Senior High School

General Mathematics
Quarter 1 - Module 1
This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives exciting

activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this module!

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

represents real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions

evaluates a function.

performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of functions

solves problems involving functions

Specific Objectives:

By the end of this module, you will be able to:

a. recall the concepts of relations and functions; define and explain functional

relationship as a mathematical model of situation; represent real-life situations using functions,

including piece-wise function.

b. recall the process of substitution; identify the various types of functions; and evaluate

functions.

c. define operations on functions; identify the different operations on functions; perform

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of functions

d. represent situations as functions and evaluate functions to determine the

required quantity; apply concepts learned in solving real-life problems involving functions; and

solve problems involving functions

Before we go on with the lesson, let us start with a simple activity. This will test what you

already know about our topic.

Pre - Activity

Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What do you call a relation where each element in the domain is
related to only one value in the range by some rules?
a. Function c. Domain
b. Range d. Independent

2. Which of the following relations is/are

function/s?
a. x = {(1,2), (3,4), (1,7), (5,1)}
b. g = {(3,2), (2,1), (8,2), (5,7)}
c. h = {(4,1), (2,3), (2, 6), (7, 2)}
d. y = {(2,9), (3,4), (9,2), (6,7)}

3 .Find the function value given h(x) 7x 11 , if x 8m 3

2
a. 56m 10 c. 56m 10
2
b. 56m - 10 d. 56m 10

4. . The statement "𝑝(𝑥) − 𝑞(𝑥) is the same as 𝑞(𝑥) − 𝑝(𝑥)", 𝑝(𝑥) ≠ 𝑞(𝑥) is .
a. always true b. never true c. sometimes true d. invalid

5. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1, what is 𝑝(𝑥) • 𝑞(𝑥)

a. 𝑥2 + 1 b. 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 1 c. 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 1 d. 𝑥2 − 1
 REPRESENTING REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS USING FUNCTIONS
A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs is called the
domain of the relation, and the set of all second elements is called the range.
A function is a relation or rule of correspondence between two elements (domain and range) such that
each element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.
We can also identify a function given a diagram. On the following mapping diagrams, which do you
think represent functions?
Domain Range

A.

B.
x

A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by graph in the Cartesian plane, and that a
function passes the vertical line test.
A graph of a relation is a function if any vertical line drawn passing through the graph intersects it at
exactly one point.

Using the vertical line test, can you identify the graph/s of function?

A and C are graphs of functions while B and D are not because

they do not pass the vertical line test.
In Mathematics, we can represent functions in different ways. It can be represented
through words, tables, mappings, equations and graphs.

Functions as representations of real-life situations

The Function Machine
Function can be illustrated as a machine where there is the input and the output. When
you put an object into a machine, you expect a product as output after the process being
done by the machine. For example, when you put an orange fruit into a juicer, you expect
an orange juice as the output and not a grape juice. Or you will never expect to have two
kinds of juices - orange and grapes.

INPUTS

You have learned that function can be represented by equation. Since output (y) is
dependent on input (x), we can say that y is a function of x. For example, if a function
machine always adds three (3) to whatever you put in it. Therefore, we can derive an
equation of x + 3 = y or f(x) = x+ 3 where f(x) = y.
Piecewise Functions
There are functions that requires more than one formula in order to obtain the given
output. There are instances when we need to describe situations in which a rule or
relationship changes as the input value crosses certain boundaries. In this case, we need
to apply the piecewise function.
A piecewise function is a function in which more than one formula is used to define the
output. Each formula has its own domain, and the domain of the function is the union of
all these smaller domains. We notate this idea like this:
formula 1 if x is in domain 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {formula 2 if x is in domain 2
formula 3 if x is in domain 3

Look at these examples!

A. A user is charged ₱250.00 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 200
free text messages. Messages in excess of 200 are charged ₱1.00 each. Represent
the monthly cost for text messaging using the function t(m), where m is the number
of messages sent in a month.
Answer:

𝑡(𝑚) = {
250 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 200 For sending messages of not exceeding 200

(250 + 𝑚) 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 200 In case the messages sent were more than 200

B. A certain chocolate bar costs ₱50.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 5
pieces they will mark down the price to ₱48.00 per piece. Use a piecewise function
to represent the cost in terms of the number of chocolate bars bought.

Answer: For buying 5 chocolate bars or less

50 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑛 ≤ 5
𝑓(𝑛) = { For buying more than 5 chocolate bars
(48𝑛) 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 > 5
Evaluating Functions
Finding the value of “x” for most of the students is what Mathematics is all
about. Sometimes, it seems to be a joke for the students to evaluate an
expression, like what is shown by the illustration.
Find x.
Here it is!

X
6

Types of Description Example

Function
Constant A constant function is a function that has y=7
Function the same output value no matter what
your input value is. Because of this, a
constant function has the form f (x) = b ,
where b is a constant (a single value that
does not change).
Identity Function The identity function is a function which f (2) = 2
returns the same value, which was used
as its argument. In other words, the
identity function is the function f (x) = x ,
for all values of x.
Polynomial A polynomial function is defined by
Function y = a 0 + a 1x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n , where n is a
non-negative integer and a0 , a1 , a2
,…, n ∈ R.
Linear Function The polynomial function with degree one. y = 2x +
It is in the form y = mx + b 5
Quadratic If the degree of the polynomial function is y = 3x 2 +
Function two, then it is a quadratic function. It is 2x + 5
expressed as y = ax2 + bx + c , where a ≠ 0
and a, b, c are constant and x is a
variable.
Cubic Function A cubic polynomial function is a y = 5x 3 +
polynomial of degree three and can be 3x 2 + 2x
denoted by f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , where +5
a ≠ 0 and a, b, c, and d are constant & x
is a variable.
Power Function A power function is a function in the form f (x) = 8x5
y = axb where b is any real constant
number. Many of our parent functions
such as linear functions and quadratic
functions are in fact power functions.
 Rational Function A rational function is any function which
can be represented by a rational fraction x2 − 3x + 2
p(x) f (x) =
say, in which numerator, p(x) and x2 − 4
q(x)
denominator, q(x) are polynomial
functions of x, where q(x) ≠ 0.
Exponential These are functions of the form: y=2 x
function y = abx ,
where x is in an exponent and a and b are
constants. (Note that only b is raised to
the power x; not a.) If the base b is greater
than 1 then the result is exponential
growth.
Logarithmic Logarithmic functions are the inverses of y = log 7 49
Function exponential functions, and any
exponential function can be expressed in
logarithmic form. Logarithms are very
useful in permitting us to work with very
large numbers while manipulating
numbers of a much more manageable
size. It is written in the form
y = log b x x  0, where b  0 and b 1
Absolute The absolute value of any number, c is y = |x − 4 | + 2
Value represented in the form of |c|. If any
Function function f: R→ R is defined by f (x) = |x| , it
is known as absolute value function. For
each non-negative value of x, f(x) = x and
for each negative value of x, f(x) = -x, i.e.,
f(x) = {x, if x ≥ 0; – x, if x < 0.

Greatest Integer If a function f: R→ R is defined by f(x) = f (x) = ||x || + 1

Function [x], x ∈ X. It round-off to the real number
where ||x || is the
to the integer less than the number.
greatest integer
Suppose, the given interval is in the form
function
of (k, k+1), the value of greatest integer
function is k which is an integer.

Evaluating function is the process of determining the value of the function at the
number assigned to a given variable. Just like in evaluating algebraic expressions,
to evaluate function you just need to a.) replace each letter in the expression with
the assigned value and b.) perform the operations in the expression using the correct
order of operations.
Look at these examples!
Example 1: Given f (x) = 2x − 4 , find the value of the function if x = 3.
Solution: f (3) = 2(3) − 4
✓ Substitute 3 for x in the function.
f (3) = 6 − 4 ✓ Simplify the expression on the
f (3) = 2 right side of the equation.

Answer: Given f (x) = 2x − 4 , f (3) = 2

Example 2: Given g(x) = 3x 2 + 7 , find g(−3)
Solution: g(−3) = 3(−3)2 + 7 ✓ Substitute -3 for x in the function.
g(−3) = 3(9) + 7 ✓ Simplify the expression on the
g(−3) = 27 + 7 right side of the equation.

g(−3) = 34

Answer: Given g(x) = 3x 2 + 7 ,g(−3) = 34

OPERATION OF FUNCTIONS
Definition. Let f and g be functions.
1. Their sum, denoted by 𝑓 + 𝑔, is the function denoted by
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥).
2. Their difference, denoted by 𝑓 − 𝑔, is the function denoted by
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥).
3. Their product, denoted by 𝑓 • 𝑔, is the function denoted by
(𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥).
4. Their quotient, denoted by 𝑓/𝑔, is the function denoted by
(𝑓/𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥), excluding the values of x where 𝑔(𝑥) = 0.
5. The composite function denoted by (𝑓 ° 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)). The process of obtaining a
composite function is called function composition.
Example 1. Given the functions:
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 ℎ(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 5

Determine the following functions:

a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) 𝑒. (𝑓 + 𝑔 )(3)
b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) 𝑓. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(3)
c. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) 𝑔. (𝑓 • 𝑔 )(3)

d. (𝑔ℎ)(𝑥) ℎ)(3)
ℎ. (

Solution: 𝑔
𝑎. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔 (𝑥 ) definition of addition of functions
= (𝑥 + 5) + (2𝑥 − 1) replace f(x) and g(x) by the given values
= 3𝑥 + 4 combine like terms

b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) definition of subtraction of functions

= 𝑥 + 5 − 2𝑥 − 1 replace f(x) and g(x) by the given values
( ) ( )
= 𝑥 + 5 − 2𝑥 + 1 distribute the negative sign
= −𝑥 + 6 combine like terms

c. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥) definition of multiplication of functions

= (𝑥 + 5) • (2𝑥 − 1) replace f(x) and g(x) by the given values
= 2𝑥2 + 9𝑥 − 5 multiply the binomials
ℎ ℎ(𝑥)
d. (𝑔) (x) = 𝑔(𝑥) definition of division of functions
𝑥 2 +9𝑥−5
= replace h(x) and g(x) by the given values factor
2𝑥−1
(𝑥+5)(2𝑥−1)
= factor the numerator
2𝑥−1
(𝑥+5)(2𝑥−1)
= cancel out common factors
2𝑥−1

=x+5
e. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(3) + 𝑔(3)
Solve for 𝑓(3) and 𝑔(3) separately:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓 3 =3+5
( ) 𝑔(3) = 2(3) − 1
=8 =5

∴ 𝑓(3) + 𝑔(3) = 8 + 5 = 13

Alternative solution:
We know that (𝑓 + 𝑔)(3) means evaluating the function (𝑓 + 𝑔) at 3.

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4 resulted function from item a

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(3) = 3(3) + 4 replace x by 3
= 9+ 4 multiply
= 13 add

For item 𝑓 𝑡𝑜 ℎ we will use the values of 𝑓(3) = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(3) = 5

f. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(3) − 𝑔(3) definition of subtraction of functions

= 8−5 replace f(3) and g(3) by the given values
=3 subtract
Alternative solution:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 6 resulted function from item b
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(3) = −3 + 6 replace x by 3
=3 simplify

f. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(3) • 𝑔(3) definition of multiplication of functions

=8•5 replace f(3) and g(3) by the given values
= 40 multiply

Alternative solution:
(𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥2 + 9𝑥 − 5 resulted function from item c
(𝑓 • 𝑔)(3) = 2(3)2 + 9(3) − 5 replace x by 3
= 2(9) + 27 − 5 square and multiply
= 18 + 27 − 5 multiply
= 40 simplify

ℎ ℎ(3)
h. ( ) (3) =
𝑔 𝑔(3)

Solve for ℎ(3) and 𝑔(3) separately:

ℎ(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 5 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
ℎ(3) = 2(3)2 + 9(3) − 5 𝑔(3) = 2(3) − 1
= 18 + 27 − 5 =5
=4
ℎ ℎ(3) 40
∴. (𝑔) (3) = 𝑔(3) = 5 = 8

Alternative solution:
ℎ
( ) (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5 resulted function from item d
𝑔
h
( ) (x ) = 3 + 5 replace x by 3
g
=8 simplify
 Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Division

Composition of functions:
In composition of functions, we will have a lot of substitutions. You learned in previous lesson that
to evaluate a function, you will just substitute a certain number in all of the variables in the given
function. Similarly, if a function is substituted to all variables in another function, you are
performing a composition of functions to create another function. Some authors call this operation
as “function of functions”.

Example 2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6, and ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 2

Find the following:
a. (𝑓 ∘ ℎ )(𝑥 )
b. (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(4)
c. (ℎ ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥 )
Solution.
a. (𝑓 ∘ ℎ )(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(ℎ(𝑥 )) definition of function composition
= 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) replace h(x) by x+2
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6 given
𝑓(𝑥 + 2) = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 5(𝑥 + 2) + 6 replace x by x+2
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 5𝑥 + 10 + 6 perform the operations
= 𝑥2 + 9𝑥 + 20 combine similar terms
Composition of function is putting a function inside another function. See below figure for
illustration

b. (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(4) = 𝑓(ℎ(4) )

Step 1. Evaluate ℎ(4) Step 2. Evaluate 𝑓(6) ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥

2
+2 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
ℎ(4) = 4 + 2 𝑓 (6) = 62 + 5(6) + 6
=6 = 36 + 30 + 6
= 72
(𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(4) = 𝑓(ℎ((4))
= 𝑓( 6 )
∴ = 72

To evaluate composition of function, always start with the inside function (from right to left). In
this case, we first evaluated ℎ(4) and then substituted the resulted value to 𝑓(𝑥).
Alternative solution:
(𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) ) = 𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) definition of function composition
𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 20, from item a
(𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(4)) = 4 + 9(4) + 20
2
replace all x’s by 4
= 16 + 36 + 20 perform the indicated operations
= 72 simplify

A mapping diagram can also help you to visualize the concept of evaluating a function composition.
From the definition of function composition, (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(4) = 𝑓(ℎ((4)). Looking at the mapping diagram
for values and working from right to left, ℎ(4) = 6. Substituting 6
to ℎ(4) we have 𝑓(6). From the diagram, 𝑓(6) is equal to 72. Therefore, (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(4) =
𝑓(ℎ((4)) = 72. In the diagram, the first function ℎ(𝑥) served as the inside function while the second
function 𝑓(𝑥) is the outside function.

A table of values is another way to represent a function. The mapping diagram above has a
corresponding table of values below:
ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 2 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6

𝑥 1 3 4 6
ℎ(𝑥) 3 5 6 8
𝑓(𝑥) 12 30 42 72

(𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(4) = 𝑓(ℎ((4)) definition of composition of functions

= 𝑓(6) substitute h(4) by 6
= 72 from the table
c. (ℎ ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥 ) = ℎ(𝑓 (𝑥) ) definition of composition of functions
= ℎ (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6), substitute f(x) by x2 + 5x + 6, given
Since ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 given
ℎ(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 + 2 substitute x by x2 + 5x + 6
= 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 8 combine similar term

SOLVING REAL – LIFE PROBLEMS INVOLVING FUNCTIONS

Majority of the problems we encounter in real life situation involve relationship between
two quantities where one quantity depends on another. For example, personnel in Department
of Health observes the number of persons infected by a particular virus in a certain community
increases with time. In finding out the exact function relating to the number of persons infected
to time, modelling can be used. Once the model is determined solving and predicting the
properties of the subject being studied can be done.

Decision making is always part of our lives, from the moment we wake- up we start to
decide the proper action to undertake be it minor or major decisions. In the problem presented
one of the factors that Miguel can use in making decision about the dilemma he is facing is the
cost of the fare in jeepney and in tricycle. If he will ride a jeepney he will only pay ₱17.25 however
if he will ride a tricycle, he needs to pay ₱24.00 So it will be more economical if he chose to ride
a jeepney. However, the cost of the fare is just one of the factors. There are times that convenience
is also considered in choosing the mode of transportation since it is not crowded and you can
reach your destination faster. Therefore, in deciding the mode of transportation the priority of
the commuters whether to be more economical or to meet convenience is considered.

George Polya’s 4 – Step Rule

1. Explore. This step involves careful reading, analyzing, identifying the given and unknown facts
in the problem and expressing the unknown in terms of variables.
2. Plan. In this step writing an equation that describes the relationships between or among the
variables is involve.
3. Solve. This step requires working out with the written equation and other number relations to
determine the required quantities that answer the question in the problem.
4. Check. The final step that employ the use of other approaches to examine the appropriateness
of the answer.
 Solution
Explore. Since the first step involves analysis and proper labeling of the known and unknown
facts we will let x = number of stations traveled. There are also some conditions that was set in
the problem such as the cost of fare which is set up to 4 stations only thus we can represent x – 4
= number of stations traveled over and above 4 stations
Plan. In writing an equation that will represent the relationship between the known and
unknown quantities, since we know that if we travelled up to 4 stations we must pay P18, we can
represent it as f(x) = 18 for 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 4
However, if we travelled more than 4 stations the cost of the fare have different method of
computation so we need to consider it. Since the cost of every station after the 4th station is ₱5.00
we will now obtain f(x) = 18 + 5(x – 4)
Now simplifying the equation will lead us to: f(x) = 18 + 5x – 20 f(x) = 5x – 2
At this point we can say that the fare function is f(x) = 5x - 2
b. Solve. To find the fare charge for 15 stations the fare function f(x) = 5x -2 will be used and 15
will be substituted to the function f(15) = 5(15) – 2 = 73
By evaluating the function we obtained f(15) = 73
Check. To check whether we arrived at the correct solution you can use table or graph. Thus. the
proposed fare for 15-station travel is ₱73.00
c. f(20) = 5 (20) – 2 = 98
The proposed fare for 20 – station travel is ₱ 98

REFERENCES:
Books:
CHED. General Mathematics Learner's Materials. Pasig City: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources, 2016.
Orines, Fernando B. Next Cantury Mathematics 11. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, 2016.
Oronce, Orlando A. General Mathematics, 1st Ed. Quezon City: Rex Book Store Inc., 2016.
Online Sources:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymakercollegealgebra/chapter/piecewise-defined-functions
http://www.math.com/school/subject2/lessons/S2U2L3DP.html)
https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/relations-and-functions/types-of-functions/
Santos, Durwin C. & Biason Ma. Garnet P., Math Activated: Engage Yourself and Our World General Math. (Makati City,
Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press, Inc., 2016) 21 - 27
Orines, Fernando B., Next Century Mathematics. (Quezon City, Phoenix Publishing House, 2016) 48 – 54
Orines, Fernando B, Espargo, Mirla S. Reyes, Nestor V., Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics (Quezon City, Phoenix
Publishing House Inc.,1999)13