______________________________. Society will not exist
without________________________________________.

22

Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Cultural Relativism and
Ethnocentrism
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Armando D. Ison

Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent
Roy C. Tibordo
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Armando D. Ison
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Armando D. Ison
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia,
Ma. Criscel R. Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

E-mail Address: [email protected]
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
 23

Source: Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science

What I Need to Know Monthly 26 (1884): 145. Public Domain.

This module was designed and written with you in

Learning Task 1: Match the correct description in
mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Column A to the aspect of culture in Column B.
Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different Description Aspect of Culture
learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be Weeks
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.

The module is about the importance of cultural

relativism in attaining cultural understanding (MELC
Week 3).
1 3-4

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe your own culture and compare it to the
culture of others; 2. Determine the difference between
ethnocentrism and cultural relativism; 3. Shows the ill
effects of ethnocentrism; and
4. Become aware why and how cultural relativism

mitigates ethnocentrism. What’s In

Before we proceed, let us go back with some of the
important concepts about culture, which is the focus
of our discussion.
According to E.B. Taylor; culture is a “complex whole,”
which encompasses beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artefacts’, symbols, knowledge,
and everything that a person learns and shares as a
member of a society.
Likewise, a society is understood or sometimes judged
based on their culture. What comprises a culture? Let
us refresh our mind by answering the matching type
test below.
1. Family is the most important unit of this aspect of meaning of life.
culture. Through family, children learn how they are a. Arts and literature b. Customs and traditions c.
expected to act and what to believe in.
2. It usually answers basic questions about the
Economic systems d. Forms of government

24
3. This is considered the cornerstone of culture. It is 7. It is the rules of behavior that enforce ideas as right
the way of communicating and understanding each or wrong.
other.
4. These products of human imagination usually help e. Language
people to pass on their culture’s basic beliefs.
5. It maintains order within a society and protects it
from outside threats. f. Religion
6. This refers to how people use their limited
resources to satisfy their wants and needs. g. Social organizations

Check your answers and make sure you are very familiar with the key terms
listed before we start another lesson.

What’s New
Am I Different?
Learning Task 2: Fill in “‘Me’ and My Culture” table by describing how you
behave and practice your own culture under similar circumstances.
“Them” and their culture “Me” and my Culture

Marriage Marriage

A man can have multiple wives. He

can share his wife to his brothers and
visitors as a sign of hospitality.
(Eskimos)

Behavior Behavior

When entering a nearly empty movie

theater or public vehicle, you are rude
when you do not sit beside the only
person in the theater or public
vehicle. (South Africa)

Hand Gestures Hand Gestures

The V- hand gesture is an offensive

sign in United Kingdom, Australia,
 and South Africa. In Japan, China,
and South Korea, using this symbol
with the

25
palm facing the person means he/she
is looking cute in picture.

Child-rearing Child-rearing

In order to control their population in

difficult environments, Eskimos
sometimes kill their children if they
could not take care of them. They also
kill females more than males.
(Infanticide)

Religion Religion

Individuals practicing Hinduism

believe in millions of gods and
goddesses. All are responsible for
governing their lives, destiny, and
fate.

Reading text Reading Text

Hebrew and Arabic books are read

from right to left.

Table Manners Table Manners

Europeans and Americans use spoon

and fork in eating, while Chinese and
Koreans use chopsticks.

And so I am Different

1. What can you say about the culture of these people?

________________________________________________________________________

2. Are their respective cultures the same as your own culture? In what ways
are they similar and in what ways do they differ?
________________________________________________________________________

3. Do you think that the cultures of these groups are bad? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________________

4. Can we consider some of their cultural practices as right or wrong?

Explain.
 ________________________________________________________________________

5. Which of the two sets of cultures is the best, their cultures or your own
culture? Why?
________________________________________________________________________

26
6. If one culture behaves in a particular act, does it mean that all cultures
can behave the same way? Discuss further.
What is It

In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your
understanding about culture.

Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover further

knowledge that will help you out in your quest on the remaining phases of this
lesson.

What is Ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is a belief that one’s own culture is better than others. They
tend to compare, evaluate, and even judge other people’s ways based on the values
and standards set in one’s own culture. Their worldview is based on the beliefs,
assumptions, expectations, and values shaped by one’s language, behavior,
customs, values, religions and other aspects.

Due to ethnocentric beliefs, many people are blinded from seeing things in
another perspective. Ethnocentric people tend to dislike or make false judgment on
other cultures. They tend becoming biased and judge another culture as bad and
wrong.
Even though we deny it, most of us are ethnocentric at some point in our
lives. Some do not even realize that they are being ethnocentric at that moment.
Below are some of the examples of ethnocentrism:
a. The American society sees themselves as a world leader. As a result, they
interfere in the political affairs of other countries and try to control them,
leading to misunderstanding and miscommunication amongst nations
which sometimes result to war.
b. During the time of Adolf Hitler, Germans believed that they are a superior
race. This led to the death of 6 million Jews whom they considered as an
inferior race.
c. European countries go beyond their ethnocentric biases and saw non
European cultures as uncivilized and underdeveloped countries of
savages and barbarians. They used this perspective to justify colonialism
and imperialism.
d. Cases of hate crimes and terrorism violence can usually be traced back to
religious conflicts and misunderstandings.

Cultural Relativism as the Opposite View

Cultural relativism is a belief that cultures are equally complex. There is no

such thing as superior or inferior culture.

Cultural relativism is very important in studying the culture of other people.

 It is a way of viewing the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from its own

27
viewpoint. Another way to say this is that others should understand an individual’s
beliefs and activities in terms of that person’s own culture.

∙ Cultural relativism promotes greater appreciation of the cultures that an

individual might encounter along the way.
∙ Cultural relativism is a good way to rehearse the norms and values of a society
–-- a requirement that one must subscribe to, regardless of his/her cultural
origin.
∙ It means that the function and meaning of a trait are relative to its cultural
setting.
To understand better the main difference between ethnocentrism and cultural
relativism, an illustration was provided below:
Hello, I am Lisa. I am a cultural

What’s More
Hello, I am Ben. I am an
ethnocentric. I always believe that my culture is Learning
superior from others. I often use my own
culture to judge Task 3:
others. I consider their beliefs and practices as
relativist. I believe that culture of people must be looked
savage or corrupt. Most of the time I tend to
at in terms of the world these people inhabit. I try to look
discriminate others, bully them for their
at their culture based on what their practices bring in to
practices, and get into conflict with them.
them. If Eskimos kill their infant sometimes, I believe that
there is a practical reason why they do that. That is why
for me, culture is relative. There is no right or wrong, and I
don’t have the right to say if it is good or bad.

People tend to be more tolerant of another culture’s customs

when they understand and learn the meaning behind them. In
order to understand an unfamiliar culture, social scientists conduct
researches. The best way to do this study is to experience that
culture by living with people practicing it. Additionally, this
experience should be done for a long period.

In this activity, you will be asked to conduct a simple case

study examining the culture of other people that is somehow
different from yours. If you are an Ilocano, the subject of your study
could be people who identify themselves as Tagalog, Bisaya,
Bicolano, or other ethnicity. If you know someone who belongs to an
indigenous group of people, it is much better to have them as subjects. Since you
are not allowed to go out at present because of the threat of COVID-19 pandemic,
look for someone who is near to your place or whom you have contact with through
social media.

Be guided with the following questions as you write your case study: 1.
Describe the group of people that you chose. Who are they? What do
they do? Where did they come from? What do you know about
them?
 28
2. Discuss their way of life in terms of:
a. Social organizations
b. Language
c. Religion
d. Arts and literature
e. Economic systems
f. Values, beliefs and traditions
3. Summarize what you have learned using the 3-2-1 chart below:
3 Things I learned from them
2 Things I found interesting
1 Thing I realize
Learning Task 4:
Give some concrete instances when unity exists even though there are differences
happening among people.

Unity in Diversity:
Pagkakaisa sa kabila ng pagkakaiba-iba

Learning Task 5:
On a separate sheet, create a slogan that promotes respect and tolerance towards
other cultures all over the world.

What I Have Learned

Learning Task 6: “T-M-L Phrase

Complete the following phrases.

The Topic was about

__________________________________________________________________________________

It Matters because
__________________________________________________________________________________

I’ve Learned today that

__________________________________________________________________________________

29
What I Can Do
Learning Task 7: #i-beg to Disagree because

State your reason why you beg to disagree to the given statements below. You have
to remember that you are a CULTURAL RELATIVIST; you have to place yourself in
the shoes of these people in order to understand them better. Culture is not good or
bad, neither it is right or wrong, but instead it is relative.

1. One society can call another society as evil such as those nations where
terrorist live. These places are also called an “axis of evil”.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Western culture is superior and opposite of non-Western culture.
________________________________________________________________________

3. When you don’t say “po” at “opo,” you are impolite.

________________________________________________________________________

4. The Mangyan tribe of Mindoro are backwards people because they are
uneducated.
________________________________________________________________________

5. We have to avoid going to places like Siquijor and Capiz because monsters
called Aswang infest these places.
________________________________________________________________________

6. Eating Dalagang Bukid, Salagubang, Palakang Bukid and other organisms

are not healthy.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Ilocanos are thrifty because they are poor.
________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that
corresponds to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Ben is an ethnocentric. He considers other people, specifically indigenous

tribes, as backwards people who have no manners at all. Why do you think
Ben come up with this bias?
a. He regards another culture as superior.
b. He regards his own culture as superior.
c. He regards his own culture as normal and uses it to measure foreign
cultures.
d. He regards another culture as superior and uses it to measure his own
culture

30
2. Lisa was a proud cultural relativist. She sees that Ilocanos are thrifty because
 of their geographical location. Likewise, she sees nothing wrong about it.
What did Lisa exhibit in that situation?
a. She believes anything goes in one’s own culture.
b. She measures behavior by how the other culture regards this practice.
c. She has no concept of right or wrong.
d. She measures which cultures are related to others.
3. What might be the result of ethnocentrism on a global scale? a.
Other people may be treated as savage or morally corrupt.
b. There is no way to determine which is right or wrong.
c. Native people often wish to colonize superior culture.
d. Believing one’s own culture is superior makes one a morally corrupt
savage.
4. For better opportunities, many Filipinos were forced to work abroad,
exposing themselves to unfamiliar culture. Culture shock is a feeling of
disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to other’s
way of life or set of attitudes. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of
culture shock?
a. Feeling homesick when in a new place
b. Feeling like the new culture is superior to your own
c. Obsessing about the cleanliness of food and water in a new place
d. Feeling the hostility towards natives or locals
5. Which of the following statements is a positive effect of ethnocentrism? a.
Rina posted on her Facebook wall saying that eating fried tarantula is
“yuckie.”
b. Greg posted a statement which says, “Ang galing ng Pinoy, angat sa
iba, kaya’t tayo ay magkaisa.”
c. Shiela posted a picture of Carlos P. Romulo with a caption, “This little
brown monkey that you are referring to does not eat banana peelings.
He is a Filipino not an American.
d. Wendel tweeted, “Nakakatakot na ang panahon ngayon daming taong
gumagala na tadtad ng tattoo ang katawan.”

For numbers 6-10, identify whether the given statement is an example of

ethnocentrism or cultural relativism. Write letter A if it is ethnocentrism and B if it
is cultural relativism.
6. Korean culture is better than our culture because many Filipinos try to
imitate and adopt this culture.
7. The Aetas of Zambales ,the Mangyans of Mindoro and other Filipino tribes
have different religious beliefs. Their Gods are manifested on the different
forms of nature like trees, mountains, rivers, volcano, their dead
ancestors, and many more. I think there is nothing wrong about that. It
does not make them a lesser group of people.
8. Indigenous people should learn to change their old and traditional ways of
life in order to be happy and successful.
9. People in my culture could learn a lot from people in other cultures. 10.
Filipinos’ religious traditions like the celebration of fiestas should be banned
because it is just a waste of time, energy, and resources.

31
 Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Significance of Cultural, Social,
Political and Economic Symbols
and Practices
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and Practices
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Racquel D. Commandante, Mary Grace F. Alano

Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Jesusa L. Partosa, Asher H. Pasco, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Jhucel A. Del Rosario, Michael Joseph A. Lapid Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria
Cristina F. Lim, Felipe Ryan S. Duatin
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia, Ma. Criscel R.
Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

32

Weeks 5-6
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of
Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is about the significance of cultural, social, political and economic symbols and practices (MELC
4).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the human origins and the capacity for culture
2. Determine the role of culture in human adaptation
3. Explain processes of cultural and sociopolitical evolution
4. Analyze the key features of interrelationships of biological, cultural and socio-political processes in human
evolution that can still be used and developed

What’s In
Learning Task 1: Analyze the images below and Identify which shows
ethnocentrism or cultural relativism. Write your answers on your paper.

1. In the Philippines, it is said that a person came

from the northern part of Luzon (Ilocano) are stingy.

2. Filipinos are known for being hospitable.

33
 3.
Some say rich people are snobby.

4. Philippines are known for

having variety of
delicacies which used different
cooking
techniques but all native food
are tasty and
delicious.

5. Some cultures include eating of dog meat.

What’s New
Learning Task 2: The ICEMAN and the ALPS (this activity is adapted from
slideshare.net accessed May 25, 2020)

In 1991, hikers in the Alps found a dead body and notified the authorities.
They thought that person might have died on a recent hike, but extensive scientific
testing revealed the body to be around 5,000 years old! Since the “Iceman” was
frozen for all this time, his body clothing, and tools were all preserved intact, giving
us a rare glimpse of what it must have been like to live in the Neolithic Era.

The discovery of the Iceman has also given us a mystery to solve. The
autopsy’ revealed many signs of violent death. When archaeologists inquire about
the past, the examined evidence and put it together to tell their story. What story
does it tell?

34
Artifacts

∙ Copper Axe
∙ Flint knife
∙ Unfinished longbows
∙ Flints (stones used for tools and fire)
∙ Mushrooms
∙ 14 bone-tipped arrows
o Two finished
o Twelve unfinished Your
Autopsy

∙ Cerebral Trauma to the head

∙ Cuts and bruises on hands ∙ Arrow wound assignment:
in shoulder (arrow probably removed) By yourself, use at least 6 pieces of evidence to
∙ Blood from 4 people (DNA) ∙ 57 Carbon tell a story about the events leading to the Iceman’s
Tattoos (dots and lines on lower spine. Back death. Remember that the only wrong answer in
of knees and right ankle) history is an answer that lack evidence. Be creative
∙ About 5000years old and have fun with this.

1. Based from the activity, what is the significance of human material remains
and artifactual evidence in interpreting culture, social and political processes?
___________________________________________________________________________

2. As compared to our lives today what differences do we have from these men
who lived 5,000 years ago in terms of biological and cultural features? Use
the reconstructed picture of the iceman below.
Present day Human Beings

Biological difference: Cultural __________________________________

__________________________________
_________________________

Difference: __________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________

3. As you can see, there is a big difference between the biological and socio
cultural features between that Iceman and you. Why do you think changes
happened in all aspects of your life from time to time?

35
Learning Task 3: The 3-IN-1 Learning Stations

Carefully look at each picture. Give your descriptions pertaining to

their: 1. CULTURE or way of living

2. PHYSICAL capacity in doing the task

3. The kind of LEADERSHIP they have

Station 1

1 ______________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________

Station 2

1. _____________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________

36

Station 3

1. __________________________________________

2. __________________________________________

3. __________________________________________
 Station 4

1. __________________________________________

2. __________________________________________

3. __________________________________________

Station 5

1. ____________________________________

2._____________________________________

3. _____________________________________

37
Guide Question:

In two to three sentences, explain how our cultural and sociopolitical ways has
changed over the years?

Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________

What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read to deepen your
understanding about the topic.

Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in
dealing with the next phase of your quest.

Learning Task 4: Think it over:

1. When we try to compare then and now, what are differences in terms of how
 people carry out things physically, culturally, and socio-politically?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the different stages in the cultural development of human?
___________________________________________________________________________ 3.
How does human grow culturally, socially, and politically in Paleolithic Period?
Neolithic Period? Age of Metal?
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Why do you think people need a transformation or evolution to adapt to

his/her environment?
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Do you observe practices that preserve culture in today’s living? Explain by
giving an example.
___________________________________________________________________________
___
6. As a human, how do you progress? List down at least five things that you
can’t do 10 years ago, and the things that you can do at present.

10 years ago, I CANNOT At present, I CAN

HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION

It is a saying that “human has no contentment”. As the environment changes, we

continuously grow and find ways to make maximize our effort as we live. It is very
evident in the different stages of human cultural evolution: Palaeolithic Period,
Neolithic Period, and Age of Metal.

The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It is

derived the from Greek word, palaios, which means "old"; and, lithos, "stone", In
short, the Palaeolithic Period, which happened 2.5 million years ago, is also known
as "Old Stone Age".

38
In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely cold and ocean levels were much
lower than they are now. Due to the cold climate, much of the Stone Age is also
called the Ice Age.

During these years, people were nomads and able to use simple tools and weapons
made of unpolished stone. The caves served as their shelter.

Similarly, this was the time when people discovered to use the fire, through the use
of stone, for their protection against cold temperature and to cook their own food.

Human beings in this time were grouped together in small societies such as bands,
and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals.
Also in this era, according to study of Dr. Jesus T. Peralta of NCCA, respect is given
to age, and individual prowess and ability are recognized. There are no leaders that
could be said to be above everybody else and whose commands are obeyed without
question. In some cases, one who is known for good decisions is consulted when a
problem arises; or well-known hunter will be asked to lead a hunting group.

Likewise, the term “Neolithic” also comes from the same archaeologist and from the
Greek word “neo” which means new and “lithos” meaning stone or in short, the
“New Stone Age” which was happened for about 10,000 B.C. In this period, the Cro
Magnon disappeared and the new people who are considered the modern man
appeared.

The Neolithic Revolution is also called as the First Agricultural Revolution. During
this period, there was a wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a
lifestyle of hunting and gathering to of agriculture and settlement kind of society
which eventually led to population increase. People depend on domesticated plants
and animals. They learned to create such crafts as pottery and weaving. They
likewise developed boat as means of transportation and for fishing as well.

From being nomads during the early stage, human began to develop a sedentary
type of society of which they built-up villages and towns.

Furthermore, they were never contented of their accomplishments. They kept on

discovering things for their own convenience. So, they discovered metals, and they
gradually abandoned stone as the basic element for their instrument and tools.

This period was known as Age of Metals (4000 B.C – 1500 B.C). The used of metal
such as bronze, copper, and iron produced a new historical development from the
cradle civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China
which later spread throughout Asia.

There were three stages distinguished within this Age due to the different types of
metals that were used: The Copper Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age; copper
was the first known metal, it is of a low hardness and it was used to make
ornaments; bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is harder and stronger than
copper. Several eastern Mediterranean peoples discovered this metallurgy and
progressed rapidly.

During this age, agricultural tools were developed with bronze, such as plows and
sickles, military weapons like swords, spears and shields, as well as household
utensils like jars, bowls and cups. Likewise, a more developed social, cultural,
political, and economic system were improved. Tribes, empires, and state were
recognized at this point.

39
 E

ARLY CIVILIZATION and RISE of the STATE

Ancient State and Civilization
One of the earliest states and civilizations was found in the Fertile Crescent which is
known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The word Mesopotamia is a Greek word for
“Land between two rivers” which is often referred to as the cradle of civilization. It is
the region of the Western Asia located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is
known as the Fertile Crescent where the first evidence of agriculture was also found.
Here the first human civilizations were taking the earliest steps from hunter-
gatherer society into settled community.

Moreover, it is in Mesopotamia that the history writing appeared as early as over

5,000 years ago. This invention was so important that it marks the end of the
Prehistory, and the beginning of history. One of the first writing systems, the
Cuneiform, is one of the most important civilizations in the history of Mesopotamian
culture.

Every city in Mesopotamia had its own government, rulers, warriors, patron god,
and functioned like an independent country. Mesopotamian cities were Ur, Uruk,
Kish, Lagesh. There is a temple at the center of each city called a ziggurat (a
massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure).

There was also what we called Mesopotamian warrior-gods (2.400-2.500 B.C.) who
govern and protect the people under its government. Military commanders
eventually became monarch creating a new structure of government called a
Dynasty. It is a series of rulers descending from a single-family line. The Akkadian
Empire lasted about 200 years. In the year 2350–2150 B.C, Babylonian Empire
overtook Sumerians around 2000 B.C., and they built capital, the Babylon, on
Euphrates River.

Another ancient states and civilizations was the Egyptian civilization. It emerged
more than 5,000 years ago along the River Nile in the north-east of Africa. The
Ancient Egyptians lived near the River Nile because of its fertile land suitable for
growing crops and domestication of animals. Each year, water from the Nile rose
and flooded the area. When the water went back, it left mud that made the fields
fertile.

Egyptians called their king a pharaoh. The pharaoh was all- powerful: He passed
laws, He ruled the country, He owned most of the land, and He controlled trade and
led the armies. Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were gods.

40
Modern State and Civilization
In the European continent, several states and civilization grew tremendously over
centuries. In England, around 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They
paid tithes to their feudal landlords. Henry VII won the War of the Roses in England,
which led into what is known as the Tudor dynasty, and begun the development of
the English nation-state.

In Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took Spain
back from the Muslim. It became the era of Spain as a global power.

In France, Louis XIV of France created an absolute monarchy. France became the
dominant power in Europe. When The French Revolution broke out, it created the
modern French nation-state, which sparked nationalism around Europe.

In 1914, when various nation-states started to claim their power and superiority
over all the nations in the world, the World War I begun until 1918. In 1919, Treaty
of Versailles ended the World War I. It divided several multinational empires that
led to the creation of several new nation-states.

In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The end of World War II led to the
formation of United Nations in 1945.

The State of the People: Democratic State

In the recent decade after the two World Wars, people are becoming more active in
their government and state affairs, in which people become the source of political
power and government rules. This evolution in the government is known as the
process of democratization, or simply democracy – the rule of the people.

Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including

substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction. It may be the
transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy, a transition from an
authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a semi
authoritarian political system to a democratic political system. What is a democracy?

Moreover, a democracy is a form of government where the citizens of the nation

have the power to vote. There are several different types of democracies; (1) a
representative democracy is a system where citizens choose government
representatives among their citizens, (2) direct democracy is when the citizens form
a governing body and vote directly on issues, (3) constitutional democracy limits the
powers of government through the nation’s constitution.

What’s More
ARTICLE READING 101

Read the article entitled “A Settled Life”. Analyze how the ancient cultural
and socio-political features developed and impact our present period. Then, be able
to answer the succeeding guide questions.

41
A Settled Life
(By: Dr. Senta German)

When people think of the Neolithic era, they often think of Stonehenge, the iconic
image of this early era. Dating to approximately 3000 B.C.E. and set on Salisbury
Plain in England, it is a structure larger and more complex than anything built
before it in Europe. Stonehenge is an example of the cultural advances brought
about by the Neolithic revolution—the most important development in human
history. The way we live today, settled in homes, close to other people in towns and
cities, protected by laws, eating food grown on farms, and with leisure time to
learn, explore and invent is all a result of the Neolithic revolution, which occurred
approximately 11,500-5,000 years ago. The revolution which led to our way of life
was the development of the technology needed to plant and harvest crops and to
domesticate animals.

Before the Neolithic revolution, it's likely you would have lived with your extended
family as a nomad, never staying anywhere for more than a few months, always
living in temporary shelters, always searching for food and never owning anything
you couldn’t easily pack in a pocket or a sack. The change to the Neolithic way of
life was huge and led to many of the pleasures (lots of food, friends and a
comfortable home) that we still enjoy today.(Stonehenge, c. 3,000 B.C.E., Salisbury
Plain, England)

Neolithic Art. The massive changes in the way people lived also changed the types
of art they made. Neolithic sculpture became bigger, in part, because people didn’t
have to carry it around anymore; pottery became more widespread and was used to
store food harvested from farms. This is when alcohol was first produced and when
architecture, and its vivid interior and exterior decoration, first appears. In short,
people settle down and begin to live in one place, year after year.

It seems very unlikely that Stonehenge could have been made by earlier,
Paleolithic, nomads. It would have been a waste to invest so much time and energy
building a monument in a place to which they might never return or might only
return infrequently. After all, the effort to build it was extraordinary. Stonehenge is
approximately 320 feet in circumference and the stones which compose the outer
ring weigh as much as 50 tons; the small stones, weighing as much as 6 tons, were
quarried from as far away as 450 miles. The use or meaning of Stonehenge is not
clear, but the design, planning and execution could have only been carried out by a
culture in which authority was unquestioned. Here is a culture that was able to
rally hundreds of people to perform very hard work for extended periods of time.
This is another characteristic of the Neolithic era.

Source: Dr. Senta German, A Settled Life :https://www.khanacademy.org 2020

Guide Questions: I have analyzed…
I think that…

42
Example: Example
The Stonehenge tries to showcase that even before
What does the they had already their cultural advancement,
Stonehenge is trying to which, in this modern age can further develop
tell this modern era? such as the technologies.
 a. Vividly envision the
Stonehenge.
Imagine
how they built it.
Could you say that
early
people were
physically fit and
prepared as we are
today?

b. How did ancient

humans end their
“being nomads”?

c. Looking at the “lens”

of Stonehenge, how will
you describe the kind
of sociopolitical way?

d. Why Neolithic
Revolution is is
considered as the
most important
development in
human history?

What I Have Learned

Learning Task 5: To sum up what you have learned. Complete the following
phrases
3 Thoughts I have learned…
______________________________

2 Things I want to remember…

________________________________

1 Question I have in mind…

________________________________

43
Life as a Symbol…
 (Draw a symbol of life): (Briefly explain how the symbol would influence
yourself to live a

better life):

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
________________________

What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: “A Better Me in My Society”

As a millennial and a Filipino youth, how will you respond and adapt to this
changing world where people and society have indeed developed and became more
advanced than before? However, consider some circumstances that are hooked on
it.

Your physical attributes

& capacity in the midst of health ________________________
crisis ________________________

________________________
________________________
________________________ _
Your manner of living
where some ways are
now unbecoming

________________________
________________________
________________________

Your commitment to
abide as a citizen where
some authorities are not
performing well
_
________________________

Learning Task 7: #I WILL SURVIVE!

Fill in the blank to complete your pledge to continue the legacies of our ancestors.

As a human being, I understand that people need to change to survive. Hence, I will
try to ___________, ___________, and ____________ to continuously grow as a student.
 44
I will do my best to ______________ and ________________ all cultural properties which
I believe are part of my country’s legacy. I will also render all possible help to
__________ and ____________ our society and history as well.

Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. During the earliest stage of human cultural evolution, people were nomadic,
so they hunt and gather foods. As they learn to make a sedentary lifestyle in
the Neolithic period. Which statement tells the accomplishment of human in
the Neolithic period?
A. Live in a cave
B. Used unpolished stone tools
C. Used metals to upgrade tools
D. Domesticate plants and animals
2. The Age of Metal produced a new historical development from the cradle
civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China
which later on spread throughout Asia. Which type of metal were the earliest
known by human?
A. Aluminum
B. Bronze
C. Copper
D. Iron
3. There are three notable stages in the human cultural evolution. Which
statement tells the correct timeline of these evolutions?
A. Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period
B. Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal
C. Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Age of Metal
4. From being nomads during the early stage, human began to developed a
sedentary type of society of which they built-up villages and towns. In which
era has these evolutions happens?
A. Age of Bronze
B. Age of Copper
C. Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period
5. The most significant evolution in Paleolithic period is when people discovered
the use of fire. In the Neolithic period is when human learned to domesticate
plants and animals, which is known to be the First Agricultural Revolution.
In the Age of Metal is the discovery of people in using metal as their tools,
thus, the Age of Metal is identified as:
A. Agricultural Revolution
B. Metal Civilization
C. Stone Revolution
D. Rise of Civilization

45
6. How were the first modern humans (Homo sapiens) different from any other
 hominid species?
A. They lived outside of Africa
B. They had large brains
C. They used and controlled fire
D. They used symbolic thought
7. In the history of human social evolution, what group of people was skillful at
hunting and butchering animals?
A. Australopithecus
B. Home erectus
C. Homo habilis
D. Homo sapien
8. In the history of human civilization in which people started to develop their
society, where did the world’s first Civilization develop?
A. Mesopotamia
B. Crete
C. Egypt
D. Eastern China
9. From the different kind of government in various societies, what is a form of
government where the citizens of the nation have the power to vote? A.
Aristocracy
B. Bureaucracy
C. Democracy
D. Capitalism
10.In the context of European historical society, which of the following DOES
NOT happened during pre -1500’s?
A. Henry VII wins the War of the Roses in England, begins the Tudor
dynasty, and starts the development of the English nation-state. B. The
era of Spain as a global power begins.
C. The hundred year’s war started.
D. The French Revolution
11.In the history of war, the nations started to claim their power and
supremacy over the nations. Which treaty ends the World War I and breaks
several multi-rational empires?
A. Treaty of Saint-Germain en Laye
B. Treaty of Versailles
C. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
D. Faisal-Weizmann agreement
12.Democracy is a type of government in which the people elect their leader in
the government position. Direct democracy is the system in which...
A. Citizens choose their representatives in free and fair elections. B.
Citizens are allowed to debate with their representatives in open public
meetings.
C. Citizens represent themselves in the decision-making process.
D. Senior political leaders are known as 'Directors'.

46
13.Which statement most accurately describes how geography affected the
growth of the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia?
A. River valleys provided rich soil to grow plentiful crops.
B. Large deserts provided many mineral deposits.
 C. Access to the Atlantic Ocean provided trade routes.
D. Lage Savannah areas provided protection from invaders.
14.Which geographic feature was common to the development of civilizations in
ancient Egypt, China, India, and Mesopotamia?
A. river valleys
B. rain forests
C. deserts
D. mountains
15.In the context of ancient civilization, which factor led to the development of
civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia?
A. political harmony
B. favorable geography
C. religious differences
D. universal education

Medium.com. “The Four Major Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization.’’

Accessed May 25, 2020. www.Medium.com
Slideshare ‘’The Iceman: A Historical Inquiry.’’ Accessed May 25, 2020
.www.Slideshare.net
Slideshare ‘’Early Civilizations’’Accessed May 25, 2020. www.slideshare.net
Slideshare.’’The Human Society’’ Accessed May 26,
2020.www.slideshare.net
Sparknotes. “The Rise of Nation-state.’’ Accessed May 26,
2020.www.sparknotes.com
World Population View.”Democracy Countries 2020.’’ Accessed May 26,
2020. www.woldpopulationview.com

47

Understanding
Culture, Society
 and Politics
Socialization
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Socialization
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mark Antony B. Perello, Enrico Caganda, Marilyn Encarnacion

Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Emily R. Quintos, Jesusa L. Partosa, Asher H. Pasco, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo, Alfonso V. Mabuting
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Jhucel A. Del Rosario, Michael Joseph A. Lapid, Renato D. Ruz, Jr. Layout Artists:
Maria Cristina F. Lim, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Felipe Ryan S. Duatin
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Cherrylou D. Repia, Elias A. Alicaya, Jr., Ivan Bryan L. Inductivo,
Elpidia B. Bergado, Noel S. Ortega, Emily R. Quintos

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

48

What I Need to Know

7
Week
1 This module is designed and written
with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of
Understanding Culture Society and
Politics. The scope of this module development of an individual.
Example
permits it to be used in many 4. Value the significance of
different learning situations. The socialization and enculturation to
language used recognizes the the development of one’s self.
diverse vocabulary levels of 1. T’nalak fabric o
students. The lessons are arranged What’s In
to follow the standard sequence of After assessing what you know 2. O, Maliwanag n
the course. But the order in which about our module, let us review by Pilita Corale
you read them can be changed to what you have learned from the
3. Dambana ng Ka
correspond with the textbook you previous module.
Mount Samat
are now using. Look at the table below. Check
whether the examples are Tangible 4. Taal lake and vo
The module is made to explain the Cultural Heritage or Intangible
Socialization based on the MELC 5. Parada ng Lechon
Cultural Heritage.
Week 5.
Remember that tangible cultural 6. Nuno sa punso
After going through this module, Heritage’ refers to physical artifacts 7. Pagsasanghiyan
you are expected to: produced, maintained and
1. Identify the concepts and aspects transmitted from one generation to 8. The UP Oblation
of socialization. another in the society while
9. Valenciana Fest
2. Identify the concepts and aspects Intangible Cultural Heritage refers
of enculturation. to the practices, representations, Trias
3. Determine the connection expressions, knowledge, skills that
between the agents of socialization communities, groups and, in some
and enculturation to the cases, individuals recognize as part 49
of Cultural Heritage.

10.Taka figurines of Paete,

Laguna

Analyze carefully the examples to have a perfect score.

What’s New
Learning Task 1: TAKE IT A PART
Take a look at the image below. Consider everything that forms the image.
What is represented by each icon?

1. 4.
T
S __ __ __ L G __ V __ __ __ M __ __
C
 2. 5.
C U
C __ __ R __ C __ __ M __ __ __ T ___ 3.
 6.

L RE
F __ M __ __ F __ __ __ __ What word do you form out of the given letters inside the

box from numbers 1 – 6?

50
What can you say about the image formed?

The image represents

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________.

What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read in order to deepen your understanding
about the topic.

Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in dealing with the next phase
of your quest.

SOCIALIZATION
 51
Do you see the picture? What
do you have
in mind?

Very good! If you think that

socialization
is very important in our lives,
you are
absolutely correct. But what
is meant by
socialization really?

Socialization simply means

the process of
learning one’s society and its
culture. It is
moreover the same as
interacting,
mingling and being with other people or
groups within/ outside of your society.

How do you feel in a situation when it

seems that you don’t belong and you are
being isolated? Good thinking! Of course
you will feel sad and lonely. That kind of feeling only shows that socialization is
important to you --- and to all of us.

Through socialization, one learns the culture’s language, their roles in life, and what
is expected from them. Without socialization, a person will develop different physical
and mental disabilities. It is sad to know that individuals with no successful
socialization develop mental illness, abnormal or odd behavior and self -isolation.
Do you know that there are different groups of people that influence your
orientations and perspectives to life? These groups are called agents of
socialization. These agents play a crucial role in developing yourself as a person
and a member of the society.
Family is the first agent of socialization.
Most of the habits, manners, beliefs and the way we think are develop in the family.
A huge part of your personality is molded by your family because this is where you
spent your childhood. Your family influences you on the way you behave and act as
a person. This is when socialization process is crucial and intense. Do you still
remember your happy moments in school? Of course you do.

School is another agent of socialization.

Here, you interact or socialize with other people- your classmates, teachers,
administrators and others which are outside your family within a society. Your
socialization with them has made a lot of experiences in you. It is in the school that
your behavior and attitude are shape to become a better member of society. So a
part of your personality is developed by this agent. Do you agree?

Your circle of friends is also an agent of socialization. It is called peer group. Your
peers usually have similar ages, social status and share interests. Your peer group
influences you on the way you can accept yourself. It is with your peer group that
you find yourself belonged.

52
I’m sure you learned a lot from your friends, didn’t you? So, you are right when you
think that they are also important agent in shaping your personality.

Social media as agent of socialization plays a crucial role in shaping your

personality as well. Majority of us, young and old, are connected through social
media. Much of our waking time is spent on using social media.

So, this agent of socialization influences your way of life intensively thus doing large
part in your personal development. There are other socialization agents who are also
important in moulding you as a person: the community, the church and the
government.

You see? What you are now is a product of socialization. You have been socializing
from the time you were born until now. Socialization is a continuing process until
we die. Socialization is really a necessity for it develops you as person.

ENCULTURATION
We are living in a society of many cultures. Culture is the customary beliefs, social
forms, and material traits of a racial, religious or social group (merriam-webster.
com). These cultures make people different from one another. A group has a set of
shared attitudes and practices which are partially or even totally apart from what
others have.

As an individual grows up in a social group, he/she learns to understand his/her

identity. This is where enculturation comes in. Enculturation is the process by
which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire
values and behaviours appropriate or necessary in that culture
(https://www.definitions.net/definition/Enculturation).

According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from
Hoebel, 1982), enculturation is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning
process whereby man, as child and adult, achieves competence in his culture,
internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with
people plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also
learns from observing the surrounding he/she is in.

As a child lives with his family and the community, he/she adapts socially accepted
values (e.g. attending to religious obligations, respecting the elders, etc.) At a very
young age, a child is instilled with values by his/her parents and family. He / She
sees the importance of being together as respected when they eat. Also, he/she
learns the foundations of learning; be it reading the alphabet and counting of
numbers.

In school, he/she learns to be socially educated person as he/she observes and

adapts the behavior of other people (e.g. singing the National Anthem, paying
respect to the flag, showing respect to teachers and valuing friendship among
friends and classmates). A person becomes more civilized as he learns more of
culturally accepted behavior and knowledge in school.

53
In a community, a person may be inspired to practice social duties and obligations
as observed and learned from those who do great contributions for the welfare of
most people. In these practices, one may also become a steward of goodwill.

A teenager learns to clothe himself/herself like his/her friends or in great chances,

adapts how they behave and act. He / She appreciate the value of friendship, learn
to find joy in sharing commonalities and accepts differences in choices and
decisions. His / Her confidence in dealing with people can be rooted from a well-
maintained relationship with friends.

The government upon its imposition of law refines a person’s way of living. Through
which, he/she learns his civil rights and exercises them righteously. Likewise,
he/she learns to respect government policies and abides to them, knowing that
every action has limitation.

In his/her dealing with religious affiliations, a person’s belief in Omnipotent Being

is strengthened. This cultivates the idea that everyone like a brother and a sister.
Thus, respect towards one another is valued. He or she learns to respect differences
in faith.

Parents and other authorities are called the initiators of enculturation. As one is
enculturated by those initiators, the process is manifested in his/her actions,
choices and decisions. If it is not because of enculturation, a person will not become
the way he/she in the society. One will not be able to discern what is right from
wrong or even make actions to handle problems encountered. Because of
enculturation, an individual knows the boundaries of his/her actions, words and
ideals. As a learned individual, one becomes accepted by the group he/she belongs
with. Enculturation teaches a person of his/her roles in the society. True enough,
he/she becomes functional member of the society.

What’s More
At this part of the module you are given different sets of activities to answer. Read
and understand each direction to accomplish the given activities.

Learning Task 2: PUSH FORWARD

The activity below will help you enhance more what you already know about
socialization. Read the paragraph and fill in the blanks with words or phrases
necessary to complete it. The words and phrases are provided inside the box for you
to choose from.

personality family normal socialization culture physical

socialize mental

agents of socialization personal development

54
Revitalized and Socialized
Every individual undergoes the process of (1) __________ during his/her
life time. Socialization is a necessary social process for it is through this that (2)
______________ is taking place. It was found out that people who lacked
socialization developed (3) ___________ and (4) ____________ disabilities. On the
other hand, people with successful socialization experiences become (5)
_____________ in different aspects of life.
It is important to remember that (6) ________________ are influential in
shaping one’s personality. There are several agents of socialization mentioned in
this module. These agents are: family, peer group, school, church, community,
social media and the government. Among these agents, (7) __________ contributes
the most impact on one’s personal development because the crucial and intense
socialization happens with it.
Becoming part of a particular (8) _________ is a product of socialization.
And so, don’t forget to bear in mind that we need to choose the kind of activities
we involve ourselves into. For whenever we (9) ____________, we develop the kind
of (10) _____________ we have.

Learning Task 3: THINK IT OVER

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the importance of the following icons representing the agents of

socialization to your development as a person?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
 ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

55
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

2. Which among the given factors (referring to icons presented above) has the
most important part in the development of a person? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________

3. How can you differentiate socialization from enculturation? Explain and give
your examples.
___________________________________________________________________________

Learning Task 4: Reality Check

Socialization is very important to all of us, do you now agree? Do you believe that
not all the experiences we get out of socialization are right? Do you think you have
an important role of choosing the right from wrong experiences whenever you are
socializing?

If your answer to all of the questions are YES, then CONGRATULATIONS!

You are now ready to create real life situations the learning you had on
socialization. Be proud. For you are steps closer towards success!

TIPS on How to Make your Socialization

Productive and Meaningful:

1. Bullying is not healthy in socialization.

2. Make your group activities productive.
3. Learn to socialize more often with professional people.
 4. Be critical on information you encounter from social media.
5. Prioritize more important activities.

Now, think of other ideas on how to improve your socialization?

Make a list on the space provided below:

56
My TIPS on How to Make Socialization
Productive and Meaningful:
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
4. __________________________________________
5. __________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Learning Task 5: Today, I learned that…

Answering this module is enjoyable because…

After reading and completing this module I have learned that…

My learning’s form this module inspires me to…

What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: I CAN FILL IT

Imagine yourself as the image below. On a

separate sheet, fill them in with WHO or
WHAT influence you to become the person
you are now.

Your Name

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
 __________________________________
__________________________________

57
Assessment
Directions: Read the following statement and choose the letter of the correct answer
found in a box.
A. Church
B. Agents of socialization
C. Family
D. Social media
E. Undergoing constant socialization enables an individual to fully develop in
physical, emotional and mental aspects.
F. Playing computer games
G. socializing with others
H. It is the process of learning one’s own culture.
I. Parents
J. Community
K. Peer group
L. We learn our culture’s norms and the roles expected of us.
M. mental illness and sometimes having abnormal behavior
N. As the person learns his/her culture, he/she becomes functional member
of the society.
O. Socialization

1. This is the place where a person is enculturated through immersing himself

or herself in serving others with the help of other individuals. We are all part
of a ________________ that would help us understand our own cultural and
values orientation.
2. As the saying goes, it takes a village to raise a child. Because of these, a child
needs a group of individuals who will shape his or her culture, beliefs and
values. What do you call this group of individual?
3. The first agent of socialization is our family most especially our parents.
Throughout our life we will have our set of chosen family that will also guide
us in socialization and teach us to interact with other people. Who is this
chosen family?
4. At this day and age of modern technology, a new agent of socialization has
influenced people both young and old. The influence of this agent is both
good and bad. This is why our family and friends play an important role in
managing the influence of this agent. What agent of socialization is this?
 5. Aside from teaching morality and reverence to our Creator, this institution
also instills cultural appreciation and cultural values that would shape the
personality of a child. What is this institution?
6. Every individual undergoes a social process which enables him/her to become
part of one’s culture throughout his/her life time. Which concept refers to this
process?
7. Through socialization we learn some ways of behaving. Which of the choices is
normally learned during socialization?

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8. Socialization is an important social activity in the development of a person.
How does socialization affect the development of an individual?
9. The agents of socialization performing role in the development of one’s
personality. However, each of them influences the development of individual
in varying degree. What is the first agent of socialization that influences the
development of a person intensively?
10.Socialization process affects the development of an individual on different
aspects. Which among the choices is an effect to an individual who has not
been successfully socialized?
11.School is one of the different institutions in the society that help in the
foundation and development of a person. Students are learning by example
from their teacher and their fellow students. Which is an example of
enculturation in school?
12.A person projects an image different among others. One is a product of the
culture he/she adapted which brings his/her own individuality and identity.
What then is the importance of enculturation to the development of one’s
self?
13.Enculturation shapes an individual through different processes. Knowingly
or unknowingly, one internalizes the practices of the group he or she
belongs. Which among the following one can be best enculturated?
14.Personal identity develops in many ways, depending on preferred choices. In
a society where there are many cultures, one’s identity can be formed
through enculturation. Which of the following highlights enculturation?
15.Enculturation exists as one adapts or obtains behaviors and beliefs from
different initiators of this process. These authorities can bring out a person’s
view of what life is about. Which of the following figures play a vital role in
developing personal identity in children?

Additional Activities
REMEMBER AND SHARE. YOU’RE A DOER!

Choose any of the tasks below which you feel easy for you to do.
Use a separate sheet.

a. Write 2 or 3 sentences showing your appreciation on the topic socialization

and enculturation.
b. You can also write a “motto” or tag line about socialization enculturation.
c. You may also draw if you want about socialization enculturation. d. A
poem is very much welcome about socialization enculturation...
 59

Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Social Organizations
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Social Organizations
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Ryan Christopher P. Toledo, Janet Jay N. Amboy

Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Leah J. Guillang, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent Roy C.
Tibordo
Illustrator: Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Melvin Jan Guarin, Richmond Causaren Layout Artist: Maria
Cristina F. Lim, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Joseverino B. Laxamana
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Rosemarie D. Torres, Galileo L. Go Glenda DS.
Catadman, Ivan Honorpette A. Mijares, Leah J. Guillang

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

60
 Week 8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature
of Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order
in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is about examining the concept, characteristics and forms of social stratification
using sociological perspective. (MELC week 9)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define the concept of social groups
2. Identify the characteristics and forms of social groups.
3. Share examples of primary, secondary, in, out, reference group and networks based on real life situation.

What’s In
Learning Task 1: Complete the letters of the word based from what the pictures are implied.

1. F_ _ _ l_

2. F _ _ _n _s 3.

C _a_ _m_ _ _ s 5. O _ g _n _ z _ t _ _ n

4.N _ _ W _ _ _s

61
What’s New
Learning Task 2: Directions: Complete the sentence below based on the previous
activity:

1. The words that I formed were __________________________________________________

and ______________________.

2. I can relate to the picture/s above because

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What is It
In this part of your journey, we provided something for you to read to deepen
your understanding about the topic. Please do it with comprehension to discover
knowledge that will help you out in dealing with the next phase of your quest.

CONCEPT OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Everyone belongs to a group; your race, gender, favorite sports team, your
college, even the place where you were born were all examples of groups. Sometimes
groupings are determined by factors related to who we are (sex, age, race/ethnicity)
but in many other cases, they arrive in a somewhat arbitrary fashion. In school, you
would likely associate with classmates who share the same interests as you do like
having a common hobby or sports affiliation or even fashion sense or even love of a
certain type of music.
What is a Group?

A group is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and
guided by a set of norms. It is also defined as specified number of individuals where
each recognizes members as distinct from non-members.

Basic Classifications of Social Groups

1. Primary Groups
Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and
culture, and long periods of time spent together. They are influential in developing
an individual’s personal identity. The goal of primary groups is actually the
relationships themselves rather than achieving some other purpose. The examples
of a primary group but not limited to be your family and childhood and close friends.

The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles Cooley in his
book, Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. (Contreras, Antonio P. et al.
“Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. 2016)

Sample Groups: Family, Play group, Village/Neighborhood, Work-team

62
2. Secondary Groups
Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal
knowledge of one another. In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups don’t
have the goal of maintaining and developing the relationships themselves. These
groups are based on usual or habitual interests or affairs. It includes groups in
which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for
payments, and such.
Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional Association,
Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups of coworkers.

3. In-group
Belonging to the same group as others who share the same common bond
and interests who are more likely to understand each other refers to an in- group.
Sample Groups: Sports team, Unions and Sororities
4. Out-group

Those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, which
exist in the perceptions of the in group members and takes on social reality as a
result of behavior by in-group members who use the out group as a negative point
of reference.

5. Reference Groups
A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a standard of
comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. We rely on
reference groups to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas,
behavior, and appearance. This means that we also use them to evaluate the
relative worth, desirability, or appropriateness of these things.

By looking to reference groups--be they those of race, class, gender,

sexuality, religion, region, ethnicity, age, or localized groups defined by
neighborhood or school, among others-- we see norms and dominant values, and
we choose to either embrace and reproduce them in our own thoughts, behavior,
and interactions with others; or, we reject and refute them by thinking and acting
in ways that break from them. Sample of these groups are parents, siblings,
teachers, peers, associates and friends.

6. Network
A network is a collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of
connections. They can be characterized by the number of people involved, as in the
dyad (by twos) and triad (by threes), but also in terms of their structures (who is
connected to whom) and functions (what flows across ties). Networks indeed, are
able to do more things and different things than individuals acting on their own
could. Networks have this effect, regardless of the content of the connections or
persons involved.
Nowadays, the giving of information and establishing of connections and
various relationships can be done through social networking sites. In this manner,

63
it is easier to form connections, relationships and linkages. Example: Family
Members, Friends, Work Colleagues, Classmates
There is another strong example of a network that has boomed since the
beginning of the 21st century. Since 1979, electronic forms of social networking
have boomed, starting with CompuServe and MySpace, and moving to other
networking applications such as Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram.

What’s More
Learning Task 3: Directions: Answer the following questions and write it on your
answer sheet.
1. Pretend that you belong to a particular in-group in your class. You noticed that
one classmate from your class does not belong to any group. What would you do?
Would you invite him to join your in-group? Why? Why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Sangguniang Kabataan of your barangay approached your group in school to
help them in the feeding program of the community. They also asked the help of the
other groups from your school. What would you do to help the SK officials? Would
you ask the out-groups to join you? How?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Learning Task 4: Directions: Differentiate the following classifications of groups by
citing their characteristics and examples. Do this on your answer sheet.
Primary Group
Characteristics Examples

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Secondary Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

64
In-Group
Characteristics Examples

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.
 Out-Group
Characteristics Examples

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

What I Can Do
Learning Task 5: Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively.
Write your answers on your answer sheet.
Question: Think of a group that you belong to. How does this group influence you
as a student?
Answer: The group that I belong to is my _______________________________.

They influence me as a student by _____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.

I influence them by ______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.

They help me fulfill my ambitions in life by _______________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.

65
Assessment
Directions: Read the items carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
1. In your everyday life in school or in your neighbourhood, your kabarkada is an
example of:
A. In-group
B. Primary Group
C. Secondary Group
 D. Out-Group

2. Typically a small social group whose members share close, personal and
enduring relationships.
A. Out-Group
B. Primary group
C. Secondary group
D. Networking group

3. Among different kinds of social groups in our society, this can be small or large,
mostly impersonal and usually short-term.
A. Out-group
B. Social Group
C. Primary Group
D. Secondary Group

4. In various manifestation of characteristics of social group, below are examples of

out-groups EXCEPT:
A. Gays and lesbians
B. Urban and City groups
C. Network and Social Group
D. Classmates sharing the same likes and dislikes

5. Every social group manifests specific sets of characteristics, which of the

following is NOT a characteristic of members in an ingroup?
A. a sense of “we” rather than “I”
B. a feeling of unity
C. similar likes/dislikes
D. knowing out-group’s differences

6. Based on the kind of social relation, which of the following is an example of an in

group?
A. enemies
B. a biker and a singer
C. members of a dance troupe
D. knowing out-group’s differences

66
7. Nowadays technology-based social group has been already part of everyone’s
daily life. As such, social networking sites is considered as are powerful
__________tools
A. Communication
B. Laboratory
C. Man-made
D. Technological

8. These are sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other.
A. In-groups
B. Networks
C. Out-groups
 D. Reference groups

9. Network is a highly influenced the lives of the people. Which of the following is
the true reason for forming networks:
A. Personal
B. Economic
C. Socio-Cultural
D. Environmental

10. Network links people among themselves in various ways. Which words below
pertains to an example of networks:
A. Letters
B. Postcards
C. Facebook
D. Instagram

67
Answer Key
Lesson 3 Lesson 1

A 10. Assessment B 7.
B 9. C 6.
A 8. D 5.
B 7. A 4.
A 6. Lesson 2 E 3.
B 5. F 2.
C 4. G 1.
A 3.
B 2. What's In
B 1.
B 10.
D 9. A 6. C 2.
D 8. C 5. A 1.
C 7. C 4.
B 3. Assessment

A 15. Assessment Assessment Attitudes 5.

D 14. Values 4.
C 13. D 7. Knowledge 5. Symbols 4. Traits 3.
C 12. B 6. Artifacts 3. Practices 2.
D 11. C 5. Norms 2. Beliefs 1.
D 10. C 4. Laws 1. Note: In any order Lesson 1
B 9. A 3. In any order Note: Lesson only
D 8. C 2. 1 only
What's More
A 1. What's More

68
Lesson 4
 Lesson 5

Lesson 6
 69
References
Lesson 1

Anthropology vs Sociology. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23,2020 from

https://www.diffen.com/difference/Anthropology_vs_Sociology.

Cultural Dynamics. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2020 from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/cultural
dynamics.

Department of Political Science. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2020 from

https://www.polisci.washington.edu/what-political-science.
Ifie, C. (2017, November 21). Anthropology Vs. Sociology. Retrieved May 20,
2020 from https://education.seattlepi.com/anthropology-vs sociology-
1536.html.
Parena, K. (2017, March 30). Understanding the concepts of anthropology,
sociology. Retrieved May 20, 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/kellykhel/ understanding-the-concepts
of-anthropology-sociology.

Lesson 2
A. Book
Lanuaza, G. M. and S.S. Raymundo. Understanding Culture, Society, and
Politics. Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2016.
Teachers Guide, Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, 1st ed. 2016.
Teachers DepEd Learners Manual, Understanding Culture, Society, and
Politics, 1st ed. 2016.
B. Electronic Materials
Caparas-Abrina, Dennis. “Viva Valenciana!” Cavite Info p.1, accessed May
25, 2020 http://cavite.info/article/viva-valenciana.html.
Taboclaon, Aleah. “Sinulog Festival in Cebu, Everything You Need to know.”
Accessed May 25, 2020 https://guidetothephilippines.ph
/articles/historyculture/sinulog-festival-cebu-guide.
Lesson 3
Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884): 145. Public
 Domain.

https://mitocw.ups.edu.ec/courses/anthropology/21a-01-how-culture
works-fall-2012/readings/MIT21A_01F12_Sir_Edwrd_cul.pdf
https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnocentrism-vs-cultural
relativism.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and
society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural
relativism-in-group-and-out-group

70
https://englishlive.ef.com/blog/english-in-the-real-world/hand-
gestures/ Lesson 4

Medium.com. “The Four Major Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization.’’ Accessed

May 25, 2020. www.Medium.com
Slideshare ‘’The Iceman: A Historical Inquiry.’’ Accessed May 25, 2020
.www.Slideshare.net
Slideshare ‘’Early Civilizations’’Accessed May 25, 2020. www.slideshare.net
Slideshare.’’The Human Society’’ Accessed May 26,
2020.www.slideshare.net

Sparknotes. “The Rise of Nation-state.’’ Accessed May 26,

2020.www.sparknotes.com
World Population View.”Democracy Countries 2020.’’ Accessed May 26, 2020.
www.woldpopulationview.com
Lesson 5
Grunlan, Stephen A., and Mayers, Marvin K. 1988. Cultural Anthropology: A
Christian Perspective: Enculturation. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
Zondervan Publishing House, 1988.

https://www.definitions.net/definition/Enculturation (Accessed May 25, 2020)

Merriam-Webster. Com (Accessed May 25, 2020)

https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=KbQlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61&lpg=PT61&dq (Accessed May 25,
2020)

Lesson 6
Contreras, Antonio P. et al. “Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016

Lanuza, G M., and Raymundo, S S., 2016. Understanding Culture, Society,

and Politics. First edition. Manila. Rex Book Store Inc. (RBSI)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com
www.yourarticle library.com

71
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-
BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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