BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

(BDU)

BAHIR DAR INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES

ASSIGNMENT FIVE

Submitted By:

Mulualem Atalel

ID: BDU1022147

Submitted To:

Instructor Seyfe N.

Submission Date August 30, 2020 G.C

 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
1. Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the elements shown in Figure 3. The coordinates are in
units of inches. Assume plane stress conditions. Let E =10 x106 psi, v =0.25, and thickness
t =1 inches.

Figure 3.

Solution:

The stiffness matrix for an element is

[𝑘] = 𝑡𝐴[𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷][𝐵]

For element (3a), we have coordinates xi = 0, yi = -1, xj = 2, yj =0, xm = 0,

and ym =1

𝑏ℎ 2 ∗ 2
𝐴= = = 2 𝑖𝑛2
2 2

We will know evaluate B

𝛽 0 𝛽𝑗 0 𝛽𝑚 0
1 𝑖
[𝐵] = [0 𝛾𝑖 0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑚 ]
2𝐴 𝛾
𝑖 𝛽𝑖 𝛾𝑗 𝛽𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝛽𝑚

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
𝛽 𝑖 =𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑚 =0-1 =-1 𝛾𝑖 =𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑗 =0-2 =-2

𝛽𝑗 = 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑖 =1-(-1) =2 𝛾𝑗 =𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑚 =0-0 =0

𝛽𝑚 =𝑦𝑖 – 𝑦𝑗 =-1-0 =-1 𝛾𝑚 =𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 =2-0 =2

1 −1 0 2 0 −1 0 −1 0 2 0 −1 0 1
[𝐵] = [0 −2 0 0 0 2 ] = 0.25 [ 0 −2 0 0 0 2] 2
2∗2 𝑖𝑛
−2 −1 0 2 2 −1 −2 −1 0 2 2 −1
1 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1 0 10 ∗ 106 1 0.25 0
[𝐷] = [ 1−𝜈 ] = [0.25 1 0 ] 𝑝𝑠𝑖
(1 − 𝜈 2 ) 0.9375
0 0 0 0 0.375
2
−1 0 −2
0 −2 −1
6
10 ∗ 10 2 1 0.25 0
0 0
[𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷] = 0.25 ∗ [0.25 1 0 ]
0.9375 0 0 2
−1 0 2 0 0 0.375
[0 2 −1]

−1 −0.25 −0.75
−0.5 −2 −0.375
2.5 ∗ 106 2 0.5 0
=
0.9375 0 0 0.75
−1 −0.25 0.75
[ 0.5 2 −0.375]
−1 −0.25 −0.75
−0.5 −2 −0.375
2.5 ∗ 106 2 −1 0 2 0 −1 0
0.5 0
[𝑘] = 1 ∗ 2 ∗ ∗ 0.25 [ 0 −2 0 0 0 2]
0.9375 0 0 0.75
−1 −0.25 0.75 −2 −1 0 2 2 −1
[ 0.5 2 −0.375]

−1 −0.25 −0.75
−0.5 −2 −0.375
1.25 ∗ 106 2 −1 0 2 0 −1 0
0.5 0
[𝑘] = [0 −2 0 0 0 2]
0.9375 0 0 0.75
−1 −0.25 0.75 −2 −1 0 2 2 −1
[ 0.5 2 −0.375]

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
2.5 1.25 −2 −1.5 −0.5 0.25
1.25 4.375 −1 −0.75 −0.25 −3.625
−2 −1 4 0 −2 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 1.33 ∗ 106
−1.5 −0.75 0 1.5 1.5 −0.75 𝑖𝑛2
−0.5 −0.25 −2 1.5 2.5 −1.25
[ 0.25 −3.625 1 −0.75 −1.25 4.375 ]

For element (3b), we have coordinates xi = 1.2, yi = 0, xj = 2.4, yj =0, xm = 1.2,

and ym =1

𝑏ℎ 1.2 ∗ 1
𝐴= = = 0.6 𝑖𝑛2
2 2

We will know evaluate B

𝛽 𝑖 =𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑚 =0-1 =-1 𝛾𝑖 =𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑗 =1.2-2.4 =-1.2

𝛽𝑗 = 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑖 =1-0 =1 𝛾𝑗 =𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑚 =1.2-1.2 =0

𝛽𝑚 =𝑦𝑖 – 𝑦𝑗 =0-0 =0 𝛾𝑚 =𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 =2.4-1.2 =1.2

1 −1 0 1 0 0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 0 1
[𝐵] = [ 0 −1.2 0 0 0 1.2] = [ 0 −1.2 0 0 0 1.2] 2
2 ∗ 0.6 1.2 𝑖𝑛
−1.2 −1 0 1 1.2 0 −1.2 −1 0 1 1.2 0
1 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1 0 10 ∗ 106 1 0.25 0
[𝐷] = [ 1−𝜈 ] = [0.25 1 0 ] 𝑝𝑠𝑖
(1 − 𝜈 2 ) 0.9375
0 0 0 0 0.375
2

10 ∗ 106 −1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.25 0
[𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷] = [ 0 −1.2 0 0 0 1.2] [0.25 1 0 ]
1.2 ∗ 0.9375
−1.2 −1 0 1 1.2 0 0 0 0.375

−1 −0.25 −0.45
−0.3 −1.2 −0.375
10 ∗ 106 1 0.25 0
=
1.125 0 0 0.375
0 0 0.45
[ 0.3 1.2 0 ]

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
−1 −0.25 −0.45
−0.3 −1.2 −0.375
10 ∗ 106 1 0.25 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 0
[𝑘] = 1 ∗ 0.6 ∗ ∗ [ 0 −1.2 0 0 0 1.2]
1.125 0 0 0.375 1.2
0 0 0.45 −1.2 −1 0 1 1.2 0
[ 0.3 1.2 0 ]

−1 −0.25 −0.45
−0.3 −1.2 −0.375
6 ∗ 106 1 −1 0 1 0 0 0
0.25 0
[𝑘] = [ 0 −1.2 0 0 0 1.2]
1.35 0 0 0.375
0 0 0.45 −1.2 −1 0 1 1.2 0
[ 0.3 1.2 0 ]

1.54 0.75 −1 −0.45 −0.54 −0.3

0.75 1.815 −0.3 −0.375 −0.45 −1.44
−1 −0.3 1 0 0 0.3 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 1.33 ∗ 106
−0.45 −0.375 0 0.375 0.45 0 𝑖𝑛2
−0.54 −0.45 0 0.45 0.54 0
[ −0.3 −1.44 0.3 0 0 1.44 ]

For element (3c), we have coordinates xi = 0, yi = 0, xj = 2, yj =0, xm = 0,

and ym =1

𝑏ℎ 2 ∗ 1
𝐴= = = 1 𝑖𝑛2
2 2

We will know evaluate B

𝛽𝑖 =𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑚 =0-1 =-1 𝛾𝑖 =𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑗 =0-2 =-2

𝛽𝑗 = 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑖 =1-0 =1 𝛾𝑗 =𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑚 =0-0 =0

𝛽𝑚 =𝑦𝑖 – 𝑦𝑗 =0-0 =0 𝛾𝑚 =𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 =2-0 =2

1 −1 0 1 0 0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 1
[𝐵] = [ 0 −2 0 0 0 2] = 0.5 [ 0 −2 0 0 0 2] 2
2∗1 𝑖𝑛
−2 −1 0 1 2 0 −2 −1 0 1 2 0

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
1 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1 0 10 ∗ 106 1 0.25 0
[𝐷] = [ 1−𝜈 ] = [0.25 1 0 ] 𝑝𝑠𝑖
(1 − 𝜈 2 ) 0.9375
0 0 0 0 0.375
2
−1 0 −2
0 −2 −1
6
10 ∗ 10 1 1 0.25 0
0 0
[𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷] = 0.5 ∗ [0.25 1 0 ]
0.9375 0 0 1
0 0 2 0 0 0.375
[0 2 0]

−1 −0.25 −0.75
−0.5 −2 −0.375
5 ∗ 106 1 0.5 0
=
0.9375 0 0 0.375
0 0 0.75
[ 0.5 2 0 ]
−1 −0.25 −0.75
−0.5 −2 −0.375
−1 0 2 0 −1 0
5∗106 1 0.5 0
[𝑘] = 1 ∗ 1 ∗ ∗ 0.5 [ 0 −2 0 0 0 2]
0.9375 0 0 0.375
0 0 0.75 −2 −1 0 2 2 −1
[ 0.5 2 0 ]

−1 −0.25 −0.75
−0.5 −2 −0.375
2.5 ∗ 106 1 −1 0 2 0 −1 0
0.5 0
= [0 −2 0 0 0 2]
0.9375 0 0 0.375
0 0 0.75 −2 −1 0 2 2 −1
[ 0.5 2 0 ]

2.5 1.25 −1 −0.75 −1.5 −0.5

1.25 4.375 −0.5 −0.375 −0.75 −4
−1 −0.5 1 0 0 0.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 2.667 ∗ 106
−0.75 −0.375 0 0.375 0.75 0 𝑖𝑛2
−1.5 −0.75 0 0.75 1.5 0
[ −0.5 −4 0.5 0 0 4 ]

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
2. For the bar subjected to the linearly varying axial line load shown in Figure 7, use
the linear strain (three noded element) with two elements in the model, to determine
the nodal displacements and nodal stresses. Let A = 2 in.2 and E = 30 x106 psi.
Hint: Use Isoperimetric formulation

Figure 7

Solution:

Step 1 Select Element Type

Figure 7 a) Three nodded bar elements b) natural coordinate system s for the two
elements

As we are formulating shape functions for an isoperimetric element, we assume the

following axial coordinate function for x as

𝑥 =𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑠 + 𝑎3 𝑠 2 …………………………………………….. (1)

Evaluating the ai’s in terms of the nodal coordinates, we obtain

𝑥(−1) = 𝑥1 =𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 )

𝑥(0) = 𝑥3 =𝑎1

𝑥(1) = 𝑥2 =𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3

Substituting 𝑎1 = 𝑥3 from second equation in to first equation and third equation we

obtain 𝑎2 and 𝑎3 as follows

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
𝑥1 =𝑥3 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3

𝑥1 =𝑥3 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3

Adding together and solving for 𝑎3 gives the following

𝑎3 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 )/2

𝑥1 =(𝑥3 − 𝑎2 + ((𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 )/2)

𝑎2 =𝑥3 − 𝑥1 + ((𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 )/2) = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )/2

Substituting the value of 𝑎1, 𝑎2 and 𝑎3 in to equation (1) we obtain

𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥1 +𝑥2 −2𝑥3 2

𝑥 =𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑠 + 𝑎3 𝑠 2 = 𝑥3 + 𝑠+ 𝑠
2 2

Combining like terms from the above equation we obtain the final form of x as:

s(s−1) s(s+1) 2
𝑥 =( ) 𝑥1 + ( 2 ) 𝑥2 +(1 − 𝑠 )𝑥3 ………………………………..(2)
2

Recall that the function x can be expressed in terms of the shape function matrix and
the axial coordinates, we have from Eq. (2)

𝑥1 s(s − 1) s(s + 1) 𝑥1
2
{𝑥} = [𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 ] {𝑥2 } = [( ) ( ) (1 − 𝑠 )] {𝑥2 }
𝑥3 2 2 𝑥3
Therefore the shape function for both elements are

s(s − 1) s(s + 1)
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = 𝑁3 = (1 − 𝑠 2 )
2 2
Step 2 Select a Displacement Function

Using an isoperimetric formulation means the displacement function is of the same

form as the axial coordinate function. Therefore the displacement function within the bar
is now defined

𝑢 =𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑠 + 𝑎3 𝑠 2

𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥1 +𝑥2 −2𝑥3 2

𝑥 =𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑠 + 𝑎3 𝑠 2 = 𝑥3 + 𝑠+ 𝑠
2 2

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
𝑢2 −𝑢1 𝑢1 +𝑢2 −2𝑢3 2
𝑢 =𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑠 + 𝑎3 𝑠 2 = 𝑢3 + 𝑠+ 𝑠
2 2

Step 3 Define the Strain–Displacement and Stress/Strain Relationships

To construct the element stiffness matrix, we must determine the strain, which is defined
in terms of the derivative of the displacement with respect to x. The displacement u,
however, is now a function of s as shown above. Therefore, we must apply the chain
rule of differentiation to the function u as follows:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
{𝜀𝑥 } = = /
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑢2 − 𝑢1 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 − 2𝑢3 2
𝑢 = 𝑢3 + 𝑠+ 𝑠
2 2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 2
𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑠+ 𝑠
2 2
Differentiating u with respect to s, we obtain

𝑑𝑢 𝑢2 −𝑢1
= +(𝑢1 + 𝑢2 − 2𝑢3 )𝑠
𝑑𝑠 2

1 1
= (𝑠 − ) 𝑢1 + (𝑠 + ) 𝑢2 + (-2𝑠)𝑢3
2 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
= [J ] = + (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 )𝑠
𝑑𝑠 2
𝑥2 +𝑥1
Now 𝑥3 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥3 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 𝐿
2

𝐿 𝑥2 + 𝑥1
[J] = + [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 2 ( )] 𝑠
2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐿
= [J] =
𝑑𝑠 2
where [J] is called the Jacobian matrix. In the one-dimensional case, we have | [J] |=J.

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
This relationship holds for the higher-order one-dimensional elements as well as for the
two-noded constant strain bar element. Using this relationship we obtain

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑠 2 1 1
= = ( ) ∗ (𝑠 − ) 𝑢1 + (𝑠 + ) 𝑢2 + (-2𝑠)𝑢3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 2 2

2𝑠 − 1 2𝑠 + 1 −4𝑠
=( ) 𝑢1 + ( ) 𝑢2 + ( ) 𝑢3
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑢1
𝑑𝑢 2𝑠−1 2𝑠+1 −4𝑠
In matrix form {𝜀𝑥 } =
𝑑𝑥
= [( ) ( 𝐿 ) ( 𝐿 )] {𝑢2 }
𝐿
𝑢3

And then determine the strain- displacement matrix [B] for both elements as follows

𝑑𝑢
{𝜀𝑥 } = = [𝐵]{𝑑}
𝑑𝑥
From the above gradient matrix [B] is given by

2𝑠 − 1 2𝑠 + 1 −4𝑠
[𝐵] = [( ) ( ) ( )]
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Step 4 Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

𝐿
[𝑘] = ∫ [𝐵]𝑇 D [𝐵]𝐴 𝑑𝑥
0

For one-dimension bar element the material property matrix [𝑫] is equal to Young’s
Modulus (E).

We must transform the coordinate x to s because [B] is, in general, a Function of s.

This general type of transformation is given by

𝐿 1 dx 𝐿
∫0 𝑓(x)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 𝑓(s)|[𝐽]|ds |[𝐽]| = = 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
ds 2

we obtain the stiffness matrix in natural coordinates for both elements as

𝐿 1
[𝑘] = ∫ [𝐵]𝑇 E [𝐵]𝐴 𝑑𝑠
2 −1

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
Substituting the expression for [𝐵] in to the above equation for the stiffness matrix we
obtain

2𝑠 − 1
) (
𝐿
𝐿 1 𝑇
𝐴𝐸𝐿 1 2𝑠 + 1 2𝑠 − 1 2𝑠 + 1 −4𝑠
[𝑘] = ∫ [𝐵] E [𝐵]𝐴 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ( ) [( ) ( ) ( )] 𝑑𝑠
2 −1 2 −1 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
−4𝑠
[ ( ) ]
𝐿
(2𝑠 − 1)2 (2𝑠 − 1)(2𝑠 + 1) (2𝑠 − 1)(−4𝑠)
𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿2
1
𝐴𝐸𝐿 (2𝑠 + 1)(2𝑠 − 1) (2𝑠 + 1)2 (2𝑠 + 1)(−4𝑠)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑠
2 −1 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿2
(−4𝑠)(2𝑠 − 1) (−4𝑠)(2𝑠 + 1) (−4𝑠)2
[ 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿2 ]
2
𝐴𝐸 1 4𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 1 4𝑠 2 − 1 −8𝑠 2 + 4𝑠
= ∫ [ 4𝑠 2 − 1 4𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 1 −8𝑠 2 − 4𝑠] 𝑑𝑠
2𝐿 −1
−8𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 −8𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 16𝑠 2
1
4 3 4 3 8 3
𝑠 − 2𝑠 2 + 𝑠 𝑠 −𝑠 − 𝑠 + 2𝑠 2
3 3 3
𝐴𝐸 4 3 4 3 8 3 |
= 𝑠 −𝑠 𝑠 + 2𝑠 2 + 𝑠 − 𝑠 − 2𝑠 2
2𝐿 3 3 3 |
8 3 2
8 16 3
[ 3 𝑠 + 2𝑠
− − 𝑠 3 − 2𝑠 2 𝑠 ] −1
3 3

𝐴𝐸 7 1 −8
[𝑘𝑖 ] = [1 7 −8]
3𝐿
−8 −8 16
Element 1 Element 2

1 2 3 2 4 5

7 1 −8 7 1 −8
𝐴1 𝐸1 𝐴2 𝐸2
[𝑘1 ] = [1 7 −8] [𝑘2 ] = [1 7 −8]
3𝐿1 3𝐿2
−8 −8 16 −8 −8 16
Assembling of the element stiffness matrix to obtain the global stiffness matrix

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
7 1 −8 0 0
𝐴𝐸 1 14 −8 1 −8
[𝑘] = −8 −8 16 0 0
1.5𝐿
0 1 0 7 −8
[ 0 −8 0 −8 16 ]

7 1 −8 0 0 7 1 −8 0 0
2 ∗ 30 ∗ 106 1 14 −8 1 −8 2 ∗ 106 1 14 −8 1 −8
= −8 −8 16 0 0 = −8 −8 16 0 0
1.5 ∗ 60 3
0 1 0 7 −8 0 1 0 7 −8
[ 0 −8 0 −8 16 ] [ 0 −8 0 −8 16 ]

Step 5 Solve for Surface Forces

{𝑓𝑠 } = ∫ ∫[𝑁𝑠 ]𝑇 [𝑇𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑠

𝑠

Assuming the cross section is constant and the traction is uniform over the perimeter
and along the length of the element, we obtain

𝐿
{𝑓𝑠 } = ∫ [𝑁𝑠 ]𝑇 [𝑇𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
0

1
𝐿 1
{𝑓𝑠 } = ∫ [𝑁𝑠 ]𝑇 [𝑇𝑥 ] |[𝐽]|𝑑𝑠 = ∫ [𝑁𝑠 ]𝑇 [𝑇𝑥 ]𝑑𝑠
−1 2 −1

Where

s(s − 1) s(s + 1)
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = 𝑁3 = (1 − 𝑠 2 ) [𝑇𝑥 ] = 10𝑥
2 2
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐 + 𝑠 = (1 + 𝑠) [𝑇𝑥 ] = 10 (1 + 𝑠)
2 2 2

s(s − 1)
( )
𝐿 1
𝐿 2
= ∫ s(s + 1) 10 (1 + 𝑠) 𝑑𝑠
2 −1 ( ) 2
2
[ (1 − 𝑠 2 ) ]

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
𝑠3 𝑠
−
10𝐿2 1 2 2
= ∫ 3 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
4 −1 + 𝑠2 +
2 2
[−𝑠 − 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 1]
32

1
𝑠4 𝑠2
8
− 4 0
2
10𝐿 2 𝑠4 𝑠3 𝑠2 | 10𝐿 2
= + + = { 3 } is the surface-force matrix
4 8 3 4 | 4 4
−𝑠 4 𝑠3 𝑠2
[ 4 −3+ 2
+ 𝑠]
−1
3

Nodal force vector for Element-1

0 0
𝑓1𝑥 1 1 𝟎
{𝑓2𝑥 } = 10𝐿2 6 = 10 ∗ 30 2
6 = {𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎} 𝒍𝒃
𝑓3𝑥 1 1 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
{3} {3}

𝑓1𝑥 0 𝟎
{𝑓2𝑥 } = 4.448 ∗ {1500} = { 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟐 } 𝑲𝑵
𝑓3𝑥 3000 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟒
Nodal force vector for Element-2

𝑇 = 10𝑥
T1 = 10 ∗ 30 = 300 lb T2 = 10 ∗ 60 = 600 lb

The load intensity at point x distance from node 2 is given by

x x 1+s 1+s
T = T1 + (T2 − T1 ) but = , T = T1 + (T2 − T1 )
L L 2 2
1+s
T = 300 + (600 − 300) = 450 + 150𝑠
2
𝐿
{𝑓𝑠 } = ∫ [𝑁𝑠 ]𝑇 [𝑇𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
0

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FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
s(s − 1)
) (
𝐿 1 2
= ∫ s(s + 1) 450 + 150𝑠 𝑑𝑠
2 −1 ( )
2
[ (1 − 𝑠 2 ) ]

𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠2
− −
𝐿 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 3
= 450 ∫ 𝑠 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 + 150 ∫ 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑑𝑠
2 −1 + −1 +
2 2 2 2
( [1 − 𝑠 2] [ 𝑠−𝑠 3 ] )
1 1
𝑠3 𝑠2 𝑠4 𝑠3
− −
6 4 | 8 6 |
150𝐿 𝑠 3
𝑠2
𝑠 4
𝑠 3
= 3 + + +
2 6 4 | 8 6 |
3 2 4
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
( [𝑠− 3] −1
[2 −
4] −1 )

1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 1
− − − +
6 4 6 4 8 6 8 6
150𝐿 1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 1
= 3 + − + + + − −
2 6 4 6 4 8 6 8 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
( [ 1 − −1 + [2 − 4 ] [2 − 4 ])
3] [ 3]
1
1
3 −
150𝐿 1 3
= 3 + 1
2 3
2 3
{ 0 }
( {3} )

2
150𝐿 3
= 4 is the surface force matrix
2
3
{2}

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
2 2
𝑓2𝑥 3 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
150𝐿2 30 3
{𝑓4𝑥 } = 4 = 150 ∗ 4 = {𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎} 𝒍𝒃
𝑓5𝑥
2 2
𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎
3 3
{2} {2}

𝑓2𝑥 1500 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟐

{ 4𝑥 } = 4.448 ∗ {3000} = {𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟒} 𝑲𝑵
𝑓
𝑓5𝑥 4500 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔
Global Nodal force vector
𝑓1𝑥 0 𝟎
𝑓2𝑥 13000 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟒
𝑓3𝑥 = 3000 𝒍𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝑲𝑵
𝑓4𝑥 3000 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟒
{𝑓5𝑥 } { 4500 } { 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔 }

Step 6 Solve for nodal displacement

{𝐹} = [𝑘]{𝑑}

𝑓1𝑥 7 1 −8 0 0 𝑢1
𝑓2𝑥 𝑢2
2 ∗ 106 1 14 −8 1 −8
𝑓3𝑥 = −8 −8 16 0 0 𝑢3
3
𝑓4𝑥 0 1 0 7 −8 𝑢4
{𝑓5𝑥 } [ 0 −8 0 −8 16 ] {𝑢5 }

Boundary condition 𝑢4 = 0

𝑓1𝑥
7 1 −8 0 𝑢1
𝑓2𝑥 6
2 ∗ 10 1 14 −8 −8 𝑢2
𝑓3𝑥 = [ ] {𝑢 }
3 −8 −8 16 0 3
𝑓4𝑥
0 −8 0 16 𝑢5
{𝑓5𝑥 }

0 𝑢1
7 1 −8 0
13000 2 ∗ 106 1 14 −8 −8 𝑢2
3000 = [ ] {𝑢 }
3 −8 −8 16 0 3
3000 𝑢
0 −8 0 16 5
{ 4500 }

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
0
𝑢1 7 1 −8 0 −1
𝑢2 2 ∗ 106 1 14 −8 −8 3000
{𝑢 } = [ ] 3000
3 3 −8 −8 16 0
𝑢5 3000
0 −8 0 16
{ 4500 }

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟓
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟓
={ } 𝒊𝒏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟒

𝑢1 0.004875 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐
𝑢2 0.004125 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟕
{𝑢 } = 25.4 ∗ { }={ } 𝒎𝒎
3 0.004781 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑢5 0.001484 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟎

Final nodal displacement value for the global element

𝑢1 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐
𝑢3 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑢2 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝑢5 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟎
{𝑢4 } { 𝟎 }

Step 7 Solve for nodal stress

The stress is obtained as

𝜎𝑥 = [𝐷]{𝜀𝑥 } = 𝐸[𝐵]{𝑑}

Nodal stress for Element-1

𝑢1
2𝑠 − 1 2𝑠 + 1 −4𝑠
𝜎𝑥 = 𝐸 [( ) ( ) ( )] { 𝑢2 }
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑢3

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
At node 1 s = -1

2(−1) − 1 2(−1) + 1 −4(−1) 0.12382

𝜎11 = 30 ∗ 106 [( ) ( ) ( ) 0.10477}
] {
30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 0.12144

−1 −1 2 0.12382
6
= 30 ∗ 10 [( ) ( ) ( )] {0.10477}
254 762 381 0.12144

= 𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟖𝑷𝒔𝒊

= 6.895 ∗ 375.1968 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟔𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂

At node 3 s = 0

−1 1 0.12382
6
𝜎13 = 30 ∗ 10 [( ) ( ) 0] {0.10477}
30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 0.12144
= −𝟕𝟓𝟎𝑷𝒔𝒊

= 6.895 ∗ −750 = −𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟐𝑴𝑷𝒂

At node 2 s = 1

2(1) − 1 2(1) + 1 −4(1) 0.12382

6
𝜎12 = 30 ∗ 10 [( ) ( ) ( )] {0.10477}
30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 0.12144

1 1 −2 0.12382
6
= 30 ∗ 10 [( ) ( ) ( )] {0.10477}
762 254 381 0.12144

= −𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓. 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟕𝑷𝒔𝒊

= 6.895 ∗ −1875.1967 = −𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟐𝑴𝑷𝒂

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
Nodal stress for Element-2
𝑢2
2𝑠 − 1 2𝑠 + 1 −4𝑠
𝜎𝑥 = 𝐸 [( ) ( ) ( ) ] { 𝑢4 }
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑢5

At node 1 s = -1

2(−1) − 1 2(−1) + 1 −4(−1) 0.10477

𝜎21 = 30 ∗ 106 [( ) ( ) ( )] { 0 }
30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 0.06310

−1 −1 2 0.10477
= 30 ∗ 106 [( ) ( ) ( )] { 0 }
254 762 381 0.06310

= −𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟕. 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝑷𝒔𝒊

= 6.895 ∗ −2437.401 = −𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟎𝟔𝑴𝑷𝒂

At node 3 s = 0

−1 1 0.10477
𝜎25 = 30 ∗ 106 [( ) ( ) 0 ] { 0 }
30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 0.06310

= −𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝑷𝒔𝒊

= 6.895 ∗ −4124.803 = −𝟐𝟖. 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂

At node 2 s = 1

2(1) − 1 2(1) + 1 −4(1) 0.10477

6
𝜎24 = 30 ∗ 10 [( ) ( ) ( )] { 0 }
30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 30 ∗ 25.4 0.06310

1 1 −2 0.10477
= 30 ∗ 106 [( ) ( ) ( )] { 0 }
762 254 381 0.06310

= −𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝑷𝒔𝒊

= 6.895 ∗ −5812.204 = −𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂

Note: large number in magnitude as compared to stress at free end.

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
3. A C-channel section (Figure 4) structural steel beam of 2-in. wide flanges, 3 in. depth
and thickness of both flanges and web of 0.25 in. is loaded as shown with 100 lb
acting in the y direction on the free end. Determine the free end deflection and angle
of twist. Now move the load in the z direction until the rotation (angle of twist)
becomes zero.

Figure 4

Solution:

This problems is solved using a computer program ABAQUS 6.13_1 version

First let’s change the cross section in to mm

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 100 𝑙𝑏 = 4.448 ∗ 100 = 444.8𝑁

𝑏𝑓 = 2𝑖𝑛 = 2 ∗ 25.4 = 50.8𝑚𝑚

ℎ = 3𝑖𝑛 = 3 ∗ 25.4 = 76.2𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡𝑤 = 0.25𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 ∗ 25.4 = 6.35𝑚𝑚

𝑙 = 12𝑖𝑛 = 12 ∗ 25.4 = 304.8𝑚𝑚

Using this geometric data we have

A) Load acting in the y direction on the free end

Result from Abaqus

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE

B) Load acting in negative z direction

In order to move the load in the z direction until the rotation (angle of twist) becomes
zero. We need to add a plate element to the center of the web extended into the

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
negative z direction and place the load at the end of this proper length beam. Using
the equation in Table 5–1 for the shear center location we have.

𝑒𝑧 = 𝐶𝑧 = 19.504𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑦 = 𝐶𝑦 = 38.1𝑚𝑚

Shear center =𝑆𝐶 = (𝐶𝑥, 𝐶𝑦, 𝐶𝑧) = (304.8,38.1, −19.504)

Result from Abaqus

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT FIVE
REFERENCES

1. A First Course in the Finite Element Method Sixth Edition Daryl L. Logan
2. Lecture note prepared by our instructor
3. ABAQUS 6.13_1 Finite Element Simulation Software

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