Operative Dentistry, 2006, 31-1, 18-24

Influence of Delayed Placement

of Composites
Over Cured Adhesives on
Dentin Bond Strength of
Single-application
Self-etch Systems
Y Asaka • M Miyazaki
T Takamizawa • K Tsubota • BK Moore

Clinical Relevance
The delay in placement of composite over single-application self-etching adhesive sys-
tems was a crucial factor influencing dentin bond strength compared to a composite
placed immediately after the polymerization of adhesives.

UMMARY sive system/resin composite combinations used

This study examined the relationship between were: Adper Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z250 (AP), AQ
delay in composite placement over cured adhe- Bond Plus/Metafil C (AQ), Fluoro Bond Shake
sives and the dentin bond strength of several single- One/Beautifil (FB), G-Bond/Solare (GB), One-Up
application self-etch adhesive systems. The adhe- Bond F Plus/Palfique Estelite (OF), Xeno IICF
Bond/Xeno CF (XE). Bovine mandibular incisors
Youhei Asaka, DDS, graduate student, Nihon University
were mounted in self-curing resin and wet
Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Operative ground with #600 SiC to expose labial dentin. The
Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan adhesives were applied according to each manu-
*Masashi Miyazaki, DDS, PhD, assistant professor, Nihon facturer’s instructions, and resin pastes were con-
University Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of densed into a mold (ø4x2 mm) immediately, and 1,
Operative Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan 2, 5 and 10 minutes after light irradiation of the
Toshiki Takamizawa, DDS, PhD, instructor, Nihon University adhesives. Ten samples per test group were stored
Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Operative in 37°C water for 24 hours, then shear tested at a
Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/minute. One-way
Keishi Tsubota, DDS, PhD, instructor, Nihon University ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test (α=0.05) was
Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Operative done. SEM observations of the dentin surface
Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan after the tests were also conducted. Dentin bond
B Keith Moore, PhD, professor, Indiana University School of strength ranged from 9.5 ± 2.2 to 14.0 ± 2.4 MPa for
Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of AP, 7.3 ± 2.2 to 12.2 ± 3.1 MPa for AQ, 10.0 ± 3.5 to
Dental Materials, Indianapolis, IN, USA 16.3 ± 2.4 MPa for FB, 11.4 ± 1.5 to 16.3 ± 1.2 MPa
*Reprint request: 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo for GB, 14.2 ± 3.4 to 15.1 ± 3.0 MPa for OF and 11.5
101-8310, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] ± 2.4 to 15.9 ± 2.2 MPa for XE. Except for OF, no
DOI: 10.2341/04-157 significant differences were found among the 2 to
Asaka & Others: Influence of Delay in Composite Placement on Dentin Bond Strength 19

10 minute delayed placement groups for the sys- dentin surface is air dried after application of the adhe-
tems used. Significant lower bond strengths were sive, because these adhesives contain solvents such as
obtained for the immediate placement groups water, ethanol and acetone. If water or other solvents
except for OF. From SEM observations, cohesive like ethanol remain in the adhesives, the mechanical
failure of the dentin surface was more pro- properties should decrease due to the incorporation of
nounced with the longer delay in placement. The bubbles inside the polymerized adhesives.
data suggest that delayed composite placement It has been reported that an adverse acid-base reac-
over the cured adhesives are suggested for tion and adhesive permeability may contribute to the
optimum dentin bond strength of single-applica- incompatibility between some simplified adhesives and
tion self-etch adhesive systems. resin composites (Tay & others, 2003a,b; Suh & others,
2003). The new, simplified adhesives contain uncured
INTRODUCTION
acidic monomers in the oxygen-inhibited layer, which is
The demand for esthetic restorations has placed a focus in direct contact with the resin paste. Adverse interac-
on the development of bonding systems that provide tions between acidic functional monomers in adhesive
adequate bonding ability to tooth structure over an and tertiary amines in resin paste may occur. Clinical
extended period of time (Van Meerbeek & others, 1998). procedures to eliminate this kind of incompatibility
The steps required for these bonding procedures have should be developed.
been reduced to eliminate some of the technique sensi-
This study examined the relationship between a delay
tivity and practitioner variability associated with using
in composites placed over the cured adhesive and the
adhesive systems in clinical situations. Single-applica-
dentin bond strengths of several single-application self-
tion self-etch adhesive systems have been developed to
etch adhesive systems. The null hypothesis to be tested
simplify and shorten bonding procedures by combining
was that the dentin bond strengths of each single-appli-
dentin conditioning, priming and bonding steps. These
cation self-etch adhesive is independent of the time
products are simply applied on the dentin surface for
delay before composite placement over the cured adhe-
the prescribed period of time followed by light irradia-
sives.
tion (Van Meerbeek & others, 2003).
Micromechanical interlocking through the creation of METHODS AND MATERIALS
a hybrid layer is currently accepted as one of the major Single-application self-etch adhesive systems with the
mechanisms of resin bonding to dentin (Nakabayashi, combination of composites used were Adper Prompt L-
Kojima & Mashuhara, 1982; Van Meerbeek & others, Pop/Filtek Z250 (AP, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), AQ
1992; Inokoshi & others, 1993). It is generally accepted Bond Plus/Metafil C (AQ, Sun Medical, Shiga, Japan),
that the smear layer that forms on ground dentin Fluoro Bond Shake One/Beautifil (FB, Shofu Inc,
should be removed or altered with acidic conditioners to Kyoto, Japan), G-Bond/Solare (GB, GC Corp, Tokyo,
achieve good adhesion between the demineralized Japan), One-Up Bond F Plus/Palfique Estelite (OF,
dentin and an applied bonding system (Prati & others, Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan) and Xeno CF
1998; Pashley, 1991; Nakabayashi & Saimi, 1996). After Bond/Xeno CF (XE, Dentsply Sankin, Tokyo, Japan) as
removal of the smear layer, the conditioned dentin sur- shown in Table 1. Some adhesive systems are only
face should be wetted using hydrophobic resin available in Japan. The adhesive system AP is provided
monomers. Single-application self-etch adhesives dis- by a unique container known as L-Pop; AQ is provided
solve the smear layer and demineralize the superficial by a bottle with sponge; FB, OF and XE are provided by
dentin to facilitate penetration of resin monomers. The two bottles and an equal amount of bottle A and B were
etching effect of the single-step self-etch systems is mixed prior to application; and GB is a one-bottle self-
related to acidic monomers or organic acid solutions etch system. All adhesive systems were used in combi-
that interact with the mineral component of dentin and nation with manufacturers’ recommended restorative
enhance monomer penetration. Water plays an impor- resins. An Optilux 501 (Kerr/Demetron, Danbury, CT,
tant role as an ionizing medium for etching the dentin USA) curing unit was used, and light intensity of the
and acting as a facilitator of monomer penetration curing unit was set at 600 mW/cm2 as measured with a
(Ikemura, Kuoro & Endo, 1996; Ikemura & others, Dental Radiometer (Model 100, Kerr/Demetron).
2003).
Mandibular incisors extracted from two-to-three year
After infiltration into dentin, the adhesive must suffi- old cattle and stored frozen (-20°C) were used as a sub-
ciently polymerize to create a durable bond. stitute for human teeth (Nakamichi, Iwaku &
Hypothetically stronger bonding resin might lead to Fusayama, 1983; Fowler & others, 1992; Schilke & oth-
higher bond strengths to dentin (Pashley & others, ers, 1999). After removing the roots with an Isomet low-
1995). After infiltration of the resin monomers into par- speed saw (Buehler Ltd, Lake Bluff, IL, USA), the pulps
tially demineralized dentin, subsequent polymerization were removed and the pulp chamber of each tooth filled
of the adhesive is required to create a stable bond. The
20 Operative Dentistry

Table 1: Single-application Self-etch Systems Used

Code Adhesive Main Components Lot # Restorative Lot #
(Manufacturer)
AP Adper Prompt L-Pop Methacrylated phospholic eters, 127613 Z250 1KKJ
(3M ESPE) Bis-GMA, CQ, initiator, stabilizer,
2-HEMA, polyalkenoic acid, water
AQ AQ Bond Plus Water, acetone, 4-META, UDMA, FW1 Metafil C GL1
(Sun Medical) HEMA, MMA, initiator FX1
p-toluenesulfinic acid sodium salt
FB Fluoro Bond Shake One PRG, fluoroaluminosilicate glass, A: 551F Beautifil 090339
(Shofu Inc) 4-AET, 4-AETA, bis-GMA B: 551F
initiator, water, solvent
GB G-BOND G-BOND 031015 Solare 0310811
(GC Corp) 4-MET, UDMA, acetone, water
silanated colloidal silica, initiator
OF One-Up Bond F Plus One-up Bond F2 A: 551F Palfiqu Estelite J260
(Tokuyama Dental) Water, MAC-10, HEMA, MMA, B: 551F
multifunctionl methacrylic monomer
fliuoroaluminosilicate glass,
photo initiator (aryl borate catalyst)
XN Xeno CF Bond Catalyst, PPTM, PEM-F, UDMA, 210000032 Xeno CF 447-05
(Dentsply Sankin) initiator, amine, stabilizer
HEMA, ethanol, stabilizer, filler
Abbreviations: Mac-10; 10-methacryloxydecyl di-hydrogen phosphate, HEMA; 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, MMA; methyl methacrylate, 4-AET; 4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitic
acid, 4-AETA; 4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride, UDMA; urethane dimethacrylate, bis-GMA: 2, 2bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)]phenyl propane, TEGDMA:
triethylene glycol di-methacrylate, CQ: dl-camphorquinone

Table 2: Application Protocols of Single-application Adhesive System

Adhesive System Application Protocol
Adper Prompt L-Pop Activate blister pack by emptying the liquid out of the red blister into the yellow blister. (Blister-
Packed). Apply activated solution to dentin for 15 seconds with moderate finger pressure.
Gentle stream of air to dry and apply second coat of adhesive. Gently air dry and light
irradiation for 10 seconds.
AQ Bond Plus Dispense one drop of liquid into well containing one piece of sponge. Apply the mixed sponge
(Single Bottle with Sponge) to dentine for 20 seconds. Gently air dry for 5~10 seconds, relatively strong air dry for 5~10
seconds, and light irradiation for 10 seconds.
Fluoro Bond Shake One Mix equal amounts of bond agent A and B. Apply to dentin for 20 seconds. Briefly air dry and
(Two Bottles) light irradiation for 10 seconds.
G-Bond Apply sufficient amount of adhesive for 10 seconds. Strong air dry and light irradiation for 10
(Single Bottle) seconds.
One-Up Bond F Plus Mix equal amounts of the bond agents A and B for until a pink homogenous liquid mixture is
(Two Bottles) obtained. Apply to dentin for 10 seconds with agitation and light irradiation for 10 seconds.
Xeno CF Bond Mix equal amount of the bond agents. Apply to dentin for 20 seconds, and briefly air dry, light-
(Two Bottles) activate for 10 seconds. Re-apply adhesive, air dry, and light irradiation for 10 seconds.

with cotton to avoid penetration of the embedding The mounted teeth with dentin exposed were randomly
media. The labial surfaces of the bovine incisors were assigned to each restorative material, with a sample
ground on wet 240-grit SiC paper to make a flat dentin size of 10 per experimental group.
surface. The tooth was then mounted in cold-curing Adhesive tape was used to define the area of the tooth
acrylic resin to expose the flattened area and stored in for bonding, and a Teflon (Sanplatec Corp, Osaka,
tap water to minimize the temperature rise from the Japan) mold 2.0-mm high and 4.0 mm in diameter was
exothermic polymerization reaction of the acrylic resin. used to form and hold the materials to the tooth sur-
Final finish was accomplished by grinding on wet 600- face. The adhesives were applied to the dentin surface
grit SiC paper to expose an area of dentin approxi- followed by light irradiation according to each manu-
mately 6-8 mm in diameter, which is sufficient for bond facturer’s instructions (Table 2). Though they are cate-
strength testing. After ultrasonic cleaning in distilled gorized into a single-application self-etch adhesive sys-
water for one minute to remove any debris, these sur- tem, the adhesive application procedures are different.
faces were washed and dried with a three-way syringe. The restorative was condensed into the mold immedi-
Asaka & Others: Influence of Delay in Composite Placement on Dentin Bond Strength 21

ately, and 1, 2, 5 and Table 3: Shear Bond Strength (Mean ± SD) to Bovine Dentin
10 minutes after Resin Paste Application Delay Period
light irradiation of
Code Immediately 1 minute 2 minutes 5 minutes 10 minutes
the adhesives, then
AP 9.5 ± 2.2 a
9.5 ± 2.0 a
12.6 ± 1.8 b
13.1 ± 2.3 b
14.0 ± 2.4b
light irradiated for [9/0/1/0] [9/0/1/0] [9/0/1/0] [7/2/1/0] [5/3/1/1]
30 seconds. The
AQ 7.3 ± 2.4 c
7.5 ± 2.7 c
12.2 ± 3.1 d
11.8 ± 1.5 d
11.9 ± 2.2d

mold and adhesive [9/0/1/0] [9/0/1/0] [5/1/4/0] [5/1/4/0] [5/1/3/1]

tape were removed FB 10.0 ± 3.5 e
11.0 ± 2.8 e
15.7 ± 4.7 f
15.7 ± 3.6 f
16.3 ± 2.4f

from the specimens [7/0/3/0] [8/0/2/0] [5/1/2/2] [4/2/2/2] [4/2/2/2]

10 minutes after GB 11.4 ± 1.5 g
11.8 ± 1.3 g
16.3 ± 1.2 h
15.1 ± 2.6 h
15.1 ± 3.0h

light irradiation. [6/0/4/0] [6/0/4/0] [2/1/5/2] [2/0/6/2] [6/0/3/1]

Then, the specimens OF 14.3 ± 3.7 i
14.1 ± 3.0 i
14.2 ± 3.4 i
15.1 ± 2.6 i
15.1 ± 3.0i

were stored in 37°C [6/0/4/0] [6/1/3/0] [4/1/4/1] [3/1/4/2] [4/1/3/2]

distilled water for 24 XE 11.5 ± 2.4 j
12.6 ± 1.9 j
15.6 ± 2.8 k
15.8 ± 1.5 k
15.9 ± 2.2k

hours and tested in [9/1/0/0] [9/1/0/0] [2/2/4/2] [2/3/3/2] [4/2/2/2]

shear mode using a Abbreviations: Mac-10; 10-methacryloxydecyl di-hydrogen phosphate, HEMA; 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, MMA; methyl methacrylate, 4-AET; 4-acryloy-
knife-edge shear loxyethyl trimellitic acid, 4-AETA; 4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride, UDMA; urethane dimethacrylate, bis-GMA: 2, 2bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloy-
loxypropoxy)]phenyl propane, TEGDMA: triethylene glycol di-methacrylate, CQ: dl-camphorquinone
testing apparatus in
a universal testing
machine (Type 4204, Instron Corp, Canton, MA, USA) RESULTS
at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/minute. The shear bond The mean shear bond strengths to bovine dentin are
strength values in MPa were calculated from the peak shown in Table 3. Dentin bond strength ranged from 9.5
load at failure divided by the specimen surface area. ± 2.2 to 14.0 ± 2.4 MPa for AP, 7.3 ± 2.2 to 12.2 ± 3.1
After testing, the specimens were examined using an MPa for AQ, 10.0 ± 3.5 to 16.3 ± 2.4 MPa for FB, 11.4 ±
optical microscope (SZ61, Olympus Corp, Tokyo, Japan) 1.5 to 16.3 ± 1.2 MPa for GB, 14.2 ± 3.4 to 15.1 ± 3.0
at a magnification of 10x to determine the location of MPa for OF and 11.5 ± 2.4 to 15.9 ± 2.2 MPa for XE.
the bond failure. The test area on the tooth was divided There was a tendency for the bond strength to increase
into eight segments, and the percentage that was free with longer delays in composite placement to the cured
of adhesive or restorative material was estimated. The adhesives, but no significant differences were found for
types of failures were determined based on the predom- the groups above two minute placement periods, except
inant percentage of substrate free material as adhesive for OF. For the adhesive system OF, no significant dif-
failure, cohesive failure in resin composite, cohesive ferences in bond strength among the different com-
failure in adhesive resin and cohesive failure in dentin posite placement periods were found.
(Fowler & others, 1992). Table 3 summarizes the fracture modes after bond
The results were analyzed by calculating the mean strength tests. The predominant failure was adhesive
shear bond strength (MPa) and standard deviation for failure for groups with an earlier composite placement
each group. The data for each group were tested for period. The failure modes tended to change to cohesive
homogeneity of variance using Bartelett’s test, then failure with prolonged delays in composite placement
subjected to an ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test at for all adhesive systems tested.
p=0.05. The statistical analysis was carried out with The representative SEM observations of the com-
the Sigma Stat software system (Ver 2.01, SPSS Inc, posite side surfaces after bond strength measurement
Chicago, IL, USA). are shown in Figure 1. The predominant site of failure
The fractured dentin surfaces were observed by scan- occurred along a relatively smooth zone between the
ning electron microscopy (SEM). All SEM specimens adhesives and composites. Some voids were observed on
were dehydrated in ascending concentrations of tert- the cured adhesives. From SEM observations, the
butanol (50% for 20 minutes, 75% for 20 minutes, 95% failure site of the bond strength specimens changed
for 20 minutes and 100% for 2 hours), then transferred dramatically when the composites were placed two
to a critical-point dryer for 30 minutes. The fractured minutes after light irradiation of the adhesives. For the
surfaces were coated in a vacuum evaporator using a delayed composite placement groups, cohesive failure
thin film of gold. The specimens were observed in a in adhesives, composites and dentin were frequently
scanning electron microscope (JSM-5400, JEOL Ltd, observed.
Tokyo, Japan).
DISCUSSION
The results of this study showed that the bond
strengths of the one-step self-etch systems, except for
OF, were affected by delay in placement of the compos-
22 Operative Dentistry

ites over the cured

adhesives. There is a
possibility that the
polymerization abili-
ty of the composite is
affected by the acid-
base reaction
between tertiary
amines and the acidic
functional monomers
in the adhesive,
which results in a
decreasing rate of
polymerization (Tay
& others, 2003a,b;
Suh & others, 2003).
The adhesives used
in this study were
cured by a free radi-
cal polymerization
reaction, and a pho-
tosensitizer such as
camphorquinone
(CQ) was employed
(Taira & others,
1988; Jakubiak & &
Rabek, 1999). CQ
requires a coinitiator
for an effective poly- Figure 1. Representative SEM observations of the composite side surface after bond strength measurement (original
merization process to magnification 15x).
occur, and a tertiary
amine photoreductant was employed. The tertiary From the results of this study, dentin bond strengths
amine interacted with an activated triplet state CQ to significantly increased when the composites were
form an intermediate excited complex followed by pro- placed two minutes after light irradiation of the adhe-
ducing reactive radicals for polymerization (Cook, 1992). sives. One possible explanation for this change in bond
strengths is the time-dependent acid-base reaction
It has been reported that adhesive functional between the remaining acidic functional monomers and
monomers affect the polymerization of benzoyl peroxide the mineral component of the dentin substrate. It has
(BPO)/amine, resulting in poor polymerization and been suggested that the etching effect of the self-etch
reduced mechanical properties (Bowen, Cobb & adhesive is stopped by reaction with the mineral com-
Rapson, 1982; Sanares & others, 2001). To improve ponent of the dentin substrate followed by polymeriza-
polymerization in the presence of acidic monomers, tion, which reduces the free acidic monomers. From a
accelerators such as aromatic sulfinic acid sodium salts report focusing on the effect of self-etching primers on
were incorporated together with initiator systems in the continuous demineralization of dentin, the etching
the adhesives (Nyunt & Imai, 1996). An adverse inter- effect of the acidic functional monomer did not stop
action between acidic monomers and the light polymer- with polymerization of the adhesives (Oliveira & oth-
ized catalyst was thought to not normally occur, since ers, 2004). Residual acid should be consumed and neu-
the light polymerization reaction was much faster than tralized by reaction with hydroxyapatite of the dentin
the chemical polymerization reaction. However, substrate (Camps & Pashley, 2000). When the compos-
improper polymerization of the composites occurred at ites were placed on cured adhesives immediately after
the juncture of the adhesive and the composite when light irradiation, the remaining acid may have acted as
they were placed immediately after light irradiation of an inhibitor of polymerization of the composites. This
the adhesive, which is thought to be caused by the pres- phenomenon was seen for most fracture specimens of
ence of acidic monomers in the oxygen inhibition layers the bond strength tests for the early placement groups;
of the one-step self-etch adhesives. There might be an more adhesive failure between adhesive and composite
adverse interaction between the nucleophilic tertiary was observed for these specimens.
amine in the composites and acidity of the superficial
layer of the adhesives (Tay & others, 2001).
Asaka & Others: Influence of Delay in Composite Placement on Dentin Bond Strength 23

For the adhesive system OF, no significant differences Bowen RL, Cobb EN & Rapson JE (1982) Adhesive bonding of
were found for dentin bond strengths among the dif- various materials to hard tooth tissues: Improvement in bond
ferent composite placement periods to cured adhesives. strength to dentin Journal of Dental Research 61(9) 1070-1076.
This is presumably the result of the excellent polymer- Camps J & Pashley DH (2000) Buffering action of human dentin
ization ability of the dye-sensitized photopolymeriza- in vitro Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 2(1) 39-50.
tion system employed in this adhesive. The initiator Cook WD (1992) Photopolymerization kinetics of dimethacrylates
system of OF contains dye-sensitizer, co-initiator and using camphorquinine amine initiator system Polymer 33 600-
borate derivative (Table 1). The energy transfer reac- 609.
tion from dye-sensitizer to co-initiator takes place by Fowler CS, Swartz ML, Moore BK & Rhodes BF (1992) Influence
light irradiation forming an excited state of co-initiator. of selected variables on adhesion testing Dental Materials 8(4)
Then, the polymerizable radical species are formed by 265-269.
reaction of the borate derivative with the activated co- Ikemura K, Kouro Y & Endo T (1996) Effect of 4-acry-
initiator with hydrogen ions derived from the dye-sen- loxyethyltrimellitic acid in a self-etching primer on bonding to
ground dentin Dental Materials Journal 15(2) 132-143.
sitizer and acidic functional monomers (Kitasako & oth-
ers, 2000). These unique features of the polymerization Ikemura K, Tay FR, Hironaka T, Endo T & Pashley DH (2003)
reaction of the adhesive might relate to the results of Bonding mechanism and ultrastructural interfacial analysis
of a single-step adhesive to dentin Dental Materials 19(8)
the bond strength test. 707-715.
The experimental null hypothesis was not confirmed. Inokoshi S, Hosoda H, Harnirattisai C & Shimada Y (1993)
The dentin bond strengths of several single-application Interfacial structure between dentin and seven dentin bonding
self-etch adhesive systems were affected by the time systems revealed using argon ion beam etching Operative
delay prior to composite placement over the cured adhe- Dentistry 18(1) 8-16.
sives. Since clinical success with these simplified adhe- Jakubiak J & Rabek JE (1999) Photoinitiators for visible light
sive systems sometimes depends on technique-sensitive polymerization Polimery 44 447-461.
and material-related factors, further research based on Kitasako T, Nakajima M, Pereira PN, Okuda M, Sonoda H,
the clinical situations is still needed to solve these kinds Otsuki M & Tagami J (2000) Monkey pulpal response and
of problems. microtensile bond strength beneath a one-application resin
bonding system in vivo Journal of Dentistry 28(3) 193-198.
CONCLUSIONS Nakabayashi N, Kojima K & Masuhara E (1982) The promotion
Current developments in adhesive systems have of adhesion by the infiltration of monomers into tooth sub-
focused on a reduction in the clinical steps with stable strates Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16(3) 265-
273.
bond and hermetic seal of the restoration. Based on the
results of this study, the placement time of composite Nakabayashi N & Saimi Y (1996) Bonding to intact dentin
Journal of Dental Research 75(9) 1706-1715.
to cured adhesive may be an important factor influencing
dentin bond strength of one-step self-etch adhesive sys- Nakamichi I, Iwaku M & Fusayama T (1983) Bovine teeth as
tems. Morphological changes of the fracture site also possible substitutes in the adhesion test Journal of Dental
Research 62(10) 1076-1081.
were observed from the SEM analysis of the composite
side of adhesive test specimens dependent upon time of Nyunt MM & Imai Y (1996) Adhesion to dentin with resin using
placement of the composite. Further research with sulfinic acid initiator system Dental Materials Journal 15(2)
175-182.
clinical studies will be required to establish perform-
ance of the simplified adhesive systems. Oliveira SS, Marshall SJ, Habelitz S, Gansky SA, Wilson RS &
Marshall GW Jr (2004) The effect of a self-etching primer on the
continuous demineralization of dentin European Journal of
Acknowledgement Oral Science 112(4) 376-383.
This work was supported, in part, by a grant from the Ministry of Pashley DH (1991) Dentin bonding: Overview of the substrate
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan to with respect to adhesive material Journal of Esthetic Dentistry
promote the multi-disciplinary research project; a grant from the 3(2) 46-50.
Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Pashley DH, Ciucchi B, Sano H, Carvalho RM & Russell CM
2004; and a grant-in-aid Scientific Research (B) (2) 11470408 (1995) Bond strength versus dentine structure: A modeling
from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of approach Archives of Oral Biology 40(12) 1109-1118.
Japan.
Prati C, Chersoni S, Mongiorgi R & Pashley DH (1998) Resin-
(Received 23 August 2004) infiltrated dentin layer formation of new bonding systems
Operative Dentistry 23(4) 185-194.
Sanares AM, Itthagarun A, King NM, Tay FR & Pashley DH
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