1.

In  a  rectangular  Rcc  beam, the  ratio  of  maximum  shear  stress  to  average  shear  stress 
is  1.33                                   
2. What  is the governing  formula  to  find  the  length  of  embedment  ‘1’  if  ‘Sb’  is the
average  bond  stress  on  a  bar  of  diameter  ‘d’  subjected  to  maximum stress  ‘t’?
Length   of   embedment 1 =dt/4Sb
3. What  is  the  minimum  horizontal  distance  between  two  main  bars  in  Rcc  beam?
Diameter   of   bar + 5 mm  or
Nominal   size  of  the  aggregate
4. The  main reason  for  providing  no. of reinforcing  bars  at  a  support  in  a 
simply  supported  beam  is  to  resist  in  that  zone  ______ stresses.
5. for  bars  in  tension  a  standard  book  has  an  anchorage  value  equivalent  to  a  straight 
length  of  12φ.
6. Why a doubly  reinforced  beam  is  considered  to  be  economical  compared  to  a 
singly  reinforced  beam ?
A  doubly  reinforced  beam  is  considered  to  be  a  economical  compared  to  a  singly 
reinforced beam  because   
The  depth  of  doubly  reinforced  beam  is  less  compared  to  singly  reinforced  beam
The  moment  of  resistance  can  be  increased  by  not  more   than  25  percent  over  the 
balanced  moment  of  resistance .  To   increase  M.R.  more  than  this  off  a  beam  section of 
limited  dimensions, a  doubly  reinforced  beam  is  preferred .
7. For the  deflection  of  simply  supported  beam  to  be  within  permissible  limits,  the 
ratio  of  its  span  to  effective  depth  should  not  exceed  20.
8. In a  simply  supported  slab, the  distance  at  which  half  of  the  main  steel  is  bent 
up  near  support  is  1/7.
9. In  a  simply  supported  beam  why  we  are  providing  distribution  reinforcement?
To   distribute   temperature  stresses
10.The  minimum  percentage  of  tension  reinforcement  in  Rcc  beam  is  0.4%.
11. According  to  Indian  standard  how  the  modular  ratio  between  the  steel  and  any 
grade  of  concrete  can  be  arrived?
280/3σcbc where σcbc=permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete   in  N/mm2
12. Steel is efficiently used in under reinforced section.
13. what  is  the  permissible  tensile  stress  on  the  equivalent  concrete  area  for 
M15  Concrete?
2N/mm2
14.what  is  the  permissible  compressive stress  in  concrete  in  bending  for M20 
concrete?
 7N/mm2
15.What  is  the  governing  equation to  find  the  spacing  of  stirrups  in  rectangular 
beam?
Spacing   of  stirrups=Awtwd/Vs  where  Vs =S-Sc
S=shear force  Sc=shear  resistance  of  the  concrete
16. what   is  lever  arm in  reinforced  concrete beams?
Lever  arm  is  the  distance  between  the  line  of  action  of  the  resultant  compression  and 
the  line  of  action  of  the  tension
17.what  does  the  word  “moment  of  resistance”  refers  to?
It  is  the  resisting  moment  offered  by  a  beam section  to  resist  the  bending  moment  at 
the  section
18. when  you  call  a  section  as  a  balanced  (or) economic  (or)  critical  section?
This  is  a  section , in which  the  quantity  of  steel  provided  is  such  that, when  the  most 
distant  concrete  fiber  in  the  compression zone reaches  the  allowable  stress  in  compression 
and  the tensile stress  in  the  reinforcement  reaches  its allowable stress.
19. Classify the unbalanced section
Unbalanced section  are classified under two heads as under-reinforced and over-reinforced
section   .
20. Diffrentate under-reinforced section from over-reinforced section
Under-reinforced section is a section in which the quantity of steel provided is less than what is
required for a balanced section. In this case when the stress in the steel reaches its permissible
value,the corresponding extreme compressive stress reached in concrete will be less than its
permissible value where  a over-reinforced section is a section in which the quantity of steel
provide is more than what is required for a balanced section In this case when the  extreme
compressive stress in concrete reach its permissible value corresponding tensile stress in steel
will be less than its permissible value.

21. Write any to basic assumptions made in concrete design

Plane sections transverse to the central line of a member before bending remain plane sections
after bending.
The reinforcement does not slip from concrete surrounding it.
22. In a doubly reinforced beam where the maximum shear stress will occur?
The shear stress occurs on planes between neutral axis and the tensile reinforcement.
23. In RCC ,in working stress design ,the allowable bending compressive strain is 0.002 and
the ultimate bending compressive strain is 0.003 .
24. When will you call a beam as a balanced beam?
This is a beam, in which the quantity of steel provides is such that, when the most distant
concrete fiber in the compression zone reaches its allowable stress.
25.  The ratio of the allowable bond stress in deformed bars to that of plain bars is about
1.40 .
 26. The safe bond stress between concrete and steel is determined by pull out test.
 27. The minimum grade of concrete to be used in reinforced concrete is M15.
28. If the nominal shear stress Tv exceed design shear strength of concrete Tc the shear
reinforcement to be provided as per IS456-1987 for carrying shear stress is Tv-Tc  .
 29. For a simply supported beam of span 10m , the minimum effective depth to satisfy the
vertical deflection limits should be 50cm.
30. What are doubly reinforced beams? When do you go for doubly reinforcement?
         Beams reinforced with steel in compression and tension zones are called doubly reinforced
beams . This type of beam is restricted. Also when the external live loads may alter ie;may occur
on either face of the member DRB are preferred .
 31.Upto what percentage the moment of resistance can be increased by doubly reinforcing
the beams?
         Up to 25%  only.
32. As the percentage of steel increases in singly reinforced beams depth of neutral axis increases
&lever arm decreases.
33. Rate of increase of moment of resistance with percentage of steel for a singly reinforced
beam section is lesser in the over reinforced condition.

34. What is the percentage of steel required for a balanced rectangular singly reinforced
concrete?
       0.699 % (or) 0.7% when the permissible stresses in concrete and steel are respectively
5N/mm2 and  140N/mm2.
35. For a singly reinforced beam of a given size with concrete of a definite grade the
quantity of steel needed is definite.
36. Due to what condition the concrete will fail if shear reinforcement is not provided in a
beam?
                Due to diagonal tension .
37. Abeam of sectional dimensions width bx overall depth D is subjected to Tensional
moment ‘T’ in addition to BENDING moment ‘M’. How will you find the equivalent
bending moment Meq for the above case?
            The equivalent bending moment Meq is given by
             Meq = M+Mt
          Where M= Bending moment
Mt  =T (1+D/b ÷1.7)
38.In the case of beams of beam of varying depth the nominal shear stress at a section is
given by                                                 
      s±m/d tanβ÷bd
39.why rectangular beams are uncommon in RCC?
            In almost all RCC structures we cannot find rectangular beams since the beams carries a
slab with which it is monolithic nature from a T-beam.
40. How will you find the flange width of T-beams ?
          The flange width of T-beams is given by B= 1o/6 +br + 6ds
Where,
             1o= Distance between points of zero moments in the beam
              br= Breadth of web/rib
ds= Thickness of flange
 41. what are the conditions that should be satisfied for a T-beam action
                          For T-beam action the following condition shall be satisfied:           
                                  a)The slab shall be cast integrally with web , or the web and the slab shall
be effectively bonded together in any other manner and,
                                  b) The main reinforcement of the slab is provided parallel to the  beam and
the transverse reinforcement at mid span of the slab .
 42. T-beam sections are generally under reinforced sections.
43. Spacing of transverse torisonal reinforcement  in a beam shall not exceed 300mm.
44. When  the  neutral  axis  of  a T-beam  section  lies  below  the flange, the  lever  arm  a 
is  equal  to  d_Y  where Y  is  equal  to  3n-2ds/2n-ds=ds/3
45. what  is  the  limiting  clear  cover  to  the  reinforcement  in  a  T-beam?
25mm  (or)  diameter  of  bar  whichever  is  greater.
46. what  is  the  maximum  diameter  of  the  bar  that  should  be  provided  in  T-beam?
One  eighth  of  the  width  of  the  rib.
47.In  T-beam  sections we  can  get  large  moment  of  resistance  compared  with 
rectangular  section. How?
Due  to  the  composite  action  between  the  flange  and  the   rib  in  T-beam, the  moment  of 
resistance  offered  by  the  T-beam  is  large .
48. From  economical  point  of  view, which  section is  preferred  instead  of  singly 
reinforced  concrete  beams ? 
T-beam
49. How will you arrive  the  effective  span  of  a  simply  supported  slab?
The  effective  span  of  a  simply  supported  slab  shall  be  taken  as  the  lesser  of  the 
following.
a)Distance  between  the  centres  of  bearings
b)clear  span  plus  the  effective  depth
50. What  is  the minimum  thickness  of  slab?
100mm
51. The  minimum  percentage of  steel  in  each  principal  direction  in  a  slab  shall  not 
be  less  than 0.15%  of  the  total  cross-sectional  area.
52. The  diameter of  main  bars  in  a  slab  shall  not  exceed  1/8  times  the  thickness  of 
the  slab.
53. How  will  you  decide  a  slab  to  design  as  one-way  slab  or  two-way slab?
A  slab  will  be  designed  as  spanning  one way  if  the  ratio  of  the long span  is 
greater  than Otherwise it  will  be  designed  as  two-way  slab.
UNIT 11

1) What is the minimum overall depth of slab to be provided to satisfy vertical deflection
limit for a continuous slab of 3m x 3.5m?
                                75mm.
2) The minimum diameter of main bars for slab is generally 8mm and distribution
bars 6mm.
3) For a continuous beam the span to effective depth ratio should not exceed 26.
4) How will you classify a column as a short column?
            A reinforced concrete column is considered as a short column, if its slenderness ratio is
less than 12.
5) All columns shall be designed for a minimum eccentricity of 20mm (or) 1/500 + b/30
Where, l = unsupported length of the column
            b = least lateral dimension of the column
6) What is the minimum number of longitudinal bars in a column of rectangular section &
circular section?
            The minimum numbers of longitudinal bars needed for rectangular & circular column are
4 and 6 numbers respectively.
7) For a continuous slab, spanning in one direction the ratio of span to depth is 35.
8) For a continuous slab, spanning in two directions the ratio of span to depth should be 40.
9) What is minimum percentage of main (or) Distribution reinforcement required for slab
spanning in direction?
            The reinforcement shall not be less than 0.15 percent of the total cross-sectional areas. If
high strength deformed bars (or) welded fabrics are used as reinforcement, then is reduced to
0.12  Percent of the total cross-sectional area.

10) How will you check the pitch of main bars in slabs?
            i) Three times the effective depth of slab and
            ii) 45cm

11) What is the maximum limiting value of pitch for distribution (or) temperature bars?
            The pitch of the distribution bars shall not exceed the following:
            i) Five times the effective depth of the slab and
            ii) 45 cms.

12) What is the minimum cover to reinforcement that has to be provided for slabs?
            The minimum cover to outside of the main bars shall not be less than the following:
            (i) 15mm and (ii) Diameter of the main bar

13) The area of longitudinal reinforcement in R.C.C column shall not be less than 0.8% of
the gross area and shall not exceed 6% of gross area.
14) What is the minimum diameter of bar required for a column?
                                        12mm
15) The spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.
16) What is the maximum internal angle of the lateral ties when polygonal lateral ties are
provided in a column?
                                           135°
17) The diameter of lateral ties in a column shall not be less than   ¼ th the diameter of
longitudinal bars.
18) Write the expression for finding Reducation coefficient Cr for a long column.
                         Cr=1.25 – lef/48b.
19) Forms for RCC columns may be removed after 1 to 2 days.
20) The permissible load for column with helical reinforcement is K times the permissible
load for a similar column with lateral ties. What is that K value equivalent to?
                                          1.05
21) The minimum percentage of steel in an RCC long column is 0.8%.
22) How will you find the induced compressive stress in concrete if a short RCC column
subjected to an axial load W?
W/Ac+1.5mAt.
Where, Ac = area of concrete
            At = area of steel
             m = modular ratio
23) At what conditions a circular column will be considered as a long column?
            When the ratio of the effective length to the core diameter exceeds 12 for a circular
column, then it is considered as a long column.
24) At what circumstances would you recommend a combined footing?
            If overlapping of adjacent isolated footing occurs then instead of providing isolated
footing we can combinedly provide a combined footing for those two columns.
25) When will you recommend rectangular combined footing?
            In the case of combined footing provided for two columns, where the projections beyond
the edge column parallel to the length of the footing is restricted we must provide a rectangular
combined footing.
26) The thickness at the edge of a reinforced concrete footing resting on soil shall not be
less than 150 mm.

UNIT-3
1.what are the methods available for the design of R.C.C.?
The three basic methods available for the design of reinforced concrete structures,
namely working stress method, ultimate load method and limit state method.

 2.Define limit state method?    

It is defined as a method which limits the structural usefulness of the material of the
structure up to a certain load at which acceptable limit of safety and serviceability are applied so
that the failure of structure does not occur.(The acceptable limits applied for safety and
serviceability requirements before failure of a structure takes place is termed as a limit state).

3. What are the requirements to be satisfied by a structural member designed?

The requirements to be satisfied by a member designed are strength, stability and stiffness.

4.What are live loads ?                                                                                       

            Live loads are the loads which vary in magnitude and or in positions live loads are also
known as imposed or transient loads.

5.What is wind load?

The force due to wind is called as wind load.
 6.BIS-1987.deals with code of practice for design loads for buildings and structures.
 7.The seismic loads are referred as exceptional loads.
 8.What are characteristic loads ?
The characteristic loads are defined as those values of loads which are an accepted
probability of their not being exceeded during the life of the structures.
 9. Define characteristic load as per BIS-456-1978?
It means that value  of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being exceeded
during the life of the structure.
10.How will you find characteristic load?
It ma y be found by fck=f+1.64
               Where f=arithmetic mean load of the sample 
11.The design loads are obtained by multiplying the characteristic loads by a partial safety
factor for loads .
12.The partial safety factor for DL+LL is 1.5 and     DL +LL+WL is 1.2
13.what is characteristic strength of concrete?
It is defined as the compressive strength of 150mm cube at 28 days expressed in
2
N/mm  below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall.
14. The characteristic strength may be obtained by   Fck=f-1.64 σ
15.What are internal forces?
The bending moments and shear provided by the transverse loads are called as internal
forces.
16.What is singly reinforced beam.
The reinforced concrete beam in which the steel reinforcement is placed only on tension side, is
known as singly reinforced beam.
17.For mild steel , the stress strain curve has definite yield point.
18.What is Compression and tension failure?
The failure of concrete in compression occurs by crushing is compression failure and
yield failure of steel is referred as the tension failure.
19.The crushing failure of concrete is sudden and tension failure of steel is gradual.
20. Why beams are usually designed as under-reinforced.
An under reinforced beam fails by large strains in steel bars and therefore by extensive
cracking of the concrete and by substantial deflection. An ample warning of the impending
failure is reflected due to the ductility of such a beam. For this reason the beams are usually
designed as under-reinforced.
21.The compressive force in concrete for a rectangular beam of b*d is given by 0.36 fck b
xu and the tensile force in steel bars provided as reinforcement is 0.87Ast fy under limit
state conditions.
22.what is meant by percentage of steel reinforcement ?
The ratio of area of steel reinforcement to the cross-sectional area of concrete beam is
called the percentage of steel reinforcement .
23.What is lever arm factor?
The ratio for the lever arm to the effective depth ,is called lever arm factor.
24.Match the following:
Type of steel reinforcement      N-mm                 Ans
i)Fe 250                                      0.1336 fckbd2      (iii)
ii)Fe 415                                     0.1433 fckbd2        (i)
iii)Fe 500                                    0.1380 fckbd2        (ii)
25. Write the equation to find the moment of resistance for a rectangular beam of size b*d.
Mu=0.36 fck
26.Write the equation to find the minimum reinforcement in tension ?
27.For mild steel the minimum reinforcement in tension is 0.34% of cross-sectional area
and for
Fe 415, 0.205% of cross-sectional area.
28.The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04dD.
29.When will you provide side reinforcement ?
When the overall depth of beam becomes more than 750mm, the side face reinforcement shall be
provided  along the two faces of the beam. The side reinforcement shall not be less than 0.1& of
web area.
30.What are immediate deflections?
The deflections caused by the service loads acting over the beams are called as immediate
deflections.
31.What are long term deflections?
The deflections caused due to the effects are called as long term deflections.
32.When will you design shear reinforcement?
If nominal shear stress is more than the design shear strength of concrete in shear, then shear
reinforcement is provided.
33.If  TV  is more than Tc max ,the beam section is redesigned.
34.Define shear strength?
The resistance to sliding offered by the material of beam is called shear strength.
35.What is meant by factored shear force?
The term factored shear force means the shear force means the shear force due to characteristic
loads multiplied by the appropriate value of partial safety factor for loads .
36.How will you find the minimum shear reinforcement?
The minimum shear reinforcement is found from the formula Asu≥ 0.4b.su/fy
37.Define bond stress?
The bond stress is defined as the intensity of adhesive force per unit of service area.
38.Define development length of reinforced bars?
The development length of reinforced bars is defined as the minimum length of the steel bars
necessary on either side of a section to develop by bond.
39.What is meant by ultimate moment of resistance?
The ultimate bending strength of a beam is often called the ultimate moment of resistance.
40.Write the equation  to find the strain in compression steel?
Esc=0.0035(XUMAX-d)/Xumax
41.Write the equation to find the additional tension reinforcement for a doubly reinforced
concrete beam?
Ast=Fsc .Asc/0.87FY
42.How will you check the limit state of serviceability?
In order to check the design for limit state of serviceability the vertical deflection of a beam shall
be determined and then it will be compared with the permissible value of deflection.
43.What are flanged beams?
For long spans without excessive weight and material the slab is is built monolithically with the
reinforced concrete beam, the beams are considered as flanged beams.
44.What are ‘T’ beams?
At the interior portions of floor the slab extends on both sides of beams in the monolithic
construction, such beams resembles to the shape of the alphabet T therefore ,these flanged beams
are called ‘T’ beams.
45.What are ‘L’ beams?
At the end portions of the floor ,the slab extends on one side of the beam in the monolithic
construction. such beams resembles to the shape of the inverted alphabet, L, therefore these
flanged beams are called L-beams.
46.What is nominal shear stress?
The distribution of shear stress across the complete depth is considered as uniform and it is
called as nominal shear stress.
47.Whatis meant by twisting moment?
The moment which tends to twist the beam about its longitudinal axis is called as twisting
moment .
48.What are the two types of torsion? How they are present?
The two types of torsion are i) primary torsion which exists when the external load is supported
by torsion. ii)secondary torsion which arises from the compatibility of deformation between
adjacent parts.
49.How will you design a one way slab?
One way slab is designed as a rectangular beam of one meter width in cross-section as a
balanced section to satisfy the strength requirement.
50.What is distribution reinforcement ?
The minimum area of reinforcement intended to take care of shrinkage and temperature stresses
are called as distribution reinforcement.
51.The spacing between parallel main reinforcement bars for slabs shall not be more than
three times the effective depth of a solid slab or 450mm whichever is smaller.
52.What are lintels ?
The horizontal structural members of small length used to span the openings over the doors
,windows, ventilators ,cupboards etc. Are called lintels.
53.The lintels support stone or brick masonry over the openings and transfer all the loads
to the side walls by arch action.
54.In case of light and moderate loads ,the lintel is designed as singly reinforced beam and
for heavy loads It is designed as doubly reinforced beams.
55.Sun shades are generally designed as cantilever beams.
56.Design strength of concrete for limit state of collapse is 0.446fck.
57. The partial safety factor for concrete is 1.5 and for steel is 1.15.
58. The design yield stress of steel according to BIS 456-1978 is 0.87 fy.
59. The moment of resistance of an over reinforced section is determined on the basis of
compressive forced developed in concrete.
60. The diameter of bars used  for distribution reinforcement in slabs may vary from 6 to
9mm.
UNIT- 4
1.Define two way slab.
                  The reinforced concrete slabs supported on all its four sides on beams or walls having
the ratio of long span to short span less than or  equal to two are called as two way slab.
2.   What are restrained slabs?
                  The restrained slabs are the slabs, the corners of which are
prevented                                                                                                                        from
lifting .The slab is supported on all four sides.
3.   The minimum bending moment for two way slabs are calculated for middle strip.
4.   For simply supported two way slab at least 50% of the tension reinforcement provided
at mid-span should extend to the support.
5.  The area of reinforcement in edge strip, parallel to the edge shall be equal to the
minimum reinforcement required for slab.
6.  The torsional reinforcement extends from the edge s a minimum distance in each
direction equal to one fifth of the shorter span.
7.  The area of torsional reinforcement in four layers shall be three quarters of the area
required for the maximum mid span moment in a two way slab.
8.  Define column:
                    A column is defined as a structural members subjected to compressive force in a
direction parallel to its longitudinal axis.
9.  What is meant by pedestal?
                    When the effective length of a compressive member does not exceed three times the
least lateral dimensions, then such member is called as pedestal.
10.  In axially loaded columns, the loads are applied at the centroid, of the section in a
direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member.
11.  The load carrying capacity of PCC column is very much increased by providing
additional strength by steel bars.
12.  In the reinforced concrete column usually loaded, the most of the load is carried by the
concrete and the part of the load is carried by steel.
13.  An ideal column is assumed to be perfectly straight and centrally loaded.
14.  What is critical load?
                  The axial load which is sufficient to keep the column in such a slight deflected shape
is called as critical load.
15.  What is meant by equivalent cross sectional area of columns?
                  The actual steel & concrete cross section is replaced with a fictitions section though
of consisting of concrete only. This fictitions section is called equivalent or transformed sectional
area.
16.  Define slender ratio
                   The slender ratio of a compression member is defined as the ratio of unsupported
length of the compression member to the appropriate value of gyration of the compression
member.

17.  What are lateral ties?

                    In order to prevent the displacement of the longitudinal bars during the construction
operation and to counteract any lateral buckling tendency of the compression loaded steel bars,
the trans small diameter steel bar are provided which are called lateral ties.
18.  All reinforced concrete columns are subjected to eccentricity of load. Why?
                    The eccentricity of load may be due to inaccuracies of construction, lateral
deflection of column and in accuracies in loading.
19.  What is plastic centroid?
                     For an unsymmetrical loaded column to be loaded, axially, the load must pass
through a point called on plastic centroid.
20.  What is meant by column interaction diagram?
                     A plot of column axial load capacity against the moment it may simultaneously
carry is called a column interaction diagram.
21.  What is uniaxial bending?
                     If a bending moment is applied such that the column bends about one axis is
referred as uniaxial bending.
 22.  What is biaxial bending?
                     If two bending moment are applied such that the column bends about x and y axes
respectively is called on biaxial bending.
23.  What are slender column?
                    If the slenderness ratio is equal to 12 or more than 12, then the columns are called as
long columns or slender columns.
24.  What are braced members?
                    When either one or both the ends of a column or a compression member are
restrained against position change i.e. side sway is restrained, then the members are called as
braced members.
25.   What are unbraced member?
                   When either one or both the ends of  a column are to have side sway, the member is
referred as unbraced member.
26.   What are primary moments?
                   The initial end moment are known as primary moments.
27.  What are secondary moments?
                   The additional moment developed due to the additional eccentricity (i.e. due to the
bending deformation) is known as secondary moment.
28.  What is meant by slender column effect?
                   The extra or additional moment is called slender column effect.
29.  Write the equation to find the additional moment for slender columns.
                    Madd.x = (Pw.D/2000) (Lax) ^2
                     Madd.y = (Pw.b/2000) (Lay) ^2
30.  Classify the column according to the arrangement of transverse reinforcement.
           a. Columns with lateral ties (tied columns)
           b. Spirally reinforced columns.
31.  How will you find the load carrying capacity of a short column if the following steel is
used?
                        a. Mild steel.
                        b. Hysd bar, according to BIS 456.
If mild steel is used then the load carrying capacity is given by Pau =0.40fck.Ac + 0.77Asc.fy
If Hysd steel bars are used then Pcu =0.4fck.Ac + 0.67fy.Asc
32.  The material failure is due to slenderness effect.
 33.  Material failure occurs in columns braced against sway and
instability                                                          failure occurs in unbraced column.
34.  The strengths of slender columns are significantly reduced by the transverse
deflections of the columns caused by bending.

UNIT – 5
1. What are continuous beams?
                 Beams supported by more than two supports and which cover more than one spans are
called continuous beams.
2. In continuous beams, one support is usually kept as immovable hinged supports are kept
as hinged roller supports.
3. The continuous beams are often more economical than the simply supported beams of
same span.
4. What is the difference between the continuous beams used in bridges and in building
frames?
                In continuous span bridges, the continuous beam simply rests upon the intermediate
supports and the beam is not monolithically connected with the supports.
         In building frames, the continuous beam remains connected with the intermediate column.
5. How will you take the critical section to find the bending moment for continuous beam
design?
             For the monolithic construction, the moments computed at the face of the supports
(column) shall be used in the design of members at these sections.
             For the non-monolithic construction, the design of the section of beam members begins
in the mid span vesigions.
6. The coefficients for moments for continuous beam given in BIS 456-1958 can be used
when three or more spans which do not differ by more than 15 percent of the longest span,
carrying udl.
7. What is meant by haunches in continuous beams?
                In continuous beams, at the support, the bottom surface carries compressive stresses.
The compression area is increased by increasing the depth of the beam at the support by a
shallow haunch.
8. When will you provide haunch in continuous beams?
               When it is desirable to avoid excessive compression reinforcement or where more
lateral stiffness is needed for the structure haunch is provided.
9. The continuous beams are designed for limit state of collapse for flexure and for limit
state of collapse for shear.
10. The critical section for shear may be considered at the face of support.
11. Define plastic hinge?
               A plastic hinge is defined as a yielded zone due to bending in a structural member, at
which an infinite rotation may take place at a constant plastic moment of resistance of the
section.
12. What is meant by redistributed of moment?
                 The process of moment transfer due to successive formation of the plastic hinges is
called as redistribution moments.
13. What is meant by limit design?
                 The structural design which takes in to consideration of the redistribution of moments,
in which the cross section of the structural member are proportioned on the basis of their ultimate
strength is called limit design or plastic design.
14. BIS 456-1978 allows redistribution of moments by not more than 30 percent for limits
state design.
15. Define footing?
                 The footing or foundation is defined as that part of sub structure which remains in
contact with the soil or rock.
16. What are the stages in the design of foundation?
             First stage: The nature of the ground is seen and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is
evaluated.
             Second stage: The type of foundation is decided.
             Third stage: The selected foundation to transmit and distribute the loads from the
structure to the ground is designed.
17. If depth is equal to or less than its width it is shallow foundation and if the depth is
more than its width, it is deep foundation.
18. The independent footing are also known as isolated footing.
19. Define Independent footing?
                   Independent footing are defined as the footing which support the individual column.
20. What is meant by safe bearing capacity?
                   The maximum intensity of loading that the soil will carry safely without any
possibility of the shear failure irrespective of any settlement may occur is known as safe bearing
capacity.
21. IS 1080-1962 recommends that a minimum depth of foundation of at least 500mm
below national ground level should be provided in all types of soils
22. Give the Rankin’s formula to find the minimum depth of foundation
                     Hmin (depth) = (p/r) (1-sinØ/1+sinØ) ^2.
23. Name the two different types of shear distinguished in footing?
                 a. Beam shear (one-way shear)
                 b. shear as in flat slabs(two-way shear).
24. Define combined footing?
                  The combined footing is defined as the spread footing which supports more than one
column or wall.
25. The centroid of the combined footing must coincides with the resultant of the two
column loads.
26. What are the different types of combined footing?
                     The continuous strip footing, the grid foundations, the mat foundation, the strip
foundations, the raft foundation are the combined footing and are used under different condition.
27. What is the action of beam shear?
                  The footing essentially acts as a wide beam in beam shear and  a potential diagonal
cracks extends on an approximately 45 plane.
28.  What is the action of two way shear?
                   When failure occur in the footing the fracture takes form of truncated cone or
truncated pyramid with sides sloping outward on all the faces.
29.   For footing , the critical section for BM shall be the face of the column and for shear ,
the critical section shall be at the distance equal to half the effective depth of footing.

30.  A combined footing for two column s should be designed for maximum hogging
bending moment and sagging bending moment at the outer face of each column.