Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.19 (3), September, 2016, pp.

18-27 Science

Evaluation and Comparison between Crude Oil Straight Run Fractions and Its
Commercial Fractions (Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil) at Dura Oil Refinery
Wedad H. Al-Dahhan
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad-Iraq.

Abstract
Atmospheric distillation according to ASTM-D 2892 and ASTM-D 86 distillation methods was
carried out to one selected crude oil at Dura oil refinery. Its straight run fractions (Gasoline,
Kerosene and Gas Oil) were tested using the physical properties: Boiling point, Density, Pour point,
Surface tension and Aniline point in addition to the calculated results: API gravity, Kw factor and
Correlation index to make a comparison with commercial fractions (refinery final products):
Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil. A special distillation curves were obtained for crude oil to
determine the straight run fractions and for the commercial fractions to establish their
characteristics and support the preliminary results of the physical properties with valuable data
which enhanced the comparison. Distillation of commercial gasoline shows that it is heavier than
straight run ones, while there were matching in the characteristics for kerosene. Commercial gas oil
was lighter than straight run due to the presence of kerosene.
Keywords: Crude oil, Crude Oil Fractions, Distillation curve, Gasoline, Kerosene, Gas Oil.

1-Introduction atmospheric distillation of crude oils

Petroleum from a chemical standpoint is an (atmospheric gas oil, AGO), from vacuum
extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon distillation of topped crudes (vacuum gas oil,
compounds, usually with minor amounts of VGO), or from cracking and hydrocracking
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur containing units. Atmospheric gas oil has a relatively
compounds as well as trace amounts of metal- lower density and sulfur content than vacuum
containing compounds [1]. Gasoline is a gas oil produced from the same crude. The
mixture of hydrocarbons that usually boil aromatic content of gas oils varies appreciably,
below 180 oC. The hydrocarbon constituents in depending mainly on the crude type and the
this boiling range are those that have 4 to 12 process to which it has been subjected. For
carbon atoms in their molecular structure and example, the aromatic content is
fall in to three general types: paraffins approximately 10% for light gas oil and may
(including the cycloparaffins and branched reach up to 50% for vacuum and cracked gas
materials), olefins, and aromatics [2]. Naphtha oil. Table (1) is a typical analysis of
is a general term used for low boiling atmospheric and vacuum gas oils [5].
hydrocarbon fractions that are a major
component of gasoline. Aliphatic naphtha Table (1)
refers to those naphthas containing less than Characteristics of typical atmospheric gas oil
0.1% benzene and with carbon numbers from (AGO) and vacuum gas oil (VGO) [5]
C3 through C16. Aromatic naphthas have
carbon numbers from C6 through C16 and Gas Oil
Properties Atmospheric Vacuum
contain significant quantities of aromatic gas oil gas oil
hydrocarbons such as benzene (>0.1%),
Specific gravity,
toluene, and xylene [3]. Kerosene, also called °API
38.6 30.0
paraffin or paraffin oil, is a flammable pale- Specific gravity,
yellow or colorless oily liquid with a 0.832 0.876
15/15°C
characteristic odor. Kerosene originated as a Boiling range, °C 232-327 299-538
straight-run petroleum fraction that boiled Hydrogen, wt % 13.7 13.0
between approximately 157 OC and 232 oC Aromatics, wt % 24.0 28.0
[4]. Gas oil is a heavier petroleum fraction
than kerosene. It can be obtained from the

18
 Wedad H. Al-Dahhan

The test method for the distillation of densities, and thus have lower API gravities.
petroleum products at atmospheric pressure, Heavy crude oils are usually rich in aromatics
ASTM-D 86, provides the approach to and tend to contain more residual material, e.g.
measurement [6]. The method often used for asphaltenes, and heterocyclics, e.g. sulfur,
measuring the distillation of crude petroleum nitrogen, oxygen-containing hydrocarbon
is ASTM D 2892 [7]. E.O. Odebunmi adapt a analogs. Crude oils with gravity > 33°API are
methods for the characterization of crude oils considered as light. Heavy crudes, i.e. those
and petroleum product fractions using elution with gravity < 28°API tend and are usually
liquid chromatography and then to analyze the rich in aromatics [2].
fractions using ultraviolet and infrared
spectroscopic techniques [8]. In an earlier 2.1.2. Paraffinic/Naphthenic Crude Oils
study, E.O. Odebunmi have presented the Crude oils are composed of paraffinic,
results of the characterization of crude oils and naphthenic (cycloparaffinic) and aromatic
petroleum products by fractional distillation hydrocarbons, and may be described as either
and elution liquid chromatography and the paraffinic or naphthenic depending on the
analysis of the fractions by gas predominant proportion of hydrocarbon type
chromatography [9] Angel Nedelchev, adapt present [12]. Paraffinic crude oils are rich in
thirty three crude oil samples were straight chain and branched saturated
characterized by means of TBP distillation and hydrocarbons while naphthenic or asphaltic
ASTM D-86. The paper presents an attempt to crude oils contain mainly cycloparaffinic,
test the applicability of the major methods saturated-ring hydrocarbons and aromatic,
available for converting ASTM D-86 to TBP unsaturated ring hydrocarbons with at least
for the whole range of the distillation curve one benzene ring [13]. The aromatic fraction
[10]. Waples, adopted the major groups of of crude oil include such compounds as the
compounds found in petroleum are saturated BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenze
hydrocarbons, including straight chained, and the three xylene isomers), polycyclic
branched and cyclic hydrocarbons, simple aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, such as
aromatic hydrocarbons, small sulphur bearing naphthalene), and some heterocyclic aromatics
compounds, resins and very large aromatic such as the di-benzothiophenes [14].There are
asphaltene compounds [11]. several correlation between yield and the
The aim of this work is to compare between aromaticity and paraffinicity of crude oils, but
crude oil straight run fractions and its the two most widely used are UOP or Watson
commercial fractions (Gasoline, Kerosene and “characterization factor” (Kw) and the Bureau
Gas Oil) form Dura oil refinery. of Mines correlation index (CI).
Kw= (TB) 1/3 / G
2-Experimental CI= 87552/TB +473.7 G – 456.8
2.1. Crude Oil Classification
2.1.1. Light/Heavy Crude Oils Where (TB) is the average boiling point
The designation of “light” or “heavy” for in degrees Rankine (oF+ 460) and (G)
crude oils is based on their density. API is the specific gravity 60o/60oF [15].
gravity is the common measure of crude oil Characterization factor has been shown to be
density and is calculated as °API = 141.5/Sp. additive on a weight basis. It was originally
Gr.–131.5; the higher the API gravity, the devised to show the thermal cracking
lower the specific gravity. Crude oils with characteristics of heavy oils, thus highly
lower densities and viscosities, and thus higher paraffin oils have Kw in the range 12.5 to 13.0
API gravities, usually contain higher levels and cyclic (naphthene) oils have Kw in the
of naphtha (gasoline-range hydrocarbons) range 10.5 to 12.5 [16]. The CI scale is based
with predominately volatile paraffinic upon straight-chain paraffins having a CI value
hydrocarbons, which can be processed readily of (0) and benzene having a CI value of (100).
to produce gasoline and are considered “light” The CI values are not quantitative, but the
crude. Heavy crude oils are more viscous, lower the CI value, the greater the
have higher boiling ranges and higher concentration of paraffin hydrocarbons in the

19
Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.19 (3), September, 2016, pp.18-27 Science

fraction, and higher the CI value, the greater

the concentration of naphthenes and aromatics
[15]. Density, specific gravity at 20oC has
been determined according to АSTM 1217.
The surface tension has been analyzed
according to АSTM 1331. The viscosity has
been measured according to АSTM-D 445.
The pour point has been analyzed according
to АSTM D 5853-11. The aniline point has
been measured according to АSTM-D 611.

2.2. Distillation
Fig.(1): Boiling point and carbon number for
2.2.1. Distillation Process
The distillation tests give an indication of various hydrocarbons and petroleum
the types of products and the quality of the products [18].
products that can be obtained from petroleum,
and the tests are used to compare different
petroleum types through the yield and quality
of the 300°C residuum fraction. The basic
method of distillation (ASTM D-86) is one of
the oldest methods in use because the
distillation characteristics of hydrocarbons
have an important effect on safety and
performance, especially in the case of fuels
and solvents. Usually seven fractions provide
the basis for a reasonably thorough evaluation
of the distillation properties of the feedstock:
[17]. Fig.(2): Crude oil fractions [19].
The atmospheric distillation of crude oil
1. Gas, boiling range: < 15.5 °C commercial fractions (Gasoline, Kerosene and
2. Gasoline (light naphtha), boiling range: Gas Oil) has been carried out in distillation
l5.5–149 °C apparatus according to АSTM-D 86 and for
3. Kerosene (medium naphtha), boiling crude oil according to ASTM-D 2892.
range:149–232 °C
4. Gas oil, boiling range: 232–343 °C 2.2.2. Distillation Curve
5. Light vacuum gas oil, boiling range: When a refining company evaluates its own
343–371°C crude oils to determine the most desirable
6. Heavy vacuum gas oil, boiling range: processing sequence to obtain the required
371–566 °C products, its own laboratories will provide data
7. Residue, boiling range: > 566 °C concerning the distillation and processing of
the oil and its fractions [20].
The boiling range gives information on the The distillation curve is a graphical
composition, the properties, and the behavior depiction of the boiling temperature of a fluid
of petroleum and derived products during (or fluid mixture) plotted against the volume
storage and use Fig.(1)[18]. Crude oil fractions fraction distilled [21]. The ASTM-D2892
(Kerosene and Gas Oil) can be classified with method is designated for any petroleum
more details Fig.(2) [19]. mixture with an initial boiling point below
400oC, and specifies that the atmospheric
pressure section of the four-part distillation
procedure be discontinued at 310oC to avoid
‘‘significant cracking”. Table (2) illustrates the
common cut points from atmospheric
distillation [22].
20
 Wedad H. Al-Dahhan

Table (2)
Some common cut points [22].
Temperature Under (32.2- (104.4- (157.0- (232.0- (426.0 oC)
Range (32.2 oC) 104.4) oC 157.0) oC 232.0) oC 426.0) oC and up
Butane Residue
Fraction
and Gasoline Naphtha Kerosene Gas oil (including
Type
lighter asphalt)

3. Results and Discussion more than aromatic hydrocarbons. These data

3.1.Characterization of crude oil effect on straight run crude oil fractions
The characterization of tested crude oil in quality and quantity, see Fig.(3) and Table (5).
Table (3) and its distillation results Table (4)
illustrates that the crude oil as light according
to API gravity value and contain naphthenic
Table (3)
Characterization of tested crude oil.
Correl
Densit Density Specific API Pour Dynamic Surface Kw
- ation
y g/cm3 g/cm3 gravity gravit Point Viscosity Tension at Factor
Index
(20 oC) (15.6 oC) (15.6 oC) y (oC) (cp) 20oC (mNm-1) (oR)
(CI)
0.83 0.85 0.85 34.97 -23 13.32 21.23 11.41 41.58

3.2. Distillation results for crude oil abundance of light products within a
Calculate the percentage or quantities of maximum temperature of 332oC.
crude oil derivatives (Gasoline, Naphtha,
Kerosene and Gas oil) based on the data
presented in Table (1) crude oil gave straight
run products within the limits of atmospheric
distillation a quantities shown in Fig.(3) and
Table (5) which is clearly refers to the
Table (4)
Distillation results for tested crude oil.
Correl
Boiling Density Density Specific Aniline Pour Kw
Cumulative API at-ion
Point g/cm3 g/cm3 gravity point point Factor
Volume (%) gravity Index
(oC) (20 oC) (15.6 oC) (15.6 oC) (oC) (oC) (oR)
(CI)
First drop 43 - - - - - - - -
5 83 0.64 0.66 0.66 82.89 70.2 - 14.70 -
10 133 0.68 0.70 0.70 70.64 68.3 -50.9 13.86 -
15 186 0.76 0.78 0.78 49.91 65.3 - 12.44 8.42
20 213 0.78 0.80 0.80 45.38 60.0 -45.3 12.13 17.89
25 232 0.80 0.83 0.83 38.98 58.2 - 11.69 32.10
30 265 0.82 0.84 0.84 36.95 52.2 -41.6 11.55 36.84
35 286 0.83 0.85 0.85 34.97 48.1 - 11.41 41.58
40 301 0.85 0.87 0.87 31.14 43.3 -27.3 11.15 51.05
45 317 0.85 0.88 0.88 29.29 40.7 - 11.02 55.79
50 332 0.87 0.91 0.91 23.99 35.8 -16.0 10.66 70.00

21
Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.19 (3), September, 2016, pp.18-27 Science

Table (6)
Distillation results for commercial fractions
(Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil).
Cumulative Boiling Point (oC)
Volume Gas
Gasoline Kerosene
(%) Oil
First drop 35 135 140
5 55 165 180
10 59 168 185
15 63 169 190
Fig.(3): Straight run crude oil fractions 20 68 170 194
distribution on crude oils distillation curve. 25 70 173 197
30 75 176 200
Table (5)
Straight run crude oil fractions from crude 35 79 179 208
oil distillation curve. 40 85 180 210
45 89 184 214
Gasoline Naphtha Kerosene Gas oil
50 90 187 217
Volume Percent Distilled
55 96 190 220
8 4 12 26
60 100 194 223
The approximate volume (liter) distilled
from one barrel 65 108 198 228
70 112 201 234
12.72 6.36 19.08 41.34
75 118 203 239
80 120 206 241
3.3. Distillation results for commercial
fractions 85 123 208 248
Crude oil commercial fractions (Gasoline, 90 126 211 257
Kerosene and Gas Oil) were distilled 95 128 216 261
according to ASTM -D 86 separately from 100 130 220 265
each other, the distillation results illustrates in
Table (6).

Fig.(4): Commercial fractions (Gasoline,

Kerosene and Gas Oil) distillation curves.
3.4. Physical properties for some cuts from
commercial fractions (Gasoline,
Kerosene and Gas Oil) distillation
The percentage volumes (20, 40, 60, 80 and
100 %) see Table (6) were selected only to test
the physical properties which is quite enough
to study the possible differences in the
produced cuts specifications which will

22
 Wedad H. Al-Dahhan

discusses separately in sec.(3.4.1) for gasoline,

see Table (7), sec. (3.4.2) for kerosene, see
Table (8) and sec. (3.4.3) for gas oil see
Table (9).
Table (7)
Physical properties for some cuts from gasoline commercial fraction distillation.
Density Specific
Cumulative Boiling Density Aniline Pour Kw
g/cm3 gravity API Correlation
Volume Point g/cm3 point Point Factor
(15.6 (15.6 gravity Index (CI)
(%) (oC) (20 oC) oC) oC) (oC) (oC ) (oR)

First drop 35 - - - - - - -
20 68 0.70 0.72 0.72 65.03 72.2 - 43.1 12.17 14.26
40 85 0.71 0.73 0.73 62.34 65.0 - 40.3 12.00 19.00
60 100 0.72 0.76 0.76 54.68 59.3 - 38.2 11.53 33.21
80 120 0.73 0.77 0.77 52.27 51.6 -36.2 11.38 37.95
100 130 0.75 0.78 0.78 49.91 46.9 - 33.7 11.23 42.69

3.4.1. Physical properties for some cuts

from gasoline commercial fraction
distillation
The results of gasoline distillation see
Fig.(5) refer to the presence of a heavy cut
with boiling range (104.4-130)oC compared
with the limits of straight run gasoline
(32.2-104.4)oC. This can be explained through:
1. At refinery blending process they add
gasoline octane number boosters
(branched chain paraffinic hydrocarbons
and light naphthenes and aromatics)
which consider as heavy cuts compared Fig.(5): Gasoline commercial fraction
with straight run gasoline. distillation curve with straight run limit
2. This cut (104.4-130)oC lies in straight run selection.
naphtha boiling point limit ( 104.4-157) oC
Table (1) which is heavier than straight
run gasoline and often they are added to
commercial gasoline.

Table (8)
Physical properties for some cuts from kerosene commercial fraction distillation.
Cumulative Boiling Density Density Specific Aniline Pour Kw
API Correlation
Volume Point g/cm3 g/cm3 gravity point Point Factor
gravity Index (CI)
(%) (oC ) (20 oC) (15.6oC) (15.6oC) (oC) (oC) o
( R)
First drop 135 - - - - - - - -
20 170 0.77 0.79 0.79 47.61 50.0 -26.2 11.95 21.52
40 180 0.78 0.80 0.80 45.38 41.3 -24.1 11.80 26.26
60 194 0.80 0.83 0.83 38.98 34.3 -23.3 11.37 40.47
80 206 0.81 0.84 0.84 36.95 29.9 -20.5 11.24 45.21
100 220 0.83 0.86 0.86 33.03 28.0 -17.8 10.98 54.68

23
Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.19 (3), September, 2016, pp.18-27 Science

3.4.2. Physical properties for some cuts

from kerosene commercial fraction
distillation
Fig.(6) illustrates that straight run kerosene
(157-232)oC match the characteristics of
commercial kerosene for domestic uses. This
is logical result due to straight run kerosene is
not subject to any complementary operations
and additives compared with kerosene (Jet
Fuel) (82.2-232.2)oC see Fig.(2).
Fig.(6): Kerosene commercial fraction
distillation curve with straight run limit
selection.
Table (9)
Physical properties for some cuts from gas oil commercial fraction distillation.
Boiling Density Density Specific Aniline Pour Kw
Cumulative API Correlation
Point g/cm3 g/cm3 gravity point Point Factor
Volume % o gravity Index (CI)
C (20 oC) (15.6oC) (15.6oC) (oC) o
C (oR)
First drop 140 - - - - - - - -
20 194 0.81 0.83 0.83 38.98 45.6 -24.7 11.62 33.67
40 210 0.82 0.85 0.85 34.97 36.1 -20.3 11.35 43.15
60 223 0.84 0.86 0.86 33.03 28.9 -17.6 11.22 47.88
80 241 0.86 0.89 0.89 27.49 22.1 -13.8 10.84 62.09
100 265 0.88 0.91 0.91 23.99 19.7 -15.8 10.60 71.57

3.4.3. Physical properties for some cuts 3.5. Density, API, Aniline point, Pour point,
from gas oil commercial fraction Kw and CI data with respect to volume
distillation percent distilled
The atmospheric gas oil with boiling range Density, API, Aniline point and Pour point
(232.2-343.0)oC is lighter than the tested results, see Tables (7, 8 and 9) illustrate a
commercial gas oil due to the later consist of logical differences between the petroleum
vacuum gas oil (VGO) which is heavy fraction products, see Fig.(8, 9, 10 and 11), but there is
with end boiling point 426oC Table (1) but substantial convergence between the observed
Fig.(7) shows the distillation range for properties of kerosene and gas oil in all
commercial product (140-265)oC which means physical properties tested and this is what was
that it consists of light cut (140-232)oC referred to analyze the results for Fig.(7).
belongs to kerosene fraction.

Fig.(7): Gas Oil commercial fraction Fig.(8): Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil
distillation curve with straight run limit densities with respect to volume percent
selection. distilled.

24
 Wedad H. Al-Dahhan

increase (CI) values. This justifies the apparent

difference between the kerosene and gas oil
curves see Fig.(12, 13) while we noticed the
presence of convergence between them in the
Figs.(8, 9, 10 and 11).

Fig.(9): Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil API

gravities with respect to volume percent
distilled.

Fig.(12): Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil (K)

factor results with respect to volume percent
distilled.

Fig.(10): Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil

aniline points with respect to volume percent
distilled.

Fig.(13): Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil

(CI) results with respect to volume percent
distilled.

4. Conclusion
The characterization of tested crude oil
illustrates that the crude oil consider as light
and contain naphthenic more than aromatic
hydrocarbons. This effect clearly on straight
run crude oil fractions quality and quantity.
Distillation of commercial gasoline shows
Fig.(11): Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas Oil that it is heavier than straight run ones, while
pour points with respect to volume percent there were matching in the characteristics for
distilled. kerosene. Commercial gas oil was lighter than
straight run due to the presence of kerosene.
Commercial gas oil distillation temperature Density, API, Aniline point and Pour point
in the range of (140-228)oC Table (6) refers to results illustrate logical differences between
distillation cut with lower temperature range the petroleum products, while (Kw) and (CI)
than straight run gas oil (232-426)oC Table (1). values shows that there were differences
Distillation temperature drop from initial between the kerosene and gas oil curves due to
boiling point at 140oC to 65% distilled product decrease in (TB) value.
at 228oC see Table (6) caused to decrease (TB)
value and this led to decrease (Kw) and

25
Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.19 (3), September, 2016, pp.18-27 Science

5. Acknowledgements [12] Shell, “The Petroleum Handbook” (6th

The authors acknowledge the Department Edition) Hardcover, 1983.
of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain [13] Test Plan, Crude Oil Category, the
University for their encouragement. American Petroleum Institute, Petroleum
HPV Testing Group, November 21, 2003
References [14] Zhendi Wang, “Characteristics of Spilled
[1] Algelt K.H. and Bodieszynski M.M., Oils, Fuels, and Petroleum Products: 1.
“Comparison and Analysis of Heavy Composition and Properties of Selected
Petroleum Fractions”. Chapters 2, 4 &10 Oils”, Emergencies Science and
(Eds.) Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, Technology Division, Environmental
1994. Technology Centre Environment Canada.
[2] Crude Oil Category, Category Assessment 2012.
Document, The American Petroleum [15] G lean E., James H. Gary “Petrochemical
Institute, Petroleum HPV Testing Group, Refining Technology and Economics” Fifth
January 14, 2011. Edition 2010.
[3] US OSHA, Technical Manual, Section IV: [16] James G. Speight “The Chemistry and
Chapter 2 “Petroleum Refining Processes” Technology of Petroleum” Fourth Edition,
2011. 2011.
[4] Walmsley A.G., “Modern Petroleum [17] Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar “Petroleum in
Technology”. Applied Science Publishers View of its Classification, Assay and
Inc., Barking, Essex, UK. Chapter 17. 1973. Analysis” International E–Publication,
[5] Sami Matar, “Chemistry of Petrochemical 2014.
Processes” Second edition, Houston, Texas, [18] James G. Speight “Handbook of
2000. Petroleum Product Analysis” Handbook of
[6] Standard test method for distillation of Petroleum, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
petroleum products at atmospheric pressure. Publications, 2002.
ASTM Standard D 86-04b, Book of [19] Georgius A. Adam, “Industrial
Standards Volume: 05.01. West Chemistry” Basrah University, Table (1)
Conshohocken (PA): American Society for (Arabic) 1985.
Testing and Materials; 2004. [20] James H. Gary, “Petroleum Refining
[7] Standard test method for distillation of Technology and Economics”, Fourth
crude petroleum. ASTM Test Method D- Edition, 2001.
2892. West Conshocken (PA): ASTM Book [21] Leffler WL., “Petroleum refining in
of Standards; 2003. nontechnical language” Tulsa, Oklahoma,
[8] Odebunmi E. O., “Infrared and Ultraviolet Penn Well, 2000.
Spectrophotometric Analyses of [22] Standard test method for distillation of
Chromatographic Fractions of Crude Oils crude petroleum. ASTM Test Method D-
and Petroleum products” Bull. Chem. Soc. 2892. West Conshocken (PA): ASTM Book
Ethiop., 21(1), 2007. of Standards, 2003.
[9] Odebunmi, E.O., “Characterization of
Crude Oils and Petroleum Products by
Fractional Distillation” Bull. Chem. Soc. ‫الخالصة‬
Ethiop., 16 (1), 2002.
[10] Angel Nedelchev, “Boiling Point ‫تم اختيار احد النفوط الخام من مصفى الدورة واجراء‬
Distribution of Crude Oils Based on TBP ‫) للحصول‬ASTM-D2892( ‫التقطير عليه بموجب الطريقة‬
and ASTM D-86 Distillation Data”
،‫على المشتقات النفطية الرئيسية محور البحث (كازولين‬
Petroleum & Coal 53 (4), 2011.
[11] Waples D.W., “Geochemistry in .)‫كيروسين وكاز اويل‬
Petroleum Exploration” D. Reidel
‫اجريت عمليات تقطير على نماذج من المشتقات النفطية‬
Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland.
1985. ‫التجارية (منتج نهائي من مصفى الدورة) بموجب الطريقة‬
.)ASTM-D86(

26
 ‫‪Wedad H. Al-Dahhan‬‬

‫المشتقات النفطية المستحصلة من تقطير النفط الخام مع‬

‫المشتقات التجارية اجريت عليها الفحوصات الفيزيائية‪ :‬درجة‬
‫الغليان‪ ،‬الكثافة‪ ،‬درجة االنسكاب‪ ،‬الشد السطحي ودرجة‬
‫االنلين اضافة الى الخواص التي تم حسابها (‪)Kw,API,CI‬‬
‫للوقوف على نقاط االختالف والمقارنة بينهما‪.‬‬
‫تمت االستعانة بمنحنيات التقطير للنفط الخام والمشتقات‬
‫النفطية لدعم النتائج المستحصلة من الخواص الفيزيائية‪.‬‬
‫تبين من خالل المقارنه بين المشتقات التجارية طي‬
‫البحث والمنتجات المستحصلة مباشرة من عملية التقطير ان‬
‫الكازولين التجاري اثقل من المقطر بينما تطابقت النتائج‬
‫بالنسبة للكيروسين وعلى عكس الكازولين فان الكاز اويل‬
‫التجاري كان اخف من الكاز اويل المنتج مباشرة من عملية‬
‫التقطير‪.‬‬

‫‪27‬‬