In-text Citations for APA 7th ed.

CSUDH (California State University, Dominguez Hills) university library (Retrieved March 2nd, 2021)
https://libguides.csudh.edu/citation/apa-7

Note: No more than 33% of your total work can be sourced

information (quoted speech & paraphrasing), and of that 33%, no
more than 10% should be quoted speech.
When you reference another source use an in-text citation in the body of your paper. 

Basic Format:
(Author's Last Name(s) or Organization, Year).

Direct Quotes

If you're quoting the exact words of someone else, introduce the quote with an in-text citation in
parentheses. Any sentence punctuation goes after the closing parenthesis.

 According to Brown (2019), "Direct quote" (p. 1021).

 Brown (2019) found that "Direct quote" (p. 1021).
 [Some other introduction] "Direct quote" (Brown, 2019, p. 1021).

 If you're directly quoting more than 40 words, use a blockquote. Block quotes don't need quotation marks.
Instead, indent the text 1/2" as a visual cue that you are citing. The in-text citation in parentheses goes after
the punctuation of the quote.

Shavers (2007) study found the following:

While research studies have established that socioeconomic status influences disease incidence, severity and access
to healthcare, there has been relatively less study of the specific manner in which low SES influences receipt of
quality care and consequent morbidity and mortality among patients with similar disease characteristics, particularly
among those who have gained access to the healthcare system. (p. 1021)

Use direct quotes sparingly! Focus on summarizing the findings from multiple research studies. In the
sciences and social sciences, only use the exact phrasing or argument of an individual when necessary.

Summarizing or Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing or summarizing the main findings or takeaways from a research article is the preferred method
of citing sources in an APA paper. Always include the last name of the author(s) and the year of the article,
so your reader can find the full citation in the reference list.

According to Shavers (2007), limitations of studying socioeconomic status in research on health disparities include
difficulties in collecting data on socioeconomic status and the complications of classifying women, children, and
employment status.

In-text citations differ depending on the number of authors listed for a work, and if there is a group author.

One author

You only need the author's last name and the year.
(Abrams, 2018)

Two Authors

Connect both authors' last names with & (ampersand) and include the year.

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

Three or More Authors

If there are 3 or more authors use et al., which means "and others."

(Harris et al., 2018)

Group Authors

First time with an abbreviation:

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019)

Then all subsequent citations: (CDC, 2019)

Reference List: Electronic Sources APA 7

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which was released
in October 2019. (Retrieved from:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_
electronic_sources.html) The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.

Multiple references must be listed in alphabetical order.

Include the complete citation at the end of your paper in a references section. References are organized by
the author's last name in alphabetic (A-Z) order. Use a hanging indent to separate each list item.

To make a hanging indent do the following: block the entire reference, right click on mouse, click on
Paragraph, click on arrow in Special box, select Hanging, click on arrow in Line spacing box, select single,
then click on OK.

Important Note: Some electronic citations necessitate the use of brackets. APA style dictates that brackets
should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g., [bracketed content] should look like this). When
possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the
year of publication. Additionally,

Author. (n.d.) Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions.

https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions
APA 7thedition no longer requires the use of “Retrieved from” before URLs or DOIs.

Please note: the following contains a list of the most commonly cited electronic sources. For a complete list
of how to cite electronic sources, please refer to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual.
Webpage or Piece of Online Content

If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium.

https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness- does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
(Price, 2018)

If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author.
Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation.

Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA]. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case
closed for over 40 dogfighting victims.
https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims
(American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 2019)

If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the
page's content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you're citing a wiki that is publicly edited).

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.). 

Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs

Please note: Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital
Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable,
long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric
code. Many—but not all—publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document.

Note also that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may "hide" the code under a button
which may read "Article" or may be an abbreviation of a vendor's name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This
button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOIs from print
publications or ones that go to dead links with doi.org's "Resolve a DOI" function, available on the site's
home page.

APA 7 also advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source.

Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned

Lastname, F. M. & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol.(Issue), page numbers.
DOI

Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and validation of the active
empathetic listening scale. Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 161-180.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105

(Drollinger et al., 2006)

Article from an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned

If an online scholarly journal article has no DOI and is published on a website, include the URL. If an online
scholarly article has no DOI and is published on a database, do not include a URL or any database
information. The only exception is for databases that publish articles that are in limited circulation (like
ERIC) or that are only available on that particular database (like UpToDate). You should also include the
date that you accessed the article. 

Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and exercise. UpToDate. Retrieved January
12, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-role-of-physical-activity-and-
exercise

Abstract

APA 7th edition does not provide guidance on how to cite abstracts. However, if you only use information
from the abstract but the full text of the article is also available, we advise you to add "[Abstract]" after the
article or source name. If the full text is not available, you may use an abstract that is available through an
abstracts database as a secondary source.

Newspaper Article

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL

Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of
America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of-
2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-
7d69641c6ff7_story.html
Electronic or Kindle Books

It is not necessary to note that you have used an eBook or audiobook when the content is the same as a
physical book. However, you should distinguish between the eBook or audiobook and the print version if the
content is different or abridged, or if you would like to cite the narrator of an audiobook.

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL

Dissertation/Thesis from a Database

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s
thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name.

Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic
chemistry students. (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses Global.

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

Note: An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not
include a publication date (like in the example below). If that’s the case, use “n.d.” for the date and include
the retrieval date in the citation.

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher.
URL or DOI

Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds), Encyclopedia of big data.
SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1<

Note: If the dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia does not include an edition, simply skip that step.

Data Sets

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group (Year). Title of dataset (Version No.) [Data set]. Publisher. DOI or URL

Grantmakers in the Arts. (2019). Arts funding trends, United States, 1994-present (ICPSR 37337) [Data set]. National
Archive of Data on Arts & Culture. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NADAC/studies/37337

Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps, Infographics, and Other Graphic Representations of Data)

Give the name of the organization or individual followed by the date and the title. If there is no title, in
brackets, you should provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears.
Include the URL and the retrieval date if there is no publication date.

HatchMed. (2017). 8 ways to improve patient satisfaction [Infographic]. HatchMed.com.

https://www.hatchmed.com/blog/2017/1/30/8-ways-to-improve-patient-satisfaction

Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Purdue University]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from
 https://www.google.com/maps/@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z

Qualitative Data and Online Interviews

If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the
reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If the interview transcript is published in an
online periodical, like a magazine, cite the interview the same way you would cite the medium where it is
published, as shown below:

Schulman, M. (2019, December 8). Peter Dinklage is still punk rock. The New Yorker.
https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/peter-dinklage-is-still-punk-rock

If it is an audio file or transcript published in a database, credit the interviewee as the author and use the
following model:

Paynter, W. (1970, September 17). Interview with Will Paynter [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago
History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will-paynter

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g.
PowerPoint slides, Word document).

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. Publisher.
URL

Smith, C. (2017, October 13). AI and machine learning demystified [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine-learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-2017

Computer Software/Downloaded Software

Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only
for specialized software.

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year). Title of software (Version No.). Publisher. URL

Maplesoft. (2019). Maple companion (Version 2.1.0). Cybernet Systems Co.

https://www.maplesoft.com/products/MapleCompanion/

Email

E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you should parenthetically cite them in your main
text:

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

Online Forum or Discussion Posting

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post].
Publisher. URL

Stine, R. L. [RL__Stine]. (2013, October 23). I’m R.L. Stine and it’s my job to terrify kids. Ask me anything! [Online
forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1p32dl/

Tweet

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20
words[Tweet]. Site Name. URL

Note: If the tweet includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets
after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible.

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, January 12). Scientists knew African grays are clever, but now they’ve been
documented assisting other members of their species—even strangers [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/1216346352063537154

Twitter Profile

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date,
Year, from URL.

MLA Style [@mlastyle]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from
https://twitter.com/mlastyle

Facebook Post

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type
of post]. Site Name. URL

Note: If the Facebook post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in
brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible.

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January 10). Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and clings to the hoodoos at
Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/USInterior/photos/a.155163054537384/2586475451406120/?type=3&theater

Facebook Page

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year,
from URL

Little River Canyon National Preserve (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 12, 2020 from
https://www.facebook.com/lirinps/

Instagram Photo or Video

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20
words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a “wolf
moon”-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/
Blog Post 

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL

Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code
Switch, NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-
versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality

YouTube or other Streaming Video

Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL

Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s

Note: The person or group who uploaded the video is considered the author. If the author’s name is the same
as the username, you can omit the [Username].

Ted Talk

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL

Al-Mutawa, N. (2010, July). Superheroes inspired by Islam [Video]. TED.

https://www.ted.com/talks/naif_al_mutawa_superheroes_inspired_by_islam#t-4909

Or (if on YouTube)

Username. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. YouTube. URL

Tedx Talks. (2011, Nov. 15). TEDxHampshireCollege - Jay Smooth - How I learned to stop worrying and love discussing
race [Video]. YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbdxeFcQtaU

Podcast Episode

Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In
Name of podcast. Publisher. URL

Prime, K. (Host). (2019, March 29). For whom the cowbell tolls [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab. WNYC Studios.
https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls

APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide

Using visual works in assignments & class presentations (not published)

(Source: James Cook University, Australia: https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/c.php?g=922283&p=6656157)

 If the image is for use only in an assignment or a PowerPoint presentation, follow the advice in this section.

In text citations

The in text citation for an image should be put underneath the image with the format Note. [add explanatory
notes here, if applicable - if no notes are applicable, just use the word "source" to explain what the note is
noting] (author, date). Include the page number if applicable, for example an image from a book or journal
article.

Reference list
Reference the source where the image was obtained from. If an image was viewed in a gallery or online then
cite the image directly as a stand alone work. For images included in other sources reference the book,
website or journal article that the image came from. 

If the author is the same as the name of the website, omit the name of the website.

Remember to follow the referencing format of the resource you are using (e.g. book, journal article etc.) or
include as much information about the image as possible:

 Author or Creator (author, painter, photographer etc.)

 Date (normally the date the book/journal/webpage was published, or the date the artwork was created
if you are citing original art)
 Title of the work
 Material type in square brackets [Photograph] [Clipart] [Online image].
 Publisher
 Museum or Institution where the artwork/exhibits is located (if applicable)
 URL

Online images

Please note, this is for images that exist as separate entities on the Internet, such as an image in Wikimedia
Commons, Flickr, Pixabay, etc. If the image appears in a webpage, cite the webpage.
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