Earth Science
Earth Science
B. ACTIVITY
-Fossil tracks can tell us many things. They can tell us how animals moved, what shape, and how big
their feet were, and the length of their steps. Some tracks can also provide clues about animal behaviour,
such as where they looked for food or whether they congregated in groups.
VIII. ASSESSMENT:
1. How did scientists determine the age of the earth?
-Generally speaking, scientists have developed four different methods of determining the age of the
earth. By using these methods, or a combination of them, the age of geological formations created by
past events and even the fossilized bones of prehistoric animals can be determined. The three
primary methods are:Radiation Measurement, Stratigraphic Superposition, and The Fossil Record.
From these methods of dating, scientists have determined that the earth as we know it seems to be
about 4.6 billion years old. It is theorized that the earth got its start as a result of what is called the
"Big Bang nearly 6 billion years ago. The Big Bang theory holds that all the planets, stars, solar
systems, galaxies, etc., are the result of a huge explosion that sent material speeding through space.
As time passed, the gravitational force of larger chucks of material attracted the smaller chunks and
formed the galaxies and solar systems we see today.
2. How are rock layers useful in determining the age of the earth?
-Fossils contained within sedimentary rock can offer clues about the age of the rock. An organism
that was fossilized in rock must have lived during the same time span in which the rock formed.
Using information from rocks and other natural evidence, scientists have determined when
specific fossilized organisms existed.
3. What are the different types of fossils? Describe how each fossil is formed.
a.Mold or impression fossil is formed when the plant or animal decays completely but leaves
behind an impression of itself, like a hollow mold. No organic material is present and the organism
itself is not copied. Mold or impression fossils can form in several ways, but generally enough air
must be present to allow the organic material to completely decompose, which prevents
fossilization or the organism. These fossils are usually formed in sand or clay.
b. Cast fossils are the type people are most familiar with, as they make up the spectacular dinosaur
skeletons that on view in museums. Cast fossils occur when minerals deposit into the mold left by
the rotting organic material, resulting in a three-dimensional replica of the hard structures of the
plant or animal.
c. Imprint fossils are found in silt or clay, like the mold or impression fossils, but they leave
behind just a two-dimensional imprint. These fossils are sometimes found on exposed rock
surfaces or when the layers in the rock are broken, revealing the fossil inside.
d. Permineralization, or petrified, fossils, each part of the organism is replaced by minerals,
leaving a stone copy of the organism. Bones, teeth and even woody plant materials such as trees
are sometimes preserved in this manner. One famous example of petrification is the hundreds of
petrified trees in the Petrified Forest in Holbrook, Arizona.
e. Trace fossils usually show tracks that animals made while moving across soft sediment. This
sediment later hardens to become sedimentary rock. Trace fossils are valuable to palentologists
because by studying these footprints, scientists can discover how the animals moved, which in turn
gives important information about the structure and even the life of the species.
4. Describe the dominant organism for each of the periods in the geologic time scale.
- In the time scale of Lutgens & Tarbuck, the Quaternary Period is further divided into the Pleistocene
Epoch from 1.8 to 0.01 Myr and the most recent Holocene Epoch from 0.01 Myr to the present. By the
beginning of the Quaternary Period, most of the major plate tectonic movements which formed the North
American continent had taken place, and the main modifications past that were those produced by glacial
action and erosion processess. Human beings emerged during this Period. In the time scale of Lutgens &
Tarbuck, the Neogene Period and the Paleogene Period below are combined and called the Tertiary Period.
Calling this span from roughly 66 Myr to 1.8 Myr the Tertiary Period is fairly common in geologic
literature. It is sometimes referred to as the "age of mammals". Lutgens & Tarbuck further subdivide this
Neogene Period into the Miocene Epoch from 23.8 to 5.3 Myr and the Pliocene Epoch from 5.3 to 1.8 Myr.
The Paleogene Period (or the early part of the Tertiary Period) represents the time period after the major
extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs and about half of the known species worldwide. Lutgens & Tarbuck
further subdivide this time period into the Paleocene Epoch (65-54.8Myr), the Eocene Epoch (54.8-
33.7Myr), and the Oligocene Epoch (33.7-23.8 Myr). he Cretaceous Period is perhaps most familiar because
of the major extinction event which marks the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. It is typically called the K-T
extinction, using the first letter of the German spelling of Cretaceous, and it marked the end of the dinosaurs.
There is large body of evidence associating this extinction with the large impact crater at Chicxulub,
Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic Periods are collectively referred to as the
"age of reptiles". The first flowering plants appeared near the beginning of the Cretaceous Period. Evidence
suggests that a vast shallow sea invaded much of western North America, and the Atlantic and Gulf coastal
regions during the Cretaceous Period. This created great swamps and resulted in Cretaceous coal deposits in
the western United States and Canada. The distinctive fossil progression characteristic of this period was
first found in the Jura Mountains of Russia. Dinosaurs and other reptiles were the dominant species. The
Jurassic Period saw the first appearance of birds. It appears that a shallow sea again invaded North America
at the beginning of the Jurassic Period. But next to that sea vast continental sediments were deposited on the
Colorado plateau. This includes the Navajo Sandstone, a white quartz sandstone that appears to be
windblown and reaches a thickness near 300 meters. The early Jurassic Period at about 200 Myr saw the
beginning of the breakup of Pangaea and a rift developed between what is now the United States and
western Africa, giving birth to the Atlantic Ocean. The westward moving Atlantic plate began to override
the Pacific plate. The continuing subduction of the Pacific plate contributed to the western mountains and to
the igneous activity that resulted in the Rocky Mountains. Dinosaurs became the dominant species in the
Triassic Period. In North America there is not much marine sedimentary rock of this period. Exposed
Triassic strata are mostly red sandstone and mudstones which lack fossils and suggest a land environment.
The Permian Period is named after the Perm region of Russia, where the types of fossils characteristic of
that period were first discovered by geologist Roderick Murchison in 1841. The Permian, Pennsylvanian and
Mississippian Periods are collectively referred to as the "age of amphibians". By the end of the Permian
Period the once dominant trilobites are extinct along with many other marine animals. Lutgens & Tarbuck
label this extinction "The Great Paleozoic Extinction" and comment that it was the greatest of at least five
major extinctions over the past 600 million years. The Pennsylvanian Period saw the emergence of the first
reptiles. This period saw the development of large tropical swamps across North America, Europe and
Siberia which are the source of great coal deposits. Named after the area of fine coal deposits in
Pennsylvania. mphibians became abundant in this period, and toward the end of it there is evidence of large
coal swamps. The Devonian and Silurian Periods are referred to as the "age of fishes". In the Davonian
Period fishes were dominant. Primitive sharks developed. Toward the end of the Davonian there is evidence
of insects with the first insect fossils. From finger-sized earlier coastal plants, land plants developed and
moved away from the coasts. By the end of the Davonian, fossil evidence suggests forests with trees tens of
meters high. The Devonian period is named after Devon in the west of England. The Silurian Period marked
the emergence of the first land plants. The Ordovician and Cambrian Periods are referred to as the "age of
invertebrates", with trilobites abundant. In this period, brachiopods became more abundant that the trilobites,
but all but one species of them are extinct today. In the Ordovician, large cephalopods developed as
predators of size up to 10 meters. They are considered to be the first large organisms. The later part of the
Ordovician saw the appearance of the first fishes. The Cambrian Period marks the time of emergence of a
vast number of fossils of multicellular animals, and this proliferation of the evidence for complex life is
often called the "Cambrian Explosion".Evidence for prokaryotic life such as bacteria and blue-green algae
has been found in southern Africa, dated to 3100 Myr. Banded iron formations have been dated to 3700
Myr, and presuming that this requires oxygen and that the only source of molecular oxygen in this era was
photosynthesis, this makes a case for life in this time period. There are also stromatolites dated to 3500 Myr.
Name: Ibuos, James Vincent S.
Course Title: Earth Science
Module #: 1-B
Date: 09/15/21
B. ACTIVITY:
VIII. ASSESSMENT:
1. Give the meaning of the following:
a.Equator-in my own understanding, equator is an imaginary line that runs around the middle of the
Earth. It divides the globe into two different parts: the Northern and South hemisphere.
b.Prime Meridian-in my own definition, prime meridian is an imaginary line that divides the Earth
into eastern and western hemispheres.
c.Lines of Longitude-is the measurement east or west of the prime meridian. Longitude is
measured by imaginary lines that run around the Earth vertically (up and down) and meet at the
North and South Poles. These lines are known as meridians. Each meridian measures one
arcdegree of longitude.
d.Lines of Latitude-is the measurement of distance north or south of the Equator. It is measured
with 180 imaginary lines that form circles around the Earth east-west, parallel to the Equator.
These lines are known as parallels. A circle of latitude is an imaginary ring linking all points
sharing a parallel.
e.International Dateline-is an internationally accepted demarcation on the surface of Earth,
running between the North Pole and South Pole and serving as the boundary between one
calendar day and the next.
2. Refer to a globe or map. Find the places with the latitude and longitude indicated below.
a. 45° north latitude and 90° east longitude
Answer: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China
b. 0° and 30° east longitude
Answer: East of Greenwich
c. 15° south latitude and 0°
Answer: Atlantic Ocean and Africa
VIII. ASSESSMENT:
1.Where is the earth’s crust thinnest? Thickest? Why?
- The crust is thickest under high mountains and thinnest beneath the ocean. The crust is thickened
by the compressive forces related to subduction or continental collision . The buoyancy of the crust forces
it upwards, the forces of the collisional stress balanced by gravity and erosion. This forms a keel or
mountain root beneath the mountain range, which is where the thickest crust is found.
4.Why does a compass needle not point to the geographic North Pole?
- A magnetic compass does not point to the geographic north pole. When it comes to
magnets, opposites attract. This fact means that the north end of a magnet in a compass is attracted to the
south magnetic pole, which lies close to the geographic north pole.
Name: Ibuos, James Vincent S.
Course Title: Earth Science
Module #: 1-D
Date: 09/15/21
B. ACTIVITY:
-Continental drift was a theory that explained how continents shift position on Earth's surface . Set
forth in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, a geophysicist and meteorologist, continental drift also explained why
look-alike animal and plant fossils, and similar rock formations, are found on different continents.
Continental drift has impacted the universe in many ways. It has affected the global climate, the world's
geographical positions and the evolution of animals. Continental drift also comes along with grave
effects such as Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Tsunamis. Wegener suggested that perhaps the rotation of
the Earth caused the continents to shift towards and apart from each other . ... Today, we know that the
continents rest on massive slabs of rock called tectonic plates. The plates are always moving and
interacting in a process called plate tectonics.
VIII. ASSESSMENT:
3.What is Isostacy?
-The equilibrium that exists between parts of the earth's crust, which behaves as if it consists of
blocks floating on the underlying mantle, rising if material (such as an ice cap) is removed and sinking if
material is deposited.
Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. Test-
retest reliability is a measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of
time to a group of individuals.
VIII. ASSESSMENT:
1.Explain why validity implies reliability but not the reverse.
-Reliability and validity are two central themes within statistics. The reliability refers to the
phenomenon that the measurement instrument provides consistent results. If you repeat the same
measurement, a reliable instrument will provide the same result. Validity describes whether the construct
that is aimed to be measured, is indeed being measured by the instrument. The validity is dependent upon
the aim of the study: an instrument may be valid for one concept, but not for another. A valid measurement
is always a reliable measurement too, but the reverse does not hold: if an instrument provides consistent
result, it is reliable, but does not have to be valid.
2.Generate some other qualities that you believe contribute to making good assessment.
-for me the other qualities that I believe that can contribute in to making a good assessment are
content validity, reliability, fairness, student engagement and motivation, and consequential relevance. One
of the most important characteristics of any quality assessment is content validity. Simply put, content
validity means that the assessment measures what it is intended to measure for its intended purpose, and
nothing more.
IX. REFLECTION:
My experience with them is just that - they’re unfair. But that’s only a small part of what’s unfair in the
world. Smartest people are not the richest. The most hardworking people are not making as much money as
the ones who take credit for their work. Smart people get fired, dumb people keep their jobs. I can go on and
on. But no matter how fair or not fair life is, you have a control of your own life. For example - five years
ago I realized that software development career is not going to get me rich. So I changed it into marketing
and copywriting and started getting my own freelance clients. How did I do that? I learned copywriting,
hired coaches to teach me and found my own clients on LinkedIn. Fair or no fair, I went for what I want and
got really good at it. Then I decided that all clients suck and I might as well start my own thing. And now I
have a full control of what’s fair and I make my own fairness. And so can you.
Name: Ibuos, James Vincent S.
Course Title: ASSESSMENT IN LEARNING 1
Module #: 4
Date: 09/15/21
B. ACTIVITY:
-Bloom's Taxonomy comprises three learning domains: the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor,
and assigns to each of these domains a hierarchy that corresponds to different levels of learning. It's
important to note that the different levels of thinking defined within each domain of the Taxonomy
are hierarchical. Bloom’s Taxonomy is a hierarchical model that categorizes learning objectives into
varying levels of complexity, from basic knowledge and comprehension to advanced evaluation and
creation. Bloom’s Taxonomy was originally published in 1956, and the Taxonomy was modified
each year for 16 years after it was first published. Bloom's Taxonomy comprises three learning
domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Within each domain, learning can take place at a
number of levels ranging from simple to complex.
VIII. ASSESSMENT:
B. ACTIVITY:
Domain Level/Category
1.Formulate a procedure to Cognitive (Knowledge) Creating
follow in preparing for class
demonstration.
2.Formulates new program Cognitive (Knowledge) Creating
3.Perform repeatedly with Psychomotor (Skills) Practising
speed and accuracy.
4.Listen to others with Affective (Attitude) Valuing
respect.
5.Select the most effective Cognitive (Knowledge) Evaluating
among a number of solutions.
6.Watched a more Psychomotor (Skills) Observing
experienced performer.
VIII. ASSESSMENT:
1.Cognitive Topic-Investigative Project in Biological Science
1.1)Remembering
a.Naming the parts of a animal cell.
b.Defining the parts of the plant cell.
c.Recite the parts of the animal and plant cell.
1.2)Understanding
a.Explain what is a cell.
b.Enumerate the two types of cell.
c.Compare and contrast between Animal cell and plant cell.
1.3)Applying
a.Construct a paragraph about the importance of cell in the study of biological science.
b.Demonstrate how cell act inside the human body.
c.Use recycled materials to create an image of plant cell together with its parts.
1.4)Analyzing
a.Observe what happen if cell does not exist.
b.Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
c.Select one part of the plant cell and what is its role in the study of biological science.
1.5)Evaluating
a.Evaluate the materials used in making a n animal cell model.
b.Relate your output to what we discussed during the science class.
c.Critique the output of the students
1.6)Creating
a.Compose a song related to animal cell and plant cell.
b.Organize a chart illustrating the parts of a cell.
c.Rearrange the parts of a animal cell.
VIII. REFLECTION:
- Learning objectives are the most powerful if they are actionable and measurable. It is important to a
teacher to prepare a lesson with objectives because excellent learning objectives provide a guide for students
when reviewing materials and preparing for assessments. Learning objectives are important because
they provide students with a clear purpose on which to focus their learning effort, inform your selection of
instructional content and activities, guide you’re testing and assessment strategies. They: form the
underpinning for the design, the content and the performance of teaching and examination. It indicate to
students what they are expected to learn or the skills they will have acquired by the end of the course; skills
they will be examined and assessed on.
Name: Ibuos, James Vincent S.
Course Title: Rizal: His Life, Works, and Writings
Module #: 1
Date: 09/15/21
IX. EVALUATION:
1.Mention all the names of the siblings of Rizal in correct order. Give their birthdates and brief
description of each.
a.Saturnina Mercado-she was born on June 4, 1850 at Calamba. She is the eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo
marriage.
b.Paciano Rizal-he was born on March 9, 1851 at Calamba, Laguna Philippines. He is the only brother of
Jose Rizal and the second child. He became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine Revolution.
c.Narcisa Rizal-she was born on the year 1852. She is the third child. She is a teacher and a musician.
d.Olympia Rizal-she was born on November 9, 1955. She is the fourth child. She married Silvestre Ulbado.
e.Lucia Rizal-she was born on the year 1856. She was the fifth child. She married Matriano Herbosa.
f.Maria Rizal-she was born on the year 1859. She was the sixth child. She was known for being a
disciplinarian as well as a dedicated, courteous, and hard-working mother.
g. Jose Rizal-He was norn on June 19, 1861. He is the second son of the seventh child. He was executed by
the Spaniards on December 30, 1896.
h.Concepcion Rizal-she was born on June 6,1868. She was the eight child. She died at the age of 3.
i.Josefa Rizal-she was born also on June 6, 1868. She was the ninth child. An elliptic, died a spinster.
j.Trinidad Rizal-he was born also on June 6, 1868. He was the tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of th
family to die.
k.Soledad Rizal-she was born on the year 1869. She was the youngest child who married Pantaleon
Quintero.
Panteleon
3.Why Rizal enroll at the UST?
-Rizal enrolled at the UST because his mother was going to blind; Rizal opted to study
ophthalmology at the UST faculty of Medicine and Surgery.
6.What is Rizal’s opinion about the Dominican school of Santo Tomas? Also his opinion about Ateneo
Municipal?
-He was never discriminated against Santo Tomas; on the contrary, he was favored with a
dispensation which few students received. Racial discrimination did not exist in his class, as shown by the
fact that all his Spanish classmates fell by the roadside one by one in the course of four years. In Ateneo
Municipal, he also very thankful even if Rizal weren’t accepted by the Ateneo’s Municipal registrar at the
end he earned his master as teacher in philosophy and etc.
IX. EVALUATION:
The life of Rizal was a truly inspiring story. Not just an ordinary story of a Filipino but a story of a
Filipino of a very intelligent and talented Filipino, who is ready to sacrifice his whole life just to give
freedom and peace to his family, and own nation. For one semester, I’ve known who really Rizal is. It might
not all about him, but those learning’s and knowledge I learned, is enough to say myself and to other
Filipino and even not, that he deserves to be what he have known for today. And that is, the National Hero
of the Filipino. His wife was truly amazing and colors for the hero’s experiences mold him to what God
purposely do to him. Jose Rizal, for my own insights, tells me the value of certain things which is important
for the success of his life. That is God, Family, Courtesy, and Self. He could not reach as that for without
God. The Lords is the most important one who could determine our success, just like a Rizal feared God an
in return, he have been bless abundantly not by material things only but a spiritual one. That is intelligence,
skills, love and compassion. Also the role of family is next important for Rizal had been blessed with a
family who could guide him to what he really aims. Even nowadays, family is one of the foundations of a
person’s character. Next one is country! For Rizal’s portray the love of the country as a means of loving his
fellow Filipino, thus helping them to attain justice from the evil and corrupt priest and Spaniards who are
mistreating them in their own land for God has created us to extend our help with our fellow as a symbol of
glorifying him. And last is self, I have learned from Rizal’s life that you should make yourself fruitfully. He
makes himself grow to wisdom and knowledge to use it in God’s purpose. He did not say to himself that he
is not worth enough and live blind for what is happening in his environment. Thus, he is knows that he is a
child of God.
Moreover, Rizal proved that pen is mightier than a sword. For his expertise in writings enable him to
convince his whole fellowmen to attain justice, thus destroying an empire. For words flies wherever and
ignites every man’s feelings. Just like us a saying says the word is powerful, there comes positive and
negative in it. It could heal one’s heart but also harm another like a double edged sword. Rizal have a God
fearing heart so that he have ignite change, peace and thus mean we Filipinos should have a good conscience
and God fearing heart to impose positive changes. Thanks to Rizal for he is inspires me and thanks to our
professor who imparts and explains all this knowledge for us to be better understands it.